LOCOMOTION & REGULATION

Locomotion

Locomotion is the ability of an organism to move from one place to another. Why would organisms carry out

locomotion?

Motile = capable of locomotion Sessile = organisms NOT capable of

locomotion

Locomotive System

The locomotive system consists of a skeletal system, muscular system and a nervous system.

Human Skeletal System

Skeletal System

Humans have 206 bones Babies have MORE

Bones are made of calcium and phosphorus

Bones support and protect body structures

Can be endoskeletal OR exoskeletal Osteoporosis is loss of bone mass

due to lack of calcium

Cartilage

Found between bones Acts as a cushion between bones A developing embryo has cartilage

instead of bone Gives ears and nose their shape Arthritis is deteriorating cartilage

Muscles

Humans have over 300 muscles Muscles work by contracting

(shortening) or by relaxing Muscles are found as opposing pairs

Flexors-contract (ex. Bicep) Extensors-relax/expand (ex. Tricep)

Flexor and Extensor

Types of Muscle

There are three types of muscle cells Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

Skeletal Muscle

Skeletal muscle is also called striated muscle

Found surrounding bones Looks striped Controls voluntary movements

Skeletal Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Cardiac muscle is found in the heart Cardiac muscles are involuntary,

but look like striated muscle

Smooth Muscle

Smooth muscle is also called visceral muscle Found in the walls of internal organs Control involuntary movements Ex. Stomach, Small intestine, arteries,

lymph vessels, etc…

Connective Tissue

There are three kinds of connective tissues that connect bones and muscles together. Ligaments Tendons Joints

Ligaments

Ligaments Connect bone to bone Think “L” for Ligament A sprain is an over stretched ligament

Tendons

Connects muscles to bones Tendonitis is an inflammation of a

tendon

Joints

Where two bones meet 3 kinds of joints

Immovable (fixed) Hinge Ball and socket Gliding Pivot

Joints

Immovable No movement Found in cranium/skull

Joints

Hinge Movement back and forth Found in elbow and knee

Joints

Ball and socket Movement in all directions Found in shoulder and hip

Joints

Gliding Limited movement in all directions Found in wrist and ankle

Joints

Pivot Limited rotation Found in the neck

Skeletal Structures

Exoskeleton Protective covering outside the body Provides a surface for muscular

attachment Made of chitin

Can be thin and light (insects) or thick and heavy (lobster)

Molting is losing exoskeleton to allow for body growth

Exoskeleton

Protist

Amoeba

Paramecium

Euglena Whip-like tail called a

Hydra

They are SESSILE, but fibers allow a somersault-type movement (like a slinky)

Earthworm

Earthworms have setae (little bristles) that stick into the ground like anchors to allow locomotion, segment by segment

Muscles are attached to each pair of setae

Setae

Grasshopper

Have jointed appendages Have wings Have muscles inside the

exoskeleton

What makes your muscles move?

What organs allow you to respond to your environment?

Regulation

Define regulation.

What part of your body carries out regulation?

The Nervous System

Consists of CNS

Central Nervous System Brain and Spinal cord

PNS Peripheral Nervous System All nerves outside of the brain and spinal

cord

C.N.S.

P.N.S.

The Nervous System

Parts of a nervous system Brain Nerve Cells called Neurons

Brain

Brain

Brain

Made up of 2 halves Weighs about 3 pounds Protected by _________________ Made up of neurons

Brain

Made up of 3 parts 1. Cerebrum/Cerebral Cortex

Controls thinking, memory, reasoning, imagination, personality, site of consciousness

Interprets what your 5 senses detect

Brain

2. Cerebellum Controls voluntary movements (motor

activities) Controls balance and coordination

Brain

3. Medulla Controls involuntary activities

Such as breathing, digestion, heartbeat, hormone production, etc…

Called brain stem and connects to the spinal cord

Neuron

A neuron is a nerve cell They send and receive chemical and

electrical messages, called impulses.

Neuron

Parts of a neuron

Dendrites Receive impulses

Cyton Cell body-contains nucleus

Axon Carries impulses away from cyton

Myelin Fatty covering on the axon that increases

speed of electrical impulse Terminal Branches

End point of a neuron that sends messages to dendrites of next neuron

Synapse

The synapse is the gap between two neurons.

Close-up of synapse

Neurotransmitters-chemicals secreted into synapse

Close-up of a synapse

Stimulants and Depressants

Drugs can affect how the neurotransmitters pass their message Stimulants __________ speed of message

transmission. Depressants _________ speed of

message transmission.

Reflex Arc

A reflex is a response to a stimulus. Ex. Knee jerk, hand on a hot stove

A reflex involves the spinal cord but NOT the brain.

Reflex Arc

Reflex Arc

Drawing

Disorders of the Nervous System

Meningitis Swelling of the membranes that surround the

brain Polio

Virus that inflames spinal cord tissue Cerebral Palsy

Disorder of central nervous system Can be congenital (exists before birth) or

caused during birth Multiple Sclerosis

Problem with impulse transmission due to inflammation of myelin sheath.

Endocrine System

System of ductless glands that secrete hormones. Hormones are chemical messengers

that are released directly into blood stream.

Hormones are sent DIRECTLY to a target tissue

Testes and Ovaries

Ovaries make _______________ & _________________

Testes make ________________

These hormones stimulate secondary sexual characteristics

Adrenal Glands

Located on top of kidneys Produces hormone called adrenaline

Pancreas

The pancreas produces digestive enzymes and also the hormones called glucagon and insulin.

The part of the pancreas that produces hormones is called the Islets of Langerhans Glucagon and insulin control blood

sugar

Thyroid Gland

Located in neck Thyroid controls metabolism Thyroid produces thyroxin

(hormone) Goiter is enlarged thyroid gland

Goiter

Parathyroid

Located in neck Smaller than thyroid Produces parathormone which

controls calcium balance

Pituitary Gland

The master gland (controls all other glands)

Pituitary Gland

Produces stimulating hormones that cause glands to secrete their hormones.Ex. TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone

Pituitary Gland

Also produces growth hormone (GH) Gigantisism and Dwarfism comes from

growth hormone problems

Hypothalmus

Produces RF’s (releasing factors), which help stimulate hormone production

Representative Organisms