LTE Evolution Summary

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    Paper on Long Term Evolution (LTE)

    Abstract

    The concept of multiple cell cites started with the first generation (1G) of cellular

    technology. Though it was just the analog service with the use of higher freuency to

    modulate the signal! it truly made communication device mo"ile. #ith the start of the

    second generation ($G)! cellular technology shifted itself to digital approach that

    included digital encryption of voice hence increasing security. $G also introduced

    %hort &essaging %ervice (%&%). GP'% service also started and was termed as $.G.

    #ith the release of third generation (G) cellular technology was no longer just a"out

    voice calls and %&%. The mo"ile devices now started to connect with the internet and

    also got enhanced on security and privacy. LTE (Long Term Evolution) started with

    G technology "ut it*s said to "e the fourth generation (+G). To "e a new generation

    of cellular technology the difference should "e that the latest and previous technology

    doesn*t share "ac,ward compati"ility. %o LTE over the same service provider is

    termed as evolved G service "ut it*s mar,eted as +G LTE. -ustification of LTE to "e

    +G technology is that it is a fully pac,et "ased service which was not so in any of the

    previous generation. Though G supports the pac,et data through %P/ and other

    technology circuit switching mechanism is used for all the voice data. &ostdistinctive feature of LTE is the ultra "road"and internet connection that*s meant to

    revolutioni0e the mo"ile device.

    LTE has evolved with the promises of increased downlin, and uplin, pea, data rates!

    scala"le "andwidth of 1.+ to $ &0! improved spectral efficiency and most

    important of all delayed latency which is scaled down to less than 1ms. 2se of

    345&/ and &6&3 technology provides an improved performance for the LTE

    service. /nd to incorporate the high speed and low latency LTE has evolved new

    system architecture which is generali0ed as %ystem /rchitecture Evolution (%/E).

    7ew interface such as %1 and 8$ are developed for the interconnection of evolved

    7odes and service gateways or "etween evolved 7odes.

    Porting the LTE services to the conventional G networ, is more of a technological

    hitch. LTE is fully pac,et "ased and it tries to ma,e circuit switching a history in

    cellular technology. %ome methods are devised to attempt to port the services which

    1

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    Paper on Long Term Evolution (LTE)

    are 9oLTE (9oice over LTE)! :%4; (:ircuit %witched 4all"ac,), and %9LTE

    (%imultaneous 9oice and LTE).

    3f all the things mentioned a"out LTE! it is o"vious that LTE is the technology of

    tomorrow. 6ncorporating everything with pac,et "ased networ, it has just proven

    itself to "e a new improved window to access internet with ultra high speed providing

    not just simple user e

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    Paper on Long Term Evolution (LTE)

    Contents

    /"stract..........................................................................................................................1

    Generations of &o"ile Phones.......................................................................................+4irst Generation..........................................................................................................+

    %econd Generation.....................................................................................................+

    Third Generation........................................................................................................

    4ourth Generation......................................................................................................

    LTE = Long Term Evolution..........................................................................................>

    ;ac,ground................................................................................................................>

    3"jective of LTE........................................................................................................>

    3verview of the LTE %tandard...................................................................................?

    LTE*s Evolution.........................................................................................................?

    GPP LTE technologies...........................................................................................1

    345& (3rthogonal 4reuency 5ivision &ultiple

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    Generations of Mobile Phones

    First Generation

    The first generation of wireless telephone technology and mo"ile telecommunications

    was introduced in the 1A?Bs! 1G networ,s used analog signals! as opposed to digital

    signals used "y all the successive generations of mo"ile technologies. 6n 1G networ,!

    voice calls were simply modulated to a higher freuency! typically to 1&0 and

    up. The first commercially availa"le cellular networ, using 1G standard was

    introduced "y 7TT (7ippon Telegraph and Telephone) in 1A>A in -apan. The maintechnological development that distinguished the 4irst Generation mo"ile phones

    from the previous generation was the use of multiple cell sites! and the a"ility to

    transfer calls from one site to the neG was the name given to the

    evolution of E5GE (Enhanced 5ata rates for G%& Evolution) or Enhanced GP'%

    1CDMAone ;rand name for the 6%A standard for mo"ile communications. The first version! 6%A/! has very limited a"ilities for data communications. The ma

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    (EGP'%). This was due to the introduction of ?P%H C+D encoding! which facilitated

    higher data transfer rates of up to $@.?,"itsFs! almost triple of the previous rates. This

    is the most widely used generation of mo"ile telecommunication networ,s. $G was

    commercially launched for the G%& standard in 1AA1 "y 'adiolinja! currently ,nown

    as Elisa 3yj! in 4inland.

    Third Generation

    G was initially limited in scope! it was a leap forward. G used completely different

    radio freuencies from $G! so it reuired different euipment to achieve the new high

    data transfer rates. G data transfer rates are ?+,"itsFs to $&"itsFs! so it allows for

    previously unavaila"le services li,e video calls! video conferencing! online

    conference call! mo"ile T9! online gaming etc. These speeds are "road"and

    euivalent! so the applications and capa"ilities are enhanced greatly. /long with these

    services! G provides greater security and privacy. /s with $G! minor evolution of the

    standards resulted in .G and .>G. /gain! these standards allowed for higher data

    transfer rates! e

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    amended mo"ile we"access! 6P telephony! gaming services! highdefinitionmo"ile

    T9! video conferencing and 5 television. 'ecently! /ndroid! apple and #indows

    ena"led cellular devices have fallen in the +G category.

    Two +G candidate systems are commercially deployed the&o"ile #i&/8standard

    (at first in %outh Horea in $@)! and the firstrelease Long Term Evolution(LTE)

    standard (in %candinavia since $A). 6t has however "een de"ated if these first

    release versions should "e considered as +G or not.

    @

    4igure 1. Generations of :ellular 7etwor,

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_telephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_telephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Term_Evolution
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    $T% & $ong Term %volution

    'ac(ground

    /s we have seen there has "een a massive increase in the data carried "y the cellular

    services and this will "ecome even greater in the upcoming future. This phenomenon

    is termed as K5ata E

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward-compatiblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward-compatiblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cingularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wideband_Code_Division_Multiple_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wideband_Code_Division_Multiple_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward-compatiblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cingularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wideband_Code_Division_Multiple_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP
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    6mproved spectral efficiency

    /ll 6P networ,

    / standard*s "ased interface that can support a multitude of user types.

    )vervie- of the $T% Standard

    Efficient spectrum utili0ation

    4le

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    Paper on Long Term Evolution (LTE)

    LTE = Long Term Evolution is one of the latest communication technology that is

    currently "eing tested and deployed. LTE falls under G du""ed as .AAG and LTE

    /dvanced is +G compliant. GPP 'elease ? defines the standards for LTE and

    'elease 1 pertains to defining the standards for LTE/dvanced. LTE was formulated

    as a result of study on e2T'/(2niversal Terrestrial 'adio /ccess) C>D done "y GPP.

    LTE is considered as the evolution of universal mo"ile telephone system (2&T%)!

    hence LTE*s euivalent components are thus named evolved 2&T% terrestrial radio

    access (E2T'/) and evolved 2&T% terrestrial radio access networ, (E2T'/7).

    /ll these terms are used to descri"e '/7 ('adio /ccess 7etwor,) which stands

    "etween mo"ile station (&%) on one side and the core networ, (:7) on the other side.

    The aim of GPP is to meet the needs for fast data transport media as well as support

    higher voice capacity. The reuirements of the ne e-UTRAis the air interfaceofGPPs Long Term Evolution(LTE) upgrade path for mo"ilenetwor,s. 6t is a radio access networ,standard meant to "e a replacement of the2&T%!%5P/and %2P/technologies specified in GPP releases and "eyond. 2nli,e %P/!LTEs E2T'/ is an entirely new air interface system! unrelated to and incompati"le with

    ?Fre/uenc0division duple1ing FDD! means that

    the transmitterand receiveroperate at different carrier freuencies. The term is

    freuently used inham radio(/mateur radio) operation! where an operator is

    attempting to contact a repeaterstation. The station must "e a"le to send and receive a

    transmission at the same time! and does so "y slightly altering the freuency at which

    it sends and receives.

    ATime0division duple1ing TDD!is the application of timedivision multiple

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    Paper on Long Term Evolution (LTE)

    1

    WCDM

    A

    (UMTS)

    HSPA

    HSDPA /

    HSUPA

    HSPA+ LTE

    &a< downlin, speed

    "ps

    ?+ , 1+ & $? & 1&

    &a< uplin, speed

    "ps

    1$? , .> & 11 & &

    Latency

    round trip time

    appro