LIFS 4301 Field Trip

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    Catalog

    1. Abstract2. Introduction

    3. Environmental factors impact on butterfly po

    4. Species Identification

    5. Problems and improvements6. Conclusion

    7. Reference

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    1. Abstract

    To study the ecological & cultural value of Pak To discuss the human impact on biodiversity

    To appreciate the biodiversity in Pak Sha O

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    5/56Picture from TPB Paper No. 9240, Plan 4e & 4f, 30/11/2012, Town Planning Board

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    Background informations about Pak sha O:

    Pak Sha O: High biodiversity:

    75 butterfly species (~30% of the total butterfly species recorde

    11 freshwater fish species38 bird species, 8 amphibian and 23 reptile species (Woo, 201

    Some are of local or global conservation concern

    2. Introduction

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    Source: Preliminary results of butterfly survey at Pak Sha O and Lai Ch

    Chau Frontier Closed Area (6 June 2013), Table 1 & 2, Green Power

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    Background informations about Pak sha O:

    Pak Sha O:DPA development permission area Plan established:

    ~1.38hectares zoned as Village Type Development--- Existing recognize

    Remaining 31.89hectares designated Unspecified Used---statuto

    Any demolition of or addition, alteration and/or modification to

    replacement/redevelopment of an existing building requires pla

    permission from the Town Planning Board. (18 October 2013

    2. Introduction

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    Picture from TPB Paper No. 9240, Plan 2e, 30/11/2012, Town Planning Board

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    Picture from TPB Paper No. 9240, Plan 2c, 30/11/2012, Town Planning Board

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    Background informations about Pak sha O (Cont.)

    Partly developed:

    Agriculture

    Tourism

    Established village

    2. Introduction

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    Background informations about Pak sha O (Cont.)

    Partially preserved vegetation structure :

    Habitat for butterfly & other native species

    Ecological services (production, prevent flooding, climate regu

    2. Introduction

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    Background informations about Pak sha O (Cont.)

    Partially preserved freshwater habitat :

    Freshwater supply

    Important for both crops and native species to survive

    Habitat of aquatic organisms

    2. Introduction

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    Potential threat

    Development:

    The wetland in Pak Sha O has been excavated and destroyed (photo taken in October 2012), Green Power

    Picture from TPB Paper No. 9240 For Consideration by The Town P

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    Potential threat

    DPA helps prevent further damage to the wetland and stream ecology of Pak Sha O. But more stringent regulation and monitoring willand long term protection of the area's natural environment.

    As in general, a draft DPA plan will be replaced by an Outline Zoning Plan within 3 years:

    It is important for Government to designate the area as Country Pa

    as a Site of Special Scientific Interest) for long-term conservation

    making the Outline Zoning Plan.

    Or the species and the habitat would lost the protection from law, a

    destroyed by development.

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    3. Environmental factors

    Stable temperature

    -Latitudes

    High plant diversity and richness

    - Host plants

    Attract migratory species

    -ex. japan

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    Decrease in migratory Butterflies

    Come from semi-arid places

    Butterflies that migrate to Pak Sha O after deve

    occurs will be met with no resources.

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    Change in ecological make-up

    Loss of canopy

    Temperature fluctuation

    Increased edge effect

    -Changes the type of flora that can survive ther

    -Invasive species

    Butterflies are prey to certain endemic birds

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    Vital Plants and biodiversity destroye

    Positive feedback loop

    Those that remain will be scarce and competitio

    fierce

    Both endemic and migratory species affected

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    Possible solution:

    Integrate into Sai Kungs West country park

    Creates a corridor between two environments

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    4. Species identification

    Butterflies Plants

    Animals (other than butterfly)

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    Butterfly species found in PSO: 15

    (Danaidae) Euploea midamus

    Danaus genutia

    Parantica aglea melanoides

    Tirumala limniace

    (Pieridae) Catopsilia pomona

    Eurema blanda

    Fro

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    Butterfly species found in PSO (cont.)

    (Nymphalidae) Neptis hylas Cyrestis thyodamas chinensis

    (Papilionidae) larva of Papilio polytes

    Papilio helenus

    Graphium doson postianum

    Papilio paris

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    Long-banded Silverline

    Scientific Name:Spindasis lohita

    Common Name: Long-banded Silverline

    Chinese Name:

    Family: Lycaenidae

    Food: Nectar

    Description:

    Long Silvery Band

    Extended Tail as false head on

    hindwing

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    Dark-brand Bush Brown

    Scientific Name: Mycalesis mineus

    Common Name: Dark-brand Bush Brown

    Chinese Name:

    Family: Satyridae

    Food: Nectar, Tree sap

    Description:

    Eyespot on wings

    Dark and White brand

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    Blue-spotted CrowScientific Name: Euploea midanmus

    Common Name: Blue-spotted Crow

    Chinese Name:

    Family: Danaidae

    Food: Nectar

    Description:

    Purplish-Blue color on forewing

    Toxic species to birds

    Caterpillars consume toxic

    goat plant ()

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    Common Tiger

    Scientific Name:Danaus genutia

    Common Name: Common Tiger

    Chinese Name:

    Family: Danaidae Food: Nectar

    Description:

    Orange interspaces

    The margins of the wings are black with two rows of white spot

    Toxic to predators

    Batesian Mimicry

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    Glassy Tiger

    Scientific Name: Parantica aglea

    Common Name: Glassy Tiger

    Chinese Name:

    Family: Danaidae

    Food: Nectar

    Description:

    Toxic to predators

    White interspaces

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    Similar Morphology!!!

    Blue TigerGlassy Tiger

    Mullerian Mimicry

    Intensify predator's memory

    Avoid eating that species

    Each population lost less individual

    Ceylon Blue Glassy Tiger

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    Plant species found in PSO: 11 s

    Herbaceous plants

    Polygonum barbatum Linn. Impatiens chinensis

    Colocasia esculenta

    Shrubs:

    Psychotria asiatica Citrofortunella microcarpa

    Agave tequilana

    Melastoma candidum

    Plumeria obtuse

    Trees:

    Bougainvillea Bauhinia

    Others:

    - Winding plant

    Ipomoea ca

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    A.Knotgrass B.Chinese balsam C.Taro

    Freshwater indicator species

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    Common name Chinese name Special feat

    Wild Coffee Common birds food

    Chinese orange Butterflies larval host

    CoastMorning glory Invasive species

    Maguey Tequila making

    Identified special plants

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    1. Psychotria asiatica

    Scientific name: Psychotria asiatica

    Common name: Wild Coffee / Red Psych

    Chinese name :Features

    Very common in Hong Kong

    Evergreen shrub

    Usually 1 to 2 meters tall

    Fruit turns from green to red (food fo

    Function

    Fruit: birds food !!!

    Seeds dispersed by birds

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    Scientific name: Citrofortunella microca

    Common name: Chinese orange

    Chinese name :Features

    Evergreen shrub

    Originated from Philippines

    Rutaceae ()

    Dense leaves and orange fruits

    Usually used for gardening and celeb

    Snacks

    Function

    Food for butterflies larvae

    2. Citrofortunella microcarpa

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    Scientific name: Ipomoea cairica

    Common name: CoastMorning glory

    Chinese name: Features

    Herbaceous twining plants

    Originated from North America

    Looks like morning glory (

    Perennial, with large palmate lea

    Positive phototropic Strong, tough seeds and reprod

    Function

    Act as a weed...invasive species

    3. Ipomoea cairica

    4 Agave tequilana

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    Scientific name:Agave tequilana

    Common name: Maguey

    Chinese name :Features Originated from Mexico

    Perennial, evergreen

    Strong and long leaves, with short s

    Only flowering at least after 10 years

    Physical defence : Small spikes at the edge of leaves

    Chemical defence :

    Calcium oxalate raphides

    4. Agave tequilana

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    Other animals found in PSO:

    Insects:

    Opiliones (Harvestman)

    Pyrops candelarius

    Grasshoppers

    Orthetrum luzonicum (blue dragonfly)

    Crocothemis servilia servilia

    Abraxas illuminata

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    Other animals found in PSO (cont.):

    Fish:

    Parazacco spilurus

    Birds:

    Aethopyga

    Pycnonotus sinensis

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    Photo & Description

    Crocothemis servilia servilia

    Orthetrum luzonicum

    Pyrops candelarius

    Abraxas illuminata

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    Opiliones (Harvestman) vs. Araneae(Sp

    Opiliones Araneae

    Generally, legs are exceptionally long compared

    to their own bodies and slender

    Generally, legs are relatively short

    Body regions are fused Abdomen is separated from cephaconstriction

    Single pair of eyes 3 to 4 pairs of eyes

    No venom gland Possess venom glands

    No silk glands so do not build webs Possess silk glands for building w

    Can swallow solid food Can only swallow liquid

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araneaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araneae
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    Parazacco spilurus Endemic to HK

    Dominant fish species infreshwater streams which are

    well-oxygenated and unpolluted or

    mildly polluted

    Taken as indicator species because

    it is sensitive to pollutants.

    Ecologically important:

    1. Effectively control no. of small animals as they eat a lot

    2. As a food source to kingfishers and other water birds

    5 P bl d i t

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    5. Problems and improvements

    Good: An experienced guide providing

    comprehensive knowledge on the wild

    Interesting, beautiful and amazing but

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    6 C l i

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    6. Conclusion

    Pak Sha O

    1. Has great biodiversity of species

    2. Provides important ecological services

    3. Nurtures many beautiful butterflies

    Should thus be designated as a country park A

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    7 Reference

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    7. Reference

    Update on Pak Sha O wetland, Sai Kung, Green Power

    Hong Kong Live eco-map, Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Departmenthttp://www.hkecomap.net/?lang=cht

    The Information Services Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government

    HONG KONG : THE FACTS

    Opiliones: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opiliones

    Parazacco spilurus: http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E9%B1%B2, http://www

    hk/contents/Publications/Press/FishWeekly/20090712_c.php

    Photos:

    Opiliones:http://cerebraldump.com/insects/IMG_1637b.jpg

    Spider: http://holmes.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/SPIDER/Copy%20of%20spider%20(5).jpg

    Parazacco spirulus: http://www.hkis.hk/contents/Publications/Press/FishWeekly/20090712/Parazacc

    http://www.hkis.hk/contents/Publications/Press/FishWeekly/20090712/Parazacco_spilurus-01.jpghttp://cerebraldump.com/insects/IMG_1637b.jpghttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E9%B1%B2http://www.hkecomap.net/?lang=chthttp://www.hkecomap.net/?lang=chthttp://www.hkis.hk/contents/Publications/Press/FishWeekly/20090712/Parazacco_spilurus-01.jpghttp://holmes.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/SPIDER/Copy%20of%20spider%20(5).jpghttp://cerebraldump.com/insects/IMG_1637b.jpghttp://www.hkis.hk/contents/Publications/Press/FishWeekly/20090712_c.phphttp://www.hkis.hk/contents/Publications/Press/FishWeekly/20090712_c.phphttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E9%B1%B2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opilioneshttp://www.hkecomap.net/?lang=cht
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    The EndPlease feel free to ask if you have any question

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    2 Introduction

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    Background informations about Pak sha O:

    Pak Sha O: Historical heritage, well preserved Hakkavillage

    2. Introduction

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    Historical heritages

    Picture from TPB Paper No. 9240, Plan

    Potential threat

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    Potential threat

    Development:(From Town Planning Department --- Gist of Representations for Draft Pak Sha O Development Permission Area Plan No. DPA/NE-PSO/1:)

    5 out of 41 comments suggest that the land area zoned as

    Village Type Development (V) is not enough for the present and

    needs of the villagers:

    TPB/R/DPA/NE-PSO/1-1:Area of Village Type Development (V) is not enough for the present and future nee

    [Request the Town Planning Board to withdraw the plan]

    TPB/R/DPA/NE-PSO/1-2:Developable area is too small; Villagers oppose the incorporation of the villages into th

    Park

    [Expand V]

    TPB/R/DPA/NE-PSO/1-5:Object to the extensive Unspecified Use designation

    [Rezoned from Unspecified Use to Agriculture (AGR), rezoned from Unspecified Use to Recreation to pro

    compatible recreational uses]

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