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7/25/2019 LTE Evolution Summary
1/19
Paper on Long Term Evolution (LTE)
Abstract
The concept of multiple cell cites started with the first generation (1G) of cellular
technology. Though it was just the analog service with the use of higher freuency to
modulate the signal! it truly made communication device mo"ile. #ith the start of the
second generation ($G)! cellular technology shifted itself to digital approach that
included digital encryption of voice hence increasing security. $G also introduced
%hort &essaging %ervice (%&%). GP'% service also started and was termed as $.G.
#ith the release of third generation (G) cellular technology was no longer just a"out
voice calls and %&%. The mo"ile devices now started to connect with the internet and
also got enhanced on security and privacy. LTE (Long Term Evolution) started with
G technology "ut it*s said to "e the fourth generation (+G). To "e a new generation
of cellular technology the difference should "e that the latest and previous technology
doesn*t share "ac,ward compati"ility. %o LTE over the same service provider is
termed as evolved G service "ut it*s mar,eted as +G LTE. -ustification of LTE to "e
+G technology is that it is a fully pac,et "ased service which was not so in any of the
previous generation. Though G supports the pac,et data through %P/ and other
technology circuit switching mechanism is used for all the voice data. &ostdistinctive feature of LTE is the ultra "road"and internet connection that*s meant to
revolutioni0e the mo"ile device.
LTE has evolved with the promises of increased downlin, and uplin, pea, data rates!
scala"le "andwidth of 1.+ to $ &0! improved spectral efficiency and most
important of all delayed latency which is scaled down to less than 1ms. 2se of
345&/ and &6&3 technology provides an improved performance for the LTE
service. /nd to incorporate the high speed and low latency LTE has evolved new
system architecture which is generali0ed as %ystem /rchitecture Evolution (%/E).
7ew interface such as %1 and 8$ are developed for the interconnection of evolved
7odes and service gateways or "etween evolved 7odes.
Porting the LTE services to the conventional G networ, is more of a technological
hitch. LTE is fully pac,et "ased and it tries to ma,e circuit switching a history in
cellular technology. %ome methods are devised to attempt to port the services which
1
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Paper on Long Term Evolution (LTE)
are 9oLTE (9oice over LTE)! :%4; (:ircuit %witched 4all"ac,), and %9LTE
(%imultaneous 9oice and LTE).
3f all the things mentioned a"out LTE! it is o"vious that LTE is the technology of
tomorrow. 6ncorporating everything with pac,et "ased networ, it has just proven
itself to "e a new improved window to access internet with ultra high speed providing
not just simple user e
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Paper on Long Term Evolution (LTE)
Contents
/"stract..........................................................................................................................1
Generations of &o"ile Phones.......................................................................................+4irst Generation..........................................................................................................+
%econd Generation.....................................................................................................+
Third Generation........................................................................................................
4ourth Generation......................................................................................................
LTE = Long Term Evolution..........................................................................................>
;ac,ground................................................................................................................>
3"jective of LTE........................................................................................................>
3verview of the LTE %tandard...................................................................................?
LTE*s Evolution.........................................................................................................?
GPP LTE technologies...........................................................................................1
345& (3rthogonal 4reuency 5ivision &ultiple
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Paper on Long Term Evolution (LTE)
Generations of Mobile Phones
First Generation
The first generation of wireless telephone technology and mo"ile telecommunications
was introduced in the 1A?Bs! 1G networ,s used analog signals! as opposed to digital
signals used "y all the successive generations of mo"ile technologies. 6n 1G networ,!
voice calls were simply modulated to a higher freuency! typically to 1&0 and
up. The first commercially availa"le cellular networ, using 1G standard was
introduced "y 7TT (7ippon Telegraph and Telephone) in 1A>A in -apan. The maintechnological development that distinguished the 4irst Generation mo"ile phones
from the previous generation was the use of multiple cell sites! and the a"ility to
transfer calls from one site to the neG was the name given to the
evolution of E5GE (Enhanced 5ata rates for G%& Evolution) or Enhanced GP'%
1CDMAone ;rand name for the 6%A standard for mo"ile communications. The first version! 6%A/! has very limited a"ilities for data communications. The ma
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Paper on Long Term Evolution (LTE)
(EGP'%). This was due to the introduction of ?P%H C+D encoding! which facilitated
higher data transfer rates of up to $@.?,"itsFs! almost triple of the previous rates. This
is the most widely used generation of mo"ile telecommunication networ,s. $G was
commercially launched for the G%& standard in 1AA1 "y 'adiolinja! currently ,nown
as Elisa 3yj! in 4inland.
Third Generation
G was initially limited in scope! it was a leap forward. G used completely different
radio freuencies from $G! so it reuired different euipment to achieve the new high
data transfer rates. G data transfer rates are ?+,"itsFs to $&"itsFs! so it allows for
previously unavaila"le services li,e video calls! video conferencing! online
conference call! mo"ile T9! online gaming etc. These speeds are "road"and
euivalent! so the applications and capa"ilities are enhanced greatly. /long with these
services! G provides greater security and privacy. /s with $G! minor evolution of the
standards resulted in .G and .>G. /gain! these standards allowed for higher data
transfer rates! e
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Paper on Long Term Evolution (LTE)
amended mo"ile we"access! 6P telephony! gaming services! highdefinitionmo"ile
T9! video conferencing and 5 television. 'ecently! /ndroid! apple and #indows
ena"led cellular devices have fallen in the +G category.
Two +G candidate systems are commercially deployed the&o"ile #i&/8standard
(at first in %outh Horea in $@)! and the firstrelease Long Term Evolution(LTE)
standard (in %candinavia since $A). 6t has however "een de"ated if these first
release versions should "e considered as +G or not.
@
4igure 1. Generations of :ellular 7etwor,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_telephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_telephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Term_Evolution7/25/2019 LTE Evolution Summary
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Paper on Long Term Evolution (LTE)
$T% & $ong Term %volution
'ac(ground
/s we have seen there has "een a massive increase in the data carried "y the cellular
services and this will "ecome even greater in the upcoming future. This phenomenon
is termed as K5ata E
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward-compatiblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward-compatiblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cingularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wideband_Code_Division_Multiple_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wideband_Code_Division_Multiple_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward-compatiblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cingularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wideband_Code_Division_Multiple_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP7/25/2019 LTE Evolution Summary
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Paper on Long Term Evolution (LTE)
6mproved spectral efficiency
/ll 6P networ,
/ standard*s "ased interface that can support a multitude of user types.
)vervie- of the $T% Standard
Efficient spectrum utili0ation
4le
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Paper on Long Term Evolution (LTE)
LTE = Long Term Evolution is one of the latest communication technology that is
currently "eing tested and deployed. LTE falls under G du""ed as .AAG and LTE
/dvanced is +G compliant. GPP 'elease ? defines the standards for LTE and
'elease 1 pertains to defining the standards for LTE/dvanced. LTE was formulated
as a result of study on e2T'/(2niversal Terrestrial 'adio /ccess) C>D done "y GPP.
LTE is considered as the evolution of universal mo"ile telephone system (2&T%)!
hence LTE*s euivalent components are thus named evolved 2&T% terrestrial radio
access (E2T'/) and evolved 2&T% terrestrial radio access networ, (E2T'/7).
/ll these terms are used to descri"e '/7 ('adio /ccess 7etwor,) which stands
"etween mo"ile station (&%) on one side and the core networ, (:7) on the other side.
The aim of GPP is to meet the needs for fast data transport media as well as support
higher voice capacity. The reuirements of the ne e-UTRAis the air interfaceofGPPs Long Term Evolution(LTE) upgrade path for mo"ilenetwor,s. 6t is a radio access networ,standard meant to "e a replacement of the2&T%!%5P/and %2P/technologies specified in GPP releases and "eyond. 2nli,e %P/!LTEs E2T'/ is an entirely new air interface system! unrelated to and incompati"le with
?Fre/uenc0division duple1ing FDD! means that
the transmitterand receiveroperate at different carrier freuencies. The term is
freuently used inham radio(/mateur radio) operation! where an operator is
attempting to contact a repeaterstation. The station must "e a"le to send and receive a
transmission at the same time! and does so "y slightly altering the freuency at which
it sends and receives.
ATime0division duple1ing TDD!is the application of timedivision multiple
7/25/2019 LTE Evolution Summary
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Paper on Long Term Evolution (LTE)
1
WCDM
A
(UMTS)
HSPA
HSDPA /
HSUPA
HSPA+ LTE
&a< downlin, speed
"ps
?+ , 1+ & $? & 1&
&a< uplin, speed
"ps
1$? , .> & 11 & &
Latency
round trip time
appro