ARTICOLUL

Definitie: - reprezinta un determinant substantival care contribuie la realizarea intelesului unui substantiv intr-o propozitie.Articolul hotarat THE:

- Inaintea unui substantiv care a mai fost mentionat in textul respectiv:Exemplu: A man knocked at the door and a girl opened it. The man was her father.

- Inaintea substantivelor care sunt unice:Exemplu: the moon, the earth, the star, the sun, the air

- Inaintea numeralelor ordinale:Exemplu: the first, the second, the third, the twenty-first, the seventeenth

- In realizarea superlativului:Exemplu: the best year, the youngest girl, the most important, the fastest, the tallest

- Inaintea substantivelor care reprezinta nume de colectivitati si institutii:Exemplu: the army, the crowd, the government, the police, the parliament

- Inaintea unor nume proprii (nume de familie, muzee, teatre, ziare, hoteluri, etc):Exemplu: the Browns, the Johns, the National Theatre, the Marriott Grand Hotel, the New York Times, the Beatles

- Inaintea substantivelor care indica nume de locuri geografice, munti, fluvii, oceane, mari etc:Exemplu: the Alps, the Atlantic, the Thames, the Danube, the Red Sea, the Sahara

Articolul nehotarat A / AN

Utilizam articolul nehotarat A:Inaintea substantivelor care incep cu o consoana:Exemple: a girl, a boy, a teacher, a family, a classroom

Utilizam articolul nehotarat AN:Inaintea substantivelor care incep cu o vocala (a, e, i, o, u):Exemple: an elephant, an apple, an interview, an onion, an action

NUMERALUL

Numeralul cardinal 

eleventwelvethirteenfourteenfifteensixteenseventeeneighteennineteentwenty

twenty-onetwenty-twotwenty-threetwenty-four.......

thirty-onethirty-twothirty-threethirty-four....... 12345678910

30405060708090

100200100010000

153     one hundred and fifty-three198     one hundred and ninety-eight203     two hundred and three405     four hundred and fifty1,000,000     one million12,000,000   twelve milliononetwothreefourfivesixseveneightnineten

thirtyfortyfiftysixtyseventyeightyninety

one hundredtwo hundredone thousandten thousand 111213141516

17181920

21222324.......

31323334.......

 

13,632,521     thirteen million six hundred thirty-two thousand five hundred and twenty-one

Atentie!

- se foloseste cratima intre numeralul zecilor si cel al unitatilorExemple: 21 twenty-one; 99 ninety-nine

- se pune virgula dupa fiecare grup care indica miileExemplu: 1,222,351

- mentionarea conjunctiei and este obligatorie inaintea grupului zecilor si unitatea finalaExemplu: 2,532 - two thousand five hundred and thirty-two

- cifrele zecimale se citesc astfel:2.4832 - two point four eight three two

Numeralul ordinal

1st2nd3rd4th

firstsecondthirdfourth

primulal doileaal treilea

5th6th7th8th9th10th11th12th13th14th15th16th17th18th19th20th21st22nd23rd.......30th40th.......100th1,0001,000,000

fifthsixthseventheighthninthtentheleventhtwelvththirteenthfourteenthfifteenthsixteenthseventeentheighteenthnineteenthtwentiethtwenty-firsttwenty-secondtwenty-third.......thirtiethfortieth.......hundredththousandthmillionth

.......

Mod de formare:

- prin adaugarea terminatiei "th" la numeralul cardinal corespunzator

Exceptii:one --- first (1st)two --- second (2nd)three --- third (3rd)five si nine, la care se suprima -e final, fifth (5th) si ninth (9th)zecile la care -y final se transforma in -ieforty --- fortieth (40th)

Alte numerale

Data: in Marea Britanie se foloseste intotdeauna forma unui numeral ordinal pentru a indica data.

Exemple:21st July (the twenty-first of July)June 4th (the fourth of June)

23 April, 1989 (the twenty-third of April nineteen eighty-nine)December 29 (the twenty-ninth of December)

Fractii:1/2 se citeste one half3/4 se citeste three quarters7/8 se citeste seven eights

Ora:ten to one (unu fara zece)half past six (sase si jumatate)twelve and a quarter (douasprezece si un sfert)a quarter to two (doua fara un sfert)

PRONUMELE

a) Forma pronumelui personal cu functie de subiect:

I --- euYou --- tu, dumneata, dumneavoastraHe --- elShe --- eaIt --- el, ea (neutru), pentru nume de obiecte, lucruri, animaleWe --- noiYou --- voi, dumneavoastraThey --- ei, ele, dumnealor

Exemple: I am a big girl.He lives near the school.We like chocolate very much.Do you like football?

b) Forma pronumelui personal cu functie de complement:me- mie, imi, mi (complement indirect)- pe mine, ma, m (complement direct)

you- tie, iti, ti, dumitale, dumneavoastra (complement indirect)- pe tine, te, pe dumneata, pe dumneavoastra (complement direct)

him- lui, ii, i (complement indirect)- pe el, il (complement direct)

her- ei, ii, i (complement indirect)- pe ea, o (complement direct)

it- lui, ei, ii, i (complement indirect)- pe el, il, pe ea, o (complement direct)

us- noua, ne, ni (complement indirect)- pe noi, ne (complement direct)

you- voua, va, vi, dumneavoastra (complement indirect)- pe voi, va, pe dumneavoastra (complement direct)

them- lor, le, li (complement indirect)- pe ei, ii, i (complement direct)

Exemple:I watch my brother playing tennis.You gave me a nice gift.Give them a kiss from me!

2. Pronumele reflexive si de intarire

myself --- ma, insumi, insamiyourself --- te, insuti, insatihimself --- se, insusiherself --- se, insesiitself --- se, insusi, insasi (neutru)ourselves --- ne, insine, inseneyourselves --- va, insiva, insevathemselves --- se, insisi, insesi

3. Pronumele demonstrativ

this --- acesta, aceasta, asta, astathat --- acela, aceea, ala, aiathese --- acestea, acestia, astia, asteathose --- acelea, aceia, aia, alea

4. Pronumele posesive

mine --- al meu, a mea, ai mei, ale meleyours --- al tau, a ta, ai tai, ale talehis --- al sau (a lui), a sa (a lui), ai sai (ai lui), ale sale (ale lui)hers --- al sau (a ei), a sa (a ei), ai sai (ai ei), ale sale (ale ei)its own --- al sau, a sa, ai sai, ale sale (neutru)ours --- al nostru, a noastra, ai nostri, ale noastreyours --- al vostru, a voastra, ai vostri, ale voastretheir --- al lor, a lor, ai lor, ale lor

5. Pronumele nehotarat

some + body, one, thingany + body, one, thingno + body, one, thing

6. Pronumele relativ

who --- carewhom/who --- pe carewhose --- al (a, ai, ale) carui, careia, carorawhat --- ce, ceea cewhich --- care, pe care (pt. lucruri, obiecte ...)that --- care

7. Pronumele interogativ

who? --- cine?whom? who? --- pe cine?whose? --- al (a, ai, ale) cui?what? --- care?, pe care,ce?which? --- (pe) care dintre?

VERBUL

Verbul "TO BE" - a fi

Forma afirmativa:I am (I'm) - Eu suntYou are (You're) - Tu estiHe is (He's) - El esteShe is (She's) - Ea esteIt is (It's) - El/Ea esteWe are (We're) - Noi suntemYou are (You're) - Voi suntetiThey are (They're) - Ei/Ele sunt

Forma interogativa:Am I? - Sunt eu?Are you? - Esti tu?Is he? - Este el?Is she? - Este ea?Is it? - Este el/ea?Are we? - Suntem noi?Are you? - Sunteti voi?Are they? - Sunt ei/ele?

Forma negativa:I am not (I'm not) - Eu nu suntYou are not (You aren't) - Tu nu estiHe is not (He isn't) - El nu esteShe is not (She isn't) - Ea nu esteIt is not (It isn't) - El/Ea nu esteWe are not (We aren't) - Noi nu suntemYou are not (You aren't) - Voi nu suntetiThey are not (They aren't) - Ei/Ele nu sunt

Verbul "TO HAVE" - a avea

Forma afirmativa:I have (I've) - Eu amYou have (You've) - Tu aiHe has (He's) - El areShe has (She's) - Ea areIt has (It's) - El/Ea areWe have (We've) - Noi avemYou have (You've) - Voi avetiThey have (They've) - Ei/Ele au

Forma interogativa:Have I? - Am eu?Have you? - Ai tu?Has he? - Are el?Has she? - Are ea?Has it? - Are el/ea?Have we? - Avem noi?Have you? - Aveti voi?Have they? - Au ei/ele?

Forma negativa:I have not (I haven't) - Eu nu amYou have not (You haven't) - Tu nu aiHe has not (He hasn't) - El nu areShe has not (She hasn't) - Ea nu areIt has not (It hasn't) - El/Ea nu areWe have not (We haven't) - Noi nu avemYou have not (You haven't) - Voi nu avetiThey have not (They haven't) - Ei/Ele nu au

Verbul "TO DO" - a face

Forma afirmativa:I do - Eu facYou do - Tu faciHe does - El faceShe does - Ea faceIt does - El/Ea faceWe do - Noi facemYou do - Voi facetiThey do - Ei/Ele fac

Forma interogativa:Do I? - Fac eu?Do you? - Faci tu?Does he? - Face el?Does she? - Face ea?Does it? - Face el/ea?Do we? - Facem noi?Do you? - Faceti voi?Do they? - Fac ei/ele?

Forma negativa:I do not (I don't) - Eu nu facYou do not (You don't) - Tu nu faciHe does not (He doesn't) - El nu faceShe does not (She doesn't) - Ea nu faceIt does not (It doesn't) - El/Ea nu faceWe do not (We don't) - Noi nu facemYou do not (You don't) - Voi nu facetiThey do not (They don't) - Ei/Ele nu fac

ADJECTIVUL

A. Tipuri de adjective

• opinion adjectives (adjective de opinie): descriu ceea ce credem despre cineva sau ceva.

Exemple: beautiful, great, nice, expensive, cheap, ugly etc.

• fact adjectives (adjective de fapt): descriu ceea ce fiintele sau obiectele determinate sunt cu adevarat

Exemple: short, large, long, green, round etc.

! Adjectivele de opinie stau inaintea adjectivelor de fapt

B. Adjectivul demonstrativ

Desemneaza fiinte sau lucruri pe care le aratam precizand in acelasi timp apropierea sau departarea in timp sau spatiu.

Forme:• singular:- this (acest, aceasta)- that (acel, acea)

• plural:- these (acesti, aceste)- those (acei, acele)

Exemple:This man is a doctor.That girl is a pupil.These children are small.Those boys are playing in the scoolyard.

C. Adjectivul posesiv

Desemneaza raportul de posesie dintre un posesor si ceea ce acesta poseda:

Forme:• singular: - my (meu, mea, mei, mele)- your (tau, ta, tai, tale)- his (lui, sau, sa, sai, sale)- her (ei, sau, sa, sai, sale)- its (lui, ei, sau, sa, sai, sale)

plural:- our (nostru, noastra, nostri, noastre)- your (vostru, voastra, vostri, voastre)- their (lor)

Exemple:This is my house.It is his car.That is our shop.Those are your books.

D. Comparativul adjectivelor

a) Comparativul de egalitate / inferioritate:"as ... as" (tot atat de / la fel de)"not as ... as" (nu atat de / nu la fel de)"not so ... as" (nu atat de / nu la fel de)

Exemple:She is as pretty as her mother.He is not as tall as his brother.

b) Comparativ de superioritate:- pentru adjective scurte (monosilabice) se adauga terminatia "-er" la finalul adjectivului respectiv- pentru adjective lungi, acestea sunt precedate de adverbul "more"

Exemple:tall ---> taller(inalt ---> mai inalt)slim ---> slimmer

(slab ---> mai slab)fast ---> faster(rapid ---> mai rapid)big ---> bigger(man ---> mai mare)

beautiful ---> more beautiful(frumos ---> mai frumos)interesting ---> more interestinginteresant ---> mai interesantdifficult ---> more difficultdificil ---> mai dificil

E. Superlativul adjectivelor

- pentru adjective scurte (monosilabice) se adauga terminatia "-est" la adjectivul precedat de "the"

- pentru adjective lungi, acestea vor fi precedate de "the most"

Exemple:the tallest (cel mai inalt)the slimmest (cel mai slab)the fastest (cel mai rapid)the biggest (cel mai mare)

the most beautiful (cel mai frumos)the most interesting (cel mai interesant)the most difficult (cel mai dificil)

F. Comparative si superlative neregulate

badgoodfarmuchold

worsebetterfarther (further)moreolder (elder)

the worstthe bestthe farthest (the furthest)the mostthe oldest (the eldest)

raubunindepartatmultbatran

ADVERBUL

A. Adverbe de mod

- arata modul in care se petrece o actiune

Mod de formare:- de obicei, aceste adverbe se formeaza prin adaugarea terminatiei -ly la finalul unui adjective.

Exemple:

beautiful ---> beautifullysad ---> sadlycapable ---> capablyslow ---> slowlyeasy ---> easily

B. Adverbe de loc

- arata locul in care se petrece o actiune

Exemple:here, there, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, outside, inside

C. Adverbe de timp

- arata timpul in care se petrece o actiune

Exemple: today, yesterday, tomorrow, Saturday, Monday, now, finally, later, soon, just, still

E. Adverbe de comparatie

- arata gradul de intensitate al unei actiuni

Exemple: extremely, greatly, hugely, partially, perfectly, strongly, totally, almost, very, entirely

F. Adverbe de frecventa

- arata gradul de repetabilitate al unei actiuni

Exemple: always, constantly, often, rarely, regularly, seldom, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, never

G. Adverbe de probabilitate

- arata gradul de probabilitate a unei actiuni

Exemple: certainly, perhaps, maybe, possibly, definitely

PREPOZITIA

A. Prepozitii de miscare

- arata miscarea

Exemple:

to, through, across

to - utilizam "to" pentru a arata deplasarea catre o destinatie anume.

Exemplu:I went to Chicago two years ago.

through - utilizam "through" pentru a sugera deplasarea dintr-o parte in alta a unui spatiu inchis.

Exemplu:The cars went through the tunnel.

across - utilizam "across" pentru a sugera miscarea dintr-o parte in alta a unei suprafete.

Exemplu:She flew across the sea.

Alte prepozitii de miscare:along, down, over, off, round, into

B. Prepozitii de loc

- arata locul in care se situeaza obiectele definite

Exemple:at, on, in

at - folosim "at" pentru a arata un anumit loc sau o anumita pozitie.

Exemplu:Someone is at the door.

on - folosim "on" pentru a arata pozitia pe o suprafata verticala sau orizontala.

Exemplu:The dog is on the roof.

in - folosim "in" pentru a arata ca un anumit obiect este imprejmuit sau inchis.

Exemplu:The parrot is in the cage.

Alte prepozitii de loc:after, among, behind, between, in front of, next to, beside, by, over, above, under, below.

C. Prepozitii de timp

- pentru a specifica timpul unei actiuni

Exemple:at, on, in

at - pentru a arata timpul exact.

Exemplu:She left at 7.00 a.m.

on - pentru anumite date sau zile

Exemple:She arrived on Monday.Her birthday is on 23rd of October.

in - pentru o perioada de timp nespecificata, necunoscuta din timpul unui an, zi, luna, anotimp.

Exemple:It is very cold in Winter.I left Romania in 1989.

Alte prepozitii de timp:after, by, since, during, for, throughout

PREZENTUL SIMPLU

A. Mod de formare

B. Reguli pentru adaugarea terminatiei „-s" sau „-es" la afirmativ pentru persoana a III-a singular

Interogativ:Do / Does (pers.III, sg.) + Subiect + Verbul la infinitiv

Exemple:1. Do you go to school every day? 2. Does he read a book every month? 3. Does she live in Bucharest?

Negativ:Subiect + do / does (pers.III, sg.) + not + Verbul la infinitiv Se folosesc adesea contractiile don't (do + not) si doesn't (does + not)

Exemple:1. I don't go to school every day. 2. He doesn't read a book every month. 3. She doesn't live in Bucharest.

! La majoritatea verbelor se adauga terminatia „-s" la persoana a III-a singular la afirmativ

Exemple: I talk – He talks I work – He works I sleep – He sleeps

! Verbelelor care se termina in –ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o li se adauga terminatia „-es"

Exemple: I kiss – He kisses I wish – He wishes I catch – He catches I mix – He mixes I go – He goes

! La verbele care se termina in litera y precedata de o consoana, se inlocuieste litera y cu litera i, iar apoi se adauga terminatia „-es"

Exemple: I fly – He fliesI study – He studiesI cry – He cries

! La verbele care se termina in litera y precedata de o vocala, se adauga terminatia „-s"

Exemple: I pay – He paysI stay – He stays I play – He plays

C. Folosim Prezentul Simplu pentru:

• activitati zilnice, saptamanale, lunare, anuale Exemple: I go to the mountains every month. We have breakfast at 7.30 every morning.

• obiceiuri, hobby-uri Exemple: She plays tennis in her free time. In the summer, they go to the seaside.

situatii permanente Exemplu: He lives in Paris. I work as a manager.

• a exprima actiuni care respecta un anumit program Exemple:

The bus for Bucharest lives at 12.15 on Monday. I have Maths Friday at 11.30.

situatii emotionale Exemple: I love my girlfriend very much. He hates cats.

• adevaruri generale Exemple:The earth moves around the sun. Water boils at 100°C.

D. Expresii cu care se foloseste adesea Prezentul Simplu:

every day/ week/ month/ year etc., every morning/ evening/ afternoon/ night, usually, always, sometimes, often, never, in the morning/evening/night etc.

Exemple:1. He goes to the gim every day. 2. I play football every week. 3. We go to the dentist every year.4. She watches TV every evening. 5. She usually studies hard for her exams. 6. I always do my homework. 7. He sometimes goes shopping. 8. I often play pool with my friends.9. She never go to school by bus.10. In the evening we play Monopoly.

Afirmativ:Subiect + to be (conjugat in functie de persoana) + Verbul la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing"

Exemple:1. I'm writing an article now.2. They are playing football.3. She is having lunch at this moment.

Interogativ:To be (conjugat in functie de persoana) + Subiect + Verbul la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing"

Exemple:1. Am I writing an article now?2. Are they playing football?3. Is she having lunch at this moment?

Negativ:Subiect + to be (conjugat in functie de persoana) + not + Verbul la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing" Se folosesc adesea contractiile isn't (is + not) si aren't (are + not)

Exemple:1. I'm not writing an article now. 2. They aren't playing football.

3. She isn't having lunch at this moment

PREZENTUL CONTINUU

B. Reguli pentru adaugarea terminatiei „-s" sau „-es" la afirmativ pentru persoana a III-a singular

! La majoritatea verbelor se adauga terminatia „-ing" fara nici o modificare:

Exemple:play – playingtry – tryingdrink – drinkingsing - singinggo - goingdraw - drawingcook - cookinglearn - learningsend - sendingwash - washing

! La verbele care se termina in litera e precedata de o consoana, se renunta la litera e si se adauga terminatia "-ing"

Exemple:make – makingcome – comingleave – leaving

! La verbele formate dintr-o singura silaba (monosilabice) care se termina intr-o consoana precedata de o vocala, se dubleaza consoana si apoi se adauga terminatia "-ing"

Exemple:get – getting sit – sittinghit – hitting

C. Folosim Prezentul Continuu pentru:

• activitati care se petrec in momentul vorbirii Exemple: She is watching TV now.Mother is washing the dishes at this moment.

• actiuni care se desfasoara pe o perioada mai mare de timp, incluzand si momentul vorbirii

Exemple: John is studying Maths for his exam.My brother is writing a book.

• a vorbi despre o intalnire sau despre un aranjament din viitorul apropiat Exemple: He is flying to New York next week.I'm meeting Susan next Sunday.

D. Expresii cu care se foloseste adesea Prezentul Continuu:

now, at this moment, these days, this week, today, tonight etc.

Exemple:1. Paul is repairing his car now.2. I'm having lunch at this moment.3. He is working hard for a project these days.4. They are going to the basketball game this week.5. I'm writing a letter today.6. I'm watching TV tonight.

TRECUTUL SIMPLU

Afirmativ:Subiect + Vb.II (terminatia "-ed" pentru verbele regulate)

Exemple:1. I wrote a book last year.2. He went to a football game last week.3. We played in the park yesterday.

Interogativ:Did + Subiect + Vb.I?

Exemple:1. Did you write a book last year?2. Did he go to a football game last week?3. Did you play in the park yesterday?

Negativ:Subiect + didn't + Vb.I

Exemple:1. I didn't write a book last year. 2. He didn't go to a football game last week. 3. We didn't play in the park yesterday.

B. Folosim trecutul simplu pentru – activitati terminate care s-au petrecut in trecut

Exemple:She was in France 2 years ago.We bought a new washing machine 2 weeks ago.

- actiuni incheiate care s-au petrecut la un moment determinat in trecutExemple: They were in England in 1981.I left Bucharest in april 1994.

C. Expresii cu care se foloseste adesea Trecutul Simplu:

yesterday, at this time yesterday, 2 days ago, 2 months ago, last year, last week, the day before yesterday

Exemple:1. Diana went in Belgium 3 years ago.2. I was having lunch at this time yesterday.3. They played football 2 hours ago.4. Paul taught English and French 3 months ago.5. She left town the day before yesterday.

TRECUTUL CONTINUU

Afirmativ:Subiect + was (pers.I/III sg) / were (restul pers.) + Verbul la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing"

Exemple:1. I was learning a poem at this time yesterday.2. You were watering the flowers at this time yesterday.3.They were mending the radio at this time yesterday.

Interogativ:Was (pers.I/III sg) / Were (restul pers.) + Subiect + Verbul la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing"

Exemple:1. Was I learning a poem at this time yesterday?2. Were you watering the flowers at this time yesterday?3. Were they mending the radio at this time yesterday?

Negativ:Subiect + was (pers.I/III sg) / were (restul pers.) + not + Verbul la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing" Se folosesc adesea contractiile wasn't (was + not) si weren't (were + not)

Exemple:1. I wasn't learning a poem at this time yesterday.2. You weren't watering the flowers at this time yesterday.3.They weren't mending the radio at this time yesterday.

B. Folosim Trecutul Continuu pentru:

• a exprima o actiune in desfasurare ce a avut loc in trecutExemple: She was playing in her room at this time yesterday.They were listening music at this time last Saturday.

a exprima o actiune repetata de-a lungul unei perioade de timp Exemple: Did she ask any questions?Oh, she was asking questions all the time.Did he buy any sweets?.Oh, he was buying sweets all the time.

C. Expresii cu care se foloseste adesea Trecutul Continuu:

at this time yesterday, from ... to ..., all day, for ...

Exemple:1. Tom was typing some letters at this time yesterday .2. She was playing quitar from 6 to 8 o'clock.3. They were laughing all day.4. She was living in an old building for 6 years.

PREZENTUL PERFECT SIMPLU

Afirmativ:Subiect + have / has (pers. a III-a sg.) + vb. la forma a III-a

Exemple:1. I have washed her blouse.2. He has written his homework.3. We have learnt our English lesson.

Interogativ:Have / has (pers. a III-a sg.) + Subiect + vb. la forma a III-a

Exemple:1. Have I washed her blouse?2. Has he written his homework?3. Have we learnt our English lesson?

Negativ:Subiect + have/has (pers. a III-a sg.) + not + vb. la forma a III-aSe folosesc adesea contractiile haven't (have + not) si hasn't (has + not)

Exemple:1. I haven't washed her blouse.2. He hasn't written his homework.3. We haven't learnt our English lesson.

B. Folosim Prezentul Perfect Simplu pentru:

• a exprima o actiune incheiata de curand, dar nu se cunoaste cu exactitate momentul incheierii acesteiaExemple: I have cooked a delicious steak.They have finished their homeworks.

• a exprima o actiune inceputa in trecut care se continua si in prezent; efectele actiunii se resimt si in prezentExemple: I have lived here since 1994.We have started classes for 3 hours.

C. Expresii cu care se foloseste adesea Prezentul Perfect Simplu:

already, just, yetExemple:1. He has already finished his classes.

2. Tom has just spoken on the phone with Mary.3. They haven't written the exercise yet.

never, ever, oftenExemple:1. I have never heard such a thing.2. Have you ever read this news?3. I have often travelled by car to the countryside.

ever and beforeExemplu:Have you ever heard this song before?

for and sinceExemple:1. I've had my own car for four years.2. She has been ill since yesterday.

until now, so far, up to nowExemple:1. I haven't had any Math problems up to now.2. So far, he hasn't complained about his wage.3. Until now, I haven't heard about this English singer.

PREZENTUL PERFECT CONTINUU

Afirmativ:Subiect + have / has (pers. a III-a sg.) + vb. la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing"

Exemple:1. I have been waiting for your reply since yesterday.2. He has been sending me letters for 3 months.3. We have been crying for 3 hours.

Interogativ:Have / has (pers. a III-a sg.) + Subiect + been + vb. la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing"

Exemple:1. Have I been waiting for your reply since yesterday?2. Has he been sending me letters for 3 months?3. Have we been crying for 3 hours?

Negativ:Subiect + have / has (pers. a III-a sg.) + not + vb. la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing"Se folosesc adesea contractiile haven't (have + not) si hasn't (has + not)

Exemple:1. I haven't been waiting for your reply since yesterday.2. He hasn't been sending me letters for 3 months.3. We haven't been crying for 3 hours.

B. Folosim Prezentul Perfect Continuu pentru:

• a exprima o actiune inceputa in trecut si care nu s-a incheiat incaExemple: She has been eating for ten minutes.They have been working for several hours.

• a descrie stari sau sentimente care au inceput in trecut si au continuat de-a lungul unei perioade de timp si sunt inca prezente in momentul vorbiriiExemple:I have lived here since 1994.We have started classes for 3 hours.

C. Expresii cu care se foloseste adesea Prezentul Perfect Continuu:

sinceExemplu:You have been living in Paris since 1996.

forExemplu:They have been watching TV for 3 hours.

so farExemplu:So far, there have been arriving 10 passengers from London.

everExemplu:Have you ever been listening to the radio?

neverExemplu:I have never been travelling to France until now.

PAST PERFECT

AfirmativI  had paintedYou had paintedShe/he had paintedWe  had paintedYou had paintedThey had painted

InterogativHad I painted?Had you painted?Had she/he painted?Had we painted?Had you painted?Had they painted?

NegativI had not paintedYou had not paintedShe/he had not paintedWe had not paintedYou had not paintedThey had not painted

Se foloseste pentru:-    exprima o actiune sau un eveniment care a avut loc inaintea unui moment trecutShe’d always lived in Bucharest before she moved to Germany a few years ago.Intotdeauna a locuit in Bucuresti inainte de â se muta in Germania acum cativa ani.

I’d just bought the tickets when I realised that my wallet wasn’t there.Tocmai cumparasem biletele cand mi-am dat seama ca nu mai aveam portofelul.

-    Exprima regretul fata de o actiune trecuta I wish I hadn’t eaten so muchRegret ca am mancat asa de mult.

Past Perfect Continuous

AfirmativI  had been paintingYou had been painting She/he had been paintingWe had been paintingYou had been paintingThey had been painting

InterogativHad I been painting?Had you been painting?Had he/she been painting?Had we been painting?Had you been painting?Had they been painting?

NegativI had not (hadn’t) been paintingYou had not (hadn’t) been paintingShe/he had not (hadn’t) been paintingWe had not (hadn’t) been paintingYou had not (hadn’t) been paintingThey had not (hadn’t) been painting

Se foloseste pentru:-  accentueaza ideea de desfasurare a unei actiuni petrecute inaintea unei alte actiuni trecuteI had been looking for it for hours before I found itL-am cautat ore intregi inainte de a-l gasi

-    conform concordantei timpurilor, se foloseste in vorbirea indirecta atunci cand verbul din regenta este la trecutHe said he had been studying English for several yearsMi-a spus ca studiaza engleza de cativa ani.

VIITORUL SIMPLU

AfirmativI will/shall  (‘ll) paintYou will  paintShe/he will  paintWe shall paintYou will  paintThey will  paint

InterogativWill I paint?Will you paint?Will she/he paint?Will we paint?Will you paint?Will they paint?

NegativI will not (won’t) paintYou will not (won’t) paintHe/she will not (won’t) paintWe shall not (shan’t) paintYou will not (won’t) paintThey will not (won’t) paint

Se foloseste infinitivul scurt al verbului de conjugat precedat de verbul auxiliar will (cateodata shall la pers sing si pl)

Se foloseste :-    exprima anticiparea unei actiuni sau stariIt will rain tomorrow.Maine va ploua.Will in asemenea contexte are valoare neutra, exprimand doar ideea de viitor si nu aceea de vointa, transmisa de verbul modal will.-    exprima o intentie in viitor sau o decizie pentru viitor luata in momentul vorbirii, nu existenta anterior in mintea vorbitoruluiOh, you can get it! Wait a minute, I’ll help you…….Ah, nu poti ajunge s-o/sa-l iei! Asteapta o clipa, te voi ajuta…..Shall, auxiliarul pentru persoana I sing. si pl. este folosit in limbajul oficial, in vorbirea curenta preferandu-se will.-    propozitiile interogative cu will la pers. a II-â pot exprima o rugaminteWill you help me lift the chair?Vrei sa ma ajuti sa ridic scaunul?-   propozitiile  interogative cu shall exprima fiw o oferta (Shall I go there for you?) fie cererea unui sfat (Where shall I go?)

VIITORUL CONTINUU

AfirmativI will/shall (‘ll) be paintingYou will be paintingShe/he will be paintingWe shall be paintingYou will be paintingThey will be painting

InterogativWill I be painting?Will you be painting?Will she/hebe painting?Will we be painting?Will you be painting?Will they be painting?

NegativI will not/shall not be painting You will not be paintingShe/he will not be paintingWe will not/shall not be paintingWe will not be paintingYou will not be paintingThey will not be painting

Se foloseste viitorul verbului be + participiul prezent sl verbului de conjugat

Se foloseste:

-    exprima o actiune in desfasurare in viitorThis time tomorrow I’ll be having lunchMaine pe vremea asta voi lua masa de pranz-    exprima o actiune care urmeaza sa aiba loc ca fiind in ordinea fireasca a lucrurilorI’ll be writing to youIti voi scrie

Will you be staying with us?Veti sta la noi?

-    exprima o supozitie in legatura cu o actiune care are loc in prezentHe’ll be swimming now.Acum o fi innotand.

VIITORUL PERFECT

AfirmativI ‘ll have paintedYou ‘ll have paintedShe/he  ‘ll have paintedWe ‘ll have paintedYou ‘ll have paintedThey ‘ll have painted

InterogativWill I have painted?Will you have painted?Will she/he have painted?Will we have painted?Will you have painted?Will they have painted?

NegativI won’t have paintedYou won’t have paintedShe/he won’t have paintedWe won’t have paintedYou won’t have paintedThey won’t have painted

Intrebuintare:-    exprima o actiune care nu a avut loc inca, dar care se va fi intamplat inainte de un moment in viitorThis time next year I’ll have completed my studies.La anul pe vremea aceasta imi voi fi terminat studiile.

Se formeaza: will have + a III-a forma (past participle) a verbului de conjugat

VIITORUL PERFECT CONTINUU

AfirmativI ‘ll have been paintingYou ‘ll have been painting She/he  ‘ll have been paintingWe ‘ll have been paintingYou ‘ll have been paintingThey ‘ll have been painting

InterogativWill I have been painting?Will you have been painting?Will she/he have been painting?Will we have been painting?Wull you have been painting?Will they have been painting?

NegativI won’t have been painting.You won’t have been painting.She/he won’t have been painting.We won’t have been painting.You won’t have been painting.They won’t have been painting.

Se formeaza: will have been + forma in –ing  (participiu prezent) a verbului de conjugat

Intrebuinare: se foloseste pentru aa accentua ideea de desafurare a unei actiuni intr-un moment viitorI won’t have been working for this company very long when you visit us.Nu voi fi lucrand pentru aceasta firma de mult timp cand ne vei vizita.

Future in the Past

Mod de formare: -    se foloseste would in loc de will-    cand viitorul wste exprimat de be going to, se foloseste past continuous in loc de Present Continuous

Intrebuintrae:Concordanta timpurilor cere folosirea acestui timp cu referire la actiuni sau stari ce erau viitoare intr-un moment trecut

I knew he would succed.Stiam ca va reusi

I thought you were going to leaveCredeam ca vei pleca

CONDITIONALUL PREZENT

AfirmativI shoul/would paint   As pictaYou would paintShe/he would paintWe shoul/would paintYou would paintThey would paint

InterogativWould I paint?Would you paint?Would she/he paint?Would we paint?Would you paint?Would they paint?

NegativI would not (wouldn’t) / should not paintYou would not paintShe/he would not paintWe would not paintYou would not paintThey would not paint

CONDITIONALUL TRECUT

AfirmativI shoul/would  have painted   As fi pictatYou would have painted   She/he would have painted   We shoul/would have painted  

You would have painted   They would have painted 

InterogativWould I have painted?Would you have painted?Would she/he have painted?Would we have painted?Would you have painted?Would they have painted?

NegativI would not (wouldn’t) / should not have paintedYou would not have painted She/he would not have paintedWe would not have paintedYou would not have paintedThey would not have painted

Modul impertaiv

Mod de formare:1. Infinitivul scurt (fara to) al verbuluiCross it!Traverseaza!Ring me tomorrow!Suna-ma maine!

2. Don’t + infinitivul scurt pentru â forma un imperativ negativDon’t cross now!Nu traversati acum!

Don’t ring me tomorrow!Nu ma suna maine!

3. Let’s + infinitivul scurt , pentru pers. I pluralLet’s cross!Sa traversam!

Let’s ring tomorrow!Hai sa sunam maine!

4. Do +  forma afirmativa, in unele cazuri:a) pentru accentuarea ideii transmiseDo take care!Fii cu mare atentie!

Do tell me!Hai, te rog, spune-mi!

b) pentru a indulci tonul, pentru a suna mai politicosDo sit down!(va rog) luati loc!

Do come in!Intrati, va rog!

Do help yourself!Serviti-va, va rog!

Intrebuintare:1.    pentru a exprima un ordin:Hurry up!Grabeste-te!

2.    Pentru a face o oferta:Have a drink!Luati un pahar!3.    Pentru a da un sfat:Have a rest!Odihneste-te!4.    Pentru a preveni:Look out!Atentie!5.    Pentru a face o invitatie:Come round one of these days.Treci pe la noi intr-una din zile6.    Pentru a face o sugestie:Let’s ring him.Sa-l sunam!7.    Pentru a da instructiuni:Stir well.Amestecati bine.8.    Pentru a face o urare:Have a good time.Distractie placuta.

Alte exemple:             let me go! = sa merg/plec eu! = sa ma duc eu!            go! = mergi/pleaca! = du-te!            let him go! = sa mearga/plece el! = sa se duca el!            let her go! = sa mearga/plece ea! = sa se duca ea!            let it go! = sa mearga/plece el/ea! = sa se duca el/ea!            let us go! = let's go! = sa mergem/plecam noi! = sa ne ducem noi!            go! = mergeti/plecati! = duceti-va!            let them go! = sa mearga/plece ei/ele! = sa se duca ei/ele!              do not (don't) let me go! = let me not go! = sa nu merg/plec eu!            do not (don't) go! = nu te duce! = nu pleca!            do not (don't) let him go! = let him not go! = sa nu mearga/plece el! = el sa nu se duca!            do not (don't) let her go! = let her not go! = sa nu mearga/plece ea!= ea sa nu se duca!            do not (don't) let it go! = let it not go! = sa nu mearga/plece el/ea! = el/ea sa nu se duca!            do not (don't) let us go! = sa nu plecam/mergem! = sa nu ne ducem!            do not (don't) go! = nu plecati/mergeti! = (sa) nu va duceti!