Lončar, Jelena: Industrijske, slobodne i poslovne zone - pojam, značenje i

8/11/2019 Lonar, Jelena: Industrijske, slobodne i poslovne zone - pojam, znaenje i

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navedenih zona, ali i poduzea unutar njih. Izborlokacije za smjetaj neke industrije nikad nijelagan. Industrijske zone najznaajniji su morfolokioblik koncentracije industrijskih pogona u gradu.Unaprijed projektirana i realizirana industrijska

zona privlana je za uprave industrijskih i njimasrodnih poduzea jer se ne moraju brinuti o tomekako da dou do terena i gdje su urbanistikimplanovima takve zone predviene. Ekonomskezone odnose se na specijalne zone u kojima se neprimjenjuju normalne trgovake barijere, kao tosu carine na uvoz i izvoz. Slobodne zone ponajprijeoznauju teritorijalna podruja u kojima sepoduzetnicima osiguravaju, osim prikladne lokacijei infrastrukturnih rjeenja, i dodatne povlasticei olakice. Poduzetnike su zone projekt VladeRH kojim se eli poticati razvoj malog i srednjegpoduzetnitva, prije svega tako da se osigurajupovoljnosti poduzetnicima pri gradnji poslovnogprostora na potpuno infrastrukturno opremljenomzemljitu.

Zahvaljujui svim tim povlasticama ipogodnostima, mnogi su poduzetnici odluilisvoje poslovanje i proizvodnju locirati upravo utim zonama. Slijedi vie detalja i podataka o svimnavedenim vrstama zona.

Prethodna istraivanja

Radovi u hrvatskoj literaturi koji se bavetematikom industrijskih, slobodnih, poslovnih iekonomskih zona, nisu previe esti niti opseni.Najee se radovi koji se odnose na ovu tematikuobjavljuju na podruju ekonomije, prometnihznanosti te neto na podruju arhitekture igeografije. Veina radova datira iz 1990-ih godinai teko je pronai radove novijeg datuma, iako jepitanje industrijskih i slobodnih zona, kao i pitanjelokacije industrije openito, dosta aktualno. URepublici Hrvatskoj, u kojoj je industrija jouvijek znaajan faktor gospodarskog razvoja, tombi pitanju trebalo posvetiti veu pozornost.

Izbor lokacije industrije

Izbor lokacije za smjetaj neke industrije nikadnije lagan. Brojni se faktori moraju uzeti u obzirkada se donosi odluka o lokaciji, kao to su: toe se proizvoditi, koje su sadanje i planiranetehnologije proizvodnje, na koje se trite cilja,koje bi akcije trebala poduzeti tvrtka kako bi

zadovoljila ciljano trite, koje konkurentne tvrtke

position or location of such zones and businesseswithin them. The choice of a location of anindustry is never an easy one. Industrial zonesare the most significant morphological form ofindustrial facilities concentration in a city. An

industrial zone planned and realized in advanceis attractive for the management of industrial andsimilar companies since the process of finding theterrain for their facilities is very simplified (noneed to worry about town planning schemes).Economic zones are special zones where the usualtrade limits such as customs duties in export andimport are not applied. Free zones are primarilythe areas where, besides favorable location andinfrastructure, the entrepreneurs are provided withprivileges and preferences. Entrepreneurial zonesare the result of Croatian governments project

whose aim is to stimulate the development of smalland medium-sized enterprises by providing benefitsof infrastructure for the entrepreneurs.

Due to all the privileges and benefits, manyentrepreneurs have decided to locate theirbusinesses in such zones. More details and dataabout all of the mentioned zones are provided inthe following text.

Previous research

The papers dealing with industrial, free,business and economic zones are neither verycommon nor extensive in Croatian literature.The papers focusing on this topic have mostlybeen published in economic and traffic, as well asarchitectural and geographic publications. Mostof the papers are from the 1990s and it is hardto find newer papers of this subject, although theissue of industrial and free zones, as well as theissue of location of industries in general, are quiteof interest in general. In the Republic of Croatia,where industry is still a significant factor of theeconomic development, this issue should be givenproper attention.

Choice of industry location

The choice of industry location is never an easyone. There are many factors that are to be consideredwhen deciding on location. Those factors includeconsidering the product, the technologies to be used,market that product aims at, as well as the needed

actions of a company to accommodate the market,


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mogu ponuditi isto i gdje su one, koja je veliina(obujam) proizvodnje, koji su materijali, radnasnaga, usluge i kapital potrebni za proizvodnju,gdje se oni mogu nai i sl.

Prema Marinovi-Uzelcu (Prostornoplaniranje, 2001.) klasifikacija industrija premasmjetaju je sljedea: ista i neista industrija,laka i teka industrija, bazna i nebazna industrija,osnovna i servisna industrija te primarna,sekundarna, tercijarna industrija. Osim toga onnavodi i industrije koje se mogu smjestiti gotovobilo gdje, no, meutim, to je samo u teoriji tako. Dabi takve industrije funkcionirale, trebaju sirovine,energente, radnu snagu, potrebu za transportomkao i kontakt s potroaima i tritem u cijelosti.Meutim, od svega toga ne trebaju puno.

Jedan od najvanijih faktora koji utjeu na

smjetaj industrije, svakako je razvijenost podruja,odnosno prostora u koji se odreena industrijaeli locirati. Dobro razvijena podruja sa svojomdobro izgraenom infrastrukturom, obiljem radnesnage i estim pogodnostima za investitore pritome su u velikoj prednosti pred slabije razvijenimkrajevima. S druge strane, siromanim podrujimasmjetaj velikog proizvoaa na njihovu podrujuoznaio bi prekretnicu i mogunost ubrzanograzvoja radi privlaenja i drugih vrsta industrije, atime i daljnjega gospodarskog razvoja.

"Ipak, industrijski je smjetaj u biti urban.

Najpovoljniji su gradovi od 10 000 pa sve do200 000 stanovnika, tj. skupina veih, malih isrednjih gradova. Velike aglomeracije ne bi trebaleakumulirati industriju koja ne razvija istraivanja iliza njima nema svakodnevne potrebe." "Industrija,slino kao i poslovne djelatnosti, zauzima mali diou ukupnoj povrini grada, no na nju vrlo estootpada veliki dio ukupnog broja zaposlenih. Osimtoga, industrija je najizrazitija bazna djelatnostgrada." (Vresk, 2002.). U gradovima je brojindustrijskih grana promjenjiv, pa se moe govoritio specijalizaciji industrijske proizvodnje, misleipritom na jednu industrijsku granu ili nekoliko njih,

i o diverzifikaciji, tj. veem broju industrijskih grana.Openito se moe rei da diverzifikacija industrijskeproizvodnje najee raste s veliinom grada.

Treba svakako spomenuti i decentralizacijuindustrije, odnosno njezin prostorni prerazmjetaju urbanim sredinama. "Ona je prisutna i u naimgradovima i zapoinje u poslijeratnom razdobljui sve je naglaenija. Moe se analizirati s obziromna prostor i s obzirom na nain decentralizacije.S obzirom na prostor decentralizacija se provodiu planske industrijske zone na rubu grada, zatimu pojedina prigradska naselja te udaljena naselja

u regiji.

identity and whereabouts of the competition,production, workforce, services, capital, etc.

According to Marinovi-Uzelac (Prostornoplaniranje, 2001) the classification of industries

based on their location consists of the following:clean and unclean industry, dense and light industry,base and non-base industry, basic and serviceindustry, and primary, secondary and tertiaryindustry. He also mentions the industries whichcan be positioned almost anywhere, althoughthe assumption is purely theoretical. In order forsuch industries to function properly they need rawmaterials, energy-generating products, workforce,transportation, as well as contact with consumersand the overall market. However, they do not needmuch of the above-mentioned.

One of the most important factors influencingthe location of industry is definitely the state ofdevelopment of an area where a particular industryis to be located. Highly developed areas withappropriate infrastructure, sufficientworkforceandbenefits for the investorsand entrepreneurs have anadvantage over the less developed areas. However,the location of industry in underdeveloped areasis usually a turning point for such areas, and thepossibility of accelerated development due tothe attraction of other industries and the furthereconomic development.

"However, the location of industries isessentially an urban one. The most favorablecities are those with populations from 10,000up to 200,000, i.e. a group of larger, small andmiddle-sized cities. Great agglomerations shouldnot accumulate those industries which do notdevelop the research or arent needed in everydaylife." "Similar to business trade, industry covers arelatively small part in an overall city area, but alsoincludes a large share of employed population.Besides, industry is the most distinctive base tradeof a city." (Vresk, 2002). Variety of industrial

branches in a city is changeable. Thus, it can be saidthat the industrial production is both specialized(one or several branches) and diversified (largernumber of branches). Generally, the diversificationof industries often grows together with the citysize.

The decentralization of industry is alsoimportant, namely in terms of its spatialreconfiguration in urban areas. "It is present inour cities since the post-war period and tends tobe more and more emphasized. Industry is oftendecentralized into planned zones on the edges of a

city or into remote towns in the region.


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Industrijski pogoni mogu se u gradu pojaviti uvie morfolokih oblika. To mogu biti: pojedinanelokacije, lokacije s vie industrijskih pogona teindustrijske zone." (Vresk, 2002.).

Industrijske zone

Industrijske zone najznaajniji su morfolokioblik koncentracije industrijskih pogona u gradu.Rije je o dijelu gradskog prostora namijenjenomindustrijskoj proizvodnji u kojoj je podignutvei broj pogona. Industrijski pogoni estoimaju zajedniku infrastrukturu (eljeznice,ceste, plinovod, elektrini vodovi, vodovod,kanalizacija, telekomunikacije itd.). Prema tome,industrijska zona nije funkcionalni nego prostornipojam. Industrijske zone mogu nastati spontano,ali najee planskim mjerama.

Unaprijed projektirana i realizirana industrijskazona neobino je privlana za uprave industrijskihi njima srodnih poduzea jer se ne moraju brinutida dou do terena i o tome gdje su urbanistikimplanovima takve zone predviene. To je posebnoizraeno u sluaju danas sve brojnijih industrijskihpoduzea koja su, raznim mjerama upravne vlasti,prisiljena na preseljenje.

"Istovremeno, stvaranje industrijskih zona

jedno je od najsnanijih sredstava u rukamaopina, gradova i regija da u svoj prostor privukuindustriju, ako je ele. Za dravu ili lokalne upraveto znai pojednostavljenje procedure i jamstvoprovedbe zoniranja i planiranja razvoja i zatiteokolia.

Stvaranje industrijskih zona, u suvremenomsmislu, zapoelo je u Velikoj Britaniji, odmahnakon Drugog svjetskog rata u sklopu velikihpoduhvata za rastereenje londonske aglomeracije.Ubrzo je akciju poduzela i Francuska radirastereenja Parike regije, a posebno uspjeno iItalija, u kojoj je veliki broj povijesnih gradovazahtijevao uvanje svog izgleda i sistematizacijuindustrije u suvremeno ureenim zonama, koje sumahom mogle biti na periferiji srednjih i manjihgradova, kojih je u Italiji i najvei broj.

Prva organizirana industrijska zona nastala je uNew Yorku, 1830. g. tzv. New York Dock C.ZatimClearing Industrial Districtu Chicagu, 1899. g. UEuropi se esto citira, kao prva, industrijska zona usjevernom predgrau Hamburga, Altoni (Altona),koja je nastala zalaganjem gradonaelnika Altone

Franza Adickesa, godine 1884. Meu prvima

Industrial facilities in cities appear in severalmorphological forms single locations, locationswith several facilities and industrial zones." (Vresk,2002).

Industrial zones

Industrial zones are the most significantmorphological form of concentration of industrialfacilities in a city. It is a part of city area intended forindustrial production where a number of facilitieshave been built. Industrial facilities often share theinfrastructure (railway, roads, gas pipelines, powerlines, water-supply, sewage, telecommunications,etc.). Thus, industrial zone is rather spatial thana functional term. Industrial zones can arisespontaneously, but most often due to planning.

An industrial zone planned and implemented inadvance is mostly very attractive to managementsof industrial and similar companies since they donot have to worry about finding a site or analyzingthe town-planning schemes. That specifically refersto a growing number of industrial companieswhich are forced to move because of administrativeauthorities and their actions.

"At the same time, the founding of industrialzones represents one of the strongest tools of

municipalities, cities and regions for attractingindustries in their areas. For the government or localauthorities it provides simplification of procedureand a guarantee of applied zoning, developmentplanning and environment protection.

The founding of contemporary industrialzones began in Great Britain, shortly after theWorld War II, as one of the actions for relievingLondon agglomeration. Shortly afterwards, Franceundertook a similar action in order to relieveParis region, and Italy implemented it successfullysince a large number of historical towns neededpreservation and the systematization of industriesin special zones, which could be located in theoutskirts of many Italian middle-sized and smalltowns.

The first planned industrial zone was formedin New York in 1830 (the so-called New YorkDock C). It was followed by Clearing IndustrialDistrict in Chicago in 1899. The industrial zoneoften considered to be the first one founded inEurope is Altoni (Altona) in the northern suburbof Hamburg called Altona. It was formed due to

the efforts of Altonas mayor Franz Adickes in


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je i Trafford Park u Manchesteru 1896. g. no,uglavnom je ipak trebalo jedno stoljee da doedo veeg zamaha izgradnje planiranih i dobroprostorno organiziranih industrijskih zona, aposebno do toga da ih se shvaa prvenstveno

sredstvom usmjeravanja industrije i metodomrazvijanja kraja." (Marinovi-Uzelac, 2001.)

"Industrijski kompleks, za razliku od zona,funkcionalni je pojam. Jedan industrijski kompleksini skupina industrijskih pogona meusobnopovezanih funkcionalnim vezama, a svi dijelezajedniku lokaciju. Njihova funkcionalna vezamoe se oitovati tehnolokim, proizvodnim,trinim ili drugim vezama." (Vresk, 2002.)

Veliina industrijskih zona

"Iako se pokuavalo industrijske zonesistematizirati po veliinama, ne moe sepouzdano utvrditi standardne veliine, a najmanjenjihovu klasifikaciju. Neki u male zone ubrajajuzone manje od 100 ha, srednje 100-500 ha ivelike vee od 500 ha. Drugi pod malim zonamapodrazumijevaju one do 50 ha, pod srednjim 50-100 ha i pod velikim zonama one vee od 100ha. Razlike su, dakle, vie nego velike, ali ini seda je druga klasifikacija blia stvarnosti. Jednaje inventarizacija u Francuskoj pokazala da se

veliine industrijskih zona uglavnom kreu izmeu1-700 ha, s tim da su najbrojnije zone povrinaizmeu 20 i 100 ha.

U literaturi se nailazi na brojne rasprave ooptimalnoj veliini. Tako Robert Auzelle odreujeveliinu na temelju broja zaposlenih i to najviedo 5000 radnika, nakon ega je najbolje osnovatinovu zonu. U Velikoj Britaniji one se kreu od 12-100 ha. U SAD se smatraju optimalnim veliinamazone od 40-80 ha, 1,6 ha na 1000 stanovnika,meutim nalazimo u Illinoisu jedni industrijskuzonu i od 7 670 ha.

U Francuskoj i Belgiji gustoa radnih mjesta uindustrijskim zonama kree se prosjeno izmeu60-70 radnika/ha, uz 20% izgraenosti terena.Slina je gustoa i u Hrvatskoj.

Prevelike industrijske zone nemaju pravogsmisla. U razvijenim zemljama industrije velikihpovrina same sebi pripremaju zemljite i to suobino industrije kojima je smjetaj odreenposebnim planovima, odnosno dogovorima.Rijetko e se nai u SAD sluaj da se industrijskopoduzee koje zauzima povrinu veu od 10 ha

smjestilo u industrijsku zonu. Definicija zone i

1884. Trafford Park in Manchester, founded in1896, was also among the first ones. However, thewhole century passed before the actual full swing ofconstructing planned and spatially well-organizedindustrial zones, especially before their perception

as a mean of industry guiding and a method of areadevelopment." (Marinovi-Uzelac,2001)

"Unlike zones, an industrial complex is afunctional term. An industrial complex consists ofa group of functionally interconnected industrialfacilities which share the same location. Theirfunctional connection can be manifested byproduction, market-oriented or other connections."(Vresk, 2002).

Size of industrial zones

"Although attempts were made to categorizeindustrial zones by size, standard sizes cannot befiducially determined, let alone classified. Someauthors include zones smaller than 100 hectaresinto a group of small zones, those between 100 and500 ha into middle-sized zones and those largerthan 500 ha into the large ones. Others tend touse different division and consider zones under 50ha to be small, those between 50 and 100 ha tobe middle-sized, and all larger than 100 ha to bethe large ones. Thus, the varieties of classifications

are considerable. However, the second of thementioned divisions appears to be more realistic. Aregistering of zones in France has shown that mostzone sizes are between 1 and 700 hectares, whilethe most numerous zones are those with areasranging between 20 and 100 ha. The availableliterature contains many arguments about theoptimal zone size. Thus, Robert Auzelle specifiesthe size according to the number of employers.According to him, when a zone reaches 5000employers a new zone should be founded. Zones inGreat Britain range between 12 and 100 ha. In theUSA the optimal zone size is the one between 40

and 80 ha per 1000 residents. However, there is azone in Illinois with a size of 7670 ha.

The average density of jobs in industrial zonesin France and Belgium is around 60-70 workers perha, with 20% of built-up area. It is quite similar tothe density in Croatia.

There is not much point in oversized industrialzones. In the developed countries the industrieswhich require vast areas prepare their own terrainsand those are usually the industries whose locationsare determined by special plans and agreements.

Case of an industrial company which occupies an


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jest u tome da je to prostor na kojemu se nalazivie slinih korisnika prostora. Zato u manjerazvijenim prostorima industrijska zona imaposebno znaenje, dok je u razvijenima onavie instrument ukupne orijentacije investicija."

(Marinovi-Uzelac, 2001.)

Ekonomske slobodne zone

Pod pojmom ekonomskih slobodnih zonapodrazumijevaju se specijalne zone u kojima senormalne trgovake barijere, kao to su carine nauvoz i izvoz, ne primjenjuju. U njima je birokracijaminimalizirana, a tvrtka koja je smjetena u zonimoe jo dodatno biti osloboena poreza. Tezone privlae poslodavce te smanjuju siromatvo

i nezaposlenost te stimuliraju ekonomiju napodruju gdje su osnovane.

Ekonomske zone ne utjeu povoljno samo napojedina podruja ve i na cijelu zemlju jer potiuosnivanje novih radnih mjesta, privlae direktnastrana ulaganja, poveavaju izvoz, potiu transfertehnologija te regionalni razvoj i industrijalizaciju.Do sada je u oko 3000 zona u 116 zemalja diljemsvijeta zaposleno oko 43 milijuna ljudi.

Ekonomske zone razvile su se nakon Drugogasvjetskog rata kako bi se ohrabrila strana ulaganja,

uglavnom u zemljama Treeg svijeta. Svakomzonom upravlja se zakonima i pravilima zemlje ukojoj je osnovana.

Iz perspektive tvrtki ekonomske su zonesredstvo ouvanja sredstava koja bi inae moralepotroiti ukljuene u globalnu trgovinu. Iz togaproizlazi da na ovim zonama svi profitiraju, asvjetska se ekonomija i dalje stimulira.

Obiljeja su ekonomskih zona: lokacija,infrastruktura, stabilnost vlasti, transparentnizakoni i regulative, obuena radna snaga,socijalna zatita i uvjeti rada, specijalizacijazona, uinkovite usluge, logistika, informacijskatehnologija, telekomunikacije itd. Iz toga svegaproizlazi da e ekonomske slobodne zone i daljeimati vrlo vanu ulogu kako za tvrtke koje se elenatjecati globalno tako i za zemlje u kojima suosnovane.

area larger than 10 ha being in an industrial zoneis rare in the USA. The very idea of a zone includesthe notion of an area shared between several similarusers. Hence, industrial zones have a specificsignificance in the developing areas, while in the

developed ones it provides a means to an overallinvestment orientation." (Marinovi-Uzelac,2001)

Economic free zones

This term refers to special zones where theusual trade limits like custom duties on importsand exports are not applied. The bureaucracyis minimized and a company located in such azone may additionally be relieved of taxes. Such

zones attract entrepreneurs, reduce poverty andunemployment and stimulate the economy of thearea. Not only do economic zones have a positiveinfluence on certain areas, but on the country ingeneral since they induce new jobs, attract directforeign investments, increase the export, stimulatethe transfer of technologies, regional developmentand industrialization. Around 43 million peoplehave been employed in approximately 3000 zonesin 116 countries worldwide so far.

Economic zones were developed after the WorldWar II to encourage the foreign investments, mainlyin the Third World countries. Each zone is managedby laws and rules of the country in which it wasfounded.

From the companies perspective, zones arethe means of preservation of resources which theywould normally have to spend while involved inthe global trade. Hence, everyone benefits fromthese zones and the worlds economy is continuallystimulated.

The characteristics of economic zones are:location, infrastructure, stability of authorities,

transparent laws and regulations, skilled laborforce, social security and working conditions,specialization of zones, efficiencyofservices,logistics,information technology, telecommunications, etc.Consequently, economic free zones will remain avery important factor for the globally competingcompanies, as well as for the countries in whichthey were established.


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Slobodne i poduzetnike zone

Slobodne zone ponajprije oznauju teritorijalnapodruja u kojima se poduzetnicima osiguravaju,osim prikladne lokacije i infrastrukturnih

rjeenja, i dodatne povlastice i olakice.Za njih jemjerodavna Hrvatska drava.

"Moe se rei da su slobodne zone po svomestatusu ekonomske enklave, to im osiguravaposeban reim povlastica, olakica i stimulacijakojima privlae strane i domae investitore daulau svoja sredstva u obavljanje odreenihgospodarskih djelatnosti." (Jedliko, 1992.)

"U Hrvatskoj slobodna zona je dio teritorijakoji je posebno ograen i oznaen i u kojem segospodarske djelatnosti obavljaju na podruju

morske luke, zrane luke, rijenog pristanita, uzmeunarodnu prometnicu te na drugom podrujuna kojem postoje uvjeti za rad zone. U zonu semoe slobodno smjetati roba, te se moe obavljatiproizvodnja robe, oplemenjivanje robe, trgovinana veliko i posredovanje u trgovini, pruanjeusluga, bankarski i drugi novarski poslovi iusluge osiguranja i reosiguranja imovine i osoba.U zoni nije doputeno obavljanje trgovine namalo. Korisnik moe u zoni obavljati proizvodnjui pruati usluge. Bankarsko poslovanje i drugenovane poslove, poslove osiguranja imovine iosoba te poslove reosiguranja korisnik moe uzoni obavljati samo u svezi s obavljanjem svojetemeljne djelatnosti. Naknadu za koncesiju zaosnivanje zone odreuje vlada: 50% ide u koristprorauna RH, a 50% u korist opine odnosnograda. Obavljanjem djelatnosti u zoni ne smijese ugroavati prirodni i radni okoli." (Zakon oslobodnim zonama, 1996.)

"Ove zone susreemo u svijetu pod razliitimimenima: Customs zone, Customs free zone,Duty-free export processing zone, Export freetrade zone, Free economic zone, Industrial export

processing zone, Joing enterprise zone itd."(urkovi, 1993.)

"Poslije 2. svj. rata znatno se proirio brojslobodnih zona u svijetu. Na podruju RepublikeHrvatske takoer je djelovalo vie slobodnih zona umorskim lukama i rijenim pristanitima od 1964.do 1996., ali su njihovi nacionalno-gospodarskirezultati bili dosta ogranieni. Slobodne zone su usvom dosadanjem razvoju postale vaan imbenikrazvoja regionalnog i nacionalnog gospodarstva.Njihove funkcije, nain rada, uvjeti i pokazateljiuspjenosti ve su dostigli razinu svjetskih

standarda, to olakava objektivnu ocjenu

Free and entrepreneurial zones

The term free zonesis primarily used to mark theareas in which, besides with an adequate locationand infrastructure, the entrepreneurs are provided

with additional benefits and privileges. Thoseprivileges are provided by the state of Croatia.

"One can argue that, in terms of their status, freezones can be considered economic enclaves, whichprovides them with a unique regime of benefits,privileges and stimulations used to attract foreignand domestic investments in certain economicactivities." (Jedliko, 1992)

"In Croatia, a free zone is a specially fenced andmarked part of territory in which the economicactivities take place in the vicinities of seaports,

airports, river ports, international roads, and otherareas which meet the conditions for a zone tobe operative. Such a zone can provide a limitlessstock depot, as well as a place of production andimprovement of goods, their wholesale and tradeintermediation, services and banking activities,other financial transactions, insurance andreinsurance of property and persons. Retail sail isnot allowed in such zones. Its user can, however,carry out production and provide services. Bankingand other monetary affairs, insurance of propertyand persons, as well as the re-insurance can onlytake place as a part of the users base activity.The concession fee for zone founding is usuallydetermined by the government: 50% of the fee goesdirectly into the national budget of Croatia, whilethe other 50% goes to the city or the municipalityin which the zone is located. The activities whichtake place in a zone are not allowed to endanger thenatural or the working environment." (The Freezones Law, 1996)

"These zones can be found worldwide andwith different names: Customs zone, customs freezone, duty-free export processing zone, export free

trade zone, free economic zone, industrial exportprocessing zone, joining enterprise zone, etc."(urkovi, 1993)

"After the World War II the number of freezones in the World increased considerably. in theperiod of 1964-1996 a number of zones were activein Croatia, mainly in seaports and river ports, buttheir national-economic results were quite limited.During their development, free zones have becomean important factor of regional and nationaleconomic development. Their functions, mode ofwork, conditions and successfulness indicators

have already reached a world standard, which eases


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njihove djelotvornosti. Nacionalno-ekonomskakorist zona zavisi ne samo o povoljnosti njihova

smjetaja na frekventnim prometnim raskrijima,povlasticama koje im pruaju javne vlasti i ozadovoljavajuoj infrastrukturnoj logistici nego i onjihovoj besprijekornoj unutranjoj organizaciji.

Ekonomsko-politiki interesi pojedinih zemaljai esto kruti restriktivni ekonomsko-regulativnisustavi zahtijevali su u prolosti, a i danas, da javnevlasti odobravaju odreenim uim podrujimau lukama i drugim prometnim raskrijima reimpovlatenog poslovanja radi unaprjeenja vanjsketrgovine, razvoja industrije i raznih uslunihdjelatnosti te radi oivljavanja gospodarskizaostalih krajeva. One su, kao posebne enklaveili oaze, izdvojene iz carinskog i ekonomskogreima pojedine zemlje i dobivaju specijalni statusslobodnih zona koje su izuzete od vaenja dijeladomicilnih zakonskih obveza uz odreene uvjete."(uvela, 1997.)

"Slobodne zone u Republici Hrvatskoj imalesu u prolosti dosta ograniene rezultate zbogpodreenosti interesima tuih reima i odreenihvlastitih slabosti. Danas su stvoreni osnovnipolitiki uvjeti da zone dobiju svoje pravo mjesto

u gospodarskom ivotu zemlje, ali bi se vie

the objective rating of their efficiency. The nationaleconomic benefit of zones depends not only on the

favorability of their location on frequent trafficintersections, privileges provided by the publicauthorities and the sufficient infrastructural logistics,but also on their flawless internal organization.

The economic-political interests of certaincountries and the restrictive economic-regulativesystems have often demanded from the publicauthorities to approve the regime of beneficialbusiness activities in smaller areas in the vicinity ofharbors and other traffic intersections, in order toupgrade the foreign trade, development of industriesand the various services, as well as to revive theeconomically backward areas. They have beenexcluded from the custom and economic regime ofa country as special enclaves or oases which gainspecial status and which, in case they meet specificconditions, do not undergo most of the locallegislative commitments." (uvela, 1997)

"Due to the subordination to the interestsof foreign regimes and some other weaknessesof their own, the free zones in Croatia obtainedquite limited results in the past. But the politicalconditions have changed in favor of zones which

have gained their proper place in the economic

Slika 1. Slobodna zona VaradinFigure 1 Varadin free zone


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trebao valorizirati i povoljan geoprometni poloajzemlje, vlastita dosadanja iskustva, interesstranog kapitala te poduzetniki duh domaihgospodarstvenika." (uvela, 1997.)

U RH su slobodne zone: Krapinsko-zagorskaSZ, SZ Osijek, SZ Kukuljanovo, SZ luke Rijeka,SZ Zagreb, SZ Obrovac (nije u funkciji), SZ luke

Split, SZ luke Pula, SZ Splitsko-dalmatinska,SZ luke Ploe, SZ Buje (nije u funkciji), SZuro akovi Slavonski Brod, SZ Varadin,Podunavska zona Vukovar i SZ Ribnik.

S druge strane, poduzetnike su zone uglavnomlokalnog obiljeja. Obino je to dio teritorija nekeopine ili grada koji je radi poticanja gospodarskeaktivnosti infrastrukturno opremljen, a mjerodavnaopina omoguuje dodatne pogodnosti (npr.komunalne olakice i sl.).

Poduzetnike zone su projekt Vlade RH

kojim se eli poticati razvoj malog i srednjeg

trends of the country. However, other factors suchas the favorable transport position of the country,experiences from the past, the interests of foreigncapital and the business enthusiasm of the domesticentrepreneurs should be more valorized andconsidered." (uvela, 1997)

Free zones in Croatia are: Krapina-ZagorjeFZ, FZ Osijek, FZ Kukuljanovo, FZ Rijeka ports,FZ Zagreb, FZ Obrovac (not operative), FZ Splitports, FZ Pula ports, FZ Split-Dalmatia, FZ Ploeports, FZ Buje (not operative), FZ uro akovi Slavonski brod, FZ Varadin, Danube valley zoneof Vukovar and FZ Ribnik.

On the other hand, entrepreneurial zonesare those which refer to local levels. Usually anentrepreneurial zone is a part of a municipalitys ora towns territory in which the infrastructure hasbeen built in advance and the municipality providesadditional benefits with the aim of stimulating

economic activities (like the utility relieves, etc.).

Slika 2. Slobodne zone u Republici HrvatskojFigure 2 Free zones in the Republic of CroatiaIzvor / Source: Slobodne zone, www.mingorp.hr


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poduzetnitva, prije svega osiguravanjempovoljnosti poduzetnicima pri gradnji poslovnogprostora na potpuno infrastrukturno opremljenomzemljitu. Razvojem poduzetnikih zona na razinijedinica lokalne i regionalne samouprave eli se

poticati ravnomjeran razvoj Republike Hrvatskei poveanje zaposlenosti. Vlada posebno potiepoduzetnitvo stimuliranjem domae proizvodnjei poveavanjem broja poduzetnikih zona naprosjeno 20 po upaniji. U razvoju poduzetnikihzona vrlo je vano voditi rauna o prometnojpovezanosti unutar zone i izvan poduzetnikezone, o mogunostima irenja zone u budunosti,ekolokim imbenicima i proizvodnimpotrebama.

Ovdje svakako treba spomenuti i pojam

poduzetnikih inkubatora poduzetnikiinkubatori okupljaju male poduzetnike koji tekpoinju poslovati ili su u fazi rasta i razvoja i nemajuvlastiti prostor. Upravo inkubatori omoguujupoduzetnicima koritenje poslovnog prostorapo vrlo povoljnim uvjetima (bez najamnine iliuz smanjenu najamninu) ogranien broj godina.Osim poslovnog prostora, korisnicima su naraspolaganju poslovna infrastruktura, intelektualnei poslovne usluge i dr. Nakon razdoblja inkubacijetrebali bi postati samostalni i prepustiti mjesto uinkubatoru drugom poduzeu.

Jedan dio usluga poduzetnikog inkubatoraopeg je obiljeja (administrativni servisi,raunovodstvo, pomo u voenju i upravljanjuposlovanja i dr.) i moe se osigurati unutarsamog inkubatora, a dio usluga moe se obavljatii za vanjske korisnike. Cilj je poduzetnikihinkubatora ponajprije generiranje novih malihtvrtki na temelju inovacijskih ili poduzetnikihprojekata koji se razvijaju u samom centru.

Poduzetniki inkubatori mogu biti pravneosobe ili drugi organizacijski oblici u vlasnitvujedinica lokalne/podrune samouprave, uprivatnom vlasnitvu, vlasnitvu ostalih institucijai dr., a osnivaju se u cilju koritenja postojeegposlovnog prostora (u vlasnitvu drave, jedinicalokalne samouprave, u privatnom vlasnitvu ilidr.) za potrebe poduzetnika.

Poduzetniki su inkubatori financijskipodravani temeljem posebnog programamjerodavnog ministarstva u onim sredinama ukojima se utvrdi ispunjenje potrebnih preduvjeta,odnosno postojanja poslovnog prostora za radinkubatora, zainteresiranosti i potrebe poduzetnika

za smjetaj u inkubator te interesa lokalne sredine

Entrepreneurial zones are also the project of theGovernment of the Republic of Croatia, aiming tostimulate the development of small and mid-sizedenterprises, primarily by providing privileges inbuilding a commercial establishment on a terrain

fully equipped with infrastructure. The goals ofentrepreneurial zones development on the levelof regional and local administration are a uniformdevelopment of the country and an increaseof employment. The Government specificallyencourages the entrepreneurship by stimulating thedomestic production and increasing the numberof entrepreneurial zones on approximately 20zones per county. Important steps in developingentrepreneurial zones is taking care of the trafficconnections within and outside of a zone, makingsure that zone can expand in the future, andconsidering ecological factors and productionneeds.

The term "entrepreneurial incubator" is alsoworth mentioning here such incubators gathersmall enterprises which are in their initial phase,or in a phase of growth, and do not have their ownaccommodation. It is the incubators that providethe entrepreneurs the usage of a business facilityunder very favorable conditions (nominal fee or nofee at all) for a limited number of years. Besidesthe business facility, the users benefit from businessinfrastructure, intellectual and business services,etc. After the period of incubation, they shouldbecome independent and should cede their place inthe incubator to another company.

Some of the entrepreneurial incubators servicesmay be general (administrative services, accountancy,business management assistance, etc.), and can beprovided within the incubator itself, while otherservices can be provided for the external users. Theprimary objective of entrepreneurial incubators is togenerate new small companies based on innovativeor entrepreneurial projects developed within thecenter itself.

The entrepreneurial incubators can be legalentities or other organizational forms ownedby the local authorities; they can also be privateproperties, or owned by other institution, etc.They are usually founded in order to reuse theexisting business facilities (owned by the country,private ones, or owned by the local authorities)to stimulate the entrepreneurs. The incubators arefinancially supported by a special program of theofficial Department/Ministry in the areas with thefulfilled prerequisites, i.e. the existence of a businessfacility, interest and need of entrepreneurs for

accommodation, as well as of the interest of a local


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ili gospodarskih subjekata ili ostalih institucija zataj oblik organiziranosti.

Moderni oblici zona

"Slobodne industrijsko-izvozne zone postiglesu u novije vrijeme najvei zamah u svijetu,posebno u zemljama u razvoju. Prva zona togtipa osnovana je 1958. g. u Irskoj (Shannon),a druga u Indiji (Kandla). Od 1970-ih njihov sebroj naglo poveava. Osnovni je smisao tih zonada se privlaenjem direktnih stranih investicija imodernih tehnologija, podiu novi industrijskipogoni u njima i unaprijedi industrijalizacija iizvoz zemalja u razvoju, povea devizni priljevi zaposlenost radne snage, pobolja kvaliteta

proizvoda i snizi cijena domaih proizvoaa itako povea njihova meunarodna konkurentnost.Glavna je svrha industrijskih zona u razvijenimzemljama stimuliranje razvoja industrije klasinihi visokih tehnologija i poveanja izvoza radijaeg ukljuivanja u proces globalizacije. U veiniindustrijskih zona u zemljama u razvoju u prvimfazama razvoja prevladavala je proizvodnja odjeei elektronskih proizvoda, te montaa strojeva,automobila i drugih sloenih proizvoda. Usrednjoj fazi sve se vie razvijaju i druge industrije(farmaceutska, kozmetika, duhanska, metalna,

strojogradnja i sl.), a u dananjoj fazi uvode senajnovije industrije visokih tehnologija.

Bankarske slobodne zonenastale su poetkom1960-ih godina, kada su mnoge razvijene zemljeuvele restriktivne mjere u svoj meunarodnifinancijski sustav pa su njihove banke prenijeledio svojih poslova u druge zemlje gdje suspomenute mjere bile blae. Bankarska slobodnazona je mjesto u kojem banke raznog porijeklaobavljaju svoje djelatnosti uz manja ogranienja,ali uz uvjet da posluju eurima. Najpoznatijezemlje koje su uvele bankarske slobodne zonejesu: Panama, Karipske zemlje, Bahrein, HongKong, Singapur, Luksemburg, a razvile su se iu Londonu i Manili. One danas dobivaju svevei zamah u skladu s poveanjem meunarodnerazmjene, stvaranjem globalnih trita i porastomsvjetskog prometa kapitala.

Turistike slobodne zone postoje u nekimrazvijenim zemljama svijeta kao posebno izdvojenapodruja za razvoj ekskluzivnog elitnog turizma.One omoguuju visoko kvalitetan boravakbogate klijentele najviih zahtjeva pruajui im

najkvalitetnije i najraznovrsnije usluge.

community and economic subjects in that form oforganization.

Modern forms of zones

"Free industrial-export zones have latelyobtained the biggest uplift in the world, especiallyin the developing countries. The first such zonewas founded in 1958 in Ireland (Shannon), andthe second in India (Kandla). Since the 1970s theirnumber has been rapidly growing. The basic ideabehind those zones is to attract the direct foreigninvestments and modern technologies in orderto build new industrial facilities and upgradeindustrialization and export of the developingcountries, as well as to increase the monetaryintake and the employment of the labor force,

to improve the quality of a product and to lowerthe prices of domestic manufacturers so that theirinternational competitiveness can be raised. Themain purpose of industrial zones in the developedcountries is to stimulate the development ofindustries of classic and high technologies, as wellas the export increase in order to join the process ofglobalization more intensively. In most industrialzones in the developing countries the first phaseof development was marked by the productionof clothes and electronic products, and then theassembly of machinery, cars and other complexproducts. In the middle phase other industriesbegin to develop more (pharmaceutical, cosmetic,tobacco, metal, engineering, etc.), while in thecurrent phase the newest high-tech industries arebeing implemented.

Banking free zones were formed in the beginningof the 1960s when many developed countriesimplemented restrictive regulations in theirinternational financial systems, which resulted intheir banks transferring some of their businesses intoother countries where the mentioned regulationswere not as strict. A banking free zone is a placewhere the banks from various countries conduct

their activities with fewer limitations, but underthe condition that they only use euro as a currency.The countries known to have implemented bankingfree zones are Panama, the Caribbean countries,Bahrain, Hong Kong, Singapore and Luxembourg.Such zones have been developed in London andManila as well. Today they gain more and moreground due to an increase in the internationalexchange, the creation of global markets and thegrowth of worlds circulation of capital.

Tourist free zones exist in some of thedeveloped countries of the World as remote areas

for developing the exclusive elite tourism. They


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Informacijske zone (telezone) posebna suinformacijska sredita u kojima se slijevaju,obrauju i prodaju raznovrsne informacije,pruaju telemarketinke usluge i obavlja uvoenjeinformatikih sustava u poduzea, banke, hotele

i sl. Taj tip slobodnih zona uveden je krajem 80-ih godina na Jamaici i Dominikanskoj Republici,uz podrku javnih vlasti i velikih amerikihtelekomunikacijskih korporacija.

Znanstveno-tehnoloki parkovisu posebne zoneza kreiranje i komercijalizaciju novih proizvodaza svjetsko trite na osnovi primjene visokihtehnologija u uskoj suradnji izmeu industrije,znanstvenih ustanova i fakulteta. Razvili su senakon 2. svj. rata u razvijenim zemljama i aritasu inovacija i tehnikog progresa. Prvi znanstveno-tehnoloki parkovi osnovani su u SAD, gdje sudanas najpoznatiji Silicijska dolina u Kaliforniji,Cesta 128 Boston (Massachussets) i ResearchTriangle Park u Sj. Karolini. Parkovi su se rairilii po europskim zemljama, gdje su najpoznatiji uCambridgeu (Vel. Britanija), Antipolis kod Nicei Sorbona u Parizu, Louvainu u Belgiji, Oulu uFinskoj i dr.

Tranzitne zonesu zone u lukama za povlateniprolaz ili privremeno zadravanje izvozno-uvoznihroba za zemlje bez mora. One mogu biti posebnoinstitucionalizirane za potrebe pojedinih zemalja

ili mogu koristiti postojee slobodne luke zone zatranzit svojih roba. Primjer takvog tipa je Genovaza prijevoz tereta iz vicarske, Trst za Austriju,Rijeka za srednjeeuropske zemlje, Buenos Aires zaParagvaj, Djibuti za Etiopiju i sl.

Zone poduzea, odnosno zone zapoljavanja,odvojena su ua podruja u zaostalim idepresivnim regijama pojedinih zemalja, ukojima se stimuliranjem poduzetnike inicijativei odreenim povlasticama poveava gospodarskaaktivnost i zaposlenost radnika. Korisniciovdje preteno rade za domae trite. Te zone

uvedene su u V. Britaniji, Belgiji i u tri bazena uFrancuskoj.

Kompleksne slobodne zonesu zone u kojimase istodobno razvija vie vrsta djelatnostirasporeenih u odreenim dijelovima zona. Oneveinom obuhvaaju trgovinske, industrijske,bankarske i turistike djelatnosti koje se estomeusobno nadopunjuju i tako poveavaju ukupnipromet zona. Primjeri takvih zona su Hong Kong,Singapur i dr.

Gore navedeni tipovi zona rezultat su njihova

proirenja nakon 2. svj. rata na sve kontinente i

provide a high-quality accommodation for richclients with the highest demands, providing themwith the most various high quality services.

Information zones (telezones) represent specialinformation centers where information enter and arebeing processed. These zones provide telemarketingservices and perform installation of informaticssystems into companies, banks, hotels, etc. Thistype of free zones was implemented at the end ofthe 1980s in Jamaica and Dominican Republic,with the support of public authorities and largeAmerican telecommunications corporations.

Scientific-technological parks are special zonesfor creating and commercializing new products forthe Worlds market, based on the application ofhigh technologies and the close cooperation amongindustry, scientific institutions and faculties. They

were formed in the developed countries after theWorld War II and represent centers of innovationsand technical progress. The first scientific-technological parks were founded in the USA, andthe most famous examples of such zones are theSilicon Valley in California, Road 128 in Boston(Massachussets) and the Research Triangle Park inNorth Carolina. Such parks exist in Europe as well,and the most famous are the one in Cambridge (UK),Antipolis near Nice, Sorbonne in Paris, Louvainu inBelgium, Oulu in Finland, etc.

Transit zones refer to the zones located in

transit ports with favorable transit or those witha function of temporary keeping of imported andexported goods for countries without the access tothe seashore. They can be specifically organized tomeet the needs of certain countries, or they can usethe existing free port zones in the transit of theirgoods. Such examples are Genova (which functionsas a port for Switzerland), Trieste for Austria,Rijeka for the central European countries, BuenosAires for Paraguay, Djibouti for Ethiopia, etc.

Company zones, i.e., employment zones,represent specific areas in backward and depressedregions of certain countries where the attempts

are made to increase the economic activity andthe employment by stimulating entrepreneursinitiatives and providing other benefits. The usersin these zones are oriented towards the domesticmarket. Such zones have been implemented in GreatBritain, Belgium and in three basins in France.

Complex free zones are those in which severaltypes of trades, distributed in specific parts of a zone,are being developed simultaneously. They primarilyinclude trade, industries, banking and tourism whichprovide one another with services, thus increasingthe overall profit in thezone. Examples of such zones

are Hong Kong, Singapore, etc.


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The above mentioned types of zones are aresult of the zone spreading which took placeafter the World War II and has affected all of thecontinents as a relief of restrictive economic andmonetary regimes. They have become specific

infrastructural institutions for accelerating theeconomic development and inclusion into theWorlds trade. They represent modern forms ofadjustments of classic free cities, ports and tradezones to substantial technological, economic andpolitical changes in the World. Generally, insteadof the transportation, they are categorized intoforeign-trade activities." (uvela, 1997)

Structured interview results

A total of 9 companies (manufacturers) has

been interviewed, six of them being located inthe industrial and free business zones, while theremaining three companies represent independentproduction facilities. The companies in question arethe following: Perfecta, Krateks, Sirana Runolist,Drvenjaa d.d., Nautical center Prgin, Felis, HSProdukt, BHS and Magor-Krapina. Additionalinformation on each of the companies are given inthe following table:

As obvious, the companies included into thestructured interview belong to various industrialsectors and production schematics (textile, wood,

steel, foods, shipbuilding, etc.). The companiesalso differ in the number of employees, some ofthem having a few dozens and others hundreds ofemployed workers.

But the main purpose of this interview was toestablish how the mentioned companies rate theircurrent location of production, what has influencedits selection and what are the locations advantagesand drawbacks.

It has been determined that not all of thecompanies have started with production in theircurrent locations. Four out of nine companies have

moved their production from other settlements,namely HS Produktmoved from Ozalj, NC Prginfrom Primoten, and Sirana Runolist moved itsproduction barely a hundred meters away from itsstarting location (in Krasno). Another exception isPerfektawhich hasnt started with production untilit moved to the industrial zone Sv. Kri Zaretje.Before that, its activities included only sales of theirassortment in Zagreb area.

Almost each of the mentioned companies haslimited its production in the above mentionedlocations. However, it is not the case of Drvenjaa,

which besides in Fuine, also has facilities in Vrata

grupe zemalja kao oduak od strogih restriktivnihekonomskih i monetarnih reima i kao specifineinfrastrukturne ustanove za ubrzanje gospodarskograzvoja i ukljuivanje u svjetsku razmjenu. Onesu moderni oblici prilagoavanja klasinih

slobodnih gradova, lukih i trgovinskih zonavelikim tehnolokim, ekonomskim i politikimpromjenama u svijetu. Openito se svrstavaju uvanjskotrgovinsku, a ne prometnu djelatnost."(uvela, 1997.)

Rezultati strukturiranog intervjua

Navedenim intervjuom obuhvaeno je 9tvrtki, tj. proizvoaa, od kojih je est smjetenou industrijskim odnosno slobodnim poslovnim

zonama, dok su tri tvrtke samostalni proizvodniobjekt. Rije je o tvrtkama: Perfecta, Krateks,Sirana Runolist, Drvenjaa d.d., Nautikicentar Prgin, Felis, HS Produkt,BHSi Magor-Krapina. Vie podataka o navedenim tvrtkamaslijedi u tablici.

Kao to je vidljivo, strukturiranim intervjuomobuhvaene su tvrtke iz razliitih sektoraindustrije i razliitog proizvodnog programa, odtekstilne, drvne i eline industrije, proizvodnjeprehrambenih proizvoda do brodogradnje.Tvrtke se, takoer, znaajno razlikuju i po

broju zaposlenih, neke imaju nekoliko desetakazaposlenih, a druge i nekoliko stotina zaposlenih.

No glavna svrha ovog intervjua bilo jeustanoviti kako su navedene tvrtke zadovoljnesvojom trenutanom lokacijom proizvodnje, toje utjecalo na odabir lokacije na kojoj se nalaze tekoje su prednosti i nedostatci te lokacije.

Ustanovljeno je da nisu sve tvrtke zapoeles proizvodnjom na lokaciji na kojoj se nalazedanas. etiri od devet tvrtki preselile su svojuproizvodnju iz drugih mjesta, i to HS Produkt

iz Ozlja, NC Prgin iz Primotena, dok je SiranaRunolist preselila svoju proizvodnju svegastotinjak metara od prvobitnog mjesta proizvodnjeu istom mjestu (Krasno). Iznimka je i Perfekta,koja je s proizvodnjom zapoela tek preseljenjemu industrijsku zonu Sv. Kri Zaretje, a do tada sebavila samo trgovinom navedenog asortimana napodruju Zagreba.

Kod gotovo svih navedenih tvrtki proizvodnjase odvija samo na navedenim lokacijama. To,meutim, nije sluaj kod Drvenjae, koja svojepogone jo ima, osim u Fuinama, i u Vratima i

Mrkoplju (od 1993.), dok BHS Corrugatedimaju


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Tablica 1. Osnovni podatci o tvrtkama obuhvaenim strukturiranim intervjuomTable 1 Basic data on companies included into the structured interview

Ime tvrtke Mjestoproizvodnje

Djelatnost Brojzaposlenih

Lokacija tvrtke Godina odkoje je tvrtkana navedenojlokaciji

Companyname

Location ofproduction

Trade Number ofemployees

Location of thecompany

Starting yearof a companyusing its currentlocation

Perfectadreams

Sv. KriZaretje

Proizvodnja madraca /mattress production

25 Industrijska zonaSv. Kri Zaretje /Industrial zone Sv.Kri Zaretje

2004.

Krateks Krapina Proizvodnja enske odjee /production of womens clothes

280 Industrijsko-poslovnazona utnica /

industrial commercialzone utnica

1967.

Magor-Krapina

Krapina Proizvodnja drvenih predmeta(stolice, klupe) /production of wooden items(chairs, benches)

85 Slobodna zonaKrapinsko-zagorska /Free zone Krapinsko-Zagorska

2000.

BHSCorrugated

Varadin(Trnovec)

Proizvodnja strojeva za izraduvalovite ljepenke / production ofmachinery for manufactory ofwave-shaped cardboard

150 Slobodna zonaVaradin / Free zoneVaradin

2004.

Felis Sisak Proizvodnja elinih odljevaka /

Production of steel casting

170 eljezara Sisak 2000.

HS Produkt Karlovac Proizvodnja pitolja / Guns andammunition production

950 Industrijska zona /industrial zone

2001.

Drvenjaad.d.

Fuine Proizvodnja drvenjae(mehanike celuloze), piljenegrae, transportnih paleta ipeleta /production of mechanicalcellulose, sawed materials,transport pallettes

98 Samostalan proizvodniobjekt / Independentproduction facility

1975.

Sirana

Runolist

Krasno Proizvodnja sira /

cheese production

12 Samostalan proizvodni

objekt / independentproduction facility

2002.

Nautikicentar Prgin

ibenik Remontno brodogradilite,proizvodnja brodova,iznajmljivai plovila / gravingdocks, shipyard, boat renting

358 Samostalan proizvodniobjekt / independentproduction facility

2004.

Izvor: strukturirani intervju proveden u svibnju 2007.g. po hrvatskim industrijskim tvrtkama te industrijskim i slobodnimposlovnim zonamaSource: structured interview conducted in 2007 in Croatian industrial companies, and industrial and free business zones


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dvadesetak kooperanata u Hrvatskoj, a sami susastavni dio tvrtke ije je sjedite u Njemakoj.

Jedno od pitanja za koje smo traili odgovor

bilo je i otkada se odvija proizvodnja nalokacijama na kojima danas proizvode navedenetvrtke. U etiri sluaja proizvodnja je zapoela tekosnivanjem tvrtki (Sirana Runolist, Drvenjaa,BHS i Perfecte). U sluaju Felisaproizvodnja naistoj lokaciji traje jo od 1954. g., Magor-Krapinanalazi se na lokaciji koja je aktualna takoer od1950-ih, dok je Krateksna lokaciji stare tekstilneindustrije jo od 1929. g., HS Produktna lokacijiproizvodnje koja je postala aktivna izmeu dvasvjetska rata, a NC Prginna lokaciji iz 1905. g.

and Mrkopalj (since 1993), while BHS Corrugatedare a component of a German company, and havearound 20 subcontractors in Croatia.

One of the questions that we seeked an answerfor was the duration of production on currentlocations of the mentioned companies. In fourcases the production followed the founding of thecompanies (Sirana Runolist, Drvenjaa, BHS andPerfecta). In the case of Felis, its production hasbeen on the same location since 1954. Magor-Krapinahas been using its location since the 1950sand Krateks uses the location of an old textileindustry which dates back to 1929. HS Produktuses a location which was established between theWorld wars and NC Prgin the one which exists

since 1905.

Tablica 2. Lokacija tvrtkiTable 2 Locations of the companies

Tvrtka Da li je tvrtka odosnivanja na istojlokaciji

Ako ne, odakle jepreseljena

Na koliko se lokacijaodvija proizvodnja

Otkada postojiproizvodnja nanavedenoj lokaciji

Company Is the companyfounded in thesame location

If not, where has itbeen moved from

On how many locationsdoes the production takeplace

Since when does theproduction exist on thementioned location

Perfecta dreams Ne / no Zagreb Samo na jednoj / just one Od 2000. / since 2000

Krateks Da / yes Samo na jednoj / just one Od 1929. / since 1929

Magor-Krapina Da / yes Samo na jednoj / just one Od 1950-ih /since the 1950s

BHS Corrugated Da / yes Vie lokacija (dionjemake tvrtke) / more

locations (a part of aGerman company)

Od 2004. /since 2004

Felis Da / yes Samo na jednoj / just one Od 1954. / since 1954

HS Produkt Ne / no Ozalj Samo na jednoj / just one Izmeu dva svjetskarata / between theWorld wars

Drvenjaa d.d. Da / yes Na 3 lokacije / on threelocations

1975.

Sirana Runolist Ne / no Iz druge lokacije uistom mjestu / fromanother location inthe vicinity

Samo na jednoj / just one 2002.

Nautiki centar Prgin Ne / no Primoten Samo na jednoj / just one Od 1905. / since 1905

Izvor: strukturirani intervju proveden u svibnju 2007. g. po hrvatskim industrijskim tvrtkama te industrijskim i slobodnimposlovnim zonamaSource: structured interview conducted in 2007 in Croatian industrial companies, and industrial and free business zones


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Zadovoljstvo i nezadovoljstvo lokacijomproizvodnje

Sudionike intervjua zamolili smo da na ljestviciod 1 do 5 ocijene zadovoljstvo lokacijom svojeproizvodnje, pri emu 1 oznaava nezadovoljstvo,2 relativno nezadovoljstvo, 3 dobru lokaciju, 4zadovoljstvo, a 5 izrazito zadovoljstvo lokacijom.Veina tvrtki izrazito je zadovoljna lokacijomna kojoj se trenutano nalazi, dok su samo dvije

tvrtke oznaile svoju lokaciju ocjenom 2. Jedna jetvrtka ocijenila svoju lokaciju ocjenom 3.

Izrazito zadovoljstvo svojom lokacijom izrazilesu tvrtke Krateks, NC Prgini BHS Corrugated, azadovoljstvo tvrtka Magor-Krapinai Felis. Glavniuzrok zadovoljstva postojeom lokacijom izraenje zbog prednosti samih industrijskih, odnosnoslobodnih zona u kojima su tvrtke smjetene. Teprednosti oituju se u njihovu poloaju u odnosuna glavne prometne pravce u regiji, blizinumeunarodnih granica, logistiku, ali i prijateljsko

okruje lokalne zajednice koje je vrlo bitno jer je

Contentment and discontentment with thelocation of production

We have asked the participants of the interviewto rate the contentment with the location of theirproduction on a scale from 1 to 5, whereby 1 equalsdiscontentment, 2 equals relative discontentment, 3equals good location, 4 equals contentment and 5equals exceptional contentment. Most companiesare exceptionally content with the locations of their

current locations, while only two companies haverated their location with a 2. One company hasrated its location 3.

The companies Krateks, NC Prgin andBHS Corrugated have expressed exceptionalcontentment (5) with their locations, while Magor-Krapina and Felis have expressed contentment(4). The main reasons for the contentment withthe current locations are the advantages of theindustrial zones in which they are located. Thoseadvantages are marked by their position in

relation to the main traffic routes in the region, by

Slika 3. NC PrginFigure 3 NC Prgin


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proizvodnja i te kako ovisna o prostoru u kojem seodvija i isprepletena s njim.

Da imaju dobru lokaciju, smatraju u Drvenjai,koja je specifina, jer ta tvrtka u najveoj mjeri

ovisi o prirodnom bogatstvu, tj. umi, ije jerasprostiranje ogranieno, pa proizvodnju nijemogue locirati neovisno o resursima. Relativnosu nezadovoljni u tvrtkama HS Produkt i SiraniRunolist, to je uglavnom posljedica nedovoljnorazvijene i skupe infrastrukture, a u sluajuSirane Runolist i nepovoljnih prirodnih uvjetate nedovoljnog prostora za irenje. U nekima odtih primjera oito je da je proizvodnja u sklopuindustrijskih zona jeftinija i prua vie prednostinego kada se poslovanje vodi izvan nje.

U sljedeoj tablici tvrtke su istaknule glavne

prednosti i nedostatke koje imaju u svomtrenutanom mjestu proizvodnje, te u kojoj mjeri(na ljestvici od 1-5) razmatraju preseljenje naneku drugu lokaciju, pri emu ocjena 1 oznaavanemogunost preseljenja, a ocjena 5 velikumogunost preseljenja:

Kao to je vidljivo, veina tvrtki spominje vieprednosti nego nedostataka svoje lokacije (osimSiraneRunolist), to iskazuje njihovo zadovoljstvolokacijama na kojima se trenutano nalaze.Glavnina prednosti odnosi se na dobru prometnupovezanost, infrastrukturu, dostupnost radne

snage te blizinu granice, odnosno EU.U vezi s lokacijama na kojima su smjetene

tvrtke nas je zanimalo pitanje koliko je mogueproirenje (pokretanje) dijela proizvodnje na nekudrugu lokaciju u blioj budunosti te gdje bi seta proizvodnja odvijala. I u ovom smo se sluajuposluili ljestvicom od 1-5 na kojoj 1 oznaujenemogunost, a 5 veliku mogunost proirenjaproizvodnje na druge lokacije. Zatraili smo od njihda navedu i neka druga mjesta u Hrvatskoj kojabi za njihovo poslovanje pruila najbolju lokaciju.Istraivanje pokazuje da samo jedna tvrtka nastoji

proiriti svoje poslovanje u inozemstvo (ak i izvanEurope), dok ostale budunost svoje proizvodnjevide u Hrvatskoj. Oito je da Hrvatska jo uvijekima brojne prednosti u odnosu na strane (globalne)lokacije koje su moda privlanije veim tvrtkamai korporacijama.

the vicinity of the international borders, logistics,and the friendly attitude of the local communitieswhich is very important because of the productiondepending very much on the relations with thesurrounding area.

The managers of Drvenjaa, which is a specificcompany, with production largely depending onthe limited natural resources (wood), view theirlocation as good. The companies HS ProduktandSirana Runolistare relatively discontent with theirlocations, which is a consequence of insufficientandexpensive infrastructure. In case of Sirana Runolistthe reasons for the relative discontent are theunfavorable natural conditions and the lack of areafor expansion. Some of the mentioned examplesprove that the production within industrial zones ismore cost effective and provides more advantages

in comparison to independent managing.The following table the companies have

emphasized main advantages and limitations oftheir current locations of production. They havealso rated (from 1 to 5) the level of their possibilityto relocate their production, whereby 1 equals theinability to move, and 5 equals a substantial abilityto move.

Obviously, most of the companies tend tomention more advantages than shortcomings of alocation (with the exception of Sirana Runolist),

which proves their contentment with their currentlocations. Most advantages refer to a high quality oftraffic connections, infrastructure, the availabilityof workforce and the vicinity of the border (EU).

We have also enquired the possibility ofexpansion, i.e. starting of production in differentlocation in the near future, as well as the possiblefuture locations. Again, we have used the 1-5scale whereby 1 means inability and 5 means highpossibility of expansion of the production to otherlocation. We have asked the participants to mentionother towns in Croatia which they believe would

provide the best location for their businesses. Theresearch has shown that only one company strivesto expand its business abroad (even out of Europe),while the others see their future specifically inCroatia. It is obvious that Croatia has got manyadvantages in comparison to foreign (global)locations which are perhaps more attractive forlarger companies and corporation.


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Tablica 3. Prednosti i nedostatci lokacijaTable 3 Advantages and shortcomings of locations

Tvrtka Prednosti lokacije Nedostatci lokacije Mogunostpreseljenja naljestvici od 1-5

Company Advantages of location Limitations of location Relocationpossibility

Perfecta dreams Dostupnost radne snage, prometnapovezanost, logistika, prijateljsko okrujelokalne zajednice / Availability of workforce, good traffic connections, friendlysurroundings

Nema nedostataka /no shortcomings

1

Krateks Blizina granice sa Slovenijom i EU, manjitrokovi zbog smjetaja u manjem gradu,carinarnica i pedicija u krugu ind.zone,prometna dostupnost / vicinity of theborder with Slovenia and EU, smallerexpenses due to a location in a smaller

settlement, custom house and forwardingoffice close to the industrial zone, trafficaccessability

Nedostatak obrazovane radne snage /Lack of educated workforce

1

Magor-Krapina Dobra infrastruktura, mogunost prijevozaradnika, blizina Zagreba i granice saSlovenijom / Quality of infrastructure,transportation of workers, vicinity ofZagreb and the Slovenian border


3

BHS Corrugated Blizina autoceste, blizina EU, dobrainfrastruktura / the vicinity of highway, thevicinity of the EU, quality of infrastructure

Nema nedostataka /no shortcomings 1

Felis Dobra infrastruktura, dobra prometnapovezanost (ceste, eljeznica, rijenipromet), tradicija industrijske proizvodnje

/ Quality of infrastructure, good trafficconnections (roads, rail, river traffic),tradition in industrial production

Visoka komunalna naknada / highlocal rates

1

HS Produkt Povoljni uvjeti za kupnju, djelominainfrastruktura, blizina radne snage /Favorable buy-out conditions, partialinfrastructure, workforce living in thevicinity

Nedovoljno prostora za irenje,nedovoljno razvijena infrastruktura/ insufficient area for expansion,insufficiently developed infrastructure

2

Drvenjaa d.d. Pogoni su izvan naseljenog mjesta,dovoljno mjesta za skladitenje trupaca,blizina granice (radi izvoza) / facilities areoutside the settled area, sufficient area forlog depot, vicinity of the border (favorablefor export)


1

Sirana Runolist Nema prednosti / no advantages Skupe komunalne usluge, nesreeniimovinsko-pravni odnosi, nemamogunosti irenja, teki uvjeti zimi(snijeg, hladnoa) / high local rates,unsettled legal property issues, nopossibility to expand the production,harsh winter conditions (snow, cold)

3

Nautiki centarPrgin

Blizina mora, blizina autoceste, poloajibenika na srednjem Jadranu / vicinity ofthe seashore, position of ibenik on thecentral Adriatic coast


1



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Zakljuak

Industrijske, ekonomske, slobodne ipoduzetnike zone znae velike prednosti za zemljekoje ih imaju, pa tako i za Hrvatsku. U njima se

obavljaju razne djelatnosti (osobito u slobodnimzonama), poput proizvodnje, skladitenja,bankarskih i financijskih usluga, osiguranjai reosiguranja, pedicije, vanjskotrgovinskihposlova, turistikih usluga i sl., ali za sada jouvijek dominira industrijska proizvodnja.

Zone mogu biti smjetene na razliitimpodrujima, no u pravilu su najuspjenije onekoje se nalaze na frekventnim (meunarodnim)prometnicama, u rijenim i morskim lukama, uzzrane luke, u pograninim podrujima te slinimmjestima koja omoguuju njihovo profitabilno

poslovanje. Veliku ulogu u njihovu osnivanju ima

Conclusion

Industrial, economic, free and entrepreneurialzones provide great advantages for the countries inwhich they are founded, and this applies to Croatia

as well. Many activities such as production, storage,banking and other financial services, insuranceand reinsurance, forwarding, foreign trade, touristservices, etc. take place in such zones (especiallyin free zones), with the current domination of theindustrial production.

Zones can be located in various areas, but itappears that the most successful ones are thoselocated near frequent (international) trafficroutes,inriver ports and seaports, near airports, in borderingareas, and in other similar places, which enable theprofitability of their businesses. Local, regional and

government authorities play a significant role in

Tablica 4. Mogunosti proirenja na drugu lokaciju po tvrtkamaTable 4 Possibilities of companies to relocate

Tvrtka Mogunost proirenjaproizvodnje (od 1-5)

Gdje? Kada? Druge lokacije koje bi bilepogodne za proizvodnju

company the ability of expandingthe production

where? when? Alternative locationssuitable for production

Perfecta dreams 5 U sklopu iste industrijske zonetj. IZ Sv. Kri Zaretje /within the same industrialzone Sv. Kri Zaretje

- Sv. Kri Zaretje

Krateks 1 - - Varadin, Slavonija

Magor-Krapina 1 U neku novu industrijskuzonu /to another industrial zone

2013. -

BHS Corrugated 1 U sklopu iste slobodne zone,tj. SZ Varadin / within thesame free zone of Varadin

- Varadin

Felis 1 - - Sisak

HS Produkt 4 Brazil, Indija, Turska,Argentina, SAD, Tajland,Tajvan / Brasil, India, Turkey,Argentina, USA, Thailand,Taiwan

2012.-2017. Karlovac, Zagreb

Drvenjaa d.d. 1 - - Tamo gdje ima dovoljnovode za proizvodnju / alocation with sufficientwater resources forproduction

Sirana Runolist 3 Otoac -

Nautiki centar

Prgin

5 Poduzetnika zona Podi,

ibenik / entrepreneurial zonePodi, ibenik

2009.-2010. ibenik



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lokalna i regionalna i dravna vlast, a glavni surazlozi tomu poticanje ulaganja, zapoljavanje,uvoenje novih tehnologija i opreme,modernizacija i unapreenje poslovanja kao iindustrijsko povezivanje.

Pojmovi koji se jo susreu u literaturi ipraksi, a koji nisu obraeni u ovom lanku, jesu:poduzetniki inkubatori pruaju ve sagraeneposlovne prostore i logiku podrku poduzetnicimapoetnicima, a razvojne agencije usmjerene suna sveukupan regionalni gospodarski razvoj, teudruge formalan oblik udruivanja poduzetnika,a osnivaju se radi promocije zajednikih interesa ipostizanja zajednikih ciljeva.

to se tie provedenog istraivanja, smatramda je pokazalo zanimljive rezultate u vezi s

pogledom na smjetaj i poziciju naih tvrtki usklopu poslovnih i industrijskih zona te u odnosuna poslovanje tvrtki iz nekih drugih djelatnosti uHrvatskoj. Pokazalo se da industrijske, slobodnei poslovne zone imaju brojne prednosti kojimaprivlae poduzea i poduzetnike, a odnose se nablizinu znaajnih prometnih pravaca i vorita,blizinu meunarodnih granica, ve izgraenuinfrastrukturu, mogunost kupnje jeftinijegzemljita kao i mogunosti za eventualnoproirenje u budunosti. Sve su te prednostipojedini poduzetnici prepoznali te na njimabazirali svoje (uspjeno) poslovanje.

their founding, and the reasons for the involvementof authorities are stimulation of investments,employment, implementing new technologies andequipment, modernization and upgrading thebusinesses, and the industrial bonding.

Other terms which can also be found in literatureand practice, but have not been elaborated in thisarticle, are: entrepreneurial incubators providecommercial spaces built in advance, and thelogistical backup for starting entrepreneurs, whilethe development agencies are oriented towardsthe overall regional economic development; theassociations, on the other hand, are a formal wayof the entrepreneurial merging and are foundedwith the aim of promoting common interests andaccomplishing common goals.

Considering the conducted research, I believe

that it has provided us with interesting resultsreferring to the perception of location and positionof our companies within business and industrialzones and to business activities of companiesrelated to other trades in Croatia. The research hasshown that industrial, free and business zones havemany advantages for attracting companies andentrepreneurs. Those advantages are the vicinity ofimportant trafficroutesandjunctions, thevicinity ofthe international borders, the infrastructure built inadvance, the possibility of low-cost terrain buy-outand the possibility for the eventual expansion in thefuture. All these advantages have been accepted by

the entrepreneurs who have based their (successful)business activities upon them.

LITERATURA /LITERATURE

urkovi, S. (1993): Integralnost razvoja slobodnih zona i cestovno-eljeznikih terminala u Hrvatskoj,Promet (zbornik radova), 5, 107-111.

Grigi, B. (1992): Svjetska iskustva glede slobodnih zona pravni aspekti (Pouke za hrvatski model),Ekonomski vjesnik, 1(6), 123-130.

Jedliko, M. (1992): Poslovanje preko slobodnih (carinskih) zona, Raunovodstvo, revizija i financije,11, 125-127.

Kovai, M.; Kramar, M. (1998): Poloaj i djelovanje slobodnih zona u Hrvatskoj,Raunovodstvo ifinancije, 12, 113-120.

Marinovi-Uzelac, A. (2001): Prostorno planiranje, Dom svijet, Zagreb, 548 str.

Vresk, M. (2002): Grad i urbanizacija, kolska knjiga, Zagreb, 252 str.

uvela, I. (1997): Razvoj i uspjenost slobodnih zona, Prometni zbornik, 35, 11-37.

IZVORI / SOURCES

Free economic zones, http://eng.ifez.go.kr/guide/org/free-economic-zone.asp (14.7.2007.)

Poslovni navigator, Poslovni centri, www.business-navigator.biz/poslovni_centri (1.10.2008.)

Slobodne zone, http://zone.mingorp.hr/slobodne /index.htm (1.10.2008.)

Documents

Lončar, Jelena: Industrijske, slobodne i poslovne zone - pojam, značenje i