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Scottish MPA Project Assessment against the MPA Selection Guidelines LOCH CRERAN NATURE CONSERVATION MPA AUGUST 2014 Further information on Nature Conservation MPAs, the wider network and protected areas management is available at - www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/marine/marine-environment/mpanetwork For the full range of MPA site documents and more on the fascinating range of marine life to be found in Scotland’s seas, please visit - www.snh.gov.uk/mpas or www.jncc.defra.gov.uk/scottishmpas

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Scottish MPA Project

Assessment against the MPA Selection Guidelines

LOCH CRERAN NATURE CONSERVATION MPA

AUGUST 2014

Further information on Nature Conservation MPAs, the wider network and protected areas management is available at -

www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/marine/marine-environment/mpanetwork

For the full range of MPA site documents and more on the fascinating range of marine life to be found in Scotland’s seas, please visit -

www.snh.gov.uk/mpas or www.jncc.defra.gov.uk/scottishmpas

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Document version control

Version Date Author Reason / Comments

Version 1 20/02/2013 Siobhan Mannion and Ben James

Revised protected feature / possible MPA format, updating original MPA search location format (ver. 4).

Version 2 30/04/2013 Laura Steel Added detail / updated to reflect publication of 2012 survey report.

Version 3 03/05/2013 Ben James Initial review.

Version 4 07/05/2013 John Baxter QA review.

Version 5 08/05/2013 Ben James Refinements in response to initial QA review. Finalisation for SNH Scientific Advisory Committee.

Version 6 31/05/2013 Ben James Refinements following SNH Scientific Advisory Committee review.

Version 7 10/06/2013 Ben James Insertion of updated map following application of boundary setting principles.

Version 8 08/07/2013 John Baxter Final proof check and sign-off on behalf of SNH. Clearance to issue.

Version 9 18/07/2014 Laura Steel Updated into MPA format with refinements in response to 2013 consultation and IER feedback.

Version 10 31/07/2014 Ben James Review.

Version 11 04/08/2014 John Baxter QA review and sign-off.

Distribution list

Format Version Issue date Issued to

Electronic 5 20/05/2013 SNH Scientific Advisory Committee members.

Electronic 6 31/05/2013 Marine Scotland officials.

Electronic 7 10/06/2013 SNH Scientific Advisory Committee member.

Electronic 8 10/07/2013 Marine Scotland officials.

Electronic 8 24/07/2013 SNH web publication [B1208978 / 38(#39)].

Electronic 11 07/08/2014 Marine Scotland officials.

Electronic 11 15/08/2014 SNH web publication [A1333229 / 11(#11)].

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Purpose

This document provides details of the assessment of Loch Creran Nature Conservation MPA against the Scottish MPA Selection Guidelines. It presents the assessment for each of the protected features.

We have used the terminology set out in the Selection Guidelines to describe the five main stages in the assessment process from the identification of MPA search locations through to the development of MPA proposals. This area has now become a Nature Conservation MPA following designation by Scottish Ministers.

The main terms used are described below.

MPA search location - this describes a location identified at stage 1 until it passes the assessment at stage 4.

Potential area for an MPA - if an MPA search location passes the assessment at stage 4 it goes on to become a potential area for an MPA for consideration at stage 5.

MPA proposal - a potential area for an MPA that has passed the assessment at stage 5 and which has been formally recommended for designation by SNH and/or JNCC to Scottish Ministers.

Possible MPA - an MPA proposal approved by Scottish Ministers for public consultation. From this time the location is given policy protection as if it were designated.

MPA search features - specified marine habitats, species and large-scale features that underpin the selection of Nature Conservation MPAs.

Geodiversity features - specified geodiversity interests of the Scottish sea bed categorised under themed ‘blocks’ that are analogous to the MPA search features for biodiversity.

Representative features - habitats and/or species which are not MPA search features or geodiversity features. They have been assessed to determine whether they would add to the broader representativity of the MPA network.

Protected feature - any feature (habitats, species, large-scale features [MPA search features and/or representative features] and/or geodiversity features) specified within the site Designation Order.

History of development

Loch Creran Nature Conservation MPA was identified for one MPA search feature (flame shell beds) and one geodiversity feature (Quaternary of Scotland).

Details of supporting evidence are provided in the Loch Creran data confidence assessment.

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LOCH CRERAN NATURE CONSERVATION MPA - APPLICATION OF THE MPA SELECTION GUIDELINES

Stage 1 - Identifying search locations that would address any significant gaps in the conservation of MPA search features1

Summary of assessment

Loch Creran MPA encompasses two discrete areas of flame shell beds, an MPA search feature considered to be under threat and in decline in Scottish waters. The protected features also include Quaternary of Scotland geodiversity interests. The boundary of the MPA mirrors that of the existing Loch Creran Special Area of Conservation (SAC).

Detailed assessment

Protected features Guideline 1a Presence of key features [MPA search features and geodiversity equivalents]

Guideline 1b Presence of features under threat

and/or subject to rapid decline

Guideline 1c Functional significance for the overall health and diversity of

Scottish seas

Biodiversity

Flame shell beds T&D2

Geodiversity

Quaternary of Scotland v

                                                            1 All protected features of the MPA (rather than just the MPA search features) are listed in the stage 1 detailed assessment table and subsequently assessed against the

MPA Selection Guidelines (wherever practicable). 2 Feature considered to be under threat and/or in decline in Scottish waters (see http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/commissioned_reports/388.pdf for further details). 

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Map of Loch Creran MPA showing the known distribution of protected features The MPA lies fully within the Loch Linnhe and Loch Etive key geodiversity area that represents the Quaternary of Scotland feature.

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Stage 2 - Prioritisation of search locations according to the qualities of the MPA search features they contain

Summary of assessment

The two protected features of this MPA are functionally linked. The primary flame shell bed off South Shian (below the Eriska Narrows) is large and considered to represent a high quality example of this habitat with dense flame shells and rich associated infaunal and epifaunal communities. The second bed at the western entrance to the Creagan Narrows is small and fragmented (Moore et al., 2013). Components of the Quaternary of Scotland geodiversity feature include glaciated channels/troughs (the deeper basins of the sea loch) and moraines. The protected features are considered to be unmodified by human activity and in good condition, with a medium cumulative risk of future damage occurring. All of the five Stage 2 guidelines have been met (2a - 2e).

Detailed assessment

Guideline 2a The search location contains combinations of features, rather than single isolated features, especially if those features are functionally linked

The Loch Creran MPA has been designated for two functionally linked protected features. The distribution of the flame shells beds is intrinsically linked to the morphology of this typical fjordic sea loch, situated within or adjacent to areas of moderately strong water currents (e.g. around the Sgeir Caillich promontory off South Shian that funnels water into the main basin of the loch and also at the westerly entrance to the Creagan Narrows). The deep basins (glaciated channels/troughs) of the sea loch were carved out by glaciers during the last ice age (multiple periods of glaciation during the Quaternary - the last 2.6 million years). Where the ice met harder rocks, or melted on reaching the sea or lower ground, rock and boulder ridges resulted (moraines). These form shallow areas or sills between the two main basins and at the seaward entrance of the loch. This morphology leads to effective trapping of sediments originating from the land and from the sea surface. These sediments can provide critical information on past glacial dynamics. Loch Creran is one of a number of west coast fjordic sea lochs that contain important deglacial records, regarded as ‘scientifically important’ for understanding the Late Quaternary history of the BIIS (British-Irish Ice Sheet) (Stoker et al., 2009; McIntyre and Howe, 2010). Guideline met.

Guideline 2b The search location contains example(s) of features with a high natural biological diversity

Flame shell beds Flame shells Limaria hians are small bivalve molluscs (about 4 cm long) that live completely hidden on the sea bed inside byssus nests, which they build from shells, stones and other materials around them. Hundreds of these nests can combine to form a dense turf or bed (assigned to the SS.SMx.IMx.Lim biotope3), raising and stabilising the sea bed. Numerous plants and animals can attach to the surface of the bed, and many other animals live within or under the nest material (for more information on this habitat see Tyler-Walters et al. (2012)). Flame shell beds were first recorded in the Loch Creran MPA off South Shian in March 2005 (Moore, unpublished as outlined within Moore et al., 2013 - the 2005 record was not linked to site condition monitoring work undertaken to assess the status of the reef features of the existing Loch Creran SAC in 2005, the results of which are presented in Moore et al. (2006). Beds are known at two discrete locations. The larger bed off South Shian supports rich epibiotic (66 taxa recorded during detailed in situ diver studies in 2012) and infaunal communities (core samples included 111 taxa with a mean of 63 taxa per core).

                                                            3 Further details on the UK marine habitat classification are available online at http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-5931

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Guideline 2b The search location contains example(s) of features with a high natural biological diversity

Flame shell beds cont.

In 2012 the Limaria turf here supported a Laminaria hyperborea kelp forest and park in places and occasional horse mussels Modiolus modiolus. Below the kelp canopy there was a dense red algal understorey dominated by Plocamium cartilagineum and Heterosiphonia japonica (a recently recorded non-native species - see Moore and Harries (2009)). Dominant faunal elements include sea squirts Ascidiella aspersa, the rosy feather star Antedon bifida, terebellid worms Eupolymnia nebulosa, common sunstars Crossaster papposus and the anemone Urticina eques (Moore et al., 2013). The smaller flame shell bed at Creagan was first surveyed in November 2006 (Burgess, 2007) and supports a blanket of brittlestars, dominated by Ophiothrix fragilis, with scattered kelp plants of Laminaria hyperborea and Saccharina latissima (other algal species are poorly represented on this bed). Horse mussels Modiolus modiolus are Abundant4 and other dominant members of the faunal community include hermit crabs Pagurus bernhardus, shore crabs Carcinus maenas, the common starfish Asterias rubens and the green sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris. The epibiota associated with this bed is not as diverse as that seen at the neighbouring Shian bed situated below the Eriska Narrows with 36 taxa recorded during detailed in situ diver studies in 2012. Infaunal core samples included 74 taxa, with a mean of 40 taxa per core (Moore et al., 2013). The habitat is considered to represent a mosaic of flame shell, horse mussel and brittlestar bed biotopes (SS.SMx.IMx.Lim, SBR.SMus.ModT and SS.SMx.OphMx). Guideline met.

Guideline 2c The search location contains coherent examples of features, rather than smaller, potentially more fragmented ones

Flame shell beds The flame shell bed off South Shian is distributed over an area of 18 ha, mostly as a dense spongy turf of Limaria nests (ca. 14 ha >50% cover) across a depth range of 3.9 - 18.5 m. The bed is considered to be a high quality example of the SS.SMx.IMx.Lim biotope with dense Limaria (ca. 600 per m2) and a typically rich associated faunal and floral community. The patchy flame shell bed situated in the western entrance channel to the Creagan Narrows is present in association with a horse mussel bed on a sea bed of silty gravelly-sand with Modiolus shell rubble at a depth of 6.0 - 7.3 m. The bed is small (0.5 ha), fragmented (three small patches comprise the 0.5 ha estimated total area, but with dense nest cover (>50%) confined to an area of ca. 0.1 ha [1,000 m2]) and of comparatively lower quality (Limaria density of ca. 30 per m2). The presence of flame shells in this location suggests that beds can be found in regions exposed to variations in salinity (mixing of surface brackish and deeper saline layers as they pass though the restricted channel). The area required for a minimum viable population of flame shells is not known. Hill et al. (2010) suggest using a figure of 5,000 individuals. This would equate to an area of less than 10 m² at South Shian and ca. 170 m2 at Creagan to maintain genetic variation. Limaria larvae have a 3 week planktonic phase so all areas of Limaria within Loch Creran are likely to be linked. The maximum larval dispersal distance is estimated to be 40 km and larval supply is therefore likely to be restricted. Protection of all patches or beds within an area is recommended (Hill et al., 2010). Temporal variability in flame shell beds has not been well studied but in the absence of disturbance the beds are likely to persist at both localities within the MPA. Guideline met.

                                                            4 For details of the SACFOR scale used for reporting the abundance of marine benthic flora and fauna in biological surveys see Hiscock (1996).

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Guideline 2d The search location contains features considered least damaged / more natural, rather than those heavily modified by human activity

Flame shell beds No indicators of change / damage were reported in the most recent survey of the flame shell beds (Moore et al., 2013). This feature is considered unmodified by human activity and in a natural state.

Geodiversity Components of the Quaternary of Scotland geodiversity feature in the MPA include glaciated channels/troughs (the deeper basins of the sea loch) and moraines. These features are entirely natural in origin and are considered to be in a natural state within the MPA.

2d - Result Guideline met.

Guideline 2e The search location contains features considered to be at risk5 of significant damage by human activity

Flame shell beds The Loch Creran MPA lies within the West MPA region6. On the basis of a risk assessment undertaken at the level of the MPA region, there is considered to be a medium risk of significant damage to this feature arising from human activity (a cumulative assessment considering the range of activities known to be taking place in the MPA region). Within the region, the risk of damage from otter trawling or scallop dredging is considered high, and creel fishing and shellfish farming present medium risks.

Geodiversity Regional risk assessments have not been completed for geodiversity features. However, information is available on the likely sensitivity of these features to pressures arising from human activity (Brooks, 2013). Glaciated channels/troughs are highly resistant to human activities (having been formed originally by glacial scouring) and are either considered not sensitive or to have a low sensitivity to pressures arising from human activities. Moraines are considered highly sensitive to removal of substrates and have a medium sensitivity to changes in tidal water flow, wave exposure and sub-surface abrasion. In the vast majority of instances, most pressures associated with marine anthropogenic activities will not be sufficient to impact geological and geomorphological seabed features (Brooks, 2013).

2e - Result Guideline met. This is not an assessment of activities that require management within the MPA. That assessment is provided in the management options paper.

 

                                                            5 Information on the sensitivity of the MPA search features to pressures and their associated activities was taken from Tillin et al. (2010). The degree to which an MPA

search feature is exposed to activities / pressures to which it is sensitive in each MPA region was assessed to provide a qualitative measure of risk. Risk assessments for the various activities were examined to produce an overall qualitative risk assessment by MPA region (Chaniotis et al., 2014). The conclusions may therefore not reflect the level of risk at the scale of the MPA. Site-specific activities and pressures are considered in further detail within the management options paper produced for this MPA. 

6 The seas around Scotland were split into five MPA regions (East, North, West, South-west and Far West) at the outset of the MPA Project to aid the identification of MPA search locations and the preliminary appraisal of these against the MPA Selection Guidelines (e.g. the completion of regional risk assessments). This approach provided a useful framework for the initial stages of assessment. Within SNH and JNCC’s formal MPA network advice (SNH and JNCC, 2012) the MPA proposals and remaining MPA search locations were then cast within the context of broader OSPAR regions. 

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Stage 3 - Assessing the appropriate scale of the search location in relation to search features7 it contains

Assessment

The size of the search location should be adapted where necessary to ensure it is suitable for maintaining the integrity of the features for which the MPA is being considered. Account should also be taken where relevant of the need for effective management of relevant activities

The boundary of Loch Creran MPA was designed to mirror that of the existing Special Area of Conservation to simplify potential future discussions regarding management (subject to the progression of the MPA). The boundary encompasses the subtidal area of the loch (below the level of mean low water spring [MLWS] tides). This boundary fully encompasses both flame shell beds and provides representation of the Quaternary of Scotland geodiversity feature. Guideline met.

Stage 4 - Assessing the potential effectiveness of managing features within a search location as part of a Nature Conservation MPA

Summary of assessment

The MPA passed the assessment against the Stage 4 guideline. This resulted in the original MPA search location progressing as a potential area for an MPA to Stage 5.

Detailed assessment

There is a high probability that management measures, and the ability to implement them, will deliver the objectives of the MPA

The conservation objective for the protected features within this MPA is to ‘conserve’. The features are considered to be in good condition. A number of activities are considered capable of affecting the protected features (see 2e above) and there is therefore a need to consider whether additional management is required. Statutory mechanisms exist (e.g. Fisheries Orders or Marine Conservation Orders) to support the introduction of spatial / temporal measures to conserve the features within the MPA. For example, Fisheries Orders have already been used to underpin management of marine Special Areas of Conservation. There is therefore potential for management measures to be implemented successfully and the conservation objective of the MPA to be achieved. Further discussion is required with those involved in using the MPA to provide clarification on interactions between the protected features and known / potential activities / developments. Additional details are provided in the management options paper produced for this MPA.

                                                            7 Setting the size and shape of a Nature Conservation MPA considers the distribution of both MPA search features and relevant geodiversity features. The latter, which are

analogous to the biodiversity search features, were defined after the publication of the MPA Selection Guidelines (refer to Brooks et al., 2013).

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Stage 5 - Assessment of the contribution of the potential area to the MPA network

Summary of assessment

The MPA passed the assessment against the Stage 5 guideline. The MPA has now been designated and will make a significant contribution to the MPA network. With an apparent decline of flame shell beds elsewhere in the Loch Linnhe system (Moore et al., 2012), the larger bed at South Shian now represents the major bed in this geographical area and possibly the principal source of larval supply for Loch Linnhe.

Detailed assessment

The potential area contributes significantly to the coherence of the MPA network in the seas around Scotland

Assessment of biodiversity features Feature Representation Replication Linkages Geographic range & variation Resilience

Flame shell beds

A particularly good example of the habitat.

[SS.SMx.IMx.Lim biotope]

There is replication of this feature in the network within OSPAR Region III. It is not possible to replicate between regions because of the restricted distribution of flame shell beds (see SNH and JNCC, 2012; SNH, 2014).

Not applicable8

Middle of geographic range in Scotland.

Potentially the principal source of larval supply for wider Loch Linnhe area.

There is additional replication of this feature within the network within OSPAR Region III to address the lack of replication between OSPAR regions and known damage / decline within Scotland’s seas.

Assessment of geodiversity features

Geodiversity features9

The Loch Creran MPA (in conjunction with Loch Sunart to the Sound of Jura MPA) encompasses part of the Loch Linnhe and Loch Etive key geodiversity area (Brooks et al., 2013) providing representation of the Quaternary of Scotland geodiversity feature. Full coverage bathymetric sidescan data of Loch Creran collected in 2005 (Moore et al., 2006) may in due course aid the delineation of individual components of the Quaternary of Scotland geodiversity feature. This area is scientifically important because it contains sedimentary sequences and bedform features which reveal key information about the depositional history of Scotland’s fjords during the last deglacial period. This is also a critical region for furthering scientific understanding of the Younger Dryas ice (re)advance episode. Information on the coverage of geodiversity features within the MPA network is provided in Gordon et al. (2013).

Source: Brooks et al., 2013 (and references therein).

                                                            8 The linkages part of the guideline has only been assessed in situations where there is a good understanding of the relationship between features in different areas to help

build connectivity into the network. There is currently little evidence on which to base assessments of linkages for seabed habitats and low or limited mobility species in Scotland’s seas. Whilst there is information available for some species on dispersion distances, this cannot be readily applied to areas with complicated hydrography. Modelling work undertaken by Marine Scotland Science looking at the connectivity of some benthic species within the Scottish MPAs is presented in Gallego et al. (2013).

9 For geodiversity the stage 5 assessment primarily considers the potential contribution to the principal ‘networks’ of marine geodiversity interests present in Scottish waters (representation).

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Bibliography

Black, K.D., Hughes, D.J., Provost, P.G. and Pereira, P.M.F. (2000). Broad scale survey and mapping of seabed biota in Loch Creran, Argyll. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report F98AA408. <http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/commissioned_reports/f98aa408.pdf>

Brooks, A.J. (2013). Assessing the sensitivity of geodiversity features in Scotland’s seas to pressures associated with human activities. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 590. <http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/commissioned_reports/590.pdf>

Brooks, A.J., Kenyon, N.H., Leslie, A., Long, D. and Gordon, J.E. (2013). Characterising Scotland's marine environment to define search locations for new Marine Protected Areas. Part 2: The identification of key geodiversity areas in Scottish waters. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 432. <http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/commissioned_reports/432.pdf>

Burgess, E.R. (2007). Salinity tolerance in the bivalve Limaria hians and the structure of two discrete populations in Loch Creran, West Coast of Scotland. BSc dissertation. Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh.

Chaniotis, P.D., Cunningham, S., Gillham, K. and Epstein, G. (2014). Assessing risk to Scottish MPA search features at the MPA regional scale. Final report produced by the Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Scottish Natural Heritage and Marine Scotland for the Scottish Marine Protected Areas Project. <http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A1204252.pdf>

Connor, D. (1990). Survey of Lochs Linnhe, Eil, Creran and Aline. Nature Conservancy Council, CSD Report No. 1073.

Gallego, A., Gibb, F.M., Tulett, D. and Wright, P.J. (2013). Connectivity of benthic priority marine species within the Scottish MPA network. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science 4(2). <http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0042/00427638.pdf>

Gordon, J.E., Brooks, A.J., Rennie, A.G., James, B.D., Chaniotis, P.D., Kenyon, N.H., Leslie, A.B. and Long, D. (2013). The selection of Nature Conservation Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in Scotland - assessment of geodiversity interests. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 633. <http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/commissioned_reports/633.pdf>

Hill, J., Pearce, B., Georgiou, L., Pinnion, J. and Gallyot, J. (2010). Meeting the MPA network principle of viability: feature specific recommendations for species and habitats of conservation importance. Natural England Report 043. <http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/file/76012>

Hiscock, K. (1996). Marine Nature Conservation Review: rationale and methods. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. [Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR series.].

McIntyre, K.L. and Howe, J.A. (2010). Scottish west coast fjords since the last glaciation: a review. Geological Society Special Publications 344: 305-329.

Moore, C.G. (1996). The distribution of serpulid reefs in Loch Creran, Argyll. Scottish Natural Heritage Research, Survey and Monitoring Report, No. 53. SNH, Edinburgh. <http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/research/53.pdf>

Moore, C.G. and Harries, D.B. (2009). Appearance of Heterosiphonia japonica (Ceramiales: Rhodophyceae) on the west coast of Scotland, with notes on Sargassum muticum (Fucales: Heterokontophyta). Marine Biodiversity Records 2: e131. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1755267209990509>

Moore, C.G., Saunders, G.R., Harries, D.B., Mair, J.M., Bates, C.R. and Lyndon, A.R. (2006). The establishment of site condition monitoring of the subtidal reefs of Loch Creran SAC. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 151. <http://www.snh.org.uk/publications/on-line/commissionedreport/F02AA409_part1_2.asp>

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Bibliography

Moore, C.G., Harries, D.B. and Trigg, C. (2012). The distribution of selected MPA search features within Lochs Linnhe, Etive, Leven and Eil: a broadscale validation survey (Part B). Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 502. <http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/commissioned_reports/502.pdf>

Moore, C.G., Harries, D.B., Cook, R.L., Hirst, N.E., Saunders, G.R., Kent, F.E.A., Trigg, C. and Lyndon, A.R. (2013). The distribution and condition of selected MPA search features within Lochs Alsh, Duich, Creran and Fyne. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 566. <http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/commissioned_reports/566.pdf>

SNH. (2014). SNH’s advice on selected responses to the 2013 Marine Scotland consultation on Nature Conservation Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 747. <http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/commissioned_reports/747.pdf>

SNH and JNCC. (2012). Advice to the Scottish Government on the selection of Nature Conservation Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) for the development of the Scottish MPA network. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 547. <http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/commissioned_reports/547.pdf>

Stoker, M.S., Bradwell, T., Howe, J.A., Wilkinson, I.P. and McIntyre, K. (2009). Lateglacial ice-cap dynamics in NW Scotland: evidence from the fjords of the Summer Isles region. Quaternary Science Reviews 28: 3161-3184.

Tillin, H.M., Hull, S.C. and Tyler-Walters, H. (2010). Development of a sensitivity matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA features). Report to the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from ABPmer, Southampton and the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. Defra Contract No. MB0102 Task 3A, Report No. 22.

Tyler-Walters, H., James, B., Wilding, C., Durkin, O., Lacey, C., Philpott, E., Adams, L., Chaniotis, P.D., Wilkes, P.T.V., Seeley, R., Neilly, M., Dargie, J. and Crawford-Avis, O.T. (2012). Descriptions of Marine Protected Area (MPA) search features. Report produced by MarLIN, Scottish Natural Heritage and the Joint Nature Conservation Committee, for the Scottish Marine Protected Areas Project. <http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0038/00389527.doc>