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GIS for BusinessGIS for Business
Geographic Information Systems for
Business ApplicationsBrian E. MenneckeBrian E. MenneckeIowa State UniversityIowa State University
GIS for BusinessGIS for Business
"If you will have a young man to put his travel into a little room, and in short time to gather much, this you must do; ... let him carry with him also some map or book describing the country where he travelleth, which will be a good key to his inquiry..."
(Sir Frances Bacon, Essay #18, Of Travel, 1625).
GIS for BusinessGIS for Business
What is a GIS
A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based information system that provides tools to collect, integrate, manage, analyze, model, and display data that is referenced to an accurate cartographic representation of objects in space.
(Mennecke, Dangermond, Santoro, Darling, & Crossland, 1995).
GIS for BusinessGIS for Business
The Objectives for this Presentation
For you to For you to – understand what a GIS is and what it can do;understand what a GIS is and what it can do;– understand how a GIS can be used to understand how a GIS can be used to
analyze and interpret data so that analyze and interpret data so that YOUYOU can can identify applications for this technology;identify applications for this technology;
– understand the underlying cartographic understand the underlying cartographic principles that make a GIS work; andprinciples that make a GIS work; and
– understand issues associated with locating, understand issues associated with locating, preparing, and importing map and attribute preparing, and importing map and attribute data.data.
GIS for BusinessGIS for Business
Cartographic Terminologyand Principles
Types of MapsTypes of Maps GIS DataGIS Data LayeringLayering CoordinatesCoordinates ProjectionsProjections ScaleScale
GIS for BusinessGIS for Business
Types of GIS Data
Attribute DataAttribute Data– Stored in dBase Tables (e.g., *.DBF )Stored in dBase Tables (e.g., *.DBF )
Map DataMap Data– Stored in Shape files (e.g., *.SHP)Stored in Shape files (e.g., *.SHP)
AreasAreas LinesLines PointsPoints
GIS for BusinessGIS for Business
Types of Maps
A Range-Filled Thematic MapA Range-Filled Thematic Map
Population Growth
-.40 to .00
.00 to 2.00
2.00 to 4.00
Miles
806040200
Employment Statistics for North CarolinaProjected Growth Per County
Summer, 1995
D
GIS for BusinessGIS for Business
Types of Maps
A Dot Density Thematic MapA Dot Density Thematic Map
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Population Growth
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.05 per dot
Miles
806040200
Employment Statistics for North CarolinaProjected Growth Per County
Summer, 1995
D
GIS for BusinessGIS for Business
Types of Maps
A Bivariate Thematic MapA Bivariate Thematic Map
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Population Growth
" -.40 to .00
! .00 to 2.00
# 2.00 to 4.00
Unemployment Growth
! 2.20
! 7.95
! 13.70
Miles
806040200
Employment Statistics for North CarolinaProjected Growth Per County
Summer, 1995
D
GIS for BusinessGIS for Business
GIS Layers Data
GIS for BusinessGIS for Business
Coordinates
The Cartesian coordinate systemThe Cartesian coordinate system
{3,2}A Node
X-Axis
Y-Axis
GIS for BusinessGIS for Business
Coordinates The Cartegraphic System for the The Cartegraphic System for the
EarthEarth– Lines of Lines of LatitudeLatitude (running east-west; app. (running east-west; app.
69 miles69 miles))– Lines of Lines of LongitudeLongitude (running north-south)(running north-south)
Prime Meridian
Equator
Meridian(Line of Longitude)
Parellel(Line of Latitude)
90N
90S
0
GIS for BusinessGIS for Business
Projections
Projections are methods by which Projections are methods by which features on a sphere (the earth) features on a sphere (the earth) can be represented on a flat can be represented on a flat surface (a paper map)surface (a paper map)
GIS for BusinessGIS for Business
Types of Projections
The Robinson ProjectionThe Robinson Projection
Miles
400020000
Atlas GISThe Information Mapping System for Windows
GIS for BusinessGIS for Business
Types of Projections
Miles
400020000
Atlas GISThe Information Mapping System for Windows
The Mercatur ProjectionThe Mercatur Projection
GIS for BusinessGIS for Business
Types of Projections
Miles
400020000
Atlas GISThe Information Mapping System for Windows
The Albers Conformal ProjectionThe Albers Conformal Projection
GIS for BusinessGIS for Business
What About Scale?
Scale is the ratio of the distances Scale is the ratio of the distances of objects represented on the map of objects represented on the map to the actual distances of these to the actual distances of these objects on the earth’s surfaceobjects on the earth’s surface
GIS for BusinessGIS for Business
Small Scale Maps Smaller scale maps represent the Smaller scale maps represent the
map objects with a larger ratio map objects with a larger ratio (1:250,000)(1:250,000)
V
V
V
V
V
Miles
20151050
LMI GIS TrainingEconomic Data for North Carolina
Summer, 1995
D
GIS for BusinessGIS for Business
Large Scale Maps Large scale maps represent the Large scale maps represent the
map objects with a smaller ratio map objects with a smaller ratio (e.g., 1:10,000)(e.g., 1:10,000)
Miles
.2.15.1.050
LMI GIS TrainingEconomic Data for North Carolina
Summer, 1995
D
GIS for BusinessGIS for Business
GIS: Start to Finish
Step 1: Define Your ObjectivesStep 1: Define Your Objectives Step 2: Acquire the Required DataStep 2: Acquire the Required Data Step 3: Preprocess DataStep 3: Preprocess Data Step 4: Data Management and Step 4: Data Management and
AnalysisAnalysis Step 5: Generate OutputStep 5: Generate Output
GIS for BusinessGIS for Business
Defining Your ObjectivesDefining Your Objectives
Identify who your user isIdentify who your user is Identify her needsIdentify her needs Defines goals and objectives based Defines goals and objectives based
on user needson user needs
GIS for BusinessGIS for Business
Acquire the Required Data Acquire Attribute DataAcquire Attribute Data
– In houseIn house– From VendorsFrom Vendors
Acquire Map DataAcquire Map Data– In HouseIn House
Digitize MapsDigitize Maps Create Maps using GPSCreate Maps using GPS
– From VendorsFrom Vendors– Census data Census data (e.g., Topologically Integrated Geographic (e.g., Topologically Integrated Geographic
Encoding and Referencing or TIGER Files)Encoding and Referencing or TIGER Files)
GIS for BusinessGIS for Business
What is TIGER? Topologically Integrated
Geographic Encoding and Referencing System TIGER ContentTIGER Content
– Streets and their names Streets and their names – Lakes, streams, and their names Lakes, streams, and their names – Railroads Railroads – Geographic entity boundaries and names Geographic entity boundaries and names
(governments, census tracts, census blocks, etc.) (governments, census tracts, census blocks, etc.) – Housing unit locations Housing unit locations – Key geographic locations (airports, schools, etc.) Key geographic locations (airports, schools, etc.) – ZIP Codes and address ranges for city-style ZIP Codes and address ranges for city-style
addressesaddresses
GIS for BusinessGIS for Business
The Digitizing ProcessThe Digitizing Process
A GPS SystemA GPS System
GIS for BusinessGIS for Business
Preprocess Data
Import DataImport Data– For example, TIGER line files may need to For example, TIGER line files may need to
be converted into TIGER Boundary Filesbe converted into TIGER Boundary Files– Data from a spreadsheet needs to be Data from a spreadsheet needs to be
imported into ArcView’s table formatimported into ArcView’s table format Correct ErrorsCorrect Errors Build Custom Areas/FeaturesBuild Custom Areas/Features Geocode Data Geocode Data
GIS for BusinessGIS for Business
Data Management and Analysis
Manage the DataManage the Data– Work with table elementsWork with table elements– Consider the data in light of the Consider the data in light of the
organizational data schemaorganizational data schema– Consult with other usersConsult with other users
Analyze the DataAnalyze the Data– Redefine existing featuresRedefine existing features– Examine relationshipsExamine relationships
GIS for BusinessGIS for Business
Generate Output
Print paper mapsPrint paper maps Export map images to other Export map images to other
applicationsapplications Export map or table data to other Export map or table data to other
data management applicationsdata management applications Build interactive web mapsBuild interactive web maps
GIS for BusinessGIS for Business
GIS Software Vendors
Environmental Systems Research Environmental Systems Research Institute (Institute (ArcGISArcGIS))
InterGraph Corporation (InterGraph Corporation (GeoMediaGeoMedia)) MapInfo Corporation (MapInfo Corporation (MapInfoMapInfo)) Microsoft (Microsoft (MapPoint2004MapPoint2004))
GIS for BusinessGIS for Business
GIS Applications Map CreationMap Creation Report PreparationReport Preparation Facilities ManagementFacilities Management Analysis of Employer/Employee Analysis of Employer/Employee
DemographicsDemographics Transportation IssuesTransportation Issues Strategic PlanningStrategic Planning Decision MakingDecision Making
GIS for BusinessGIS for Business
Location Based Services Location-based services incorporate Location-based services incorporate
information about the user's location into information about the user's location into the provision of products or services. the provision of products or services. These include…These include…– Locator services (e.g., where’s the closest Locator services (e.g., where’s the closest
ATM?)ATM?)– Navigation systems (e.g., in the car or on your Navigation systems (e.g., in the car or on your
PC)PC)– M-commerce applications (e.g., proximity M-commerce applications (e.g., proximity
alerts, closest service, mobile advertizing)alerts, closest service, mobile advertizing)
GIS for BusinessGIS for Business
Potential GIS Benefits
Improved Decision MakingImproved Decision Making Reduced ErrorsReduced Errors Reduced RisksReduced Risks Improved Management and Improved Management and
ControlControl Improved Service to ClientsImproved Service to Clients
