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Concept of Energy (DTE)
E.g. The Origin of Different Types of Energy
Different Energy Sources Type of Energy
Electricity
Wind Wind Power
Water Hydropower
Sun Solar Energy
Wave Marine Energy
Biological Fuel, Organic
Microorganisms
Biomass
Heat from the Crust Geothermal Energy
Coal Fossil Fuel
Crude Oil Fossil Fuel
Natural Gas Fossil Fuel
Combustible Ice Fossil Fuel
Shale Gas Fossil Fuel
Why do we need energy?
• Energy is important in people’s daily life and production process. We need energy to
generate production
• Uses of energy in daily life: Electricity, Air conditioner, Transportation, Elevator and
Escalator……
• In no matter what industry, we need energy in order to carry out production
• Start of the use of energy: The Industrial Revolution -> Require energy to generate
machines for secondary production
Different
Energy
Sources
Type of
Energy Electricity
Convert Produce
Will it be
used off?
Renewable Energy
Non-renewable Energy
No
Yes
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Energy
Energy are resources that can provide power. (LS Understanding)
Non-renewable Energy
Non-renewable energy resources refer to those energy sources that cannot be
replenished in a short time by natural processes.
-> Cannot restore
-> Will run out eventually
Examples: Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas, Nuclear Energy
Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuels originate from the remains of ancient animals and plants that have been
buried deep underground and transformed into organic materials by underground heat
and pressure over a long period of time.
-> Fossil fuels are resources that formulate non-renewable energy
Examples of Fossil Fuel: Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas
Energy
Resources that can provide
generating power
Primary Energy
Energy that can be naturally
extracted directly
Secondary Energy
Energy that is produced
through transformation of
primary energy
Renewable Energy
Repeatedly used in the
natural environment and
will never run out
Non-renewable Energy
Will run out and consumed
Fossil Fuels Burning, Combustion
Non-renewable
Energy
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Coal Petroleum (Crude Oil) Natural Gas
Origin Dead remains of plants that
lived millions of years ago
Dead remains of sea/marine organisms
(animal and plants) that lived millions of
years ago -> petroleum and natural gas
are usually found tgt
Formation
Coal Petroleum and Natural gas
Extraction Coal deep under the ground ->
mining
Oil rig -> deep well through the rock
layers by the rig -> petroleum pump up
Major use Fuel in power stations to
generate electricity
Fuel – make petrol,
town gas, fuel oil
Domestic
gaseous fuel ->
cooking
Current
Situation
Mature technology and rich
reserves
Coal reserves are evenly
distributed
Different oil tanks, and
oil storages under the
sea (E.g. Persian Gulf)
Construction to
abstract natural
gases
Advantages New energy technology of
coal can reduce air pollutants
Low cost and stable supply
Easy transportation and
storage
Supply of Energy Clean energy
with low
pollutants
Relieve energy
crisis
Disadv. Burning coal contains heavy
metals and contamination
Produce methane and alkane
that is exothermic
Oil spills and accidents
harming the marine
Oil pipes attack deeply
affect energy supply
Extraction is
expensive with
high technology
High cost of
extraction
Buried in layers of mud and sand (If petroleum, natural gas -> under the sea)
High temperature and pressure
Action on bacteria
Page 5
Different Kinds of Renewable Energy
Solar Energy
Sun/Light/Heat -> Solar Panel to collect Solar Energy -> Solar Energy
Wind Power
Wind -> Push the turbine in the wind farms -> Turbine conversion to energy -> Wind
Power
Hydropower
Water/Dam -> Water current and flow -> mills -> Hydropower
Dam -> difference in water level -> push in water current -> dam -> hydropower
Geothermal
Heat from the earth crust (e.g. Ash, Lava -> volcanoes) -> Absorb heat -> Produce
electricity -> geothermal energy
Marine Power
Wave -> Wave Flowing in the Ocean -> turbine (渦輪機) -> generate electricity
Tidal (潮汐) -> Tide (潮退) -> Turbine -> generate electricity
Biomass
Organic Substances -> Decompose into microorganisms -> Biofuel -> Biomass
Nuclear Energy and its controversy
Nuclear Energy
Nuclear Energy is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate
heat -> It involves nuclear reaction so it is radioactive
Nuclear energy is a type of non-renewable energy.
Origin of nuclear: Uranium (鈾) -> Natural mineral -> naturally occurring element in the
Earth's crust -> high distribution
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Advantages and Disadvantages developing Nuclear Energy
Advantages Disadvantages
✓ In the process of generation of
nuclear energy, no carbon dioxide
and air pollutants will be emitted
which is good to the environment
✓ There is a stable supply of nuclear
energy because the supply of
uranium is stable (high distribution)
and it is not affected by variable
factors like weather
✓ Technology Advancement making
nuclear energy low cost and high
capability
✓ Easy Transportation and Storage of
Nuclear Energy
Radioactivity -> will cause harm
substances in human body
Nuclear accidents -> contaminate
air with harmful substances that
might cause people to breath in
harmful substances. It will also
cause environmental pollution that
radioactive water and waste will
harm the marine ecology and all
living organisms -> Disastrous
effects like Chernobyl -> long-term
damages
The origin (uranium) might use off
within 100 years
Thermal pollution harm the marine
ecology
Nuclear Disaster Examples:
• 1986 – Chernobyl Accident in Ukraine
• 2011 – Fukuoka Nuclear Accident in Japan
Current Nuclear Plant near Hong Kong:
Right around 50km away Hong Kong – The Daya Bay Nuclear Plant
Page 7
OP Indicators to compare energy
To compare the types of energy usages
• Advantages and Disadvantages/Pros and Cons of Energy Usage
• Evaluate the effectiveness/feasibility/comparison criteria of energy
• Which energy is better?
Group 1 – Economic Indicators
• Cost of Generating Electricity/Obtaining Energy
o Fixed Cost (E.g. The Machine, Infrastructure) -> Paid one time only
o Variable Cost (E.g. Per gigawatt hour, per hour generating cost, maintenance
cost)
• Price of Energy
o Selling Price
o Competitors and Substitutes -> Competition
Group 2 – Environmental Indicators
• Pollution and Pollutants
o Pollutants emitted from the process of generation
o E.g. Carbon dioxide, greenhouse gases, methane, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur
dioxide, suspended particulates……
o Visual Pollution, Light Pollution, Sound Pollution
• Natural Environment Impacts
o Ecology, Ecosystem, Animals, Foodchain
o Global Warming, Greenhouse Effect
o Photochemical Smog, Acid Rain
• Geography
o Energy Distribution and Supply
Page 8
Group 3 – Social Indicators
• Electrical Autonomy
o Energy Self-sufficient
• Stability of Supply
o Stable supply of energy
o Safety and risk of energy
Group 4 – Technological Indicators
• Mature Technology
o Easy/Difficult to extract/generate energy
Group 5 – Nature of Energy
1. Storage and Transportation
o Transmission Process (Transportation)
o Storing the Energy
o Capacity Factor
2. Safety of Generating Energy
o Accident Frequency
3. Efficiency
TENSE
Technological Economic Nature of Energy
Social Environment
Sustainable
Development
Page 9
Group 1 – Technological Indicators comparing Energy
1. Maturity of Technology
The level of technology in developing energy
• Immature Technology
• Not much information and
experiences about the energy type
• Very complicated
• Not tried many time
• Invented in recent times
• Might cause accidents due to
immaturity
E.g. Combustible Ice
• Mature Technology
• Lot of information and experiences
about the energy type
• Easy and experienced
• Tried many times
• Invented quite a long time ago
• Least likely to cause accidents
E.g. Coal, Mining, Wind power
Non-renewable Energy Renewable Energy
Coal Very mature Solar Energy Medium
Crude Oil Mature Wind Power Mature
Natural Gas Not very popular Hydro Energy Mature
Shale Gas Not very popular Geothermal Not very popular
Combustible Ice Immature Marine Energy Immature
Biomass Immature
Suitable for places which have developed mature technology/high technological level in that
type of energy (i.e. the More-developed Countries)
Low Level (Immature) High Level (mature)
Page 10
Group 2 – Economic Indicators comparing Energy
1. Cost of Generating Electricity
Fixed Cost (One-off) Variable Cost (Many times)
• The machine/infrastructure/
generator
• Construction cost
E.g. Wind farm: The Wind Turbine and
generator. Nuclear: Nuclear Plant
-> Initial/Set-up Cost
• Generating cost per time/per
gigawatt hour
E.g. Wind turbine generation per time is
very expensive, extraction of crude oil is
expensive, burning coal per time is cheap
• Maintenance Cost
E.g. Expensive maintenance in turbine
• Transportation Cost
2. Price and Cost-effectiveness
a. Supply increase -> price decrease; supply decrease -> price increase
b. If using a high price to purchase but the return in the amount is low -> cost-
ineffective
c. Cost-effectiveness: Input (price) VS Output (quantity) comparison
3. Economic Activities
a. Market Competition (E.g. Government provide electrical services? Monopoly
and Oligopoly of electricity supply company)
b. Competitors -> Risk diversification of electricity supply
Economic Indicators: Affect the economy/economic quality of life
Usually the more-developed countries can afford an expensive fee to pay for developing
energy as their government has a lot of reserves (e.g. Hong Kong developing natural gas)
Usually when there is limited supply -> high price
Usually when technology is immature -> cost to develop technology -> high cost
Page 11
Non-renewable Energy Renewable Energy
Coal Very cheap but high
transport cost
Solar Energy High construction
cost
Crude Oil Cheap but price
influenced by the
society and economy
Wind Power High construction
cost and Cost-
ineffective
Natural Gas Supply decrease ->
price increase (high
price)
Hydro Energy High construction
cost but Low
operating cost
Shale Gas Uncertain Geothermal Cost effective and
low fixed cost
Combustible Ice High cost due to
immaturity
Marine Energy High construction
cost
Biomass Uncertain
Group 3 – Nature of Energy
Step 1: Extracting the
source
Step 2: Generating the
Energy (Conversion)
Step 3: Transporting
Progress
The safety and process of
extraction of the source of
energy
The process of generating
the source of energy into
energy
The transport/storage/
transmitting progress of
energy to actual use
E.g. Mining of Coal -> May
cause safety problems of
mine extractor
E.g. Nuclear conversion of
energy might have safety
concern
E.g. Transfer of energy from
the mainland requires
transmission pipe and coal
transport might have high
cost
Extracting the Source Generating the Energy Transporting the Electricity Origin Our
Use
Page 12
1. Storage and Transportation
a. Transmission Process (Transportation)
The transmission process can use pipes -> pipes requires cost to build it and may be
attacked so safety concern arises
Transportation Process -> Cost of transportation is high (e.g. mine in rural area, delivering
cost)
Electricity can be transmitted through voltage cables.
b. Storing the Energy
Usually, a place is needed to store the energy generated from the sources of energy in order
to provide the supply of electricity anytime
Non-renewable Energy Renewable Energy
Coal Solid -> heavy -> need
trucks and
transportation -> not
convenient
Solar Energy No need
transportation
because there is no
raw materials
involved Crude Oil Liquid form -> pipes ->
convenient
Wind Power
Natural Gas Gas -> liquified -> easy Hydro Energy
Shale Gas / Geothermal
Combustible Ice Not very convenient Marine Energy
Biomass
2. Safety of Generating Energy
a. Accident Frequency
Some energy types are immature and unsafe (e.g. chemical reactions), so sometimes they
will cause accident. Some accidents are mini, but some accidents can be disastrous
E.g. Nuclear power -> nuclear is generated from chemical reaction which is radioactive ->
radioactive explosion
Mining of coal -> accidents from mining -> labour accidents
Crude oil and oil rig in Saudi Arabia -> target for terrorism
Combustible ice -> immature technology -> might cause accidents
Page 13
3. Energy Efficiency
a. Using less energy to perform the same task, least input most output
Renewable Energy
Solar Energy
Wind Power Low density -> low efficiency and high cost
Hydro Energy High efficiency
Geothermal Cost effective and quite high efficiency
Marine Power High efficiency
Biomass Low efficiency
Group 4 – Social Indicators comparing Energy
• Electrical Autonomy
o Energy Self-sufficient
Determined by the location (e.g. Hong Kong can provide energy self-sufficient through
natural gas in local generation option, the Netherlands can provide energy self-sufficient
through wind power and turbines, Saudi Arabia can provide energy self-sufficient through
crude oil)
Importance of electrical autonomy and energy self-sufficient: Less reliance on other
countries -> ensure a steady and stable supply of energy in own region
• Stability of Supply
o Stable supply of energy
The supply of energy depends on the supply of raw materials (joint supply).
Non-renewable Energy Renewable Energy
Coal Steady, there is a
certain amount
currently
Solar Energy Not steady, depend
on whether there
are sunlight or not
Crude Oil Steady, but used off
soon so people keep
find crude oil
Wind Power Not steady, depend
whether there are
wind or not
Page 14
Natural Gas Steady Hydro Energy There is constraint
in the amount of
water
Shale Gas / Geothermal Depends whether
the layer has heat or
not
Combustible Ice
The stability mainly depends on the stability supply of raw materials. Some are affected by
weather, geographical constraints so it will all affect the stability of supply.
In general, non-renewable energy has a more steady supply than renewable energy.
o Safety and risk of energy
In generating electricity, there are more safety concerns and risks that harms the public in a
social aspect
E.g. Health risks, safety of energy to the public
Non-renewable Energy Renewable Energy
Coal / Solar Energy /
Crude Oil / Wind Power /
Natural Gas Flammable -> explosive Hydro Energy Flooding
Shale Gas Process might cause
movement of plate
tectonic
Geothermal /
Combustible Ice Release methane if
there are mistakes
Marine Energy /
Biomass /
• Quality of Life
Other factors which will directly affect the quality of life of the residents suffering from the
energy type
E.g. Wind power -> shadow flicker -> affecting residents near the wind farm
Page 15
Group 5 – Environmental Indicators comparing Energy
• Air Pollution and Pollutants
o Pollutants emitted from the process of generation
o E.g. Carbon dioxide, greenhouse gases, methane, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur
dioxide, suspended particulates……
Usually, non-renewable energy will emit pollutants mainly the greenhouse gases which will
pollute the environment and enhance global warming.
Pollutants are caused by the substances generated by chemical reactions (e.g. combustion
-> carbon dioxide, burning natural gas -> methane)
Non-renewable Energy Renewable Energy
Coal Combustion pollutants Solar Energy /
Crude Oil Combustion pollutants Wind Power /
Natural Gas Less pollutants Hydro Energy /
Shale Gas Pollutants Geothermal Pollutant from the
ground
Combustible Ice Less pollutants Marine Energy /
Biomass Manufacturing of
fossil fuels
o Visual Pollution, Light Pollution, Sound Pollution
Non-renewable Energy Renewable Energy
Coal / Solar Energy /
Crude Oil / Wind Power Visual pollution, sound
pollution
Natural Gas / Hydro Energy Water pollution
Shale Gas Water Pollution and Air
pollution
Geothermal /
Combustible
Ice
/ Marine Energy /
Biomass /
Page 16
• Natural Environment Impacts
o Ecology, Ecosystem, Animals, Foodchain
o Global Warming, Greenhouse Effect
o Photochemical Smog, Acid Rain
Non-renewable Energy Renewable Energy
Coal Mining -> soil ->
harming ecology
Solar Energy /
Crude Oil Spilt of Oil -> marine
ecology
Burning of Crude Oil ->
acid rain
Wind Power Affect the birds
flying and their
ecology
Natural Gas / Hydro Energy Damage marine
ecology, fish and its
food chain
Shale Gas / Geothermal /
Combustible Ice Methane -> harming
the ecology
Marine Energy Damage marine
ecology
Biomass Biofuel -> trees ->
affect ecosystem
• Geography
o Energy Distribution and Supply (Depending on raw materials)
▪ Direction 1: Current distribution on earth
Non-renewable Energy Renewable Energy
Coal Very abundant Solar Energy Sun is abundant
Crude Oil Depends on location Wind Power Weather constraint
Natural Gas Not abundant Hydro Energy Water constraint
Shale Gas Abundant Geothermal Many develop
locations
Combustible Ice Abundant Marine Energy Water constraint
Biomass Wide area good
Page 17
▪ Direction 2: Future distribution on earth
Non-renewable Energy Renewable Energy
Coal Used off soon Solar Energy Sun is forever
Crude Oil Depending whether
can find new or not
Wind Power Depending weather
Natural Gas Can be used off Hydro Energy Water constraint
Shale Gas Can be used off Geothermal Depends
Combustible Ice Can be used off Marine Energy Water constraint
Biomass Depends
Geographical Constraints
Non-renewable Energy Renewable Energy
Coal / Solar Energy Need a lot of land to
build solar panels
Crude Oil Depends on where is
the oil rig
Wind Power Depending on wind
flow
Natural Gas / Hydro Energy Depending on rain
and water flow
Shale Gas / Geothermal Depending on the
heat
Combustible Ice Ice Marine Energy Depending on ocean
Biomass Depending on
biofuel
• Waste Produced
Some side effects are being produced including some wastes
E.g. Solar energy -> solar panels will have metallic waste
Page 18
Group 1 (Technology) and Group 2 (Economic) Conclusion - MFV
Energy Type Maturity of Energy Fixed Cost Variable Cost
Coal Very mature Very Low Very Cheap but high
transport cost
Crude Oil Mature Low Influenced by
market price
Natural Gas Not very mature Medium High Price
Shale Gas Not very mature Uncertain Uncertain
Combustible Ice Immature Very High High Price
Solar Energy Medium High Low
Wind Power Mature High High
Hydropower Mature High Low
Geothermal Not very mature Low Medium
Marine Energy Immature High Uncertain
Biomass Immature Uncertain Uncertain
Maturity: Relate to Technology Level
Cost: Relate to economic performance (usually depending on level of maturity)
平
Cheap
Page 19
Group 5 (Environment) Conclusion - PEG
Energy Type Pollution Ecology and
Environment
Geography
Coal Air Combustion Dig Soil -> Ecology Abundant but used
off
Crude Oil Air Combustion Split of Oil -> Marine
Burn Oil -> Acid Rain
Depending on
location
Natural Gas Less Pollution / Not abundant and
can be used off
Shale Gas Air Combustion,
Water Pollution
/ Abundant and can
be used off
Combustible Ice Less Pollution Methane -> Ecology Depending on ice
and can be used off
Solar Energy / / Depending on
sunlight days and
requires lot of land
Wind Power Visual Pollution,
Sound Pollution
Birds Flying and
Ecology
Depending on wind
flow and requires a
lot of land
Hydropower Water Pollution Marine ecology, fish
and food chain
Flooding, Riverland,
Dam, Water Channel
Geothermal Pollutant from the
ground
/ Damage location
structure
Marine Energy / Marine ecology /
Biomass Fossil Fuel -> Air
pollution
Cut trees ->
ecosystem
Trees
Pollution: Air Pollution, Visual Pollution, Sound Pollution, Light Pollution……
Ecology and the Environment: Marine Ecology, Ecosystem, Foodchain, Birds
Geography: Abundance of raw materials, Planet Earth Nature
靚
beauty
Page 20
Group 3 (Nature of Energy) and Group 4 (Social) Conclusion (SAS)
Energy Type Storage and
Transportation
Autonomy and
Stability
Safety and Risk
Coal Transportation
Inconvenience
Steady amount Mining -> Labour
deaths
Crude Oil Convenient
Transport
Steady amount but
used off soon
Terrorist attack for
oil rig
Natural Gas Easy Transport Steady and
Autonomy of HK
Flammable and
explosive
Shale Gas / / Might cause
earthquake
Combustible Ice Not convenient Not steady Methane when
mistakes
Solar Energy No Transportation
because no raw
materials
(But some storage of
energy need to be
used quickly)
Not steady /
Wind Power Not steady /
Hydropower / Flooding
Geothermal / /
Marine Energy / /
Biomass / /
Nuclear: Very high risk and disastrous effect
Autonomy and Stability: Depending on the supply of raw materials, autonomy determined
by countries’ nature
Safety and Risk: Will it cause disastrous effect towards people?
Conclusion – Indicators
Factors: TENSE
Group 1&2 TE – MFV 平
Group 5 Environment – PEG 靚
Group 3&4 NS – SAS 正
正
Good
Page 21
E.g. 2014 DSE Paper 1 Question 2
Comparison of Nuclear Energy and Wind Power
Use any indicators above to talk about it
Nuclear Energy Wind Power
Cost Low Fixed Cost and Low
Variable Cost from the
Mainland
High Fixed Cost and High
Variable Cost
Safety and Risk Rather unsafe due to
radioactivity
Safer
Environment / Bird Ecosystem
Pollution Radioactive Pollution, Air
pollution
Sound Pollution, Visual
Pollution
Supply/Stability Stable from the mainland Instable Wind and Weather
Conditions
Geography From the mainland, no
geographical concerns
Need a large piece of land
to build windfarm
Storage (Capacity Factor) Better Storage Low capacity factor, need to
use it quickly
