LING 2023 Discourse Analysis

LECTURE 2

Types of Discourse: Written and Spoken Discourse

Types of Discourse

• There are many ways to classify discourse:• Written/spoken discourse.• Classification of discourse according to the

register (level of formality).• Classification of discourse according to genre

(communicative purpose, style, audience).• Monologic (one speaker/writer produces an

entire discourse)/ dialogic/ multiparty (two/more participants interact/ construct discourse together).

Distinction between Written and Spoken Discourse

• The distinction between speech and writing is often referred to as channel (D. Hymes) or medium as speaking and writing involve different psychological processes.

Distinction between Written and Spoken Discourse

• Spoken and written discourse differ for many reasons. Spoken discourse has to be understood immediately, written discourse can be referred to many times.

• M.A.C. Halliday. Spoken and Written Language. (1989). Singled out the characteristics of spoken discourse.

Distinction between Written and Spoken Discourse

Spoken discourse:• Variations in speed, but it is generally faster than

writing.E.g. shorthand typists, JFK.• Loudness/quietness.Example 1Announcer: an the winner ↓iz:s (1.4) RACHEL ROBERTS.

For Y↑ANKS.

A: who is she going out with↑.B: Um (.) ْْ�� ْْ�Peter.

Distinction between Written and Spoken Discourse

Spoken discourse:• Gestures/ Body language (Mr. Bean)• Intonation.• Pitch range: ↑ - the shift to the higher pitch; ↓ - the shift

to the lower pitch, V - a fall rise.• Stress: underlined words in transcription: good. • Rhythm.• Pausing and phrasing: (.) – a tiny gap, difficult to be

measured, (7.1) – a pause of 7.1 seconds,a longer pause like (..)

Which Discourse is More Complex?

• Prosodically?

• Grammatically?

Spoken discourse – fewer subordinate clauses, fewer that/to complement clauses, fewer sequences of prepositional phrases, fewer attributive adjectives, more active verbs.

Which Discourse is More Complex?

• Lexical characteristics? Spoken discourse – longer, more repetitions. Spoken discourse – the percentage of different word is below 40%, written discourse – above 40%.Spoken discourse – shorter, less complex words and phrases (less contractions, fewer nominalizations, more verb-based phrases, more words that refer to the speaker, less abstract words, more quantifiers).

Which Discourse is More Complex?

• Lexical characteristics?

Spoken discourse has:• More verb-based phrases:

having treatment (W) – being treated (S)

hospital care (W) – go to the hospital (S)

• More predicative adjectives:

misleading statistics (W) – statistics are misleading (S)

frightening news (W) – news is frightening (S)

Which Discourse is More Complex?

• Lexical characteristics?

Spoken discourse has:• More pronouns (it, they, you , we).• There are more lexical repetitions.• More first person references.• More active verbs. In written discourse we often

use passive when we don’t want to specify the agent. In spoken discourse we would use a subject like “people”, “somebody”, “they”, “you”.

Which Discourse is More Complex?

Structurally?

• Spoken discourse is more fragmented. It contains more simple sentences and coordination words (and, but, so, because, etc.)

• Written texts exhibit a bewildering variety and richness of different structural forms.

Which Discourse is More Complex?

• Shape poems usually describe an object being written about

Example 2

A spider

Which Discourse is More Complex?

• Haiku, a Japanese form of poetry, where syllables are the form of writing:

Example 3line 1- 5 syllables: Beauty and colorline 2- 7 syllables: Butterflies dance in the skyline 3- 5 syllables: Flying high and free.

 

Which Discourse is More Complex?

• Written discourse can be divided into chapters, sections, units, headings, subheadings, quotations, etc.

• Where the original text exploits typographical variety, a reproduction of the same text may lack the qualities of the original.  

• Cf.

Beware! The water level may rise accidentally and without warning.

Stay calm and do not push in the crowd.

Which Discourse is More Complex?

Halliday compares a sentence from a written text with a typical spoken equivalent:

• Written form:The use of this method of control unquestionably leads to safer and faster train running in the most adverse weather conditions.

• A typical spoken variant:If this method of control is used trains will unquestionably (be able to) run more safely and faster (even) when the weather conditions are most adverse.A more natural spoken version:

• You can control the trains this way and if you do that you can be quite sure that they’ll be able to run more safely and more quickly then they would other wise, no matter how bad the weather gets.

Which Discourse is More Complex?

• Other equivalents:Every previous visit left me with a sense of the futility of further action on my part (W).Whenever I’d visited there before, I’d ended up feeling that it would be futile if I tried to do anything more (S).

Task 1Can you re-write examples of classical writing discourse transferring it into a typical spoken version?

Which Discourse is More Complex?

• Functionally?Spoken and written discourses serve different functions. The written language has two main functions (Goody):

• the storage function which permits communication over time and space;

• shifting language from the oral to the visual domain, which permits words and sentences to be examined out of their original contexts.  

Which Discourse is More Complex?

• (Brown and Yule). We use speech largely for the establishment and maintenance of human relationships (or we use it for interaction), whereas we use written language for working out and transference of information (primarily for the purpose of transaction).

Interrelation of Written and Spoken Discourse

• Writing and speech interrelate (e.g. the doctor writes your symptoms, you write a telephone number).

• We can have written discourse that is intended to be spoken, and spoken language that is designed to be read.

• Marginal discourses: e-mails, SMS, chats

Interrelation of Written and Spoken Discourse

SPOKEN WRITTEN

ORATE e.g. conversation

e.g. informal letters, drama, poetry

LITERATE e.g. lectures, sermons, speeches

e.g. expository essays, articles

References:

• Brown, G., Yule, G. (1983). Discourse Analysis. Cambridge, etc.: Cambridge University Press. (P. 12 – 26)

• Celce – Murcia, M., Olshtain, E. (2000). Discourse and Context in Language Teaching: A Guide for Language Teachers. Cambridge; Cambridge University Press. (P. 5-6).