LINKING WORDS

DefinicijaVeznici su nepromenljive reči koje povezuju

reči iste vrste (npr. imenicu sa imenicom), jednu grupu reči sa drugom, ili rečenicu sa rečenicom.

Takođe pokazuju u kakvom odnosu stoje reči, grupe reči ili rečenice koje povezuju.

Bring a notebook and a pencil.She is good and kind.He spoke loudly and fluently.They said that they knew me.

Vrste veznikaProsti: and, but, so, or, yet, if, for, as,

that, though

Složeni: unless, although, whereas, nevertheless

Grupe reči: in order to, as soon as, in case, as though

UpotrebaVEZNICI se po upotrebi dele na:1. COORDINATING (Naporedne) – povezuju reči

ili nezavisne rečenice:a) and, both...and, not only...but also, as well

as – služe da dodaju jednu reč ili rečenicu drugoj, ili da reč ili rečenicu naglase.

He got up and left the room.She intends to visit both Italy and Spain this

summer.He was not only good-looking but also

intelligent.

b) but, however, nevertheless, yet – pokazuju suprotnost.

You have everything you want, but you’re not satisfied.

He worked hard to get a promotion, yet he failed.

He did not lose hope, however.HOWEVER – međutim, ipakNEVERTHELESS - ipak

c) either...or, neither...nor, or, or else – pokazuju rastavljanje

She is either ill or scared.I like neither him nor his brother.You’ d better hurry, or else you’ll miss the

bus.Either ... or – ili...iliNeither...nor – ni...ni

d) so, so that, consequently – pokazuju posledicu ili rezultat.

She hasn’t phoned, so we don’t know whether she is coming.

He missed most of the classes. Consequently, he failed the test.

Consequently – zbog toga

2. SUBORDINATING (Podređeni) – veznici koji povezuju zavisne rečenice sa glavnom. Mogu da pokazuju:

a) vreme: after, as, before, since, till, untill, when, whenever, while

He will come after he has finished writing the letter.

Ring till you get an answer.She waited half an hour in the rain before

the bus arrived.

b) način i poređenje: as, as if, as though, than

You must do as you are told.He played better than we expected.c) uzrok: as, because, for, since, whereasAs I don’t know a word of Greek, I can’t help

you with the translation.He was sorry because he couldn’t go skiing

with his friends.

d) dopuštanje: though, althoughAlthough the car was damaged, the

passengers were not injured.f) uslov: if, provided, unless, in caseI can’t tell you unless you promise to keep

quiet.If I find your book somewhere, I’ll let you

know.g) namera: that, so that, in order to, so asHe lit a fire in order to get warm.

Kondicionalne rečeniceSu složene rečenice koje koristimo da bi

govorili o situacijama koje su moguće u sadašnjosti ili budućnosti (Tip 1), o zamišljenim situacijama u sadašnjosti ili budućnosti (Tip2) ili o zamišljenim situacijama u prošlosti (Tip 3).

Sastoje se iz dve proste rečenice od kojih jedna izražava uslov, a druga rezultat.

Conditional Type 1

If + present simple / will + inf.Lisa has lost her watch. Sue tells her: “If I

find it, I’ll let you know.”If rečenica uvek izražava uslov (“ako ga

nađem”), a druga rezultat (“javiću ti”).Tip 1 izražava situaciju koja je realna,

moguća u sadašnjosti ili budućnosti.Na srpski se prevodi kao:Ako+ prezent / futurAko ga nađem, javiću ti.

Present simple for the future

You'll be tired tomorrow if you stay up late. Tell me when the water boils.I won't do anything unless you agree. Write the name down in case you forget it.We use the present simple for the future after linking

words such as if, when, unless and in case.If – something might happenWhen – something will happenWe use if (not when) for something impossible orimaginary.If I were you, I'd refuse.

If and unlessUnless znači isto što i if...notI can’t see if I don’t wear glasses. = I can’t

see unless I wear glasses.

If or when? ? (I may see Tom tonight.) If I see Tom, I'll tell him the news.? (Melanie is coming soon.) When Melanie comes, can you let

her in, please?1 (The alarm will ring soon.)……………………………………………

we all have to leave the building.2 (I might feel better tomorrow.)

……………………………………………… I'll probably go back to work.

3 (This film finishes at ten.) ..................………………………………………………… I'll stop the video.

4 (The plan may not work.) ………………………………………….. we'll have to think of something else.

2 If and unless ► You won't get there in time unless you hurry,

(if you don't hurry)1 We can't have a picnic

…………………………………………………………….(if it isn't a nice day)

2 Don't leave the TV on ……………………………………………………………… (if you aren't watching it)

3 We can't do the job ……………………………………………………………………. (if we don't get help)

4 I wouldn't have bought the picture ...........…………………………………………(if I didn't like it)

3 If and unless ? Rachel will be pleased if she passes her driving

test.? The bus won't stop unless you ring the bell.1 I can't read your letters ......... you type them.2 Emma will be upset .......... she doesn't get the

job.3 You can't go into the reception you've got a

ticket.4 Don't bother to ring me................. it's important.

But, although, in spite ofBut and althoughWe can join two sentences with but.The cafe was crowded, but we found a table.

Nick has a car, but he doesn't often drive it.We can also use although.Although the cafe was crowded, we found a

table. Although Nick has a car, he doesn't often drive it.

The clause with although can come at the end.We found a table, although the cafe was

crowded.

Though and even thoughThough is informal. It means the same as

although.Though/Although I liked the sweater, I

decided not to buy it.We can also use though at the end of a

sentence./ liked the sweater. I decided not to buy it, though.Even though is stronger, more emphatic than

although.Matthew looked quite fresh, even though he'd

been playing squash.Even though you dislike Jessica, you should try

to be nice to her.

In spite of and despiteWe use in spite of before a noun or before the

ing-form of a verb.Kitty wanted to report on the war in spite of the

danger.Mark went on working in spite of feeling

unwell. We use despite in exactly thesame way as in spite of and with the same

meaning.She wanted to go despite the danger. He went

on working despite feeling unwell.