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Page 1
Losses in cassava and maize value chains in
Nigeria and their ecological footprint
Study in Kaduna State and Ondo State
Presented by Dr. Heike Ostermann
Food Security Center in Dialogue
University of Hohenheim
22.10.2013
Page 2
Background on food losses and waste
Growing concern about
rising food prices,
rising land rents and
limited natural resources for food and non-food biomass production,
overuse of natural resources.
Significance of the losses and waste according to FAO:
One third of the agricultural production, equivalent to 1.3 billion tons/year.
Important environmental burden of food losses and waste on
natural resources
Political goal of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development
(BMZ) laid down in „Ten Points Program for Rural Development and Food Security“ :
Promote better post-harvest protection of agricultural crops
Page 3
FAO 2011
Global food losses and food waste
Page 4
Steps of the food value chain
1) Agricultural production: losses due to mechanical damage and/or spillage during
harvest operation, crops sorted out after harvest, etc.
2) Postharvest handling and storage: including losses due to spillage and
degradation during handling, storage and transportation between farm and
distribution.
3) Processing: including losses due to spillage and degradation during industrial or
domestic processing, e.g. juice production, canning and bread baking. Losses may
occur when crops are sorted out if not suitable to process or during washing, peeling,
slicing and boiling or during process interruptions and accidental spillage.
4) Distribution: including losses and waste in the market system, at e.g. wholesale
markets, supermarkets, retailers and wet markets.
5) Consumption: including losses and waste during consumption at the household
level.
Our study encompasses steps 1 - 4
loss
waste
Page 5 Sektorvorhaben Nachhalt ige Landwirtschaft 22.10.2013
Sector Project Sustainable Agriculture - a short introduction -
Page 6 Sektorvorhaben Nachhalt ige Ressourcennutzung in der Landwirtschaft 22.10.2013
Thematic priorities
• Sustainable production systems
• Genetical resources in agriculture
• Renewable raw materials
• Soil conservation
• Water in agriculture
• Post harvest losses
• Sustainable lifestock production
Cross sectoral topics
• Agricultural extension and training
• Climate change
• Gender
Page 7
Stakeholder analysis
Page 8
Value Chains and Challenges
Cashews: inadequate harvest- and postharvest practices
Fruits and cereals: losses during harvest, storage, transport, no access to
markets
Vegetables (tomatoes, onions ): seed quality, transport, no access to
markets
Rice: lack of drying-opportunities, postharvest losses during threshing and
drying, rodent damage, outdated mills
Sesame: high quality standard, lack of effective producer organisations,
cooperatives
Page 9
Value Chains and Challenges
Cassava: losses during post-harvest handling, no access to markets
Maize: losses due to excess moisture and subsequent diseases (e.g.
Aflatoxine), prostephanus trunctatus („larger grain borer“), no access to
markets
Cacao: losses through bad fermentation and drying methods
Natural rubber: quality problems due to inadequate and outdated harvest-
techniques, lack of qualified labour
Coffee: quality problems due to inadequate harvest- and postharvest
techniques, high transport costs
Page 10
Assessment of existing experience
www.donorplatform.org/postharvest-losses/research-library.html
Page 11
Food losses study Study layout
State Ondo Kaduna Total
Local government area Ifedore Akure
North
Lere Gema
Maize farmers 50 50 50 50 200
Cassava farmers 50 50 50 50 200
Gari processors 10 10 5 5 30
Maize grain marketers 2 2 10 10 24
Fresh cassava tuber marketers 10 10 5 5 30
Feed millers 6 2 8
Cassava starch processors 15 10 25
Total 517
Page 12
Products considered
MAIZE
cultivated in the forest, derived savannah and southern Guinea savannah
zones of Nigeria
cultivated either as a sole or mixed crop
harvested either as green maize or maize grain
major end-users of maize are feed for poultry and aquaculture industry and
flour mills for human consumption
the study focused on maize feed
Page 13
CASSAVA
cultivated either as a sole crop or mixed with other crops
production of cassava is spread across all Nigeria’s agro-ecological zones
mostly processed and sold as traditional food especially Gari
Gari is a creamy white, partially gelatinised, roasted, free flowing granular flour
with a slightly fermented and sour flavour.
Page 14
Losses along the value chain of cassava
Page 15
Losses along the value chain of maize
Page 16
Monetary estimation of losses in
cassava and maize
cassava: 139,996,245,788 Naira (rd. 644 Mio. EUR) per year
maize: 120,404,546,110 Naira (rd. 590 Mio. EUR) per year
Page 17
Options for food loss reduction
appropriate technology
cassava: harvesting, peeling, storage, grading and milling
maize: bagging, transportation and storage (hygiene)
Organisation of farmers and the value chain
access to credit
out-grower schemes with harvesting, collection and transportation of
fresh cassava tubers by processors,
small-scale pre-processing centres located among clusters of cassava
farmers and/or farming communities
improved market infrastructure
Page 18
Standards for handling and processing
Detailed cost-benefit analysis to do the right investment decisions
human capacity development on all levels: farmer, marketer, processor,
retailer
Page 19
The ecological footprint
Page 20
•Agricultural data:
•Use of agricultural chemicals
•Complete modeling of field emissions
•Cropping system
•Transport
•Processing
•Energy use
•Water use
Main indicators:
• Global warming potential
• Water footprint
• Land occupation
• (biodiversity)
Page 21 Dr. Heike Ostermann, Sector Project Sustainable Agriculture
Page 22 Dr. Heike Ostermann, Sector Project Sustainable Agriculture
Page 23
Water Deprivation
0,34
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
m³/
t
Gari
Upstream supply + Processing
0,34
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
m³/
t
Maize feed
Upstream supply
Page 24 Dr. Heike Ostermann, Sector Project Sustainable Agriculture
Page 25 Dr. Heike Ostermann, Sector Project Sustainable Agriculture
Page 26 Dr. Heike Ostermann, Sector Project Sustainable Agriculture
Page 27 Dr. Heike Ostermann, Sector Project Sustainable Agriculture
Page 28
Conclusions
The production of gari, cassava starch and maize feed has a significant
environmental impact
mainly caused by agricultural cultivation
processing is relevant with regard to water consumption in starch processing
and energy consumption
The CF of cassava is still in “range” but higher than values for more
industrialized cultivation in other regions. A reason for that has to be
searched in the low yields reported in Oguntade 2012.
Losses in cassava and maize value chains occur mostly at farm gate
and during different phases of storage
Page 29
These losses have a significant environmental footprint
Emissions of 2.3 million tons of CO2 equivalents to the atmosphere (emissions
of 4 ½ million Nigerians) representing 3,3 % of the total GHG emissions in
Nigeria
21% of cultivated land is wasted (area under cassava and maize cultivation)
Water deprivation is not likely to be the environmental issue of most
concern, since cassava is cultivated under a rainfed regime
Nevertheless losses along the cassava and maize value chain potentially
could serve the water needs of around 150000 people (UNESCO: 50l per
person and day are needed to ensure their basic need)
Reduction of biodiversity, which is linked to the above impacts
Data insecurity about food losses remains a problem in many regions
Further investigation, validation of the numbers generated so far and more
details are needed
Page 30
Excurs: FAO study on global food wastage footprint (2013)
From field to the end of life of food
Without accounting for GHG emissions from land use change, the
carbon footprint of food produced and not eaten is estimated to
3.3 Gtonnes of CO2 equivalent:
as such, food wastage ranks as the third top emitter after USA and
China.
Food wastage = Food losses + Food waste
Page 31
FAO 2013
Page 32
FAO 2013
Page 33
Conclusion of FAO Study:
Blue water footprint of food wastage is about 250 km3, which is equivalent to
the annual water discharge of the Volga river, or three times the volume of
lake Geneva.
Produced but uneaten food vainly occupies almost 1.4 billion hectares of land;
this represents close to 30 percent of the world’s agricultural land area.
The direct economic cost of food wastage of agricultural products (excluding
fish and seafood), based on producer prices only, is about USD 750 billion,
equivalent to the GDP of Switzerland.
Page 34
Thank you for your attention