Logical Reasoning Book

Family Tree

IntroductionIn logical reasoning, it is one of the scoring topic as it is easier to understand the blood relation of one’s family & apply them to the question. But to make the data crisp & clear the family relation are depicted in a tree form so that the relation do not confuse. Certain symbols are used as a common language for depicting relations in family tree.

Symbolic representation of a family treeTo build a family tree, certain symbols are used to make it as a common language to denote relationships. You may use any other to denote the family relationships.

Relations Symbolic representation

A is male

A is female

Gender is not known

A & B are married to each other

A & B are siblings

A & C are B’s children

A is the uncle/ aunt of B

B is the only child of A

Understanding terms in Blood Relations Brother in law

Brother of one’s spouse The husband of one’s Sister The husband of the sister of one’s spouse

Sister in law

The sister of one’s spouse The wife of one’s brother The wife of the brother of one’s spouse

Mother in law

The mother of one’s spouse

Father in law

The father of one’s spouse

Son in law

The husband of one’s daughter

Daughter in law

The wife of one’s son

Grand Parents

Parents of the parents

Sibling

Person having one or both parents in common with another person

Cousin

A child of one’s aunt or uncle

Second Cousin

A child of a first cousin of one’s parents

Uncle

The brother of one’s mother or father The husband of one’s aunt

Aunt

The sister of one’s father or mother The wife of one’s uncle

Nephew

Son of one’s brother or sister

Niece

Daughter of one’s brother or sister

Maternal

Related through one’s mother

Paternal

Related through one’s father

NOTE- Blood Relation-based Questions1. One of the keys to solve blood relation-based problems is to identify the married couples, the number of which would be

mentioned in the question.2. Understand the genders & generations. Do not assume the genders from the names, if the names are unisex. E.g. Kamal,

Snehal can be names of both males & females.

3. Try to use family tree symbols & develop the tree on page than mere imagination.

Solved Examples

1) A & B are married couple, X & Y are brothers, X is the brother of A. How Y is related to B?a) Brother b) Brother-in-law c) Son d) Son-in-law

Solution:A & B are couple. We don’t know their gender individually.A=B

We get,

Brother-in-law.Hence, [b].

2) A’s mother is sister of B & has a daughter C. How can A be related to B from among the following?a) Niece b) Uncle c) Daughter d) Father

Solution:A’s mother is sister of B.

Daughter C, its redundant.Among the following option, A is the Niece of B.Hence, [a].

3) If A+B means B is the brother of A, A*B means B is the husband of A, A-B means A is the mother of B, A/B means A is the father of B, which of the following relations shows that Q is the grandmother of T?a) Q-P+R/T b) P*Q/R-T c) P*Q/R-T d) P+Q/R-T e) None of these

Solution:Q-P means Q is the mother of P.P+R means P is the brother of R.R/ T means R is the father of T.So, combining all these sentences, we come to know that Q is the mother of T’s father, R.

Hence, [a].

4) Pointing to Gopi, Nalni says, “I am the daughter of the only son of his grandfather.” How Nalni is related to Gopi?a) Niece b) Daughter c) Sister d) Cannot be determined e) None of these

Solution:From her statement, we can say that Gopi’s father is the only son of his grandfather. And, Nalni is the daughter of Gopi’s father. So, Nalni is the sister of Gopi.

Hence, [c].

5) Pointing to a photograph Anjali said, “He is the only son of my grandfather. How is the man in the photograph related to Anjali? a) Brother b) Uncle c) Son d) Data is inadequate e) None of these

Solution:The person in the photograph is Anjali’s father.

Hence, [e].

5) A & B are children of D. Who is the father of A? To answer this question which of the statements I & II is necessary?I C is the brother of A & the son of E.II F is the mother of B.a) Only I b) Only II c) Either I or II d) I & II both e) None of these

Solution:The sentence “A & B are children of D” means that D is the parent of A, may be father or mother. From II, we can say that F is the mother of A. Hence, D has to be the father.

Hence, [b].

6) Introducing a woman, Shashank said, “She is the mother of the only daughter of my son”. How that woman is related to Shashank?a) Daughter b) Sister-in-law c) Wife d) Daughter-in-law e) None of these

Solution:From Shashank’s statement we can conclude that the woman is the mother of Shashank’s grand daughter i.e. Shashank is the paternal grandfather to the daughter of the woman (whom he is introducing).

Hence, [d].

Exercise - 1

Directions Q.1-5:i. A, B, C, D, E and F are six members of a family.

ii. There are two married couples among them.iii. C is the mother of A and F.iv. E is the father of D.v. A is the grandson of B.vi. The total number of female members in the family is three.

1. Which of the following pairs is one of the married couples?a) EF b) BD c) EB d) AF e) None of these

2. Who is the wife of E?

a) B b) C c) D d) F e) None of these

3. How is B related to F?a) Sister b) Grandmother c) Wife d) Daughter e) None of these

4. How is F related to A?a) Sister b) Brother c) Daughter d) Mother e) None of these

5. Which of the following is group of female members?a) BDE b) AFB c) DCF d) BCF e) None of these

Directions Q.6-8:Read the information given below to answer these questions.Roma and Mohan is a married couple having two daughters names Smita and Devika. Devika is married to Aman who is the son of Madhu and Jeewan. Romila is the daughter of Aman. Krishna who is Aman’s sister is married to Sunil and has two sons Anuj and Ankur. Ankur is the grandson of Madhu and Jeewan.

6. How is Krishna related to Devika?a) Sister-in-law b) Sister c) Aunt d) Cannot be determined e) None of these

7. What is the relationship between Anuj and Romila?a) Uncle-Niece b) Husband-Wife c) Father-Daughter d) Cousins e) None of these

8. Which of the following is true?a) Anuj is the son of Smita b) Romila is the cousin of Krishna c) Madhu is Sunil’s mother-in-law

d) Jeewan is Devika’s maternal e) None of these

9. Sita is Niece of Ashok. Ashok’s mother is Lakshmi, Kalyani is Lakshmi’s mother. Kalyani’s husband is Gopal. Parvathi is the mother-in-law of Gopal. How is Sita related to Gopal?a) Great grandson’s daughter b) Gopal is Sita’s father c) Sita is Gopal’s great grand-daughterd) Grand Niece e) None of these

10. If A is B’s sister, C is B’s mother, D is C’s father and E is D’s mother, then how A is related to D?a) Grandfather b) Daughter c) Grandmother d) Grand-daughter e) None of these

Exercise – 2

1. Introducing a man, a woman said, “He is the only son of the mother of my mother.” How is the woman related to the man?a) Mother b) Sister c) Niece d) Maternal aunt e) None of these

2. Deepak said to Nitin, “That boy playing with the football is the younger of the two brothers of the daughter of my father’s wife.” How is the boy playing football related to Deepak?a) Son b) Brother c) Cousin d) Brother-in-law e) None of these

3. Introducing a boy, a girl said, “He is the son of the daughter of the father of my uncle.” How is the boy related to the girl?a) Brother b) Nephew c) Uncle d) Son-in-law e) None of these

4. If A+B means A is the brother of B.A*B means A is the wife of B.And A/B means B is the daughter of A.Then which of the following means M is the maternal uncle of N?a) M+O*N b) M/O*N+P c) M+O/N d) N+O*M+P e) None of these

5. A is the son of C; C and Q are sisters; Z is the mother of Q; P is the son of Z. which of the following relation is true?a) P and A are cousins b) P is maternal uncle of A c) Q is the maternal grandfather of Ad) C and P are sisters e) None of these

Directions Q.6-10:Read the information given below to answer these questions.

i. There is a family of six persons A, B, C, D, E and F. They are Lawyer, Doctor, Teacher, Salesman, Engineer and Accountant.ii. There are two married couples in the family.iii. D, the salesman, is married to the Lady Teacher.iv. The doctor is married to Lawyer.v. F, the Accountant, is the son of B and brother of E.vi. E is the unmarried Engineer.

vii. A is the grandmother of F.

6. How is E related to F?a) Brother b) Sister c) Cousin Brother d) Cannot be determined e) None of these

7. Which of the following is the profession of B?a) Teacher b) Doctor c) Lawyer d) Cannot be determined e) None of these

8. Which of the following is the profession of A?a) Lawyer b) Teacher c) Doctor d) Cannot be determined e) None of these

9. Which of the following is one of the couples?

a) FD b) DB c) EA d) Cannot be determined e) None of these

10. How is D related to F?a) Grandfather b) Father c) Uncle d) Brother e) None of these

Exercise – 3

1. If P$Q means P is the brother of Q; P#Q means P is the mother of Q; P*Q means P is the daughter of Q in A#B$C*D, who is the father?a) D b) B c) C d) Data is inadequate e)None of these

2. Pointing towards a girl, Abhishek says, “This girl is the daughter of only child of my father.” What is the relation of Abhishek’s wife to that girl?a) Daughter b) Mother c) Aunt d) Sister e) None of these

3. If A+B means A is the brother of B, A/B means A is the father of B and A*B means A is the sister of B. Which of the following means M is the uncle of P?a) M/N*P b) N*P/M c) M+S/R/P d) M+K/T*P e) None of these

4. Pointing towards a man, a woman said, “His mother is the only daughter of my mother.” How is the woman related to the man?a) Mother b) Grandmother c) Sister d) Daughter e) None of these

5. Pointing to Varman, Madhav said, “I am the only son of one of the sons of his father.” How is Varman related to Madhav?a) Nephew b) Uncle c) Father or Uncle d) Father e) None of these

6. If A+B means A is the brother of B; A-B means A is the sister of B and A*B means A is the father of B. Which of the following means that C is the son of M?a) M-N*C+F b) F-C+N*M c) N+M-F*C d) M*N-C+F e) None of these

Directions Q.7&8:Each of these questions is based on the following information:

i. A B means A is the mother of B.ii. A B means A is the sister of B.iii. A*B means A is the father of B.iv. A B means A is the brother of B.

7. Which of the following means that Q is the grandfather of P?a) P N*M*Q b) Q*N*M P c) Q M N*P d) Q*M N P e) None of these

8. Which of the following means that N is the maternal uncle of M?a) N P L E M b) N Y A M c) M Y*P N d) N C F*M e) None of these

Directions Q.9&10:Each of these questions is based on the following information:

i. P+Q means P is the sister of Q.ii. P-Q means P is the mother of Q.iii. P*Q means P is the brother of Q.iv. P/Q means P is the father of Q.

9. Which of the following means that M is the maternal uncle of R?a) M*T-R b) M/T-R c) M+T/K-R d) M/N+J-R e) None of these

10. To answer the above question which of the statements is surplus?a) Only(ii) b) Only(iii) c) Only(i) d) Only(iv) and (i) e) None of these

Exercise – 4

1. I. A3P means A is the mother of P.II. A4P means A is the brother of P.III. A9P means A is the husband of P.IV. A5P means A is the daughter of P.

Which of the following means that K is the mother-in-law of M?a) M9N3K4J b) M9N5K3J c) K5J9M3N d) K9N3K4J e) None of these

2. To answer the above question, which of the statements is not necessary?a) Only III b) Only I c) Only III or I d) Only II e) None of these

3. P is the mother of Q who is the husband of R and S who is the sister of Q, is the daughter of T. Which of the following relations is not true?a) T is the father of Q b) S is the daughter of P c) R is the daughter-in-law of Td) P is the wife of T e) None of these

4. Pointing to a boy in the photograph Reena said, “He is the only son of the only child of my grandmother.” How Reena is related to that boy?a) Mother b) Sister c) Auntd) Cannot be determined e) None of these

5. Pointing to a girl Sandeep said, “She is the daughter of the only sister of my father.” How is Sandeep related to the girl?a) Uncle b) Cousin c) Father d) Grandfather e) None of these

6. I. B5D means B is the father of D.II. B9D means B is the sister of D.III. B4D means B is the brother of D.IV. B3D means B is the wife of D.Which of the following means F is the mother of K?a) F3M5K b) F5M3K c) F9M4N3K d) F3M5N3K e) None of these

7. To answer the above question which of the statements are not necessary?a) Only(I) b) Only(II) c) Only(II) and (III) d) Any one of these e) None of these

8. Pointing to a photograph of a boy Raman said, “He is the only son of my mother.” How is Raman related to that boy?a) Brother b) Uncle c) Cousin d) Father e) None of these

Answer Key

Ex.1 1.c 2. a 3. b 4. a 5. d 6. a 7. d 8. c 9. c 10. a Ex.2 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. e 5. b 6. d 7. b 8. b 9. d 10. a

Ex.3 1. a 2. b 3. d 4. a 5. c 6. d 7. e 8. a 9. a 10. e Ex.4 1. b 2. d 3. e 4. b 5. d 6. a 7. b 8. a 9. c 10. D

Directions

IntroductionIn directions problems, you have to find out the direction or distance, which is covered from a certain initial point to a certain ending point. It is required to ascertain the final direction or the distance between two points.

According to the figure, we need to consider the man standing in the Center, then North will be above him while South will be below him, East will be in right side while West will be in left side.

Note – Anticlockwise direction is left side & clockwise direction is right side.

Note –To find the lowest distance between two points, we use Pythagoras theorem h2=b2+p2, where h= hypotenuse, b=base, p= perpendicular.

Solved Examples

1) A man walks 5 km towards South and then turns to the right. After walking 3 km he turns to the left and walks 5 km. Now in which direction is he from the starting place?a) West b) South c) North-East d) South-West e) None of these

Solution:We can see it diagrammatically,

So, from the diagram we can say that the man is in the South-West direction.

Hence, [d].

2) Rahul put his timepiece on the table in such a way that at 6 P.M. hour hand points to North. In which direction the minute hand will point at 9.15 P.M.?a) South-East b) South c) North d) West e) None of these

Solution:

At 6 P.M., the hour hand points to 6. According to the question, it points to North direction. So, 6 is in North direction.At 9.15 P.M., the minute hand points to 3 which according to the diagram is in West direction.

Hence, [d].

3) Rasik walked 20 m towards North. Then he turned right and walks 30 m. then he turns right and walks 35 m. Then he turns left and walks 15 m. Finally he turns left and walks 15 m. In which direction and how many meters is he from the starting position?a) 15 m West b) 30 m East c) 30 m West d) 45 m East e) None of these

Solution:

From the diagram, we can conclude that Rasik is 45 m East from the starting point.

Hence, [d].

4) K is 40 m South-West of L, then M is in which direction of K?a) East b) West c) North-East d) South e) None of these

Solution:We can see diagrammatically,

From the diagram, we can say that M is in East direction of K.

Hence, [a].

5) If A*B means A is to the South of B; A+B means A is to the North of B; A%B means A is to the East of B; A-B means A is to the West of B; then in P%Q+R-S, S is in which direction with respect to Q?a) South-West b) South-East c) North-East d) North-West e) None of these

Solution:P%Q means that P is to the East of Q.Q+R means that Q is to the North of R.R-S means that R is to the West of S.

Diagrammatically, we can say that they are positioned like below:

Hence, [b].

6) A man is facing South. He turns135’ in the anticlockwise direction and then180’ in the clockwise direction. Which directions is he facing now?a) North-East b) North-West c) South-East d) South-West e) None of these

Solution:Diagrammatically, it can be explained as:

Now the man is facing South-West direction.

Hence, [d].

7) Manick walked 40 m towards North, took a left turn and walked 20 m. He again took a left turn and walked 40 m. How far and in which direction is he from the starting point?a) 20 m East b) 20 m North c) 100 m South d) Data is inadequate e) None of these

Solution:Diagrammatically

Manick is 20 m West from the starting point.

Hence, [e].

8) Going 50 m to the South of her house, Radhika turns left and goes another 20 m. Then, turning to the North, she goes 30 m and then starts walking to her house. In which direction is she walking now?a) North-West b) North c) South-East d) East e) None of these

Solution:Diagrammatically,

Hence, [a].

Exercise – 1

1. A man is facing North-West. He turns 90’ in the clockwise direction and then 135’ in the anticlockwise direction. Which direction is he facing now?a) East b) West c) North d) South e) None of these

2. A man is facing towards West and turns through 45’ clockwise, again 180’ clockwise and then turns through 270’ anticlockwise. In which direction is he facing now?a) West b) North-West c) South d) South-West e) None of these

3. I am facing East. I turn 100’ in the clockwise direction and then 145’ in the anticlockwise direction. Which direction am I facing now?a) East b) North-East c) North d) South-West e) None of these

4. A river flows West to East and on the way turns left and goes in a semi-circle round a hillock and then turns left at right angles. In which direction is the river finally flowing?a) West b) East c) North d) South e) None of these

5. You go North, turn right, then right again and then go to the left. In which direction are you now?a) North b) South c) East d) West e) None of these

6. I am standing at the centre of a circular field. I go down South to the edge of the field and then turning left I walk along the boundary of the field equal to three-eight of its length. Then I turn West and go right across to the opposite point on the boundary. In which direction am I from the starting point?a) North-West b) North c) South-West d) West e) None of these

7. Deepak starts walking straight towards East. After walking 75 m, he turns to the left and walks 25 m straight. Again he turns to the left, walks a distance of 40 m straight, again he turns to the left and walks a distance of 25 m. How far is he from the starting point?a) 25 m b) 50 m c) 115 m d) Cannot be determined e) None of these

8. Kunal walks 10 km towards North. From there, he walks 6 km towards South. Then, he walks 3 km towards East. How far and in which direction is he with reference to his starting point?a) 5 km West b) 5 km North-East c) 7 km East d) 7 km West e) None of these

9. Rohan walks a distance of 3 km towards North, then turns to his left and walks for 2 km. He again turns left and walks for 3 km. At this point he turns to his left and walks for 3 km. How many km is he from the starting point?a) 1 km b) 2 km c) 3 km d) 5 km e) None the these

Exercise – 2

1. Namita walks 14 m towards West, then turns to her right and walks 14 m and then turns to her left and walks 10 m. Again turning to her left she walks 14 m. What is the shortest distance (in m) between her starting point and the present position?a) 10 b) 24 c) 28 d) 38 e) None of these

2. A man leaves for his office from his house. He walks towards East. After moving a distance of 20 m, he turns South and walks 10 m. Then he walks 35 m towards the West and further 5 m towards the North. He then turns towards East and walks 15 m. What is the starting distance (in m) between his initial and final positions?a) 0 b) 5 c) 10 d) Cannot be determined e) None of these

3. Radha moves towards South-East a distance of 7 km, then she moves towards West and travels a distance of 14 m. From here, she moves towards North-West a distance of 7 m and finally she moves a distance of 4 m towards East and stood at that point. How far is the starting point from where she stood?a) 3 m b) 4 m c) 10 m d) 11 m e) None of these

4. Gopal starts from his house towards West. After walking a distance of 30 m, he turned towards right and walked 20 m. He then turned left and moving a distance of 10 m, turned to his left again and walked 40 m. He now turns to the left and walks 5 m. Finally he turns to his left. In which direction is he walking now?a) North b) South c) East d) South-West e) None of these

5. A rat turns 20’ towards East and turns to right, runs 10’ and turns to right, runs 9’ and again turns to left, runs 5’ and then turns to left, runs 12’ and finally turns to left and runs 6’. Now, which direction is the rat facing?a) East b) West c) North d) South e) None of these

6. Amit walked 30 m towards East, took a right turn and walked 40 m. Then he took a left turn and walked 30 m. In which direction is he now from the starting point?a) North- East b) East c) South-East d) South e) None of these

7. Maya starts at point T, walks straight to point U which is 4 ft away. She turns left at 900 and walks to West which is 4 ft away, turns 900 right and goes 3 ft to P, turns 900 right and walks 1 ft to Q, turns left at 900 and goes to V, which is 1 ft away and once again turns 900 right and goes to R, 3 ft away. What is the distance between T and r?a) 4 ft b) 5 ft c) 7 ft d) 8 ft e) None of these

8. A boy went to meet his uncle in another situated 5 km away in the North-East direction of his own village. From there he came to meet his father-in-law living in a village situated 4 km in the south of his uncle’s village. How far away and in what direction is he now?a) 3 km in the North b) 3 km in the East c) 4 km in the East d) 4 km in the Weste) None of these

9. A person starts from a point A and travels 3 km eastwards to B and then turns left and travels thrice that distance to reach C. He again turns left and travels five times the distance he covered between A and B and reaches his destination D. The shortest distance between the starting point and destination isa) 12 km b) 15 km c) 16 km d) 18 km e) None of these

Exercise -3

1. A girl leaves from her home. She first walks 30 m in North-West direction and then 30 m in South-West direction. Next, she walks 30 m in South-East direction. Finally, she turns towards her house. In which direction is she moving?

a) North-east b) North-west c) South-East d) South-West e) None of these

2. Sanjeev walks 10 m towards the south. Turning to the left, he walks 20 m and then moves to his right. After moving a distance of 20 m, he turns to the right and walks 20 m. Finally, he turns to the right and moves a distance of 10 m. How far and in which directions is he from the starting point?

a) 10 meters North b) 20 meters South c) 20 meters North

d) 10 meters South e) None of these

3. Kashish goes 30 m North, then right and walks 40 me, then again turns right and walks

20 m, then again turn right and walks 40 meters. How many meters is he from his original position?

a)0 b)10 c)20 d)40 e)None of these

4. I am facing South. I turn right and walks 20 m. Then I turn right again and walks 10 m. Then I turn left and walk 10 m. Then I turn left and walk 10 meters and then turning right walk 20 m. Then I turn right again and walks 60 meters. In which direction am I from the starting point?

a)North b)North-west e)East d)North-east e)None of these

5.A man walks 30 meters towards South. Then,turning to his right,he walks 30 meters.Then turning to his left,he walks 20 meters.Again,he turns to his left and walks 30 meters.How far is he from his initial position?

a) 20 meters b)30 meters c)60 meters d)Cannot be determined e)None of these

6.Rohit walked 25 meters towards South.Then he turned to his left and walked 20 meters.He then turned to his left and walked 25 meters.He again turned to his right and walked 15 meters.At what distance is he from the starting point and in which direction?

a) 35 meters East b)35 meters North c)40 meters East d)Cannot be determined

e)None of these

7)Starting from a point P,Sachin walked 20 meters towards South. He turned left and walked 30 meters.He then turned left and walked 20 meters. He again turned left and walked 40 meters and reached a point Q.How far and in which direction is the point Q from the point P?

a)20 meters West b)10 meters East c)10 meters West d)Cannot be determined e)None of these

8.Ramakant walks northwards.After a while,he turns to his right and a little futher to his left.Finally,after walking a distance of one kilometer,he turns to his left again.In which direction is he moving now?

a)North b)South C)East d)West e)None of these

9.A man walks 1km towards East and then he turns to South and walks 5 km.Again he turns to East and walks 2km,after this he turns to North and walks 9km.Now,how far is he from his starting point?

a)3 km b)4 km c)5 km d)7 km e)None of these

10.Raj travelled from a point X straight to Y at a distance of 80 meters.He turned right and walked 50 Meters ,then again turned right and walked 70 meters. Finally,he turned right and walked 50 meters.How far is he from the starting point?

a)10 meters b)20 meters c)50 meters d)Can not determined e)None of these

Exercise-4

1.Laxman went 15 kms to the west from my house ,then turned left and walked 20kms.He then turned East and walked 25 kms and finally turning left covered 20 kms. How far was he from his house?

a)5kms b)10kms c)40kms d)80kms e)None of these

2.From his house,Lokesh went 15kms to the North.Then he turned West and coverd 10 kms.Then,he turned South and covered 5kms.Finally,turning to East,he covered 10kms . In which directions is she walking now?

a)East b)West c)North d)South e)None of these

3.Going 50 meters to the South of her house,Radhika turns left and goes another 20 meters.Then,turning to the North,she goes 30 meters and then starts walking to her house.In which direction is she walking now?

a)North-west b)North c)South-east d)East e)None of these

4.A walks 10 meters in front and 10 meters to the right.Then every time turning to his left,he walks 5,15 and 15 meters respectively. How far is he now from his starting point?

a)5meters b)10 meters c)15 meters d)20 meters e)None of these

5.Rasik walks 20 meters North.Then he turns right and walks 30 meters.Then he turns right and walks 35 meters .Then he turns left and walks 15 meters.Then he again turns left and walks 15 meters.In which direction and how many meters away is he from his original position?

a)15 meters West b)30 meters East c)30 meters West d)45 meters East e)None of these

6.A child is looking for his father.He went 90 meters in the East before turning to his right.He went 20 meters before turning to his rght again to look for his father at his uncle”s place 30 meters from this poin.His father was not there.From here he went 100 meters to the North before meeting his father in a street.How far did the son meet his father from the starting point?

a)80 meters b)100 meters c)140 meters d)260 meters e)None of these

7. The door of Aditya”s house faces the East.From the back side of his house,he walks straight 50 meters, then turns to the right and walks 50 meters again.Finally,he turns towards left and stops After walking 25 meters .Now,Aditya is in which direction from the starting point?

a)South-east b)North-east c)South-west d)North-west e)None of these

8.To arrive at the answer to the above questions,which of the following statements can be dispensed with?

a)None b)(i)only c)(ii)only d)(iii)only e)None of these

9.A man is performing yoga with his head down and legs up.His face is towards the west.In which direction will his left hand be?

a)North b)South c)East d)West e)None of these

10)One morning after sunrise,Gopal was standing facing a pole.The shadow of the pole fell exactly to his right.Which direction was he facing?

a)South b)East c)West d)Data inadequate e)None of these

Answer key

Ex.1 1.a 2. b 3.d 4.b 5.b 6.c 7.b 8.d 9.b 10.a

Ex.2 1.d 2.b 3.b 4.c 5.a 6.c 7.c 8.d 9.b 10.b

Ex.3 1.a 2.b 3.b 4.d 5.d 6.a 7.c 8.d 9.c 10.a

Ex.4 1.b 2.c 3.a 4.a 5.d 6.b 7.d 8.a 9.a 10.a

3 CODES

IntroductionIt is one of the simplest forms of logical reasoning. In these questions, a set of words, letters or numbers are given in codes which have to be interpreted or decoded. These artificial but logical code values are given according to some set principle. By applying the same principle, one can decode the identity.

Types of codingThe questions are divided into two types

Letter coding:A letter stands for another letter. Find the logic & apply to the problem.

E.g. BIGBOSS is coded as DKIDQUU. Here every letter jumps two letters ahead to get its coded value.

B+2=D, I+2=K, etc…

Number coding: A number stands for a letter. Little tricky questions are framed in number coding.

E.g. BEYOND 252515144, it is clear that the letters position numbers are replaced with the letters.

Note – Write the position numbers of the letters & then compare them with the code. It is easier & faster to crack the logic.Sometimes the code is formed by the sum of the digits of the letter positions.

Type of Coding series

Parallel

A B C D E F G H I J K L M1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13N O P Q R S T U V W X Y14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Reverse

A B C D E F G H I J K L M1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Y X W V U T S R Q P O N26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14

Solved Examples

1) If in a certain code 65312 is written as NOSRP and 7894 as VTMA then how will 3476 be written in the same code?a) SAVN b) SANV c) SNAV d) SNVA e) None of these

Solution:In the coding, the numbers equivalent to the alphabets can be determined from the question:6 - N5 - O3 - S1 - R3 - P7 - V8 - T

9 - M4- ASo, finding from the numbers corresponding to the alphabet we get: 3, 4, 7, 6 are equivalent to S, A, V, N.

Hence, [a].

2) If MASTER = 18-6-24-25-10-23 then SMART=?a) 23-18-6-24-25 b) 24-18-5-23-25 c) 24-18-6-23-25 d) 24-18-6-23-25 e) 23-18-15-3-25

Solution:The letters are coded as numbers as per their positions +5. E.g. M is the 13th letter so 13+5=18, A is the first letter so 1+5=6. Hence, the code of M, A, S, T, E & R are equivalent to the numbers 18, 6, 24, 25, 10 & 23 respectively. So, the word “SMART” can be coded in the same manner.

Hence, [d].

3) If the code of INACTIVE is VITCANIE what is the code of COMPUTER?a) UTEMPMOCR b) MOCPETUR c) ETUPMOCR d) PMOCRETU e) None of these

Solution:In these coding format,I (1) is moved to position 7N (2) is moved to position 6A (3) is moved to position 5C (4) is moved to position 4T (5) is moved to position 3I (6) is moved to position 2V (7) is moved to position 1E (8) is moved to position 8

Similarly, arranging the word “COMPUTER” in the above combination, we get answer c.

Hence, [c].

4) In a certain code ‘3a, 2b, 7c’ means, ‘truth is eternal’, ‘7c, 9a, 8b, 3a’ means ‘enmity is not eternal’ and ‘8a, 4d, 2b, 8b’ means ‘truth does not punish’. What is the code for enmity’?a) 3a b) 7b c) 8b d) 9a e) None of these

Solution:From I and II sentences we can conclude that 3a, 7c mean “is” & “eternal” or vice-versa.From II and III sentences we can conclude 8b means “not”. So, only 9a can be coded as “enmity”.

Hence, [d].

5) In a certain code ‘253’ means ‘books are old’, ‘546’ means ‘man is old’ and ‘378’ means ‘buy good books’. What is the code for ‘are’?a) 2 b) 4 c) 5 d) 6 e) 9

Solution:From the sentences I and II we can conclude that number 5 is coded for “old”.From the sentences I and III we can conclude that number 3 is coded for “books”.

Hence, [a].

Directions (6 & 7):Following digits are coded as follows:

Digits 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Letters K L H D M N P S V R

While coding the number given in each questions following conditions are also to be observed.i. If 5 or 2 occurs in the just middle of the number, then it is to be coded as X.

ii. If the first digit of the number is a prime number then it is to be coded as Y.iii. If the first digit of the number is odd but not a prime number, then it is to be coded as A.iv. If the first digit of the number is even and the last digit be zero then each of the both is to be coded as Z.v. If 6 or 9 is neither at the first place or last place but somewhere in between then it is to be coded as B.

6) 5 2 6 5 9 4 5a) YHPXRMY b) YHPNRMY c) YHPMRMY d) VHPMRMY e) None of these

Solution:The first digit of the number is a prime number, so it has to be coded as Y.Then 5 is the middle digit, so it has to be coded as X.6 and 9 occur in between, neither at first nor at last, so has to be coded as B.Hence, the coded sequence has to be YHBXBMN.

Hence, [e].

7) 8 2 6 4 9 3 0a) VHPMRDK b) ZHPMRDZ c) ZHPMRDK d) VHPMRDZ e) None of these

Solution:The first digit is even and the last digit is 0, so it has to be coded as Z.6 and 9 occur in between, neither at first nor at last, so has to be coded as B.So, the coded sequence has to be ZHBMBDZ.

Hence, [e].

8) If vermillion is called color, color is called coaltar, coaltar is called ash, ashes is called mica and mica is called gold, what is used in making a road?a) Ash b) Coaltar c) Color d) Mica e) None of these

Solution:Coaltar is used in making a road. And according to the coding, Coaltar is called ash.

Hence, [a].

9) If house called hut, hut is called field, field is called drain, drain is called tray and tray is called cup, where is football played?a) Field b) Hut c) Drain d) Tray e) Cup

Solution:Football is played in field, which, according to the question is called as drain.

Hence, [d].

Exercise – 1Directions Q. 1 to 5:In a certain language the letters are coded as follows:

S B C P N E O H R M0 9 3 7 1 6 4 8 5 2

Find the code of each word in the following questions:

1. NOSER

a) 67859 b) 14065 c) 14056 d) 14506 e) 14605

2. PROSEa) 75497 b) 75403 c) 75406 d) 75046 e) 70456

3. HORSEa) 84504 b) 84506 c) 85406 d) 84507 e) 89504

4. PORSBa) 74503 b) 74505 c) 74506 d) 34951 e) 74590

5. COBRNa) 34956 b) 34596 c) 34956 d) 34951 e) 31594

Directions Q. 6 to 10:Study the following information carefully:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0A B J I H C D E G F

Following conditions are to be observed:i. If the first number is an odd then it is to be coded as X.

ii. If the last number is an even then it is to be coded as Y.iii. If the either 4 or 9 is in between the number then it is to be coded as Z.

Applying these conditions, find the answer of each question.

6. What is the code of 56728?a) XCBED b) YCDEB c) YCDBE d) XCDBE e) None of these

7. What is the code of 245376?a) BZHDJY b) BZHJDY c) BZHJDC d) BZHJDX e) None of these

8. What is the code of 987654?

a) XEDCHY b) XEDCHI c) IHGFEZ d) ZHGFEZ e) None of these

9. What is the code of 274601?a) BDZCFA b) BDZFCA c) BDICFY d) BDICAF e) None of these

10. What is the code of 398756?a) XGEDHC b) XGEDHY c) JGEDHY d) XGEHDY e) None of these

Exercise – 2

Directions Q. 1 to 5:The following numbers are coded as follows:

Digits 7 3 5 0 2 1 6 4 9 8Code N H L T F D R Q G P

Following conditions are also to be observed:i. If first digit is even and the last digit is odd then they are to be coded as $ and @ respectively.

ii. If first digit is odd and the last digit is even they are to be coded as # and iii. If zero is preceded and followed by an odd digit then zero is to be coded as *.iv. If zero is preceded and followed by an even digit then zero is to be coded as v. Zero is not to be considered as even or odd.

1. How will the number 1375490 be coded?

a) DHNLQGT b) #HNLQG c) DHNQG d) HNLQG# e) None of these

2. The code of which of the following number is SQRl H@?a) 8456037 b) 8465032 c) 6475031 d) 6460539 e) None of these

3. The code of which of the following number is QLP RNT?a) 4570680 b) 4780650 c) 6580470 d) Data insufficient e) None of these

4. How will the number 7620486 be coded?a) RF Q P# b) #RF QP c) #RF QP d) RF QP# e) None of these

5. How will the number 36250098 be coded?a) #RFL G b) $RFLTTG c) #RFLTTG d) $RFL G@ e) None of these

Directions Q. 6 to 10:The following letters are coded as follows:

Letters G B K H Z M FR V C S D Q XJ N T L W Y P

Digits 5 4 1 3 2 8 7

i. Letters of the English alphabet are coded by the digits from 1 to 8. Vowels are coded by either by other digits or by $.ii. If any vowel is neither at the first place nor the last place of the word then it is coded as ‘6’.iii. If any vowel is either on the first place or on the last place or on both places of the word then it is coded as ‘9’.iv. If the same vowel is at the first and last place of the word then it is coded as ‘$’.

Applying these conditions find the correct code in each question.

6. P K D E J H Ia) 712653$ b) 7129539 c) 7126539 d) 712$53$ e) None of these

7. A F D Q E N Ia) 9728649 b) 7129539 c) 7126539 d) 6728949 e) None of these

8. O P T I O N A La) $7166463 b) $7199493 c) 67199493 d) 97166463 e) None of these

9. E G T A R L Q Ea) 95165389 b) 65195386 c) $519538$ d) $51$538$ e) None of these

10. E N I A N G Ea) $4$$45$ b) 9466459 c) $46645$ d) 6499456 e) None of these

Exercise – 3

Directions Q. 1 to 5:The digits from 0 to 9 are coded as follows:

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9$ # * ? !

1. What is the value of 67890 + 54321 in code?a) $ $$ b) $$$ c) $$$ d) $$$ e) None of these

2. If the symbols * #+! are written in digits, then which will be the number?

a) 58394620 b) 14285452 c) 58314520 d) 58314621 e) None of these

3. What is the value of $* #*?a) 14625 b) 14285 c) 13625 d) 18425 e) None of these

4. What is the value of 5432 + 1456 in code?a) b) c) d) Cannot be determined e) None of these

5. How will 24568 be coded?a) b) c) d) Cannot be determined e) None of these

6. If in a certain code 1 5 7 8 9 is written as XTZAL and 2346 as NPSU then how will 23549 be written in the same code?a) NPTUL b) PNTSL c) NPTSL d) NBTSL e) None of these

7. If in a certain code 24761 is written as RLMTP and 8539 as KAHX then how will 84731 be written in the same code?a) KLMHP b) PHMLK c) LKHMP d) KLMPH e) None of these

8. If in a certain code 67894 is written as HDFCK and 1235 as RSNL then for which will be written as FCNHR?a) 35487 b) 89361 c) 89631 d) 98613 e) None of these

9. If in a certain code 1362 is written as MRTP and 45789 as NACKJK then for which will be written as PRAJT?a) 23584 b) 2358 c) 23586 d) 23589 e) None of these

10. If in a certain code 69214 is written as HSZYR and 5387 as XNDU then how will 15486 be written in the same code?a) ZYUDR b) ZYDUR c) YXRDH d) YXRHD e) None of these

Exercise – 4Directions Q. 1 to 5:If in a certain code 793041 is written as MARTIN and 8265 as POSE, then how will the number given in each question, be coded in the same code?

1. If in a certain code 56431 is written as RSHTU and 98270 as MLKPA, then how will 9517 be written in the same code?a) MRUP b) MURP c) MRPU d) MRPT e) None of these

2. If in a certain code 32041 is written as KODWH and 6578 as BRMT, then how will 2057 be written in the same code?a) DWHR b) ODRM c) ODMR d) ODWH e) None of these

3. If in a certain code 65312 is written as NOSRP and 7894 as VTMA, then how will 3476 be written in the same code?a) SAVN b) SANV c) SNAV d) SNVA e) None of these

4. If in a certain code 19435 is written as HDIJL and 7306 as MRTP, then how will 97054 be written in the same code?a) DMTLD b) DMTLI c) DMTLR d) DMRLJ e) None of these

5. If in a certain code 21987 is written as GQWXY and 5643 as ZVUT, then how will 86132 be written in the same code?a) GXVTY b) XVQTW c) XVQTG d) Cannot be determined e) None of these

6. If MACHINE is coded as 19-7-9-14-15-20-11, how will DANGER be coded?a) 10-7-20-13-11-24 b) 11-7-20-16-11-24 c) 13-7-20-9-11-25 d) 13-7-20-10-11-25 e) None of these

7. If BRANCH is coded as 2-18-1-14-3-8, how will BOMBAY be coded?a) 2-15-13-2-1-25 b) 2-15-14-3-1-25 c) 2-15-13-3-1-25 d) 9-8-16-7-15-11 e) None of these

8. If DARPAN is coded as 5-2-19-17-2-15, how will NOTION be coded?a) 14-16-20-10-16-15 b) 15-16-21-10-15-15 c) 15-16-21-10-16-15 d) 15-16-20-10-16-15 e) None of these

9. If MANGO is coded as 31-1-41-7-51, how will JUHI be coded?a) 10-21-8-9 b) 01-12-8-9 c) 10-12-8-9 d) 01-21-8-9 e) None of these

10. If PATNA is coded as 18-3-22-16-3, how will DELHI be coded?a) 5-7-14-10-11 b) 6-7-13-10-11 c) 6-7-14-10-11 d) 1-3-4-6-14-25 e) None of these

Exercise – 5

1. If MAP=25 and LAMP=16, then LAMP=?a) 35 b) 48 c) 37 d) 31 e) None of these

2. If MAN=84 and BAT=69, then RAM=?a) 32 b) 64 c) 96 d) 86 e) None of these

3. If NEM=32 and POT=51, then MOPE=?a) 62 b) 49 c) 52 d) 72 e) None of these

4. If BANANA=27 and MOTORE= , then LOFERS=?a) 5 b) 22 c) -3 d) 17 e) None of these

5. If M=10 and MAN=25, then POT=?a) 51 b) 48 c) 44 d) 47 e) None of these

Directions Q. 6 to 10:The codes of the capital letters are given as follows:

LM NRSH TFGKXYZ V UO PQJWA BC DE Ia b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

Find the code of each word given in questions from 36 to 40 on the basis of the above code:(1) (2) (3) (4)sbudhs bpdgue wfpgy mrwxsbpdguh sbudls ipquaz fhijklipquax wfpgz ebudge sbugdsqucjus bpdguc pbdgus wfpgz

6. SMARTSa) 2 b) 1 c) 4 d) 3 e) None of these

7. MORTANa) 3 b) 4 c) 2 d) 1 e) None of these

8. GOPALIa) 4 b) 3 c) 1 d) 2 e) None of these

9. CHOTIa) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) None of these

10. PANKAJa) 1 b) 4 c) 2 d) 3 e) None of these

Exercise – 6

1. If the code of PARK is KKRAP and the code of PURE is KERUP then what is the code of BAT?a) TTIAB b) KTIAB c) KBAIT d) KKIAB e) None of these

2. If the code of VARIETY is UCQUKDVX then what is the code of CARRIER?a) BBQTHGQ b) BCPTHGQ c) BCQTHGZ d) BCQSHGQ e) None of these

3. In a certain code BENCHMARK is written as CNEBHKRAM then how will DESPERATE be written in the same code?a) PSEDETRAE b) PSEDEETAR c) PSEDEETRA d) EDPSEARET e) None of these

4. If the code of INACTIVE is VITCANIE then what is the code of COMPUTER?a) UTEMPMOCR b) MOCPETUR c) ETUPMOCR d) PMOCRETU e) None of these

5. If in a certain code each vowel such as a, e, i, o, u is replaced by its next letter of the English alphabet and each consonant is replaced by its previous letter of the English alphabet, then how will EDUCATION be written in the same code?a) FCVBZSJNO b) FETDBSJPO c) FCVBBSJPM d) FCTBBUJNO e) None of these

6. If in a certain code DISARMAMENT is written as RASIDMTNEMA then how will PSYCHOMETRY be written in the same code?a) HCSYPOYRTEM b) HCYSPOYRTEM c) YSPOHCYRTEM d) HCYSPYRTEMO e) None of these

7. If the code of DISPLAY is BLQJDW then what is the code of PROJECT?a) NUMMCER b) NUNMCFR c) NTNMCFR d) NTMMCFR e) None of these

8. If house called hut, hut is called field, field is called drain, drain is called tray and tray is called cup, where is football played?a) Field b) Hut c) Drain d) Tray e) None of these

9. If green is called black, black is white, white is called rosy, rosy is called yellow, yellow is called blue and blue is brown, what is color of ice?a) White b) Rosy c) Yellow d) Black e) Green

10. If banana is apple, apple is orange, orange is pine-apple, pine-apple is guava and guava is grapes, then for which the color is yellow?a) Apple b) Banana c) Guava d) Pine-apple e) Grapes

Exercise – 7

1. If in a certain code language, ‘wok che ne’ means ‘they are see’, ‘wu che rot’ means ‘we are read’ and ‘da ne pa’ means ‘they want water’ then would be the code for ‘water’?a) Da b) ne c) pa d) Data inadequate e) None of these

2. In a certain code language ‘phi lem ta’ means ‘you are good’, ‘lem se par’ menas ‘they are well’, ‘par lem mag’ means ‘they are innocent’, ‘Jest hest mag lem’ means ‘cows are generally innocent’ and ‘phi gir’ means ‘you go’. What will be ‘you are innocent’ in the same code?a) Lem par mag ta b) phi par mag ta c) par mag ta jest d) Cannot be determined e) None of these

3. In a certain code ‘go for morning walk’ is written as ‘$*#’, ‘good for health’ is written ‘_?@’ and ‘good to walk fast’ is written as ‘+@_#’. What is the code for ‘health’?a) _ b) ? c) # d) + e) None of these

4. If in a certain code ‘mat su ta’ means ‘flowers are beautiful’, ‘su dip lad’ means ‘leaves and flowers’. What is the code for ‘delicate’?a) Su b) dip c) lad d) Cannot be determined e) None of these

5. In a certain code ‘she is clever’ is written as ‘$#W’, ‘boy is not clever’ as ‘@*#+’. How will ‘good clever boy’ be written in the same code?a) @#+ b) #*+ c) *#+ d) Cannot be determined e) None of these

6. In a certain code ‘247’ means ‘spread red carpet’, ‘354’ means ‘dust one carpet’ and ‘234’ means ‘one red carpet’. What is the code for ‘dust’?a) 2 b) 3 c) 5 d) 6 e) Cannot be determined

7. If in a certain code ‘467’ means ‘leaves are green’, ‘485’ means ‘green is good’ and ‘639’ means ‘they are playing’, then what is the code for ‘leaves’?a) 4 b) 6 c) 7 d) 3 e) None of these

8. If in a certain code ‘256’ means ‘red color chalk’, ‘589’ means ‘green color flower’ and ‘245’ means ‘white color chalk’, then what is the code for ‘white’?

a) 2 b) 4 c) 5 d) Cannot be determined e) None of these

9. If in a certain code ‘256’ means ‘you are good’, ‘637’ means ‘we are bad’ and ‘358’ means ‘good and bad’, then what is the code for ‘and’?a) 2 b) 5 c) 8 d) 3 e) None of these

10. If in a certain code language, ‘nee muk pic’ means ‘grave and concern’, ‘ill dic so’ means ‘everybody else’ and ‘tur muk so’ means ‘body and soul’ then would be the code for ‘every concern’?a) Dic pic b) ill nee c) pic nee d) Cannot be determined e) None of these

Answer Key

Ex.1 1. b 2. c 3. b 4. d 5. d 6. e 7. b 8. a 9. a 10. e Ex.2 1. a 2. e 3. e 4. b 5. c 6. c 7. a 8. d 9. e 10. c

Ex.3 1. d 2. e 3. e 4. e 5. a 6. c 7. a 8. b 9. c 10. c Ex.4 1. a 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. c 6. a 7. a 8. c 9. b 10. c

Ex.5 1. c 2. c 3. b 4. c 5. b 6. d 7. c 8. b 9. d 10. a Ex.6 1. e 2. c 3. c 4. c 5. c 6. b 7. e 8. c 9. b 10. a

Ex.7 1. d 2. e 3. a 4. c 5. d 6. c 7. c 8. b 9. c 10. D

ANALOGY

IntroductionAnalogy means Correspondence, similarity or bearing a resemblance. Questions on analogy test the ability of a candidate to understand the relationship between two given objects and apply the same relationship to find that asked in the question.

From the alternatives provided, you have to select the choice that best matches the relationship existing between the first two words or letters. The given pair of words or letters is set off by a colon or ratio sign (:) signifying that word X is related to word Y. The double colon (::) that separate the given pair stands for “in the same way”. So as far relationship among letters are concerned, facts stated in coding-decoding chapter are applied by and large.

Number analogy section deals with two types of questions:

I. Choosing a similarly related pair as the given number pair on the basis of the relation between the numbers in each pair.II. Choosing a number similar to a group of numbers on the basis of certain common properties that they possess.

121: 12:: 25:?Options: A. 1 B. 2 C. 6 D. 7Answer: C. 6 The relationship is x2: (x+1).

21: 3:: 574: ?Options: A. 23 B. 82 C. 97 D. 113Answer: B. 82 The relationship is 7x: x.

42: 20:: 64: ?Options: A. 31 B. 32 C. 33 D. 34Answer: A. 31 The relationship is (2x+2): x.

7528: 5362:: 4673: ?Options: A. 2367 B. 2451 C. 2531 D. None of theseAnswer: B. 2451 The relationship is x: (x-2222).

25: 37:: 49: ?Options: A. 41 B. 56 C. 60 D. 65Answer: D. 65 The relationship is x2: (x+1)2+1.

14: 9:: 26: ?Options: A. 12 B. 13 C. 15 D. 31Answer: C. 15 The relationship is (2x-4): x.

But word-relationship can be established in following ways: cause and effect, part to whole, synonym, antonym, degree of intensity, type and characteristic, producer and product, worker and tool, class and species, etc.

This type of questions covers all types of relationships that one can think of. There are many ways of establishing a relationship, some of the most common ones are given here.

Types of Analogies

I. GENDER RELATIONSHIP Ex. ‘Bull’ is related to ‘Cow’ in the same way as ‘Horse’ is related to

A. Animal B. Mare C. Stable D. Meat

Solutions: This is based on male-female relationship. So, ‘Horse’ is related to ‘Mare’.

II. WORKER and TOOLS Ex. ‘Doctor’ is related to ‘Stethoscope’ in the same way as ‘Painter’ is related to

A. Painting B. Brush C. Exhibition D. Art

Solutions: ‘Stethoscope’ is used by a ‘Doctor’ as a tool to perform his work. Similarly, a ‘Painter’ uses a ‘Brush’ as a tool to perform his work.

III. WORD and ANTONYM Ex. ‘Hate’ is related to ‘Love’ in the same way as ‘Destroy’ is related to

A. Make B. Renovate C. Destroy D. Build

Solutions: ‘Love’ is just opposite to ‘Hate’. So the word opposite in meaning to ‘Create’ is ‘Destroy’.

IV. ASSOCIATION RELATIONSHIP Ex. ‘Melt’ is related to ‘Liquid’ in the same way as ‘Freeze’ is related to

A. Ice B. Crystal C. Water D. Cubes

Solutions: The term ‘Melt’ is associated with ‘Liquid’ because after melting the ice, we obtain liquid. Similarly the state of ‘Water’ after freezing is ‘Ice’.

Solved Examples

1. Safe: Secure:: Protect: ?a) Lock b) Sure c) Guard d) Conserve e) None of these

Solutions:The words of the first pairs are synonyms. They give the same meaning. So, the word ‘GUARD’ is similar in meaning like the word ‘PROTECT’.

Hence, [c].

2. Physician: Treatment:: Judge: ?a) Punishment b) Judgement c) Lawyer d) Court e) None of these

Solutions:A physician treats patients or the other way, the work of a physician is providing treatment. Similarly, the job of a judge is giving judgement.

Hence, [b].

3. Ornithologist: Bird:: Archaeologist: ?a) Islands b) Mediators c) Archaeology d) Aquatic e) None of these

Solutions:A person, who studies bird, is ornithologist. And a person, who studies ancient people, societies, etc. is an archaeologist. In short, an archaeologist studies archaeology.

Hence, [c].

4. Shade: Tree:: Warmth: ?a) Self-respect b) Mother c) Wealth d) Ease e) None of these

Solutions:A tree is not taken as an object, but taken as a characteristic of providing shade i.e. love. So, the characteristic feature of any person i.e. ‘SELF RESPECT’ provides warmth i.e. love.

Hence, [a].

5. ?: QEHMDF:: WIDELY: HVCDXK.a) FRINGE b) STRING c) FRANCE d) DEMAND e) None of these

Solutions:

Hence, [].

6. BEGK: ADFJ:: PSVY: ?a) ROUX b) ORUX c) LQUT d) LOQT e) None of these

Solutions:The alphabets on the right of first pair is placed one place before the respective alphabets on the left side, in alphabetical order. So, Hence, [].

7. 144: 10:: 169: ?a) 14 b) 11 c) 13 d) 12 e) None of these

Solutions:The number on left hand side is square of 12 (which is 2 more than 10). Similarly, 169 is the square of 13 (which is two more than 11).Or it can be explained that adding 2 to the number on right hand side and squaring it, gives the number on the left.

Hence, [b].


Solutions:The difference between the numbers on the left and on the right of both pair of numbers is 119.

Hence, [a].

9. SOUND: MUFFLEDa) MOISTURE: HUMID b) COLOR:FADED c) DESPAIR: ANGER d) ODOUR: PUNGENT e) None of these

Solutions:The reduction in sound is called muffled. The decrease in color is called faded.

Hence, [b].

10. Thermometer: Temperaturea) Millimeter: Scale b) Length: Breadth c) Solar Energy: Sun d) Cardiograph e) None of these

Solutions:Thermometer is a device to measure the temperature. Similarly, Cardiograph is the device to measure heart rate.

Hence, [d].

Exercise - 1

Directions Q. 1 to 10In each of the following questions find out the alternative which will replace the question mark.

1. Poles: Magnet:: ?: Batterya) Cells b) Power c) Terminals d) Energy e) None of these

2. Peace: Chaos:: Creation: ?a) Build b) Construction c) Destruction d) Manufacture e) None of these

3. Architect: Building:: Sculptor: ?a) Museum b) Stone c) Chisel d) Statue e) None of these

4. Ice: Coldness:: Earth: ?a) Weight b) Jungle c) Gravitatism d) Sea e) None of these

5. REASON: SFBTPO:: THINK: ?a) SGHMJ b) UIJOL c) UHNKI d) UJKPM e) None of these

6. Cloth: Hill:: Newspaper: ?a) Editor b) Reader c) Paper d) Press e) None of these

7. Tree: Forest:: Grass: ?a) Lawn b) Garden c) Park d) Field e) None of these

8. Video: Cassette:: Computer:?a) Files b) Floppy c) Bits d) Adit e) None of these

9. Country: President:: State: ?a) Governor b) M.P. c) Legislator d) Minister e) None of these

10. Race: Fatigue:: Fast: ?a) Food b) Laziness c) Hunger d) Race e) None of these

Exercise – 2

Directions Q. 1 to 10:In each of the following questions find out the alternative that will come in place of question mark.

1. ACFJ: ZXUQ:: EGIN: ?a) VUSQ b) UTRP c) VRPM d) VTRM e) None of these

2. BCPG: HILM:: NORQ: ?a) TXWU b) TXUW c) TUXW d) TVWX e) None of these

3. AZBY: CXDW:: EVFU: ?a) GTHS b) GHTS c) GSTH d) TGSH e) None of these

4. Computer: fqprxvht:: Language: ?a) oxpixdig b) ocqicyig c) ocqixcjg d) ocqixcig e) None of these

5. Corden: zrogbq:: ?: Pxivroa) mulmul b) sulsul c) munmun d) srspql e) None of these

6. BLOCKED: YOLXPVW:: ?: OZFMXSa) DEBATE b) RESULT c) LABOR d) LAUNCH e) None of these

7. ?: QEHMDF:: WIDELY: HVCDXKa) FRINGE b) STRING c) FRANCE d) DEMAND e) None of these

8. BEGK: ADFJ:: PSVY: ?a) ROUX b) ORUX c) LQUT d) LOQT e) None of these

9. ABCD: WXYZ:: EFGH: ?a) STUV b) ZYWX c) VUTS d) WXYZ e) None of these

10. ACEG: IKMO:: QSUW: ?a) YZCE b) YACD c) YACE d) YBCE e) None of these

Exercise – 3

Directions Q. 1 to 10:In each of the following questions which alternative will replace the question mark.



3. MO: 1311:: HJ: ?a) 1917 b) 1816 c) 810 d) 1618 e) None of these

4. KT: 1120:: JR: ?a) 1018 b) 1119 c) 108 d) 910 e) None of these

5. 8: 24:: ?: 32a) 5 b) 6 c) 10 d) 12 e) None of these


7. MXN: 13*14:: EXR: ?a) 14*15 b) 5*17 c) 6*18 d) 7*19 e) None of these

8. In this pyramid number if:11 22 31: 12 21 32:: 91221: ? 1 2 3 4 9 8 7 6 5 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 1726 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36a) 2714 b) 81320 c) 61518 d) 102330 e) None of these



Exercise – 4

Directions Q. 1 to 10:In each of the following questions consists of pair of words bearing a relationship among these, from amongst the alternatives, pick up the pair that best illustrate a similar relationship.

1. LETTER: WORDa) Page: Book b) Product: Factory c) Club: People d) Home work: School e) None of these

2. SUNRISE: SUNSETa) Dawn: Twilight b) Noon: Midnight c) Morning: Night d) Energetic: Lazy e) None of these

3. STOVE: KITCHENa) Window: Bedroom b) Sink: Bathroom c) Pot: Pan d) Television: Livingroom e) None of these

4. Lawyer: Courta) Chemist: Laboratory b) Businessman: Office c) Labour: Road d) Athlete: Olympics e) None of these

5. Silence: Noisea) Quiet: Peace b) Baldness: Hair c) Talk: Whisper d) Sing: Dance e) None of these

6. Candle: wicka) Hammer: Nail b) Light: Bulb c) Oven: Fire d) Bicycle: Wheel e) None of these

7. River: Oceana) Child: School b) Book: Library c) Lane: Road d) Cloth: Body e) None of these

8. Arc: Circlea) Number: Count b) Fraction: Percentage c) Pie: Slice d) Segment: Line e) None of these

9. Kick: Footballa) Wash: Dishes b) Dust: Rage c) Mop: Sweep d) Throw: Ring e) None of these

10. GLOVE: HANDa) NECK: COLLAR b) TIE: SHIRT c) SOCKS: FEET d) COAT: POCKET e) None of these

Exercise – 5

Directions Q. 1 to 10:Follow the first analogy & get the answer for the asked word.

1. ‘Forest’ is related to ‘Viviparium’ in the same way as ‘Sea’ is related to:a) Portside b) Water c) Fishery d) Aquarium e) None of these

2. ‘Metal’ is related to ‘Conduction’ in the same way as ‘Plastic’ is related to:a) Ground oil Chemistry b) Industry c) Inflammability d) Insulation e) None of these

3. ‘Wax’ is related to ‘Grease’ in the same way as ‘Milk’ is related to:a) Drink b) Ghee c) Protein d) Curd e) None of these

4. ‘Walk’ is related to ‘Run’ in the same way as ‘Breeze’ is related to:a) Cold b) Dust c) Wind d) Air e) None of these

5. ‘Jade’ is related to ‘Green’ in the same way as ‘Garnet’ is related to:a) Red b) Blue c) Orange d) Yellow e) None of these

6. ‘Smoke’ is related to ‘Pollution’ in the same way as ‘War’ is related to:a) Victory b) Treaty c) Defeat d) Destruction e) None of these

7. ‘Indolence’ is related to ‘Work’ in the same way as ‘Taciturn’ is related to:a) Cheat b) Act c) Speak d) Observe e) None of these

8. ‘Cat’ is related to ‘Kitten’ in the same way as ‘Woman’ is related to:a) Puppy b) Colt c) Calf d) Baby e) None of these

9. ‘Much’ is related to ‘Many’ in the same way as ‘Measure’ is related to:a) Count b) Measures c) Calculate d) Weigh e) None of these

10. ‘Ophthalmia’ is related to ‘Eye’ in the same way as ‘Rickets’ is related to:a) Kidney b) Nose c) Bone d) Heart e) None of these

Answer Key

Ex.1 1. c 2. c 3. d 4. c 5. b 6. d 7. a 8. b 9. a 10. c Ex.2 1. d 2. c 3. a 4. c 5. b 6. d 7. a 8. b 9. a 10. c

Ex.3 1. b 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. b 6. b 7. c 8. b 9. a 10. c Ex.4 1. a 2. c 3. d 4. a 5. b 6. d 7. c 8. d 9. d 10. c

Ex.5 1. d 2. c 3. d 4. d 5. a 6. d 7. c 8. d 9. a 10. c

ARRANGEMENTS

Linear ArrangementLinear arrangement is a set of questions that deals with identifying objects and their positions relative to one another based on information given.

There are 3 broad kinds of questions based on amount of information given:

1. Direct Questions2. Conditional3. Additional Information Questions

Types of Linear Arrangement1. Objects in a single row2. Objects in 2 rows3. Objects in closed shape (Circular Arrangements)

Single Row:

To solve these types of problems, prepare a position chart. Give positions numbers to each position and then start to fill up these positions.

Commonly used symbols: x/y means one out of x and y 0x means x cannot be placed at this position 1x means x can be placed in this position X__y means two objects between x and y X>y means x lies ahead of y.

Note - The biggest scourge of these questions is that we assume information given for 1 question to be true for other questions. Please do

not get mislead by this assumption. Solving linear arrangement without diagrams has a big cost on your time management. Use symbols wherever required. Do not mention the complete name of characters given in question. U lose time!! Represent

information in form of ‘Sh’ for Sheila and ‘Sa’ for Sachin. Use symbolic notations to represent correlations like ??, ------, - - - - -,etc. Use of (ticks and crosses) or (0 and 1) to identify if an object can be put up at a particular position or not. Complete the diagrammatic representation of question before moving on to questions.

Question:At a village mela, the following six nautankis (plays) are scheduled as shown in the table below:

No. Nautanki Duration Show Times

1 Sati – Savitri 1 hour 9:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m.

2 Joru ka Ghulam 1 hour 10:30 a.m. and 11:30 a.m.

3 Sundar Kand 30 minutes 10:00 a.m. and 11:00 a.m.

4 Veer Abhimanyu 1 hour 10:00 a.m. and 11:00 a.m.

5 Reshma aur Shera 1 hour 9:30 a.m., 12:00 noon and 2:00 p.m.

6 Jhansi ki Rani 30 minutes 11:00 a.m. and 1:30 p.m.

You wish to see all the six nautankis. Further, you wish to ensure that you get a lunch break from 12:30 p.m. to 1:30 p.m. Which of the following ways can you do this?1. Sati-Savitri is viewed first; Sundar Kand is viewed third and Jhansi ki Rani is viewed last.2. Sati-Savitri is viewed last; Veer Abhimanyu is viewed third and Reshma aur Shera is viewed first.3. Sati-Savitri is viewed first; Sundar Kand is viewed third and Joru ka Ghulam is viewed fourth.4. Veer Abhimanyu is viewed third; Reshma aur Shera is viewed fourth and Jhansi ki Rani is viewed fifth.

Solution: Reshma aur Shera cannot be viewed at 12 noon as it is a 1 hour play. Lunch break takes place between 12:30 p.m. -1:30 p.m.Sequence starts from 9 a.m. We cannot place Reshma aur Shera at 9:30 a.m., there is no slot at 9:30 a.m. Only option is to see it in last.Just one option satisfies this condition. That is the third option.Please use such ways and methods to reduce time spent on each question. Please do not spend time evaluating all options iteratively.

Two rows problemIn these problems there is a lot more information than single rows problems.One needs to make a following pictorial diagram again for these questions.

Questions of 10 people in one corridor living across each other are solved using these sequence charts.

Question: The plan shows office block for 6 officers. Q and R occupy offices to right of corridor as you enter from open end. P occupies an office to the left. T and U are on the opposite sides but non-facing. R and S face each other. T does not have a corner office. U’s office is further down the corridor on the same side as P’s.

Solution:From the question first step is to think who all are neighbors and who are sitting across.We can see make from information that S, P, U are neighbors & R, T, Q are neighbors.

1 2 3not T not TSo T occupies ‘2’U cannot sit opposite TP<UTherefore P & U occupy farther end. Corridor starts with S.S P UT does not have a corner office. So final arrangements is: S P UR T QNow we can answer all questions.

Circular arrangements

These types of problems may have more than 1 arrangement to consider. Information about positions are in reference to other objects, hence more than one combination may be possible.

For example, given 4 positions fixed out of 6 positions in a circle, and remaining 2 are sitting opposite to each other, we can having two arrangements for this data. We should form all kinds of arrangements pictorially in order to avoid missing any data.

Question:

Six persons are playing a card game, K is facing D who is to the left of R and to the right of P. R is to the left of A. Y is to the left of P. If A exchanges his seat with Y and P exchanges with R, who will be sitting to the left of A?(1) Y (2) P (3) R (4) k

Solutions:

Next arrangement:

K is sitting to left of A.Please make pictorial representations and use symbols wherever possible in linear arrangement.

Matrix/ Complex arrangement problems are most common problems in LR. In linear arrangements, the characters are identified by their position numbers. Here there are more attributes than just position of characters.

Before beginning to solve the question, first step is to identify the Subject, Object and attribute.

Information is given in two ways. Either direct information is given that relates characters to attributes. Or relation between two attributes of a given object is given.

Question:There are 3 women- Jane, Marry, Lisa. Jane lives in South West Park. She drives an Audi. The woman who lives in North Avenue drives a BMW.

Solution:Subjects are Jane, Marry, Lisa. Attributes are: Car, Residence. Objects are: Audi, BMW, North Avenue, South West Park.

Here the first information relates the attribute with the object. Second information related two attributes of object.Jane---- South West------ Audi Direct Information North Avenu------ BMW Indirect Information

Very often the table cannot be completed with the available information. This is done to create conditional questions. For example the question can give additional information:

If Lisa does not live in North Avenue who drives BMW?

It makes sense to read the questions even if table is partially complete only.

It makes sense to read the questions even if table is partially complete. Let’s make a table for this data.

Name Residence CarJane South West Park Audi

North Avenue BMWLisa

In questions involving more data, a column called eliminated data can be used to bullet what attributes cannot be related with the subject. This helps if an object, within an attribute has been eliminated against all but one subject. Then our next step is to assign that object to the single subject.

Not having names of all three cities or names of cars should not deter to make a table. Make a table with whatever incomplete data you have. Because it can easily be seen from table, that it can only be Mary

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Logical Reasoning Book