Literature Review Candra

8/10/2019 Literature Review Candra

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LITERATURE REVIEW


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Dr. Lili Ann SMM4999 - Literature Review 2

What is LR?

A literature review discusses publishedinformation in a particular subject area,and sometimes information in a

particular subject area within a certaintime period.

A literature review can be just a simplesummary of the sources, but it usually

has an organizational pattern andcombines bothsummary andsynthesis.


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What is LR?

A summaryis a recap of the importantinformation of the source, but a synthesisis are-organization, or a reshuffling, of thatinformation.

It might give a new interpretation of oldmaterial or combine new with oldinterpretations.

Or it might trace the intellectual progression of

the field, including major debates. And depending on the situation, the literature

review may evaluate the sources and advisethe reader on the most pertinent or relevant.


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What is LR?

A literature review is the effectiveevaluation of selected documents on aresearch topic.

A review may form an essential part of theresearch process or may constitute aresearch project in itself.

In the context of a research paper or thesisthe literature review is a critical synthesisof previous research.

The evaluation of the literature leadslogically to the research question.


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What is LR?

A good literature review..

.. is asynthesis of available research

.. is a critical evaluation.. has appropriate breadth and depth.. has clarity and conciseness.. uses rigorous and consistent

methods

A poor literature review is..

..an annotated bibliography

.. confined to description.. narrow and shallow.. confusing and longwinded.. constructed in an arbitrary way


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Why write LR?

Literature reviews provide you with a handyguide to a particular topic. If you havelimited time to conduct research, literature

reviews can give you an overview or act asa stepping stone.

Literature reviews also provide a solidbackground for a research paper's

investigation. Comprehensive knowledge ofthe literature of the field is essential tomost research papers.


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Why write LR?

For professionals, they are usefulreports that keep them up to datewith what is current in the field.

For scholars, the depth and breadthof the literature review emphasizesthe credibility of the writer in his or

her field


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Why write LR?

The purpose of a literature review is for youto take a critical look at the literature (factsand views) that already exists in the area

you are researching. A literature review is not a shopping list ofeverything that exists, but a criticalanalysis that shows an evaluation of theexisting literature and a relationship

between the different works. It demonstrates the relevance of the

research.


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Why write LR?

Literature can include books, journalarticles, internet (electronic journals),newspapers, magazines, theses anddissertations, conference proceedings,

reports, and documentaries. Literature reviews are written occasionally

in the humanities, but mostly in thesciences and social sciences; in experimentand lab reports, they constitute a section of

the paper. Sometimes a literature review is written as

a paper in itself.


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Why write LR?

In a broader context Hart (1998) lists thefollowing purposes of a review:

Distinguishing what has been done from what

needs to be done; Discovering important variables relevant to the

topic;

Synthesising and gaining a new perspective;

Identifying relationships between ideas andpractice;

Establishing the context of the topic or problem;


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Why write LR?

Rationalising the significance of theproblem;

Enhancing and acquiring the subject

vocabulary; Understanding the structure of the subject;

Relating ideas and theory to applications;

Identifying methodologies and techniques

that have been used; Placing the research in a historical context

to show familiarity with state-of-the-artdevelopments.


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Why write LR?

Its purpose is to: Place each work in the context of its contribution

to the understanding of the subject under review Describe the relationship of each work to the

others under consideration Identify new ways to interpret, and shed light onany gaps in, previous research

Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly contradictoryprevious studies

Identify areas of prior scholarship to preventduplication of effort

Point the way forward for further research Place one's original work (in the case of theses or

dissertations) in the context of existing literature


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What should I do before writing theliterature review?

Clarify If your assignment is not very specific, seek

clarification from your supervisor/lecturer: Roughly how many sources should you include?

What types of sources (books, journal articles,websites)?

Should you summarize, synthesize, or critiqueyour sources by discussing a common theme orissue?

Should you evaluate your sources? Should you provide subheadings and otherbackground information, such as definitionsand/or a history?


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Find models

Look for other literature reviews in your area ofinterest or in the discipline and read them to get

a sense of the types of themes you might wantto look for in your own research or ways toorganize your final review. You can simply putthe word "review" in your search engine alongwith your other topic terms to find articles of

this type on the Internet or in an electronicdatabase. The bibliography or reference sectionof sources you've already read are also excellententry points into your own research.


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Narrow your topic There are hundreds or even thousands of

articles and books on most areas of

study. The narrower your topic, theeasier it will be to limit the number ofsources you need to read in order to geta good survey of the material. Yourinstructor will probably not expect you toread everything that's out there on thetopic, but you'll make your job easier ifyou first limit your scope.


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Consider whether your sourcesare current

Some disciplines require that you useinformation that is as current aspossible. In the sciences, for instance,treatments for medical problems areconstantly changing according to thelatest studies. Information even twoyears old could be obsolete.


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As you read widely but selectively in your topicarea, consider instead what themes or issuesconnect your sources together.

Do they present one or different solutions?

Is there an aspect of the field that is missing? How well do they present the material and do

they portray it according to an appropriatetheory?

Do they reveal a trend in the field?

A raging debate?

Pick one of these themes to focus theorganization of your review.


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Construct a working thesisstatement

Then use the focus you've found toconstruct a thesis statement. Yes!Literature reviews have thesisstatements as well! However, your thesisstatement will not necessarily argue for a

position or an opinion; rather it willargue for a particular perspective on thematerial.


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Some sample thesis statements forliterature reviews are as follows:

The current trend in treatment forcongestive heart failure combinessurgery and medicine.

More and more cultural studies scholarsare accepting popular media as a subjectworthy of academic consideration.


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Consider organization You've got a focus, and you've narrowed

it down to a thesis statement.

Now what is the most effective way ofpresenting the information?

What are the most important topics,subtopics, etc., that your review needs

to include? And in what order should you present

them?


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Develop an organization for your review atboth a global and local level:

First, cover the basic categories

Just like most academic papers, literaturereviews also must contain at least three basicelements: an introduction or backgroundinformation section; the body of the reviewcontaining the discussion of sources; and,finally, a conclusion and/or recommendationssection to end the paper.


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Introduction:Gives a quick idea of the topicof the literature review, such as the centraltheme or organizational pattern.

Body:Contains your discussion of sourcesand is organized either chronologically,thematically, or methodologically (seebelow for more information on each).

Conclusions/Recommendations:Discusswhat you have drawn from reviewingliterature so far. Where might thediscussion proceed?


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The introductionshould provide the reader with thescale and structure of your review. It serves as a kindof map.

The bodyof the review depends on how you have

organised your key points. Literature reviews atpostgraduate level should be evaluative and notmerely descriptive. For example possible reasons forsimilarities or differences between studies areconsidered rather than a mere identification of them.

The conclusionof the review needs to sum up themain findings of your research into the literature. Thefindings can be related to the aims of the study youare proposing to do. The reader is thus provided witha coherent background to the current study.


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Organizing the body Once you have the basic categories in place, then you

must consider how you will present the sourcesthemselves within the body of your paper. Create anorganizational method to focus this section even

further. To help you come up with an overall organizational

framework for your review, consider the six typicalways of organizing the sources into a review: Chronological By publication

By trend Thematic Methodological Questions for Further Research


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Similar to primary research, development ofthe literature review requires four stages:

Problem formulationwhich topic or field isbeing examined and what are its component

issues? Literature searchfinding materials relevant

to the subject being explored

Data evaluationdetermining which literature

makes a significant contribution to theunderstanding of the topic

Analysis and interpretationdiscussing thefindings and conclusions ofpertinent literature


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What should you write?

the accepted facts in the area the popular opinion the main variables

the relationship between concepts andvariables shortcomings in the existing findings limitations in the methods used in the

existing findings

the relevance of your research suggestions for further research in the

area.


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Layout

Make your literature review have an academic andprofessional appearance. Here are some points tomake the look of your report appealing to the reader

White space: leave space between sections,especially from the abstract. This gives an unclutteredeffect.

Headings/sub-headings: these help to separateideas.

Text boxes: you can use these for quotations orparaphrasing to separate them from the rest of yourtext. It is also pleasing to the eye.


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Language focus Create a balance between direct quotation

(citation) and paraphrasing. Avoid too muchdirect quoting. The verb tense chosen dependson your emphasis:

When you are citing a specific author's findings,use the past tense: (found, demonstrated);

When you are writing about an accepted fact,use the present tense: (demonstrates, finds);and

When you are citing several authors or making ageneral statement, use the present perfecttense: (have shown, have found, little researchhas been done).


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Final checklist Have I fulfilled the purpose of the literature review? Is it written at a level appropriate to its audience? Are its facts correct? Is all the information included relevant?

Are the layout and presentation easy on the eye? Is the language clear, concise and academic? Does the abstract summarise the entire review? Does the introduction adequately introduce the topic? Is the body organised logically? Does the conclusion interpret, analyse and evaluate? Are the recommendations reasonable?

Does the table of contents correspond with the actual contents?Are page numbers correct?

Have I acknowledged all sources of information through correctreferencing?

Have I checked spelling, grammar and punctuation? Have I carefully proof-read the final draft?


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How to review?

The whole process of reviewingincludes:

a. Searching for literature

b. Sorting and prioritising the retrievedliteraturec. Analytical reading of papersd. Evaluative reading of papers

e. Comparison across studiesf. Organising the contentg. Writing the review


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How to review?

Comparison across studies The aim is to extract key points by comparing

and contrasting ACROSS studies, instead ofreading one paper after another.

Key points for a review may concern areas ofsimilarities and/or differences in:

Research aim(s) or hypotheses Research design and sampling Instruments and procedures used

How data were analysed Results or findings Interpretations


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How to review?

Find similarities and differences betweenstudies at different levels, e.g.:

- philosophy

- epistemology- morality- methodology- methods

- types of data- data analysis- interpretation


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How to review?

Set out your thinking on paper throughmapsand trees.

Feature map Classifies and categorises your thought in tabular form

Concept mapLinks between concepts and processes, or shows relationship betweenideas and practice

Tree construction

Shows how topic branches out into subthemes and related questions orrepresents stages in the development of a topic.


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How to review?

Tips on writing

SentencesExpress one idea in a sentence. Ensure that all your sentences have

a subject, verb and object.

ParagraphsGroup sentences that express and develop one aspect of your topic.

Use a new paragraph for another aspect or another topic.

Consistent GrammarUse sentences and paragraphs with appropriate use of commas,

colours and semi-colours. Incorrect use of punctuation can affect

the meaning.

Transition WordsUse words that link paragraphs and which show contrast anddevelopment to your argument e.g. hence, therefore, but,

thus, as a result, in contrast.


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Example

Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) are statistical tools thathave been used successfully in modelling difficult tasks suchas speech recognition [15] or biological sequence analysis[16]. Inspired by a similar speech application, HiddenMarkov model (HMM) has also been applied to activityrecognition. The first approach for the human movements

based on HMMs was described in [13]. It distinguishedbetween six different tennis strokes. This system dividedthe image into meshes and counted the number of pixelsrepresenting the person for each mesh. The numbers werecomposed to a feature vector that was converted into adiscrete label by a vector quantizer. The labels wereclassified based on discrete HMMs. In [8], an HMM is used

as a representation of simple actions which are recognizedby computing the probability that the model produces thevisual observation sequence. In [14] layered HMMs wereproposed to model single person office activities at varioustime granularities


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Example

Most of the existing work relies on using only a singlesource of information (example, either audio or visual trackdata alone). In [4], the average video shot activity and theduration are used as features for the categorization ofmovies according to the actions. An action scene wascharacterized by temporally localized properties of video

shots which have little or no recurring similar visualcontents [5]. Although these visual characters areundoubtedly good indicators of rapidly evolving actioncontents, they are not enough to determine the desiredaction. On the other hand, audio-based action detectionwas independently performed on the sound track in [6].However, this audio alone method may lead to many

potential false detected cases because many sounds oftenmix different noises and other similar background sound.


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ExampleVideo

Pre-processing Classification

Motion

Genre

Object

Event

ShotColour Feature

ExtractionEdge Feature

Extraction

ObjectCamera

Length

Duration

Colour

Histogram

Edge

Detection

Edge

ClusteringPan

Zoom

Translation

EdgeCount

Rule-based

classifiers

Recognition

result

FIGURE 2.3 Schematicdiagram for videoclassification

Source: L.N. Abdullah et al.2005.


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ExampleResearch Technique Features

Used

Domain Disadvantage /

Advantage

Future Direction

Lin et al. 2007 A priori algorithm

Association rulemining

Pre-filteringarchitecture

Audiovisual Weather

Sports

Commercial

Reduce the amount ofmisclassification errors.

Able to identify a highpercentage of positiveinstances in each concept

Due to the differentproperties of the datasets representing thesemantic conceptssuch as weather,commercial, andsports, they proposedto use differentstrategies to merge therules.

Davis & Tyagi2006

Probabilistic reliable-inference framework

Hidden MarkovModel (HMM) output

likelihoods and actionpriors

Maximum likelihood(ML) and maximuma posteriori (MAP)

Motion Walking, running,standing, bending-forward, crouching-down, and sitting

The system only makesclassifications when itbelieves the input isgood enough fordiscrimination between

the possible actions

Documents

Literature Review Candra