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Page 1 Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and their ecological footprint Study in Kaduna State and Ondo State Presented by Dr. Heike Ostermann Food Security Center in Dialogue University of Hohenheim 22.10.2013

Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and ... · PDF fileNigeria and their ecological footprint ... Value Chains and Challenges Cassava: ... The production of gari,

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Page 1: Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and ... · PDF fileNigeria and their ecological footprint ... Value Chains and Challenges Cassava: ... The production of gari,

Page 1

Losses in cassava and maize value chains in

Nigeria and their ecological footprint

Study in Kaduna State and Ondo State

Presented by Dr. Heike Ostermann

Food Security Center in Dialogue

University of Hohenheim

22.10.2013

Page 2: Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and ... · PDF fileNigeria and their ecological footprint ... Value Chains and Challenges Cassava: ... The production of gari,

Page 2

Background on food losses and waste

Growing concern about

rising food prices,

rising land rents and

limited natural resources for food and non-food biomass production,

overuse of natural resources.

Significance of the losses and waste according to FAO:

One third of the agricultural production, equivalent to 1.3 billion tons/year.

Important environmental burden of food losses and waste on

natural resources

Political goal of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

(BMZ) laid down in „Ten Points Program for Rural Development and Food Security“ :

Promote better post-harvest protection of agricultural crops

Page 3: Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and ... · PDF fileNigeria and their ecological footprint ... Value Chains and Challenges Cassava: ... The production of gari,

Page 3

FAO 2011

Global food losses and food waste

Page 4: Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and ... · PDF fileNigeria and their ecological footprint ... Value Chains and Challenges Cassava: ... The production of gari,

Page 4

Steps of the food value chain

1) Agricultural production: losses due to mechanical damage and/or spillage during

harvest operation, crops sorted out after harvest, etc.

2) Postharvest handling and storage: including losses due to spillage and

degradation during handling, storage and transportation between farm and

distribution.

3) Processing: including losses due to spillage and degradation during industrial or

domestic processing, e.g. juice production, canning and bread baking. Losses may

occur when crops are sorted out if not suitable to process or during washing, peeling,

slicing and boiling or during process interruptions and accidental spillage.

4) Distribution: including losses and waste in the market system, at e.g. wholesale

markets, supermarkets, retailers and wet markets.

5) Consumption: including losses and waste during consumption at the household

level.

Our study encompasses steps 1 - 4

loss

waste

Page 5: Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and ... · PDF fileNigeria and their ecological footprint ... Value Chains and Challenges Cassava: ... The production of gari,

Page 5 Sektorvorhaben Nachhalt ige Landwirtschaft 22.10.2013

Sector Project Sustainable Agriculture - a short introduction -

Page 6: Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and ... · PDF fileNigeria and their ecological footprint ... Value Chains and Challenges Cassava: ... The production of gari,

Page 6 Sektorvorhaben Nachhalt ige Ressourcennutzung in der Landwirtschaft 22.10.2013

Thematic priorities

• Sustainable production systems

• Genetical resources in agriculture

• Renewable raw materials

• Soil conservation

• Water in agriculture

• Post harvest losses

• Sustainable lifestock production

Cross sectoral topics

• Agricultural extension and training

• Climate change

• Gender

Page 7: Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and ... · PDF fileNigeria and their ecological footprint ... Value Chains and Challenges Cassava: ... The production of gari,

Page 7

Stakeholder analysis

Page 8: Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and ... · PDF fileNigeria and their ecological footprint ... Value Chains and Challenges Cassava: ... The production of gari,

Page 8

Value Chains and Challenges

Cashews: inadequate harvest- and postharvest practices

Fruits and cereals: losses during harvest, storage, transport, no access to

markets

Vegetables (tomatoes, onions ): seed quality, transport, no access to

markets

Rice: lack of drying-opportunities, postharvest losses during threshing and

drying, rodent damage, outdated mills

Sesame: high quality standard, lack of effective producer organisations,

cooperatives

Page 9: Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and ... · PDF fileNigeria and their ecological footprint ... Value Chains and Challenges Cassava: ... The production of gari,

Page 9

Value Chains and Challenges

Cassava: losses during post-harvest handling, no access to markets

Maize: losses due to excess moisture and subsequent diseases (e.g.

Aflatoxine), prostephanus trunctatus („larger grain borer“), no access to

markets

Cacao: losses through bad fermentation and drying methods

Natural rubber: quality problems due to inadequate and outdated harvest-

techniques, lack of qualified labour

Coffee: quality problems due to inadequate harvest- and postharvest

techniques, high transport costs

Page 11: Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and ... · PDF fileNigeria and their ecological footprint ... Value Chains and Challenges Cassava: ... The production of gari,

Page 11

Food losses study Study layout

State Ondo Kaduna Total

Local government area Ifedore Akure

North

Lere Gema

Maize farmers 50 50 50 50 200

Cassava farmers 50 50 50 50 200

Gari processors 10 10 5 5 30

Maize grain marketers 2 2 10 10 24

Fresh cassava tuber marketers 10 10 5 5 30

Feed millers 6 2 8

Cassava starch processors 15 10 25

Total 517

Page 12: Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and ... · PDF fileNigeria and their ecological footprint ... Value Chains and Challenges Cassava: ... The production of gari,

Page 12

Products considered

MAIZE

cultivated in the forest, derived savannah and southern Guinea savannah

zones of Nigeria

cultivated either as a sole or mixed crop

harvested either as green maize or maize grain

major end-users of maize are feed for poultry and aquaculture industry and

flour mills for human consumption

the study focused on maize feed

Page 13: Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and ... · PDF fileNigeria and their ecological footprint ... Value Chains and Challenges Cassava: ... The production of gari,

Page 13

CASSAVA

cultivated either as a sole crop or mixed with other crops

production of cassava is spread across all Nigeria’s agro-ecological zones

mostly processed and sold as traditional food especially Gari

Gari is a creamy white, partially gelatinised, roasted, free flowing granular flour

with a slightly fermented and sour flavour.

Page 14: Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and ... · PDF fileNigeria and their ecological footprint ... Value Chains and Challenges Cassava: ... The production of gari,

Page 14

Losses along the value chain of cassava

Page 15: Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and ... · PDF fileNigeria and their ecological footprint ... Value Chains and Challenges Cassava: ... The production of gari,

Page 15

Losses along the value chain of maize

Page 16: Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and ... · PDF fileNigeria and their ecological footprint ... Value Chains and Challenges Cassava: ... The production of gari,

Page 16

Monetary estimation of losses in

cassava and maize

cassava: 139,996,245,788 Naira (rd. 644 Mio. EUR) per year

maize: 120,404,546,110 Naira (rd. 590 Mio. EUR) per year

Page 17: Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and ... · PDF fileNigeria and their ecological footprint ... Value Chains and Challenges Cassava: ... The production of gari,

Page 17

Options for food loss reduction

appropriate technology

cassava: harvesting, peeling, storage, grading and milling

maize: bagging, transportation and storage (hygiene)

Organisation of farmers and the value chain

access to credit

out-grower schemes with harvesting, collection and transportation of

fresh cassava tubers by processors,

small-scale pre-processing centres located among clusters of cassava

farmers and/or farming communities

improved market infrastructure

Page 18: Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and ... · PDF fileNigeria and their ecological footprint ... Value Chains and Challenges Cassava: ... The production of gari,

Page 18

Standards for handling and processing

Detailed cost-benefit analysis to do the right investment decisions

human capacity development on all levels: farmer, marketer, processor,

retailer

Page 19: Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and ... · PDF fileNigeria and their ecological footprint ... Value Chains and Challenges Cassava: ... The production of gari,

Page 19

The ecological footprint

Page 20: Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and ... · PDF fileNigeria and their ecological footprint ... Value Chains and Challenges Cassava: ... The production of gari,

Page 20

•Agricultural data:

•Use of agricultural chemicals

•Complete modeling of field emissions

•Cropping system

•Transport

•Processing

•Energy use

•Water use

Main indicators:

• Global warming potential

• Water footprint

• Land occupation

• (biodiversity)

Page 21: Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and ... · PDF fileNigeria and their ecological footprint ... Value Chains and Challenges Cassava: ... The production of gari,

Page 21 Dr. Heike Ostermann, Sector Project Sustainable Agriculture

Page 22: Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and ... · PDF fileNigeria and their ecological footprint ... Value Chains and Challenges Cassava: ... The production of gari,

Page 22 Dr. Heike Ostermann, Sector Project Sustainable Agriculture

Page 23: Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and ... · PDF fileNigeria and their ecological footprint ... Value Chains and Challenges Cassava: ... The production of gari,

Page 23

Water Deprivation

0,34

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

0,30

0,35

0,40

m³/

t

Gari

Upstream supply + Processing

0,34

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

0,30

0,35

0,40

m³/

t

Maize feed

Upstream supply

Page 24: Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and ... · PDF fileNigeria and their ecological footprint ... Value Chains and Challenges Cassava: ... The production of gari,

Page 24 Dr. Heike Ostermann, Sector Project Sustainable Agriculture

Page 25: Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and ... · PDF fileNigeria and their ecological footprint ... Value Chains and Challenges Cassava: ... The production of gari,

Page 25 Dr. Heike Ostermann, Sector Project Sustainable Agriculture

Page 26: Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and ... · PDF fileNigeria and their ecological footprint ... Value Chains and Challenges Cassava: ... The production of gari,

Page 26 Dr. Heike Ostermann, Sector Project Sustainable Agriculture

Page 27: Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and ... · PDF fileNigeria and their ecological footprint ... Value Chains and Challenges Cassava: ... The production of gari,

Page 27 Dr. Heike Ostermann, Sector Project Sustainable Agriculture

Page 28: Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and ... · PDF fileNigeria and their ecological footprint ... Value Chains and Challenges Cassava: ... The production of gari,

Page 28

Conclusions

The production of gari, cassava starch and maize feed has a significant

environmental impact

mainly caused by agricultural cultivation

processing is relevant with regard to water consumption in starch processing

and energy consumption

The CF of cassava is still in “range” but higher than values for more

industrialized cultivation in other regions. A reason for that has to be

searched in the low yields reported in Oguntade 2012.

Losses in cassava and maize value chains occur mostly at farm gate

and during different phases of storage

Page 29: Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and ... · PDF fileNigeria and their ecological footprint ... Value Chains and Challenges Cassava: ... The production of gari,

Page 29

These losses have a significant environmental footprint

Emissions of 2.3 million tons of CO2 equivalents to the atmosphere (emissions

of 4 ½ million Nigerians) representing 3,3 % of the total GHG emissions in

Nigeria

21% of cultivated land is wasted (area under cassava and maize cultivation)

Water deprivation is not likely to be the environmental issue of most

concern, since cassava is cultivated under a rainfed regime

Nevertheless losses along the cassava and maize value chain potentially

could serve the water needs of around 150000 people (UNESCO: 50l per

person and day are needed to ensure their basic need)

Reduction of biodiversity, which is linked to the above impacts

Data insecurity about food losses remains a problem in many regions

Further investigation, validation of the numbers generated so far and more

details are needed

Page 30: Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and ... · PDF fileNigeria and their ecological footprint ... Value Chains and Challenges Cassava: ... The production of gari,

Page 30

Excurs: FAO study on global food wastage footprint (2013)

From field to the end of life of food

Without accounting for GHG emissions from land use change, the

carbon footprint of food produced and not eaten is estimated to

3.3 Gtonnes of CO2 equivalent:

as such, food wastage ranks as the third top emitter after USA and

China.

Food wastage = Food losses + Food waste

Page 31: Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and ... · PDF fileNigeria and their ecological footprint ... Value Chains and Challenges Cassava: ... The production of gari,

Page 31

FAO 2013

Page 32: Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and ... · PDF fileNigeria and their ecological footprint ... Value Chains and Challenges Cassava: ... The production of gari,

Page 32

FAO 2013

Page 33: Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and ... · PDF fileNigeria and their ecological footprint ... Value Chains and Challenges Cassava: ... The production of gari,

Page 33

Conclusion of FAO Study:

Blue water footprint of food wastage is about 250 km3, which is equivalent to

the annual water discharge of the Volga river, or three times the volume of

lake Geneva.

Produced but uneaten food vainly occupies almost 1.4 billion hectares of land;

this represents close to 30 percent of the world’s agricultural land area.

The direct economic cost of food wastage of agricultural products (excluding

fish and seafood), based on producer prices only, is about USD 750 billion,

equivalent to the GDP of Switzerland.

Page 34: Losses in cassava and maize value chains in Nigeria and ... · PDF fileNigeria and their ecological footprint ... Value Chains and Challenges Cassava: ... The production of gari,

Page 34

Thank you for your attention