Licenta Micromotoare Electrostatice

7/25/2019 Licenta Micromotoare Electrostatice

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LUCRARE DE DIPLOM

CONTRIBUTII LA REALIZAREA SI

EXPERIMENTAREA MICROMOTOARELOR

ELECTROSTATICE

Coordonator tiinific:

Conf Dr In! A"#$andr% Dorin &a!ian%

A'(o")#nt:T#"#tin *"+d%

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Cuprins :Memoriu justifcativ...................................................................................................4

Capitolul 1 Fenomene electrostatice si tipuri de motoare electrostatice.................5

1.1 Generalitati....................................................................................................... 5

/- Di(tri'% ia (arcini"or #"#ctric# ......................................................................................7

/1 C234%" #"#ctric 5n 6ona )2rf%ri"or................................................................................8

/7 Ma ina )an d# 8raaff ................................................................................................9

/9 Ma ina i3(;%r(t ..................................................................................................11

Capitolul 2 e!nolo"ii de #a$ricatie ale micromotoarelor si #a$ricarea ma"netilor

permanenti...............................................................................................................12

-/ %mportanta ma"netilor permanenti in constructia micromotoarelor................12

Capitolul & Micromotoare electrostatice conven'ionale.........................................2(

1 / Micro3otoar# !#n#ra"itati........................................................................................2(

&.2 )rncipiul de #unctionare...................................................................................2(

11 Micro3otoar# c% 3a!n#ti 4#r3an#ni d# ti4 4a( c% 4a(.....................................................&(

&.& Motoare pas cu pas cu ma"net permanent.....................................................44

&.4 Motoare pas cu pas !i$ride.............................................................................4(

Capitolul 4 *+perimentarea unor modele demonstrative de micromotoare

electrostatice............................................................................................................52

4.1. Considera'ii "enerale..................................................................................... 52

4.2 Contri$u'ii la reali,area unor modele demonstrative......................................54

5.Conclu,ii................................................................................................................ 72

-%-%/G0F%*...........................................................................................................74

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Memoriu justifcativ


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Capitolul 1 Fenomene electrostatice si tipuri de motoareelectrostatice

1.1 Generalitati

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0
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_din_Milethttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_din_Milethttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_din_Milethttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklinhttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticl%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticl%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticl%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleu_atomichttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleu_atomichttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonhttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecul%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_din_Milethttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_din_Milethttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklinhttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticl%C4%83https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleu_atomichttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonhttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecul%C4%83


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1.2 Distribu ia sarcinilor electrice


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i!%ra // Di(tri'%tia (arcini"or #"#ctric# (i a "inii"or d# ca34

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1.4 Ma ina van de Graaff

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d#(c+rc+tor #"#ctric

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i!%ra /- Ma ina )an d# 8raaff

1.5 Ma ina ims!urst

E(t# %n !#n#rator d# (arcini #"#ctric# c%3 (# 4oat# )#d#a 4r#6#ntat in fi!%ra /1 4# car# "#

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//


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(# 5ncarc+ c% (arcini #"#ctric# d# (#3n contrar= d# ac##a 3a ina ar# %n 4o" 4o6iti) i %n%" n#!ati)=

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Figura 1.3. Ma ina ims!urst

/-


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Capitolul 2 e!nolo"ii de #a$ricatie ale micromotoarelor si#a$ricarea ma"netilor permanenti

2.1 Importanta magnetilor permanenti in constructiamicromotoarelor

Micro3otoar#"# #"#ctric# in d#c%r(%" ti34%"%i a% c%no(c%t 3ai 3%"t# )ariant# con(tr%cti)#

4rint# ac#(t#a (# n%3ara (i con(tr%ctia c% 3a!n#ti 4#r3an#nti = 3a!n#ti 4#r3ant#nti car# 4ot fi

d# 3ai 3%"t# ti4%ri P#ntr% ac ion+ri #"#ctric# d# 4%t#ri 3ici i 3#dii= (a% 4#ntr% ac ion+ri c# n%

n#c#(it+ c234 3a!n#tic d# #$cita i# )aria'i"= 5n "oc%" 5nf+ %r+ri"or (tatoric# (# fo"o(#(c 3a!n# i

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("+'ir#a c234%"%i d# #$cita i# A3'#"# 3#tod# )i6#a6+ o t#n(i%n# )aria'i"+ c# 4oat# fi o' in%t+

fo"o(ind %n !#n#rator d# c%r#nt contin%% ?!r%4 ardL#onard@= 4rin 5n(#ri#r#a %norr#6i(toar#5n

circ%it (a% c% a>%tor%" #"#ctronicii d# 4%t#r# ?r#dr#(oar#co3andat#=c;o44#r#@C%4"%"d#6)o"tat

d# 3otor #(t# dir#ct 4ro4or iona" c% c%r#nt%" #"#ctric 4rin rotor i c% c234%" 3a!n#tic d#

#$cita i# R#!"ar#a t%ra i#i 4rin ("+'ir# d# c234 (# fac#= a adar= c% di3in%ar# a c%4"%"%i d#6)o"tat

d# 3otor La 3otoar#"# (#ri# ac#"a i c%r#nt (tr+'at# 5nf+ %rar#a d# #$cita i# i 5nf+ %rar#a

rotoric+ Din ac#a(t+ con(id#ra i# (# 4ot d#d%c# do%+ caract#ri(tici a"# 3otoar#"or (#ri#: 4#ntr%

5nc+rc+ri r#d%(# a"# 3otor%"%i= c%4"%" ac#(t%ia d#4ind# d# 4+trat%" c%r#nt%"%i #"#ctric a'(or'it

3otor%" n% tr#'%i# "+(at (+ f%nc ion#6# 5n !o" 4#ntr% c+ 5n ac#(t ca6 )a"oar#a int#n(it+ ii

c%r#nt%"%i #"#ctric a'(or'it #(t# foart# r#d%(+ i i34"icit c234%" d# #$cita i# #(t# r#d%(= c##a c#

d%c# "a a3'a"ar#a 3a inii 42n+ "a a%todi(tr%!#r# Motoar#"# d# c%r#nt contin%% c% #$cita i# (#ri#

(# fo"o(#(c 5n trac i%n#a #"#ctric+ %r'an+ i f#ro)iar+ ?tra3)ai#= "oco3oti)#@

Sc;i3'ar#a (#n(%"%i d# rota i# (# fac# fi# 4rin (c;i3'ar#a 4o"arit+ ii t#n(i%nii d# a"i3#ntar#= fi#

4rin (c;i3'ar#a (#n(%"%i c234%"%i 3a!n#tic d# #$cita i# La 3otor%" (#ri#= 4rin (c;i3'ar#a

4o"arit+ ii t#n(i%nii d# a"i3#ntar# (# r#a"i6#a6+ (c;i3'ar#a (#n(%"%i a3'#"or 3+ri3i i (#n(%" d#

rota i# r+32n# n#(c;i3'at A adar= 3otor%" (#ri# 4oat# fi fo"o(it i "a t#n(i%n# a"t#rnati)+= %nd#

4o"aritat#a t#n(i%nii (# in)#r(#a6+ o dat+ 5n d#c%r(%" %n#i4#rioad# Un a(tf#" d# 3otor (#

/1
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezistorhttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezistorhttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redresorhttps://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Variator_de_tensiune_continu%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Variator_de_tensiune_continu%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupluhttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupluhttps://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perioad%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezistorhttps://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redresorhttps://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Variator_de_tensiune_continu%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupluhttps://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perioad%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1


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n%3# t# motor universal i (# fo"o(# t# 5n a4"ica ii ca(nic# d# 4%t#ri 3ici i )it#6# 3ari d#

rota i# ?a(4irator= 3i$#r@

"ipuri de ma#ne$i permanen$i

Ma!n#ti ti4 n#odi3 Nd#B ?N#odi3fi#r'or@ (%nt "a ora act%a"+ c#i 3ai 4%t#rnici

3a!n#ti 4#r3an#nti Ac# ti 3a!n# i (%nt foart# 4%t#rnici c% toat# c+ a% di3#n(i%ni

3iciDif#r#na dintr# t#;no"o!ia )#c;# d# fa'ricar# a ac#(tor (%4#r3a!n#i i t#;no"o!ia no%+ d#

fa'ricar# #(t# foart# 3ar# 3ai #$act for a d# ad#r#n + a" 3a!n#t%"%i d#4ind# d# f#"%" fi$+rii i d#

!ro(i3#a (%4raf# #i d# fi#r

Lit#ra N d%4+ di3#n(i%n#a 3a!n#t%"%i N#odi3 r#4r#6int+ 3at#ria"%" din car# a fo(t

fa'ricat P%t#r#a %n%i 3a!n#t fa'ricat c% ac##a(i di3#n(i%n# din 3at#ria" N9- #(t# c% cca -/

3ai 3ar# fa + d# %n 3a!n#t c% !rad%" N19

Un a"t a(4#ct i34ortant i" ar# dir#ctia d# 3a!n#ti6ar# ac#a(ta (# 4oat# o'tind# din :

a"i#r# car# r#4r#6inta %n 3#ta" r#a"i6at 4rin a3#(t#car#a a do%+ (a% 3ai 3%"t# 3#ta"#

ani6otro4i# ca r#4r#6inta %n 3a!n#t car# #(t# d#(cri( ca ani6otro4ic 5n ca6%" 5n car# toat#

do3#nii"# (a"# 3a!n#tic# (%nt a"iniat# 5n ac##ai dir#ci# Ac#(t "%cr% (# r#a"i6#a6+ 5n ti34%"

4roc#(%"%i d# fa'ricai# i (# a(i!%r+ a(tf#" fa4t%" c+ toat# do3#nii"# (%nt /.. ori#ntat# 5n

ac##ai dir#ci# 4#ntr% a of#ri #f#ct 3a!n#tic 3a$i3 ac#a(t+ dir#ci# (# n%3#t# a$+

3a!n#tic+

A"ini#r#a (# r#a"i6#a6+ 4rin (%4%n#r#a fi#c+r%i 3a!n#t "a %n c234 #"#ctro3a!n#tic 4%t#rnic "a %n

4%nct critic 5n ti34%" 4roc#(%"%i d# fa'ricai#= car# a4oi '"oc;#a6+ do3#nii"# c234%"

#"#ctro3a!n#tic a4"icat

Un 3a!n#t ani(otro4ic 4oat# fi 3a!n#ti6at n%3ai 5n dir#cia ?d#a "%n!%" a$#i (a"# 3a!n#tic#@

(ta'i"it+ 5n ti34%" fa'ricai#i %r%" c+rora or'it#a6+ #"#ctroni

/7
http://eshop.magsy.cz/ro/page/1638.magnetii-ndfeb-standard/http://eshop.magsy.cz/ro/page/1638.magnetii-ndfeb-standard/


15/84

Coeficientul de temperatur% &"'

Co#fici#nt%" d# t#34#rat%r+ #(t# %n factor car# #(t# fo"o(it 4#ntr% a ca"c%"a (c+d#r#a f"%$%"%i

3a!n#tic car# cor#(4%nd# %n#i cr#t#ri a t#34#rat%rii d# f%ncionar# Pi#rd#r#a d# f"%$ 3a!n#tic

#(t# r#c%4#rat+ at%nci c2nd t#34#rat%ra d# "%cr% #(t# r#d%(+= c% condiia ca t#34#rat%ra 3a$i3+

d# "%cr% (+ n% fi# d#4+it+ Co#fici#nt%" d# t#34#rat%r+ 4#ntr% 3at#ria"#"# 3a!n#tic# #(t# d#

o'ic#i:

N#odi3 .=// 4#ntr% fi#car# !rad C cr#(t#r# a t#34#rat%rii

A"NiCo .=.- 4# cr#t#r# C !rad# a t#34#rat%rii

#rit+ d# .=- 4#ntr% fi#car# !rad C cr#(t#r# a t#34#rat%rii

Sa3ari% co'a"t .=.1 4#ntr% fi#car# !rad C cr#(t#r# a t#34#rat%rii

Ma!n#i f"#$i'i"i d# .=- 4#ntr% fi#car# !rad C cr#(t#r# a t#34#rat%rii

S# 4oat# o'(#r)a c+ 5n !#n#ra" 3a!n#ii f#rit+ i f"#$i'i"i (%nt c#i 3ai (#n(i'i"i "a cr#t#r#a

t#34#rat%rii= 4# c2nd c#i din A"NiCo i Sa3ari% co'a"t (%nt c#i 3ai (ta'i"i

Coeficientul de permeabilitate &(c '

N%3it d# a(#3#n#a= "inia d# 5nc+rcar#= B Q & (a% 4anta d# o4#rar# a %n%i 3a!n#t=

ac#a(ta #(t# "inia d# 4# c%r'a d# d#3a!n#ti6ar# 5n ca6%" 5n car# %n an%3it 3a!n#t fc%r'a B& #(t#

o r#4r#6#ntar# !rafic+ fi!%ra ?-/@ car# arat+ r#"aia dintr# d#n(itat#a d# f"%$ 3a!n#tic ?B@ iint#n(itat#a c234%"%i 3a!n#tic ?&@ car# #(t# n#c#(ar+ 4#ntr% a d#3a!n#ti6a %n 3a!n#t

(4#cific Ac#(t !rafic #(t# a" doi"#a cadran a" %n#i c%r'# d# ;i(t#r#6i( c% 4atr% cadran#

Ind%cia 3a!n#tic+ cr#t# 4ro4oriona" c% int#n(itat#a c234%"%i 42n+ c2nd a>%n!# "a %n

4%nct d# (at%rai# i d#)in# con(tant+ c;iar dac+ int#n(itat#a c234%"%i contin%+ (+ cr#a(c+

/9


16/84

Ind%cia 3a!n#tic+ (# 3a(oara in 8a%(( ?8@ (a% T#("a T= %nd# /.... 8a%(( (%nt #!a"i c% /

T#("a Int#n(itat#a c234%"%i 3a!n#tic (# 3+(oar+ 5n O#r(t#d( ?O#@ La ana"i6a 3at#ria"#"or

ani6otro4# dac+ c234%" 3a!n#tic n% (# a4"ic+ 4ara"#" (a% 4#r4#ndic%"ar 4# a$a d# ani6otro4i# a

o'i#ct#"or at%nci 3+(%rar#a c%r'#i B& n% (%nt )a"id#

i!-/: C%r'a d# d#3a!n#ti6ar#

Direc$ie de ma#netizare

Ma!n#tii 4ot fi (4#cificati (i co3andati (a fi# 3a!n#ti6at 5n oric# a$a= car# (a "# 4#r3ita (a fi#

%ti"i6ati 4#ntr% %n #f#ct dif#rit Dir#ctia d# 3a!n#ti(3 d#t#r3ina 5n car# 4art# a 3a!n#t%"%i a4ar

4o"ii nord (i (%d Ac#(t a(4#ct tr#'%i# (4#cificat 5naint# d# fa'ricar# d#oar#c#= d# #$#34"%= %n

3a!n#t dr#4t%n!;i%"ar ani6otro4 4oat# fi 3a!n#ti6at doar 5ntr%na dintr# c#"# tr#i dir#ctii

4o(i'i"#Domenii

Mat#ria"#"# 3a!n#tic#= c%3 ar fi 3a!n#tii 4#r3an#nti= (%nt 534artit# 5n do3#nii

3icro(co4ic# indi)id%a"# Str%ct%ra do3#ni%"%i 3a!n#tic a" %n%i 3at#ria" #(t# r#(4on(a'i"a

4#ntr% caract#ri(tici"# (a"# 3a!n#tic#= c%3 ar fi c#"# aratat# d# #"#3#nt# 3#ta"ic# (i a"ia># ca

/0


17/84

3a!n#tii 4#r3an#nti

i#car# do3#ni% #(t# o r#!i%n# car# ar# o dir#cti# d# 3a!n#ti6ar# %nifor3a C% toat# ac#(t#a=

dif#rit# do3#nii 4ot a)#a dif#rit# dir#ctii d# 3a!n#ti6ar#


18/84

3a!n#ti n#odi3 oa"a c% !a%ra in!ro4ata

3a!n#ti n#odi3 oa"a c% !a%ra ci"indrica

3a!n#ti n#odi3 oa"a c% car"i! ?(i in )arianta a"'a= aco4#riti c% 4"a(tic@

3a!n#ti n#odi3 oa"a c% in#" ?(i in )arianta a"'a= aco4#riti c% 4"a(tic@

3a!n#ti n#odi3 oa"a car# (# 4ot "i4i

3a!n#ti n#odi3 oa"a c% fi"#t #$t#rior

Clasificarea ma#netilor permanenti

T#r3#n%" d# 3at#ria" (# r#f#ra "a co34o6itia fi6ica a %n%i 3a!n#t D# #$#34"%= 3a!n#tii n#odi3

(%nt r#a"i6ati dintr%n a"ia> d# n#odi3 ?Nd#B@= 3at#ria" car# contin# n#odi3 ?Nd@= fi#r ?#@ (i

'or ?B@

E$i(ta cinci ti4%ri 4rinci4a"# d# 3at#ria" 3a!n#tic (i ac#(t#a (%nt:

N#odi3

A"nico

#rita

Sa3ari% Co'a"t

Ma!n#ti f"#$i'i"i

Ma!n#i 4#r3an#ni d# ti4 A"nico

Ma!n#ii 4#r3an#ni d# ti4 A"nico (%nt r#a"i6ai din a"ia># d# a"%3ini% ?A"@= nic;#" ?Ni@ i

co'a"t ?Co@= d# %nd# i d#n%3ir#a "or i (%nt %ti"i6ai 5nc+ din an%" /1. Un#ori= 4#ntr% o

53'%n+t+ir# a 4ro4ri#t+i"or 3a!n#tic# a"# ac#(tora= 5n co34o6iia "or (# 3ai ada%!+ i a"t#

#"#3#nt# c;i3ic# 4r#c%3: c%4r%= titani% (a% nio'i%

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19/84

Ac#(t ti4 d# 3a!n#i (%nt o'in%i fi# 4rin t%rnar#= d%4+ c# a% fo(t o3o!#ni6ai "a

t#34#rat%ri ridicat# 5n c234 3a!n#tic= fi# 4rin (int#ri6ar# P#ntr% cr#t#r#a c234%"%i co#rciti)=

3a!n#ii d# ti4 A"nico (%nt (%4%i "a trata3#nt# d# r#)#nir# Ma!n#ii o'in%i 4rin (int#ri6ar#=

d#i a% 4#rfor3an# inf#rioar#= 4r#6int+ at2t a)anta>%" 4r#%"%i d# co(t 3ai (c+6%t fa+ d# c#i

o'in%i 4rin t%rnar#= c2t i 4ro4ri#t+i 3#canic# 3ai '%n# d#c2t ac#tia

C#"# 3ai '%n# 4#rfor3an# a"# 3a!n#i"or d# ti4 A"nico (# 5nt2"n#(c "a c#i ani6otro4i= c%

cri(ta"# ori#ntat# #= car# a% cond%( "a 5n"oc%ir#a tr#4tat+ a ac#(tora c% a"t# ti4%ri d# 3a!n#i 4#r3an#ni=

i an%3#: ri(c%" cr#(c%t d# d#3a!n#ti6ar# 5n ti34%" #$4"oat+rii= datorat )a"orii r#d%(# a c234%"%i

co#rciti)= 4r#c%3 i co(t%" d# 4rod%ci# d#(t%" d# ridicat

Ma!n#i 4#r3an#ni din f#rit#

A4ariia 4# 4iaa 3a!n#i"or 4#r3an#ni a f#rit#"or= %nd#)a 5n 4r#a>3a an%"%i /0.= a

cond%( "a o ad#)+rat+ r#)o"%i# ind%(tria"+ Ac#ti 3a!n#i (%nt r#a"i6ai dintro co34o6ii# d#

o$id d# fi#r i car'onat d# 'ari% (a% car'onat d# (troni%= 3at#ria"# c# (# !+(#(c din a'%nd#n+=

iar fa'ricar#a "or 4rin 4r#(ar# (a% (int#ri6ar# 5n c234 3a!n#tic #(t# r#"ati) (i34"+

#rit#"# (%nt c#"# 3ai i#ftin# 3at#ria"# din cat#!oria 3a!n#i 4#r3an#i S# caract#ri6#a6+

4rintro r#6i(t#n+ "a coro6i%n# ridicat+= fiind d%r# dar ca(ant# T#34#rat%ra 42n+ "a car# ac#(t#a

4ot fi %ti"i6at# #(t# d#(t%" d# ridicat+= a4ro$i3ati) --9C= 4%t2nd )aria 5n f%nci# d# for3+= )o"%3(a% (tr%ct%ra %ti"i6at+ Din 4+cat# ind%cia r#3an#nt+ r#d%(+ a ac#(tor 3at#ria"# c#r# %ti"i6ar#a

%nor (o"%ii con(tr%cti)# 3ai co34"icat#= c% conc#ntrar# d# f"%$= car# 3+r#t# co#fici#nt%" d#

di(4#r(i# i r#d%c# #fici#na d# %ti"i6ar# a #n#r!i#i 3a!n#tic# a f#rit#i

/


20/84

A)2nd%(# 5n )#d#r#= tot%i= 3ari"# a)anta># #cono3ic# 4# car# "# ad%c# %ti"i6ar#a ac#(tor

3at#ria"#= 5n %"ti3ii ani= 4rintro 4roi#ctar# ad#c)at+= (a% r#a"i6at 3aini #"#ctric# c%

4#rfor3an# a3#"iorat#

Tr#'%i# r#3arcat fa4t%" c+ ind%cii"# r#3an#nt# 3a$i3# (%nt= 5n ca6%" f#rit#"or= 5n >%r d#

.=1 T= c234%" co#rciti) #(t# c%4rin( 5ntr# -9.-09 AQ3= iar #n#r!ii"# 3a$i3# (%nt 4#(t# 1.

Q31 C;iar i 5n ac#(t# condiii= f#rit#"# a% r+3a( c#"# 3ai %ti"i6at# 3at#ria"#= a)2nd a)anta>%"

#cono3ic i34%( d# ra4ort%" 4#rfor3an+Q4r# ridicat

Ma!n#i 4#r3an#ni din 4+32nt%ri rar# 4# 'a6+ d# Sa3ari%Co'a"t

Ma!n#ii 4#r3an#ni din 4+32nt%ri rar# 4# 'a6+ d# Sa3ari%Co'a"t a% ind%cii r#3an#nt#

3#dii= c234%ri co#rciti)# i #n#r!ii 3a!n#tic# 3a$i3# foart# 3ari

? BrG .= T= &cG .. AQ3= ?B&@3a$G --.-9. Q31@

Din 4+cat#= ac#(t# 3at#ria"# 3a!n#tic# c% 4#rfor3an# foart# con)#na'i"# a% 4r# r#"ati)

ridicat= datorit+ fa4t%"%i c+ 5n co34o6iia "or intr+ 3#ta"# rar#= 3at#ria"# (c%34#= d#ficitar# 4#

4"an 3ondia" Din ac#(t 3oti)= 42n+ d# c%r2nd= a(tf#" d# 3at#ria"# 3a!n#tic# #ra% %ti"i6at# n%3ai

5n t#;nica a#ro(4aia"+= %nd# o'in#r#a %nor 3aini #"#ctric# c% )o"%3 r#d%( i 4#rfor3an#

ridicat# 4ri3#a6+ 5n faa 4r#%"%i d# co(t


21/84

3a!n#tic# 3a$i3# c# 4ot d#4+i 1.. Q31= )a"ori d# /. ori 3ai ridicat# d#c2t 5n ca6%" f#rit#"or=

i c% a4ro$i3ati) 1. 3ai 3ari d#c2t c#"# a"# a"ia>#"or c% Sa3ari%Co'a"t= ind%cii r#3an#nt# d#

42n+ "a /=1T= i c234%ri co#rciti)# 5ntr# ../...AQ3

Tr#'%i# r#3arcat fa4t%" c+= 5n co34o6iia ac#(tor 3at#ria"#= Co'a"t%" #(t# 5n"oc%it c% i#r=

c##a c# n% n%3ai c+ r#d%c# 4r#%" 4rod%(%"%i finit= ci i #"i3in+ %ti"i6ar#a %n%i 3at#ria" (trat#!ic

d#ficitar N#odi3%" #(t# %n 3at#ria" d# cinci ori 3ai r+(42ndit d#c2t Sa3ari%"= a)2nd o 4%ritat# 5n

3in#r#%" d# 'a6+ d# 42n+ "a -9= c##a c# contri'%i#= d# a(#3#n#a= "a r#d%c#r#a co(t%"%i d#

4rod%ci# a ac#(tor 3a!n#i

Din 4+cat#= ac#(t a"ia> 4r#6int+ %n 4%nct C%ri# (c+6%t ?1/. C@= c##a c# 5i "i3it#a6+

%ti"i6ar#a "a t#34#rat%ri d# 4#(t# //9 C Dac+ a"ia>%" Nd#B #(t# co3'inat c% %n 4roc#nta>

r#d%( d# Co'a"t= ac#(t# t#34#rat%ri 4ot fi cr#(c%t# 5n "i3ita a -.7. C P# "2n!+ ac#(t n#a>%n(=

3a!n#ii 4# 'a6+ d# N#odi3 a% i o r#6i(t#n+ r#d%(+ "a coro6i%n#= n#c#(it2nd aco4#rir#a c% %n(trat 4rot#ctor

Uti"i6ar#a a"ia>#"or 4# 'a6+ d# N#odi3 d#4ind #$c"%(i) d# ra4ort% 4#rfor3an+Q4r#= car#=

"a ora act%a"+= #(t# (%4#rior t%t%ror c#"or"a"i 3a!n#i= c% #$c#4ia f#rit#"or= i n% #(t# #$c"%( ca=

5ntr%n )iitor a4ro4iat= (+ "# #"i3in# i 4# ac#(t#a din co34#tii# 4rintro r#d%c#r# (#3nificati)+ a

co(t%ri"or d# 4rod%ci# do3#nii"# d# %ti"i6ar# fiind dintr# c#"# 3ai )ariat#: 3aini #"#ctric#=

dif%6oar#= (#4aratoar#= (can#r# MRI= in(ta"aii #o"i#n#= co34on#nt# 4#ntr% circ%it# #"#ctronic#=

di(4o6iti)# 4#ntr% (#n6ori= #tc

Dir#cii d# 3a!n#ti6ar# a 3a!n#i"or

N% toi 3a!n#ii (a% 3at#ria"#"# 3a!n#tic# 4ot fi 3a!n#ti6at# 5n oric# dir#ci#

Ma>oritat#a 3a!n#i"or 4r#6int+ o dir#ci# 4r#f#r#nia"+ d# 3a!n#ti6ar#= 5n f%nci# d# ori#ntar#a

do3#nii"or 3a!n#tic# Prin #$4%n#r#a 3a!n#i"or "a %n c234 3a!n#tic #$t#rior= 4# 4#rioada

4r#"%cr+rii "or= ac#(t#a ca4+t+ dir#cii d# ori#ntar# 4r#f#r#nia"#

Ma!n#ii 4#r3an#ni i6otro4i (%nt 3at#ria"# a c+ror do3#nii (%nt n#ori#ntat#= 3oti)

4#ntr% car# ac#(t#a 4ot fi 3a!n#ti6at# 4# oric# dir#ci# Din cat#!oria ac#(tor 3at#ria"# fac 4art#

%nii 3a!n#ii d# ti4 A"nico i #rit#= 4r#c%3 i o 3ar# 4art# a 3a!n#i"or din 4+32nt%ri rar# 4#

'a6+ d# N#odi3 ?Nd#B@

-/


22/84

R#(t%" 3at#ria"#"or (%nt ani6otro4#= i 4r#6int+ dir#cii d# 3a!n#ti6ar# 4r#f#r#nia"#

P#rfor3an#"# 3a!n#tic# a"# ac#(tora (%nt 3a$i3# 5n (it%aia r#a"i6+rii 3a!n#ti6+rii r#(4#ct2nd

ac#(t# dir#cii d# ori#ntar# a do3#nii"or 3a!n#tic# o'in2nd%(# a(tf#" ind%cii 3ai ridicat# d#c2t

5n ca6%" %ti"i6+rii 3at#ria"#"or i6otro4#

Ma!n#ii 4#r3an#ni 4ot fi 3a!n#ti6ai 4# dif#rit# dir#cii= o'in2nd%(#= 5n f%nci# i d#

!#o3#tria ac#(tora= o )ari#tat# d#(t%" d# 3ar# d# (it%aii di(tinct#= a)2nd di)#r(# %ti"i6+ri

4ractic#


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#@ f@

!@ ;@

i@ >@

@ "@

-1


24/84

3@ n@

i!%ra --Dia!ra3a ind%cti# f%nci# d# c234%" 3a!n#tic

In fi!%ra -- n# #(t# 4r#6#ntat 4# a$a X c234%" co#rciti) iar 4# ind%cia r#3an#nt+ 4# car#

ac#(t# ti4%ri d# 3at#ria"# 3a!n#tic# "# 4o(#da

Metale din pamnturi rare

M#ta"# din 4a32nt%ri rar# (%nt c"a(ificat# 5n ta'#"%" 4#riodic 5n !r%4%" c%no(c%t (%'

n%3#"# d# Lantanid# C#"# 3ai fr#c)#nt# #"#3#nt# din ac#a(ta cat#!ori# (%nt n#odi3= (a3ari% (i

di(4ro(i%


25/84

(i d#)in a"#atorii= di(tr%!2nd 4#r3an#nt 3a!n#t%" Ca %r3ar#= 3a!n#t%" n% )a #3it# nici%n c234

3a!n#tic #$t#rn

"emperatura ma*ima de operare &"ma*'

T#34#rat%ra 3a$i3a d# f%nctionar# #(t#= #$act a(a c%3 (%na= t#34#rat%ra 3a$i3a "a car# %n

an%3it !rad d# 3a!n#t )a fi ca4a'i" (a f%nction#6#= 5naint# d# a d#)#ni d#3a!n#ti6at 4#r3an#nt

Toti 3a!n#tii 4#r3an#nti ("a'#(c 5n ra4ort c% co#fici#nt%" "or d# t#34#rat%ra= dar at2ta ti34 c2t

t#34#rat%ra 3a$i3a d# "%cr% n% #(t# d#4a(ita= ac#a(ta #(t# co34"#t r#c%4#ra'i"a "a racir# Daca

t#34#rat%ra 3a$i3a d# f%nctionar# #(t# d#4a(ita= at%nci 4i#rd#ri"# n% )or fi co34"#t r#c%4#rat#

"a racir#


26/84

Ta'#"%" -7 Co34arai# 3a!n#i "a (%4rafata (i 3a!n#ti 5n!ro4ai

Ma!n#ii n#odi3 (%nt 3a!n#ti6ai radia" c%3 (%nt 4r#6#ntati in fi!%ra ?-9@ ac#(tia a)and

di3#n(i%ni"# d# :

/. 33 "ati3#

1. 33 "%n!i3#

9 33 !ro(i3#Ma!n#tii (# !a(#(c in n%3ar d# ac#(tia fiind 4"a(ati ca4 in ca4 cat# doi d# ac#ai 4o"aritat#

ac#(t "%cr% in(#3nand ca d# )or !a(i in a"t#rnanta /c%3 n# #(t# 4r#6#ntat in fi!%ra ?-0@ 4o"%"

(%d c% 4o"%" (%d "an!a 4o"%" nord c% 4o"%" nord iar fata in fata fiind (#4arati d# intr#fi#r (i

ar3at%ra fi$a c#a"a"ta ar3at%ra fiind ca4 in ca4 d# ac#a(ta data 4o"%" nord c% 4o"%" nord (i 4o"%"

(%d c% 4o"%" (%d in a"t#rnanta - ca in fi!%ra ?-@

-0


27/84

i!%ra -0 Ma!n#ti6ar# a$ia"+

-


28/84

Capitolul 3 Micromotoare electrostatice convenionale

3 .1 Micromotoare #eneralitati

%" %n!;i%"ar dintr# c#i doi )#ctori

Di4o"%" rotoric 4oat# con(tit%it dintro 4#r#c;# d# #"#ctro6i c% 4o"aritat# dif#rit+= dintr%n

#"#ctr#t c% 4o"ari6ar# ind%(+

S4r# d#o(#'ir# d# ca6%" 4r#c#d#nt= r#a"i6ar#a %n%i 3icro3otor #"#ctro(tatic a(incr: i34%n#

%ti"i6ar#a %n%i rotor c% ac#"ai n%3+r d# 4o"i ca i (tator%" P# 'a6a f#no3#n%"%i ind%ci#i

#"#ctric#= 5n rotor ia nat#r# %n c234 #"#ctric 4o"ifa6at car# a"%n#c+ 5n ra4ort c% c234%" #"#ctric

5n)2rtitor (tatoric

oritat#a ca6%ri"or= 4rin 3icro3otoar# 4a(c%4a(= c din

4%nct d# )#d#r# con(tr%cti) i f%nciona"= 4r#6int+ 3%"t# ana"o!ii c% )arianta #"#ctro3a!n#tic+

-


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3.2 rncipiul de !unctionare

Micro3otor%" #"#ctro(tatic 4a(c%4a( (# co34%n#= ca oric# 3ain+ #"#ctric+ rotati)+= din

do%+ 4+ri con(tr%cti)# d# 'a6+: (tator%" i rotor%" Stator%"= #(t# r#a"i6at dintro (%cc#(i%n# d#

#"#ctro6i ?4o"i (tatorici@ di(4%i d%4+ %n tra(#% circ%"ar i fi$ai 4# %n (%4ort ctroi6o"ant


30/84

Princi4ia"= #$i(t+ do%a 4o(i'i"it+i d# co3and+ i a"i3#ntar# (#c)#nia"+ a fa6#"or (tator%"%i: c2nd

(%r(a #(t# con#ctat+ 5ntr# doi 4o"i (tatorici dia3#tra"o4%i ?fi!1- a@ c2nd (%r(a #(t# con#ctat+

5ntr# a$%" 3icro3otor%"%i i o 4#r#c;# d# 4o"i (tatorici dia3#tra"o4%i

U"ti3a )ariant+ 4r#(%4%n# %n contact !a")anic (i!%r 5ntr# a$%" 3icro3otor%"%i i rotor

E)id#nt= ac#(t "%cr% ar 4%t#a fi r#a"i6at r#"ati) (i34"%= 5n ca6%" %nor 3otoar# c% di3#n(i%ni

c#nti3#tric# (a% 3ai 3ari %nd# 4ot fi %ti"i6at# contact# a"%n#c+toar# d# ti4 in#"4#ri# In ca6%"

3icro3otoar#"or #"#ctro(tatic# %nd# di3#n(i%ni"# rotor%"%i (# r#d%c "a )a"ori d# ordin%" (%t#"or

(a% c;iar a" 6#ci"or d# 3icroni (o"%ia d#(cri(+ 5i 4i#rd# i34ortan a 4ractic+ Din ca%6a

4artico"#"or i6o"ant# car# 4ot 4+tr%nd# accid#nta" 5n (4ai%" dintr# a$ i rotor= contact%" #"#ctric

3#n ionat d#)in# a4roa4# i34o(i'i"= c##a c# fac# ca= 5n 4ractic+= (+ fi# 4r#f#rat+ 4ri3a )ariant+

S# con(id#r+ c+ rotor%" (# !+(#t# iniia" 5n 4o6iia indicat+ 5n fi! 1-a Prin con#ctar#a

"a (%r(+ a 4o"i"or (tatorici indica i 5n fi!%r+= (# d#6)o"t+ for# tan!#nia"#= car# acion#a6+ (#n(%"

cr#t#rii #n#r!i#i c234%"%i #"#ctric


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32/84

'@

i!11 Int#raci%n#a #"#ctro(tatic+ dintr# 4o"ii #$citai ai %n%i MEEP a@ 3otor #"#ctro(tatic 4a(

c%4a( r#a"i6at 5n )arianta 1Q- '@ \ cond#n(ator #c;i)a"#nt cor#(4%n6+tor c%4"a>%"%i #"#ctro(tatic

dintr# 4o"i


33/84

C G ^.;(x

d 11

Und#: ^. #(t# 4#r3iti)itat#a #"#ctric+ a'(o"%t+ a di#"#ctric%"%i 4"a(at 5n int#r(tii%" dintr# 4art#a

3o'i"+ i c#a fi$+ a 3icro3otor%"%i ?con(id#rat+ #!a"+ c% c#a a )id%"%i@= ; \ "+i3#a

4ac cond#n(ator%"%i #cni)a"#nt= #!a"+ c% 5n+"i3#a (tator%"%i 3icro3otor%"%i $ "%n!i3#a 6on#i

d# (%4ra4%n#r# a ar3+t%ri"or cond#n(ator%"%i d \ "+r!i3#a int#r(ti i%"%i dintr# ar3+t%ri

ora ar# do%+ co34on#nt#:

co34on#nta $= 4ara"#"+ c% 4"an%" 4"+ci"or= #$4ri3at+ 4rin r#"aia:

$ GWe

x G1

2 U-^.

h

d 17

co34on#nta d4#r4#ndic%"ar+ 4# 4"an%" 4"+ci"or = #$4ri3at+ 4rin r#"a ia:

d GWe

d G1

2 U-^.

hx

d2 19

Confor3 ac#(tor r#"aii co34on#nta tan!#nia"+ $ = d#t#r3in+ )a"oar#a c%4"%"%i d# rotai#=

3+ri3#a #i d#4in62nd 5n 4rinci4a" d# 5n+"i3#a ; a 4o"i"or Co34on#nta radia"+ d= n% >oac+ %n

ro" acti) 5n o'in#r#a c%4"%"%i d# rotai#= 4%t2nd fi con(id#rat+ ca %n #f#ct (#c%ndar


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car# rotor%" (# !+(#t# (%' aci%n#a (i3%"tan+ a doi 4o"i (tatorici acti)i= af"a i 5n 4o6ii# dia3#tra"

o4%(+= co34on#nta d (# an%"#a6+ Ac#(t "%cr% #(t# d# dorit= d#i= 5n 4ractic+= (i3#trii"#

!#o3#tric#= 5nd#o(#'i "a di3#n(i%ni r#d%(#= (%nt foart# !r#% d# r#a"i6at


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i! 19 Ca6%" %n%i MEEP 1Q/= c% do%+ fa6#= a)2nd 4o6iia 4o"i"or rotorici a(i3#tric+ 5n ra4ort c%

4o"ii (tatorici #$citai

Condiia d# a(i3#tri# #(t# r#a"i6at+= r#"ati) (i34"%= "a MEEP c% tr#i fa6# #"#ctro(tatic ("a'= c% #f#ct n#!ati) a(%4ra )a"orii c%4"%"%i 4ornir#

Micro3otor%" c% tr#i fa6#= c% ra4ort%" n%3+r%"%i d# 4o"i #!a" c% 1Q-= 4oat# con(tit%i o

(o"%i# 4#ntr% di3in%ar#a d#6a)anta>%"%i ar+tat 3ai (%( Modificar#a 3#nionat+ 4+(tr#a6+

a)anta>%" cr#at d# a(i3#tria d# 4o6ii# a 4o"i"or ad%c2nd= 5n 4"%(= o a3#"iorar# a c%4"a>%"%i#"#ctro(tatic= datorit+ (%4ra4%n#rii 4aria"# a (%4raf##"or acti)# a"# 4o"i"or ?fi!10@

19


36/84

i! 10 Ca6%" %n%i MEEP 1Q-= c% tr#i fa6#= a)2nd 4o6iia 4o"i"or rotorici a(i3#tric+ 5n ra4ort c%

c#i (tatorici

S4r# d#o(#'ir# d# ca6%" 4r#c#d#nt= (#n(%" d# rota i# n% 3ai coincid# c% (#n(%" d#

co3%tar# Tr#c#r#a d# "a )arianta 1Q/ "a )arianta 1Q- ar# %r3+ri i a(%4ra n%3+r%"%i d# 4ai

n#c#(ar 4#ntr% o rota i# co34"#t+ P#ntr% ca6%" 1Q/= (%' aci%n#a a do%+ i34%"(%ri d# co3anda

(%cc#(i)#= (# o' in# %n 4a( #"#3#ntar %n!;i%"ar d# 0. .= 5n ti34 c# 4#ntr% ca6%" 1Q-= 5n ac#"#a(i

condiii= 4a(%" #"#3#ntar #(t# d# n%3ai 1..

M+ri3#a n%3+r%"%i d# 4ai cor#(4%n6+tori %n#i rotaii co34"#t# 4oat# fi o'in%ta=

4rinci4ia" i 4rin cr#t#r#a n%3+r%"%i 4o"i"or rotorici i (tatorici O (o"%i# 5n ac#(t (#n( o

r#4r#6int+ 4o"ii (tatorici di)i6ai ?c% doi (a% 3ai 3%"i dini@


37/84

i! 1 Ca6%" %n%i MEEP c% 4o"i (tatorici di)i6ai

Rotor%" #(t# r#a"i6at dintro (%cc#(i%n# d# 4ro#3in#n# 4o"ar# (#4arat# 4rin cr#(t+t%ri a)2nd

ac##ai d#(c;id#r# %n!;i%"ar+ D#(c;id#ri"# %n!;i%"ar# a"# dini"or i cr#(t+t%ri"or rotoric# (%nt

#!a"# c% c#"# din (tator Prin co3'inaii a"# n%3+r%"%i d# dini i a"# n%3+r%"%i d# cr#(t+t%ri (#

4oat# o'in# t#or#tic oric# n%3+r d# 4ai 4# rotai#


38/84

i! 1 Caract#ri(tica %n!;i%"ar+ a %n%i MEEP

a@ \ c% tr#i fa6# '@ \ c% a(# fa6#

i!%ra 1 r#4r#6int+ #)o"%ia co34on#nt#i tan!#nia"# $ 5n f%nci# d# %n!;i%" = d#

d#)iai# a rotor%"%i fa+ d# 4o6iia d# #c;i"i'r%


39/84

3.3 Micromotoare cu ma#neti permaneni de tip pas cu pas

O d#finiti# (i34"+ a 3otor%"%i 4a( c% 4a( #(t#: J%n di(4o6iti) #"#ctro3#canic car#

con)#rt#t# i34%"(%ri"# #"#ctric# 5n 3ic+ri 3#canic# di(cr#t#K

A$%" 3otor%"%i 4a( c% 4a( #$#c%t+ o 3icar# d# rotati# 5n 4ai incr#3#nta"i di(cr#ti

c2nd #(t# a4"icat+ 5n (#c)#nta cor#ct+ o co3and+ #"#ctric+ 5n 4%"(%ri Rotatia 3otor%"%i #(t#

(tr2n( "#!at+ d# caract#ri(tici"# ac#(tor i34%"(%ri #"#ctric# A(tf#" dir#ctia d# rotati# a 3otor%"%i

#(t# dir#ct "#!at+ d# (#c)#nta 5n car# (%nt a4"icat# 4%"(%ri"# #"#ctric#= d# a(#3#n#a i )it#6a d#

rotati# #(t# dir#ct d#4#nd#nt+ d# fr#c)#n a i34%"(%ri"or #"#ctric# iar d#4"a(ar#a %n!;i%"ar+ #(t#

dir#ct d#4#nd#nt+ d# n%3+r%" d# 4%"(%ri #"#ctric# a4"icat#


40/84

Po(i'i"itat#a d# a o' in# )it#6# foart# 3ici c% (arcina "#!at+ dir#ct 4# a$%"

3otor%"%i

O !a3+ foart# "ar!+ d# )it#6# d# rota i#

dar #$i(t+ i %n#"# d#6a)anta>#:

R#6onan a 4oat# a4+r#a 5n ca6%" %n%i contro" d#ficitar

Contro"%" !r#oi "a )it#6# foart# 3ari

i#car# r#)o"%ti# a a$%"%i 3otor%"%i #(t# a"c+t%it+ dintro (#ri# d# 4ai di(cr#ti Un 4a(

#(t# d#finit ca fiind rota ia %n!;i%"ar+ a a$%"%i 3otor%"%i "a a4"icar#a %n%i i34%"( d# co3and+

i#car# i34%"( fac# ca a$%" (+ (# rot#a(c+ c% %n an%3it n%3+r d# !rad# caract#ri(tic fi#c+r%i ti4

d# 3otor Un J4a( %n!;i%"arK r#4r#6int+ rota ia a$%"%i 3otor%"%i "a fi#car# 4a(= i (# 3+(oar+ 5n

!rad#


41/84

a"i3#ntar# a 'o'in#"or ?fi!%ra // ?a@@

i!%ra 1/.(#c)#nta d# a"i3#ntar# a 'o'in#"or

E$i(t+ tr#i ti4%ri d# 3otoar# 4a( c% 4a( din 4%nct d# )#d#r# a" confi!%rati# #"#ctric#

Ac#(t#a (%nt:

C% r#"%ctant+ )aria'i"+

c% 3a!n#t 4#r3an#nt

&i'rid#

P# "2n!+ ac#(t# ti4%ri Jc"a(ic#K d# 3otoar# 4a( c% 4a( #$i(t+ %n ti4 d# 3otor c% %n

d#(i!n (4#cia" Ac#(ta #(t# 3otor%" c% rotor%" for3at dintr%n di(c din 3a!n#t 4#r3an#nt ?fi!%ra

1//@

7/


42/84

i!%ra 1//3otor c% rotor%" for3at dintr%n di(c din 3a!n#t 4#r3an#nt

Circ%it 3a!n#tic din ot#" "a3inat d# ca"itat# N% #$i(t+ c%4"a> 3a!n#tic 5ntr# fa6#

Rotor \ o in#rti# foart# 3ic+

Ac#(t ti4 d# 3otor of#r+ a)anta>%" %n#i in#rtii foart# 3ici= 4r#c%3 i %n f"%$ 3a!n#tic

o4ti3 d#oar#c# n% #$i(t+ nici o "#!+t%r+ 5ntr# c#"# do%+ 'o'in# a"# (tator%"%i

O a"t+ caract#ri(tic+ i34ortant+ a 3otoar#"or= d%4+ car# #"# (%nt i c"a(ificat# #(t#

3+ri3#a "or C"a(ificar#a d%4+ 3+ri3# (# fac# 5n f%ncti# d# dia3#tr%" cor4%"%i 3otor%"%i= 5n

ti34 c# "%n!i3#a 3otor%"%i 4oat# )aria 5n int#rior%" ac#"#iai c"a(# d# 3+ri3#

Ni)#"%" d# 4%t#r# a" 3otoar#"or 4a( c% 4a( )aria6+= d# "a 3otoar#"# foart# 3ici c% %n

con(%3 d# ordin%" 3= "a 3otoar#"# 3ai 3ari c% %n con(%3 d# ordin%" 6#ci"or d# )ati

Mod%" d# f%nctionar# a" 3otor%"%i 4a( c% 4a( #(t# (i34"%


43/84

Jr#!%"a 32inii dr#4t#K Prin J#n#r!i6ar#aK 5n (#c)#nta cor#ct+ a 'o'in#"or (tator%"%i= 3otor%" )a

#f#ct%a rotatia dorit+= dar 3ai 3%"t d#(4r# 3od%" d# f%nctionar# a 3otor%"%i 4a( c% 4a(

D# o'ic#i 3otoar#"# 4a( c% 4a( a% do%+ fa6#= dar #$i(t+ i 3otoar# c% tr#i (a% cinci

fa6# Un 3otor 'i4o"ar c% do%+ fa6# ar# o 'o'in+Qfa6+ iar %n 3otor %ni4o"ar ar# o 'o'in+ c% 4ri6+

c#ntra"+Qfa6+ D# 3%"t# ori 3otor%" %ni4o"ar #(t# cata"o!at ca fiind %n 3otor c% 4atr% fa6# d#i #"

ar# n%3ai do%+ fa6# E$i(t+ i 3otoar# car# a% do%+ 'o'in# (#4arat#Qfa6+ \ ac#(t#a 4ot fi

cond%(# fi# ca %n 3otor 'i4o"ar (a% ca %n 3otor %ni4o"ar

P#ntr% a 4%t#a 5n #"#!# 3ai 'in# (tr%ct%ra %n%i 3otor 4a( c% 4a( tr#'%i# 3#n ionat

fa4t%" c+ %n 4o" #(t# con(id#rat ac#a r#!i%n# din cor4%" 3a!n#ti6at 5n car# d#n(itat#a d# f"%$

3a!n#tic #(t# conc#ntrat+ At2t (tator%" c2t i rotor%" %n%i 3otor 4a( c% 4a( a% 4o"i C#" 3ai

(i34"% 3otor 4oat# a)#a doi 4o"i ?o 4#r#c;# d# 4o"i@ 4#ntr% fi#car# din c#"# do%+ fa6# 4# (tator i

- 4o"i ?o 4#r#c;#@ 4# rotor


44/84

dintr# n%3+r%" d# 4o"i 4# rotor i n%3+r%" d# 4o"i 4# (tator= i n%3+r%" d# fa6#W/Y

Pa( %n!;i%"ar G 10. Q ?NP; $ P;@ G 10.QN W//Y

=%nd#

NP; \ n%3ar%" d# 4o"i #c;i)a"#nti Qfa6aG n%3ar%" d# 4o"i 4# rotor=

P; \ n%3ar%" d# fa6#=

N \ n%3ar%" tota" d# 4o"i 4#ntr% toat# fa6#"#


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Eroar#a d# 4o6iti# Dac+ 3otor%" a #f#ct%at N 4ai fa + d# 4o6i ia initia"+ ?NG10.oQ4a(

%n!;i%"ar@ iar %n!;i%" fat+ d# 4o6itia initia"+ #(t# 3+(%rat d%4+ fi#car# 4a(= a(tf#" d%4+ N

4ai o (+ a)#3 %n %n!;i N= a)#3 %r3+toar#a r#"a ia: bG NN unghi cor#(4%n6ator

%n%i 4a(

&i(t#r#6i( d# 4o6iti# E(t# )a"oar#a o'tin%t+ 4rin 3+(%rar#a #rorii d# 4o6iti# 5na3'#"#

dir#ctii

i!%ra1/- Po6itia r#a"+ i 4o6itia t#or#tic+ a 3otor%"%i

D%4+ c%3 a3 3#n ionat 3ai (%(= foart# i34ortant 5ntr%n 3otor 4a( c% 4a( #(t# 4art#a

3#canic+ A(tf#" 4#ntr% a 4%t#a #$4ri3a 4#rfor3an a %n%i 3otor 4a( c% 4a( tr#'%i# (+ (# tin+

cont i d# 4ara3#tri 3#canici: (arcin+= fr#car# i in#rti#

79


46/84

P#rfor3an a %n%i 3otor 4a( c% 4a( d#4ind# foart# 3%"t d# 4ara3#trii 3#canici ai

(arcinii Sarcina #(t# d#finit+ ca ac#" "%cr% 4# car# 3otor%" tr#'%i# (+" action#6# Sarcina ?(a%

5nc+rcar#a@ 3otor%"%i a4ar# d# o'ic#i datorit+ fr#c+rii (a% in#rti#i 4r#c%3 i o co3'inati# a c#"or

do%+

r#car#a #(t# r#6i(t#nta o4%(+ 3ic+rii datorat+ a(4#rit+tii (%4raf#t#"or car# (# atin! %na

d# a"ta r#car#a #(t# 4ro4ortiona"+ c% )it#6a P#ntr% a #f#ct%a %n 4a( #(t# n#)oi# d# %n 3o3#nt

c#" 4%tin #!a" c% fr#car#a Odat+ c% cr#t#r#a (arcinii= cr#t# i fr#car#a= d#ci )it#6a (cad#= d#ci

acc#"#ratia cr#t# i totodat+ cr#t# #roar#a d# 4o6iti# A(tf#" tr#'%i# (+ (# tin+ cont 5n a"#!#r#a

3otor%"%i 4a( c% 4a( d# (arcina 4# car# tr#'%i# (+ o action#6# i d# conditii"# t#;no"o!ic# car#

tr#'%i# 5nd#4"init# ?)it#6+= acc#"#rati#= 4o6itionar# c% #roar# c2t 3ai 3ic+ #tc@

In#rtia 4oat# fi d#finit+ ca fiind o4o6itia "a (c;i3'+ri"# d# )it#6+ O (arcin+ c% in#rti#

3ar# ar# n#)oi# d# %n 3o3#nt in#rtia" 3ar# "a 4ornir# dar i "a o4rir# O (arcin+ in#rtia"+ 3ar#

)a cr#t# (ta'i"itat#a )it#6#i= dar )a cr#t# i ti34%" n#c#(ar a>%n!#rii "a )it#6a dorit+ i )a (c+d#a

rata d# 4orniriQo4riri 4# %nitat#a d# ti34 Rotor%" )a o(ci"a odat+ c% cr#t#r#aQ(c+d#r#a (arcinii

in#rtia"# iQ(a% fr#c+rii

Ac#a(t+ r#"ati# n#dorit+ 5ntr# o(ci"atia rotor%"%i= in#rti# i fr#car# 4oat# fi r#d%(+ 4rin

a3orti6ar# 3#canic+ dar 3ai (i34"% #(t# #"i3inar#a ?(a% 3ai 'in# 6i( a3orti6ar#a= c+ci ac#(t#o(ci"a ii n% 4ot fi #"i3inat# co34"#t@ ac#(tor o(ci"a ii n#dorit# 4# ca"# #"#ctric+ 4rin (c;i3'ar#a

din 3od%" d# 4+ir# 5ntr#! 5n 3od%" d# 4+ir# >%3+tat# d# 4a(

O caract#ri(tic+ i34ortant+ a %n%i 3otor 4a( c% 4a( #(t# r+(4%n(%" %n!;i%"ar "a

#f#ct%ar#a %n%i 4a(

70


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i!%ra 1/1 I34%"( #"#ctric 3otor%"%i 4a( c% 4a(

C2nd #(t# a4"icat %n i34%"( #"#ctric 3otor%"%i 4a( c% 4a(= rotor%" ar# o 3icar#

%n!;i%"ar+ c%3 (# )#d# 5n fi!%ra 1/1 Ti34%" t #(t# ti34%" n#c#(ar rotor%"%i (+ (# rot#a(c+ c% %n

4a( odat+ c# %n i34%"( #"#ctric a fo(t a4"icat Ac#(t ti34 #(t# d#4#nd#nt d# ra4ort%" dintr#

3o3#nt i (arcin+ Din 3o3#nt c# c%4"%" #(t# o f%ncti# d# d#4"a(ar# r#6%"t+ c+ acc#"#ratia )a fi

i #a d#4#nd#nt+ d# d#4"a(ar# D# ac##a= c2nd %n 3otor #f#ct%#a6+ 4ai 3ari ?adic+ 4+ir#

5ntr#a!+= n% >%3+tat# d# 4a( (a% 3icro4+ir#@ o dac+ c% %n 3o3#nt 3ar# a4ar# i o acc#"#rati#

3ar#

Ac#(t "%cr% 4oat# ca%6a r+(4%n(%" din fi!1/1 Ti34%" T #(t# ti34%" n#c#(ar ac#(tor

o(ci"a ii 4#ntr% a (# a3orti6a


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#no3#n%" d# r#6onant+ 4oat# a4+r#a "a an%3it# )it#6# d# 4+ir# E" (# 3anif#(t+ 4rin

4i#rd#ri d# c%4"% car# a% ca %r3ar# fa4t%" c+ 3otor%" 4oat# J(+riK ?(%nt 4i#rd%ti@ 4ai i a%to3at

a4ar# o d#(incroni6ar# Ac#(t f#no3#n a4ar# c2nd i34%"(%ri"# d# intrar# a% ac##ai fr#c)#nt+ c%

fr#c)#nta nat%ra"+ d# o(ci"ati# a 3otor%"%i ?fr#c)#n a d# r#6onant+@ Ac#(t f#no3#n d# r#6onant+

a4ar# datorit+ con(tr%cti#i d# 'a6+ a 3otoar#"or 4a( c% 4a( i n% 4oat# fi #"i3inat co34"#t= doar

r#d%( 4rin 3icro4+ir# i= d# a(#3#n#a= #(t# d#4#nd#nt d# (arcina 4# car# o action#a6+

Sa 5nc#rcat o 4r#6#ntar# !#n#ra"+ a 3otor%"%i 4a( c% 4a( din 4%nct d# )#d#r# #"#ctric=

dar i din 4%nct d# )#d#r# a" r#"a i#i dintr# 4art#a 3#canic+= r+(4%n(%" ac#(t#ia "a a4"icar#a %n%i

i34%"( #"#ctric i 4art#a #"#ctric+ c# !#n#r#a6+ co3anda

Daca ar fi (a fac#3 o c"a(ificar# a 3otoar#"or 4a( c% 4a( c#a 3ai #dificatoar# ar fi

c"a(ificar#a "or 5n :

Motoar# 4a( c% 4a( c% r#"%ctanta )aria'i"a Motoar# 4a( c% 4a( c% 3a!n#t 4#r3an#nt Motoar# 4a( c% 4a( ;i'rid#

i! 1/7 Motoar# 4a( c% 4a( c% r#"%ctanta )aria'i"a

Ac#(t ti4 d# 3otor #(t# c%no(c%t d# foart# 3%"t ti34


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rotor (i %n (tator= fi#car# c% n%3ar dif#rit d# dinti Poat# fi dif#r#ntiat %(or d# %n 3otor c%

3a!n#t 4#r3an#nt d#oar#c# J(# 5n)2rt# %(orK= fara nici o r#tin#r#= 5n 3o3#nt%" rotirii rotor%"%i

c% 32na

Stator%" 3otor%"%i #(t# a"cat%it dintr%n 3i#6 3a!n#tic con(tr%it din "a3#"# din ot#"

Rotor%" #(t# con(tr%it din fi#r 3oa"# n#3a!n#ti6at c% dinti (i (ant%ri

R#"atia dintr# %n!;i%" d# 4a(ir#= dintii rotor%"%i (i dintii (tator%"%i #(t# %r3atoar#a:

3.3 Motoare pas cu pas cu magnet permanentPrinci4i%" d# f%nctionar# a" 3otor%"%i 4a( c% 4a( c% 3a!n#t 4#r3an#nt #(t# foart#

(i34"% (i con(ta 5n r#actia dintr# rotor%" din 3a!n#t 4#r3an#nt (i %n c234 3a!n#tic cr#at d#

(tator


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i!%ra 1/0 (tator%" 3otor%"%i

Ac#(t ti4 d# 3otoar# 4a( c% 4a( (# 4oat# 534arti "a r2nd%" (a%= 5n 3ai 3%"t# cat#!orii

5n f%ncti# d# 3od%" d# con#ctar# a" 'o'in#"or:

Motoar# 4a( c% 4a( c% 3a!n#t 4#r3an#nt %ni4o"ar# Motoar# 4a( c% 4a( c% 3a!n#t 4#r3an#nt 'i4o"ar# Motoar# 4a( c% 4a( c% 3a!n#t 4#r3an#nt 3%"tifa6a ?(%nt 3ai rar 5nt2"nit#@

D# 3#ntionat ca (i 3otoar#"# 4a( c% 4a( c% r#"%ctanta )aria'i"a (%nt d# ti4%" %ni4o"ar (i

'i4o"ar= iar con(tr%ctia "or #(t# #$act ca c#a a 3otoar#"or 4a( c% 4a( c% 3a!n#t 4#r3an#nt A3

a"#( (a 4r#6#nta3 ac#(t# ti4%ri d# 3otoar# 5n c"a(ificar#a 3otoar#"or 4a( c% 4a( c% 3a!n#t

4#r3an#nt 4#ntr% ca (%nt 3ai d#( 5nt2"nit#

3." Motoare pas cu pas #i$ride

Motoar#"# 4a( c% 4a( 4ro'a'i" (%nt c#"# 3ai d#( %ti"i6at# (i ra(42ndit# ti4%ri d#

3otoar# La 5nc#4%t a% fo(t cr#at# ca 3otoar# (incron# c% 3a!n#t 4#r3an#nt d# )it#6a 3ica E"#

(%nt o co3'inati# dintr# %n 3otor c% r#"%ctanta )aria'i"a (i %n 3otor c% 3a!n#t 4#r3an#nt= d#

%nd# (i d#n%3ir#a d# 3otoar# ;i'rid#

9.


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Motor%" ;i'rid #(t# a"cat%it dintr%n rotor for3at din doi 4o"i (#4arati d# %n 3a!n#t

4#r3an#nt a$ia"= c% dint#"# o4%( d#4"a(at fata d# dint#"# cor#(4%n6ator c% o di(tanta #!a"a c%

>%3atat# din 5na"ti3#a %n%i dint# 4#ntr% a 4#r3it# o r#6o"%ti# 3ai 3ar# "a 4a(ir# ?fi!%ra /

3otor%" ;i'rid 5n (#cti%n# (i %n d#ta"i% a" 3od%"%i d# a34"a(ar# a" dinti"or@W/=/9Y

i!%ra 1/3otor%" ;i'rid 5n (#cti%n# (i %n d#ta"i%

C#r#r#a tot 3ai 3ar# d# 3otoar# 4a( c% 4a( c% 4#rfor3ant# r#3arca'i"# (i %n 6!o3ot

r#d%( a d%( "a a4aritia a do%a ti4%ri d# 3otoar# ;i'rid#:

Motoar#"# ;i'rid# c% - ?7@ fa6# fo"o(it 5n a4"icatii o'i(n%it# Motoar#"# ;i'rid# c% 9 fa6# fo"o(it# 5n a4"icatii (4#cia"# d#oar#c# of#ra

%r3atoar#"# a)anta># fata d# a"t# ti4%ri d# 3otoar#: r#6o"%ti# 3ar#= 6!o3ot 3ic

5n ti34%" f%nctionarii= 3o3#nt d# r#tin#r# 3ic

D#(i toat# ac#(t# a)anta># fac din #" %n 3otor foart# 4#rfor3ant= ac#(t "%cr% atra!# d%4a

(in# (i %n co(t (#3nificati) 3ai 3ar# a" dri)#r#"or D#ci 5n a"#!#r#a %n%i 3otor 4a( c% 4a(= d#

oric# ti4 ar fi #"= tr#'%i# (a (# tina cont 5n 4ri3%" r2nd d# c#rint#"# a4"icati#i 5n car# )a fi fo"o(it (i

5n a" doi"#a r2nd= d# 4r#t%" 3otor%"%i


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i!%ra 1/ S#cti%ni tran()#r(a"# 4rin 3otoar# ;i'rid#


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fi!%ra 1/ Mi(car#a dir#ct "iniara

E$i(ta (i ti4%ri d# 3otoar# dina3ic# c%3 ar fi c#"# 4i#6o#"#ctric# (a% c#"# #"#ctro(tricti)#

Mat#ria"#"# #"#ctro(tricti)# (%nt "a f#" ca 3at#ria"#"# 4i#6o#"#ctric#= adica a32ndo%a 3at#ria"#"#

(%nt cri(ta"# f#ro#"#ctric# car# (# contracta (a% (# a"%n!#(c 5n f%ncti# d# t#n(i%n#a a4"icata

Tot%(i= fata d# 3at#ria"#"# 4i#6o#"#ctric#= 3at#ria"#"# #"#ctro(tricti)# n% (%nt 4o"ari6at#=

adica indif#r#nt d# 4o"aritat#a t#n(i%nii a4"icat#= 3at#ria"%" (# )a a"%n!i 4# dir#ctia c234%"%i

a4"icat D# a(#3#n#a c%r!#r#a= 3at#ria"#"or #"#ctro(tricti)# #(t# d# doar 1 fata d# c#a a

3at#ria"#"or 4i#6o#"#ctric# car# #(t# d# /0


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3ar#

i!%ra 1-. Str%ct%ra d# 'a6a a %n%i 3otor 4a( c% 4a( 4i#6o#"#ctric

D#(i 3otoar#"# 4i#6o#"#ctric# (%nt #$c#"#nt# 4#ntr% 4o6itionar#a (%'3icronica= #"# n%a% o r#4#ta'i"itat# '%na= datorita ;i(t#r#6i(%"%i 3ar# (i 4ro4ri#tatii fi6ic# a 3at#ria"%"%i d#

c%r!#r# "#nta ?5n ti34 3at#ria"%" 5(i (c;i3'a for3a@ Motoar#"# #"#ctro(tricit)# a% fo(t d#6)o"tat#

4#ntr% a #"i3ina n#a>%n(%ri"# 3otoar#"or 4i#6o#"#ctric# Ac#(t ti4 d# 3otoar# a% %n incr#3#nt d#

3i(car# d# ordin%" 3icroni"or= c#" 3ai fin fiind d# .=.7 3icro3#tri E$i(ta (i 3otoar#

%"tra4#rfor3ant# car# 4ot r#a"i6a %n 4a( d# -=9 an!(tro3

Un a"t ti4 d# 3otoar# car# 4ot fi cond%(# 4a( c% 4a( (%nt 3otoar#"# d# c%r#nt contin%%

fara 4#rii= c%no(c%t# 3ai a"#( ca 3otoar# d# c%r#nt contin%% J'r%(;"#((K Si34"i(t= ac#(t 3otor

#(t# d# fa4t %n 3otor d# c%r#nt contin%% c% 4#rii J5ntor( 4# do(K A)anta>%" fata d# %n 3otor d#

c%r#nt contin%% c% 4#rii #(t# #)id#nt= "i4(a 4#rii"or d%c2nd "a o )iata 3ai "%n!a a 3otor%"%i (i

a%to3at "a o 5ntr#tin#r# 3ai %(oara A(tf#"= d%4a c%3 (# o'(#r)a 5n fi!%ra 1-/= rotor%" #(t#

a"cat%it din 'o'in#= iar (tator%" #(t# a"cat%it dintr%n 3a!n#t 4#r3an#nt Din 3o3#nt c# n% #$i(ta

nici o co3%tati# 3#canica= ca (i 5n ca6%" 3otor%"%i d# c%r#nt contin%% c% 4#rii= 3i(car#a (# )a

o'tin# 4rin rotir#a c234%"%i 3a!n#tic Din ac#(t 3oti) actionar#a %n%i 3otor J'r%(;"#((K #(t#

3%"t 3ai co34"#$a d#c2t a %n%i 3otor d# c%r#nt contin%% c% 4#rii Ro"%" co3%tator%"%i d# "a

3otor%" d# c%r#nt contin%% c% 4#rii #(t# "%at d# catr# (#n6orii &a"" car# J(i3tK ?3a!n#t%" din

rotor tr#c2nd 4rin dr#4t%" (#n6or%"%i &a"" 5" fac# (a(i (c;i3'# (tar#a@ 4o6itia rotor%"%i din

3a!n#t 4#r3an#nt (i #$cita 'o'ina cor#(4%n6atoar# 4rin circ%it%" "o!ic (i a4oi 4rin circ%it%" d#

a"i3#ntar#

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i!%ra 1-/= rotor%" #(t#a"cat%it din 'o'in#= iar (tator%" #(t# a"cat%it dintr%n 3a!n#t 4#r3an#nt

S# 5nt2"n#(c do%a ti4%ri d# 3otoar# e'r%(;"#((K:

3otor%" tra4#6oida"= d#n%3ir#a )in# d# "a caract#ri(tica tra4#6oida"a a

3otor%"%i 5n ac#(t f#" (# 5nc#arca r#d%c#r#a 4%"(atii"or 3o3#nt%"%i 4rin a4"ati6ar#a

caract#ri(ticii ?fi!%ra //-@


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i!%ra 1-1 caract#r(tica (a n% a fo(t 3odificata

Motor%" (in%(oida"= #(t# d#n%3it a(a d#oar#c# caract#r(tica (a n% a fo(t

3odificata ?fi!%ra 1-1@ Un a(#3#n#a ti4 d# 3otor= n%3it (i (#r)o3otor d# c%r#nt

a"t#rnati) J'r%(;"#((K= 4oat# fi a"i3#ntat c% c%r#nt a"t#rnati) a4"icat 4# fi#car# 'o'ina Daca

a)#3 %n 3otor c% 1 'o'in#= d#fa6a>%" 5ntr# c%r#nti tr#'%i# (a fi# d# /-.o


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Capitolul " %&perimentarea unor modele demonstrative demicromotoare electrostatice

".1. Consideraii generale

St%di%" a(4#ct#"or t#or#tic# i 4ractic# #$4%(# 5n ac#a(t+ "%crar# cond%c "a a4r#ci#r#a c+= 5n

)iitorii ani= 3aina #"#ctro(tatic+ 5n r#!i3 d# 3otor= 4rin di(4oni'i"it+i"# #$traordinar# 4#ntr%

3iniat%ri6ar#= )a r#)o"%iona do3#ni%" 3icroacion+ri"or #"#ctric# Ca %r3ar#= #(t# fir#(c= ca(t%di%" ac#(tor 3icro3aini 5n %ni)#r(it+i"# c% 4rofi" t#;nic= 5n cadr%" %nor di(ci4"in# ca 3aini

#"#ctric# (a% 3aini #"#ctric# (4#cia"# (+ r#4r#6int# %n o'i#cti) didactic 4rioritar

Ac#(t ca4ito" a" "%cr+rii= 4rin r#a"i6+ri"# concr#t# 4r#6#ntat#= 5i 4ro4%n# (+ d#3on(tr#6#=

c+ din 4%nct d# )#d#r# didactic ac#(t do3#ni% r#3arca'i" 4rin 3od#rnitat# 4oat# fi a'ordat c%

ac##ai #fici#n+ i 5n +ri"# car# n% di(4%n 5nc+ d# t#;no"o!ii %"tra3od#rn#

Printr# o'i#cti)#"# 4# car# "# i34"ic+ %n 5n)++32nt (%4#rior t#;nic 4#rfor3ant= (#

n%3+r+= d#(i!%r= i c#"# "#!at# d# !+(ir#a %nor t#;nici d# (t%di% i d# 5n)+ar# 4# 'a6# noi= 3%"t

3ai ad#c)at# nat%rii %3an# i 3ai concordant# c% a(4ira ii"# indi)id%a"# a"# (t%d#nt%"%i #"# t#;no"o!ic#

(%nt conda3na i (+ di(4ar+ (a% (+ d#)in+ 4#rif#rici


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L%crar#a d# fa+ of#r+ (o"%ii 5n a3'#"# ca6%ri %n#"# dintr# 4ro'"#3#"# i a(4#ct#"#

ana"i6at# 4ot con(tit%i o'i#cti)# 4#ntr% "%cr+ri"# 4ractic# d# "a'orator (a% 4#ntr% 4roi#ct#"# d# an

i d# di4"o3+= %nd# (4#cific%" acti)it+ii d# d#(co4#rir# 4oat# cond%c# "a r#6%"tat# d#o(#'it#

P# d# a"t+ 4art#= "%crar#a of#r+ n%3#roa(# #$#34"# i ar!%3#nt# 5n fa)oar#a 5n(%irii i a4"ic+rii

%nor t#;nici i 3#tod# d# (ti3%"ar# a cr#ati)it+ii= 4r#c%3: t#;nica ana"o!i#i= t#;nica in)#r(i#i=

t#;nica co3'in+rii= t#;nica 3odificar#a3#"iorar#d#6)o"tar#= #tc o"o(ir#a do3#ni%"%i

3icro3otoar#"or #"#ctro(tatic# ca 4r#t#$t i 3i>"oc 4#ntr% 4ro3o)ar#a c#"or do%+ d#6id#rat#

4#da!o!ic# 4r#(%4%n#= 5naint# d# toat#= o fa3i"iari6ar# a (t%d#n i"or c% 4rinci4i%" d# f%ncionar#=

c% t#;no"o!ia d# fa'ricai# i c% 3#tod#"# d# 5nc#rcar# a"# ac#(tor 3icro3aini #"#ctric# In

aic#(t cont#$t= d#o(#'it d# i34ortant+ d#)in# c%noat#r#a a)anta>#"or i d#6a)anta>#"or (o"%ii"or

car# r#4r#6int+ (tadi%" act%a" a" t#;nicii 5n do3#ni%= c2t i (#(i6ar#a "i4(%ri"or i a dir#cii"or

4ro'a'i"# d# 4#rf#c ionar# 4#ntr% )iitor

In (4ri>in%" fa3i"iari6+rii (t%d#ni"or c% do3#ni%" 3icro3aini"or #"#ctric#= 5n (4#+= c% c#"

a" 3icro3otoar#"or #"#ctro(tatic# a% fo(t conc#4%t# = r#a"i6at# i #$4#ri3#ntat# 3ai 3%"t# 3od#"#

d#3on(trati)# car# fac o'i#ct%" ac#(t%i ca4ito" O4i%n#a 4#ntr% 3od#"# d#3on(trati)# #(t#

>%(tificat+ 5n contin%ar#

R#a"i6ar#a %nor 3od#"# r#a"# d# 3icro3otoar# #"#ctro(tatic# ar fi fo(t 4ractic

i34o(i'i"+ 5n ca6%" %ni)#r(it+i"or t#;nic# din Ro32nia= car# ?d%4+ infor3aii"# d#in%t#

d# a%tori@ n% d#in t#;no"o!ia d# fa'ricai# (4#cific+

Uti"i6ar#a 5n (co4%ri didactic# a %nor 3od#"# r#a"# ar fi fo(t "a f#" d# i34o(i'i"+= a)2nd

5n )#d#r# di3#n(i%ni"# 3i"i3#tric# i c;iar (%'3i"i3#tric# (4#cific# ac#(tor 3icro3aini

C% a"t# c%)int#= (t%di%" f%ncion+rii %n%i 3od#" r#a" nar fi fo(t 4o(i'i" d#c2t 4rin

int#r3#di%" 3icro(co4%"%i P# d# a"t+ 4art#= datorit+ di3#n(i%ni"or #$tr#3 d# r#d%(#=

ridicar#a #$4#ri3#nta"+ a %nor caract#ri(tici d# f%ncionar# con(tit%i# %n o'i#cti) !r#% d#

r#a"i6at Ac#(t# incon)#ni#nt# (%nt #"i3inat# 5n ca6%" 3od#"#"or d#3on(trati)# car#= 5nco34arai# c% 3od#"#"# r#a"#= 4r#6int+ di3#n(i%ni 3a>orat# d# c2t#)a (%t# d# ori

Proc%rar#a %nor 3od#"# r#a"# d# "a f%rni6orii Occid#nta"i ar fi con(tit%it o a"t#rnati)+

4%in 4ro'a'i"+= 5n condi ii"#= 5n car# 3%"t# din (o"%ii"# d#(cri(# i ana"i6at# (# !+(#(c

5nc+ 5n (tadi%" d# "a'orator

9


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".2 Contri$uii la reali'area unor modele demonstrative

A% fo(t r#a"i6at# i #$4#ri3#ntat# 4atr% 3od#"# d#3on(trati)#= d%4+ c%3 %r3#a6+:

3icro3otor #"#ctro(tatic 4a(C%4a( c% int#r(ti i% a$ia"

3icro3otor #"#ctro(tatic 4a(c%4a( c% int#r(ti i% radia"

3icro3otor #"#ctro(tatic c% rotor r%"ant i int#r(tii% a$ia"=

3icro)i'ro3otor #"#ctro(tatic

R#a"i6ar#a 4ractic+ a ac#(tora a fo(t (%!#rat+ d# 3od#"#"# r#a"# 4r#6#ntat# 5n ta'#"%" 7/ ?/= - \

3icro3otoar# #"#ctro(tatic# 4a(c%4a(= 1 \ 3icro3otor #"#ctro(tatic c% rotor r%"ant

7 \ 3icro)i'ro3otor #"#ctro(tatic@

Ta'#"%" 7/

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i! 71 Sc;#3a d# co3and+ c% di(tri'%itor d# i34%"(%ri

i!%ra77 Di(tri'%itor rotati) c% contact# ?CR co3%tator rotati) c% contact# R r#d%ctor= SM (#r)o3otor d# cc= SRT (%r(+ r#!"a'i"+ d# t#n(i%n#= 5n cc P 4ot#nio3#tr%@

P#ntr% 3od#"%" d#3on(trati) 5n di(c%i# 4oat# fi %ti"i6at+ oricar# din c#"# do%+ )ariant#

d# di(tri'%itoar# d# i34%"(%ri d#i %"ti3a #(t# 4r#f#rat+ datorit+ caract#r%"%i 3%"t 3ai

int%iti) Ac#(t a)anta> 4oat# fi )a"orificat c% 3a$i3+ #fici#n+ didactic+ c2nd (# c#r#

01


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d#t#r3inar#a fr#c)#n#i 3a$i3# d# 4ornir#= r#(4#cti) a fr#c)#n#i 3a$i3# d# o4rir#=

a3'#"# d#finit# d# condiia ca 3otor%" (+ n% 4iard+ 4ai

Di(tri'%itor%" 5n )arianta tran6i(tori6at+ 4oat# fi r#a"i6at 4# 'a6a %n#i (c;#3# d#

f%ncionar# a%too(ci"ant# cic"ic# = d#n%3it+ %n#ori 3%"ti)i'rator a(ta'i" 4o"ifa6at ?fi! 79@

Proi#ctar#a #"#3#nt#"or (c;#3#i (# fac# a(tf#"= 5nc2t at%nci c2nd %n%" din tran6i(toar#

cond%c#= datorit+ c+d#rii d# t#n(i%n# 4# r#6i(t#na co3%n+ a #3itoar#"or RE= c#"#"a"t# (%nt

'"ocat# Sa"t%" d# t#n(i%n# n#!ati)= car# a4ar# 5n co"#ctor%" %n%i tran6i(tor "a '"ocar#a "%i= (#

tran(3it# 4rin cond#n(ator%" C 4# 'a6a tran6i(tor%"%i %r3+tor= d#(c;i62nd%" T#n(i%ni"# 4# 'a6a

i 4# co"#ctor%" ac#(t%i tran6i(tor a% o for3+ #$4on#nia"+ Datorit+ dif#r#ni#rii d# c+tr# circ%it%"d# c%4"a>= t#n(i%n#a 4# 'a6a tran6i(tor%"%i %r3+tor d#)in# n#!ati)+ i c2nd a>%n!# #!a"+ c%

t#n(i%n#a co3%n+ a #3itoar#"or d#(c;id# tran6i(tor%"

i! 79 Di(tri'%itor d# i34%"(%ri tran6i(tori6at

07


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Ur3#a6+ %n 4roc#( d# 'a(c%"ar# ra4id= "a car# ia% 4art# tran6i(toar#"# T/ i T i car# (#

t#r3in+ c% tr#c#r#a cond%ci#i 4# tran6i(tor%" a" doi"#a A(tf#"= (tar#a d# cond%ci# a)an(#a6+ 5n

di(tri'%itor 5n rit3%" fr#c)#n#i d# o(ci"ai# 4ro4rii

D%rata %n%i 4a( #(t# T G ?.= /=-@ C R' ?4#ntr% R' g R#@= fiind d#4#nd#nt+ d#

4ara3#trii tran6i(toar#"or %ti"i6at# i d# #"#3#nt#"# (c;#3#i

A(tf#" d# '"oc%ri 4ot f%nciona= d# a(#3#n#a= c% d#c"anar# i (incroni6ar# #$t#rioar+

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Ta'#"%" 7- S#cti%n# tran()#r(a" (i d#4"a(ar#a %n!;i%"ara a %n%i 3otor 4a( c% 4a(

00


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a@

'@ c@

i! 70 Mod#" d#3on(trati) 4#ntr% %n MEPP c% int#r(ti i% a$ia" a *#d#r# d# an(a3'"%= ' \d#ta"i% (tator= C \ d#ta"i% rotor

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a@

'@ c@

i! 7 Mod#" d#3on(trati) 4#ntr% %n MEPP c% int#r(tii% a$ia" a \ d#ta"i% '"oc d# co3and+= ' \4#r#c;# (tatorrotor= )arianta 0Q7 c \ 4#r#c;# (tatorrotor= )arianta 1Q-

Mod#"%" d#3on(trati) 4#ntr% 3otor%" #"#ctro(tatic 4a(c%4a( a fo(t fina"i6at 5n do%+

)ariant#: c% int#r(tii% a$ia" i c% int#r(tii% radia" Aa c%3 (a 4r#ci6at ant#rior= 4ri3a )ariant+ a

fo(t 4r#f#rat+ datorit+ %%rin#i c% car# (# r#a"i6#a6+ 3ontar#a= r#(4#cti) d#3ontar#a= 5n (co4%"

tr#c#rii d# "a ti4%" con(tr%cti) 0Q7 "a ti4%" con(tr%cti) 1Q- Sc;i3'ar#a 3#nionat+ of#r+

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4o(i'i"itat#a (ta'i"irii inf"%#n #i ti4%"%i con(tr%cti) a(%4ra 4#rfor3an #"or f%nciona"# R#a"i6ar#a

4ractic+ #(t# i"%(trat+ 5n fi!%ra 70 i fi!%ra 7

S%nt (coa(# 5n #)id#n+ c2t#)a a(4#ct# int#r#(ant# 4ri)ind 4o6iia r#"ati)+ a rotor%"%i 5n

ra4ort c% (tator%"= at2t 5n "#!+t%r+ c% r#"##"# %ti"i6at# 4#ntr% co3%taia ar3+t%ri"or 4o"ar# (tatoric#

c2t i c% r#a"i6ar#a di(tri'%itor%"%i d# i34%(%ri Statoar#"# i rotoar#"# ?4#ntr% ti4%ri"# 1Q- i 0Q7@

(%nt #$#c%tat# din 4"ac+ (tratificat+ 4"acat+ c% fo"i# d# c%4r%= %ti"i6at+= 5n !#n#ra"= 4#ntr% circ%it#

i ca'"a># i34ri3at# Confi!%ra ia !#o3#tric+ i di3#n(i%ni"# 4rinci4a"# S%nt indicat# 5n

ta'#"%" 7- Aa c%3 r#6%"t+ din fi!%ri"# 70 i 7=

a$%" rotor%"%i oc%4+ o 4o6ii# )#rtica"+ S4ri>inir#a

a$%"%i (# r#a"i6#a6+ c% "a!+r# 4#ntr% )2rf%ri=

fo"o(it# 5n 3od c%r#nt 5n con(tr%cia Contoar#"or#"#ctric#

*arianta c% int#r(ti i% radia" #(t# i"%(trat[ in fi!%ra

7 car# r#4r#6int+ o (#ci%n# tran()#r(a"+ 4rin

3otor Stator%" #(t# con(tit%it 5n 4rinci4a" dintr%n

(%4ort #"#ctroi6o"ant circ%"ar /= 4# car# (%nt fi$at# 0

ar3+t%ri 4o"ar# -a= -'= -c= -d= -# i -f= r#a"i6at# din

o#"= fiind coa$ia" c% %n rotor c%adri4o"ar 1= r#a"i6atdin a"%3ini% Rotor%" (# (4ri>in+ 4rin int#r3#di%"

%n%i a$ )#rtica" 7 4# %n "a!+r c% )2rf%ri= 5n!"o'at

5ntro 4i#(+ 3#ta"ic+ d# (4ri>in 9 fi$at+ d# ac#"ai

(%4ort #"#ctroi6o"ant / La 4art#a (%4#rioar+= a$%"

rotor%"%i (# (4ri>in+ 5ntr%n (c%t4ort"a!+r 0 fi$at

5ntr# do%+ di(c%ri #"#ctroi6o"ant# i

i! 7 Mod#" d#3on(trati) 4#ntr% %n MEPP= c% int#r(titi% radia"

7 Sc;#3a d# co3and+ 4#ntr% %n 3od#" d#3on(trati) r#a"i6at 5n )arianta a%to4i"otat+

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Un%" din c#"# do%+ di(c%ri #(t# c% int#r(titi% radia" 4r#)+6%t c% o d#!a>ar# circ%"ar+ 5n car# (#

rot#t# (o"idar c% a$%"= %n di(c o't%rator r#a"i6at din carton Ac#(ta 534r#%n+ c% nit#

o4toc%4"oar# /. a"c+t%i#(c %n trad%ctor d# 4o6i i# Ca i 5n ca6%" 4r#c#d#nt= rotor%" #(t# con#ctat

4rin int#r3#di%" a$%"%i 7 i a" 4i#(#i 3#ta"ic# 9= "a 'orna ?F@ a (%r(#i d# 5na"t+ t#n(i%n#= 5n ti34

c# 4#r#c;i"# d# ar3+t%ri 4o"ar#= dia3#tra" o4%(#= -a \ -d -' \ -# -C \ -f= S%nt con#ctat#

(%cc#(i)= 4rin int#r3#di%" %nor 3od%"# d# co3%tai# c% r#"##= "a 'orna ?@ a (%r(#i 3#nionat#

Practic= 4#r#c;i"# d# ar3+t%ri (tatoric# (%nt a"i3#ntat# (%cc#(i) c% i34%"(%ri dr#4t%n!;i%"ar# d#t#n(i%n#= c% a34"it%din#a d# -9.. * r#c)#na ac#(tor i34%"(%ri #(t# "i3itat+ d# d%rata d#

co3%tai# a r#"##"or 5n!"o'at# 5n 3od%"#"# d# co3%tai# A% fo(t 4r#f#rat# r#"## REED c% ti34i

d# co3%tai# 3ai 3ici d# / 3( Aa c%3 (a 4r#ci6at d#>a= 3od%"#"# d# co3%tai# (%nt con(tit%it#

din 3ai 3%"t# r#"## REED c% 'o'in# con#ctat# 5n 4ara"#" i contact# 5n(#riat# Mod#"%"

d#3on(trati) d#(cri( a fo(t conc#4%t (+ f%ncion#6# at2t ca 3otor 4a(c%4a(= c2t i ca 3otor

a%to4i"otat


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di(c%ri"# i ant#"# di(c%"%i o't%rator ?d#ca"at# 5ntr# #"# c% tQ-@ (%nt r#a"i6at# c% o d#(c;id#r#

(%fici#nt d# 3ic+ a(tf#" 5nc2t (+ fi# #)itat+ #$citar#a (i3%"tan+ a do%+ an(a3'"%ri o4toc%4"oar#

/


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i! 7/. Mod#" d#3on(trati) 4#ntr% %n MEPP c% int#r(tii% radia" a \ )#d#r# din fa+= ' \ )#d#r#din (4at#= C \ )#d#r# d# (%(= d \ d#ta"i% 3icro3otor

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Acti)ar#a i d#6acti)ar#a an(a3'"%ri"or 4o"ar# #(t# #f#ct%at+ 5ntro 3ani#r+ (i3i"ar+ c%

c#a 4r#6#ntat+ 5n ca6%" )ariant#i c% int#r(tii% a$ia" R#a"i6ar#a #f#cti)+ a 3od#"%"%i d#3on(trati)

d#(cri( #(t# #$4%(+ 5n fi!%ra 7/.


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1 fo"i# #"#ctroi6o"ant+

Di(c%" rotoric ?r#a"i6at din ta'"+ d# a"%3ini%@ (# (4ri>in+ 4# (%4rafaa (tator%"%i 4rintr%n

4%nct 4"a(at "a 4#rif#ri# i 4rin int#r3#di%" %n%i a$ din o#" a c+r%i #$tr#3itat# #$t#rioara (#

(4ri>ina intr%n "a!ar 4#ntr% )arf%ri 4"a(at in c#ntr%" (tator%"%i or3a (i di3#n(i%ni"# 4rinci4a"#

a"# rotor%"%i (%nt indicat# in fi!%ra 7/-

i! 7/- Rotor 4#ntr% %n 3od#" d#3on(trati) MERR c% int#r(ti i% a$ia"

Acti)ar#a i d#6acti)ar#a c#"or 4atr% ar3+t%ri 4o"ar# (tatoric# ?fi! 7/1@ d%4+ ac#"ai

4rinci4i% 4r#6#ntat ant#rior= %ti"i62nd fi# r#"## int#r3#diar# RI11= fi# 3od%"# d# co3%tati#

r#a"i6at# c% r#"## REED Din 3oti)# d# #fici#n+ didactic+ (a o4tat 4#ntr% o (o"%i# 'a6at+ 4#

%ti"i6ar#a %n%i di(tri'%itor d# i34%"(%ri c% contact# acionat 3an%a" Sc;#3a #(t# a(tf#"

conc#4%t+= 5nc2t di(tri'%itor%" d# i34%"(%ri 4r#ci6at 4oat# fi 5n"oc%it c% o )ariant+ tran6i(tori6at+

i!%ra 7/7 i"%(tr#a6+ o )ariant+ (i34"ificat+ d# f%nc ionar# "a car# d#6acti)ar#a

ar3+t%ri"or 4o"ar# (tatoric# (# r#a"i6#a6+ c% a>%tor%" %nor r#6i(t#n# d# d#(c+rcar# Practic= ac#(t#

7


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r#6i(t#n# 5n"oc%i#(c contact#"# nor3a" 5nc;i(# %ti"i6at# 5n ac#"ai (co4 5n (c;#3a 4r#c#d#nt+ Un

#$#34"% d# r#a"i6ar# c% d#ta"ii"# af#r#nt# #(t# 4r#6#ntat 5n fi!%ra 7/9

i! 7/1 Sc;#3a d# a"i3#ntar# i co3and+ 4#ntr% %n 3od#" d#3on(trati) d# MEER c%int#r(ti"i% a$ia"

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i! 7/7 Sc;#3a d# d#6acti)ar# c% r#6i(t#n# d# d#(c+rcar#

0


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i! 7/9 Mod#" d#3on(trati) 4#ntr% %n MERR c% int#r(tii% a$ia" a \ )#d#r# d# an(a3'"%= ' \d#ta"i% 3icro3otor= C \ '"oc d# Co3and+= d \ (tator c% 4atr% ar3+t%ri 4o"ar#= # \ rotor


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i! 7/0 Mod#" d#3on(trati) 4#ntr% %n 3icro)i'ro3otor #"#ctro(tatic

Princi4i%" d# f%ncionar# i 4artic%"arit+i"# con(tr%cti)# a"# 3icro)i'ro3otoar#"or

#"#ctro(tatic# a% fo(t ana"i6at# 5n ca4ito"%" 9 Mod#"%" d#3on(trati) r#a"i6at i #$4#ri3#ntat

#$4%( 5n contin%ar# ar# 3#nir#a d# a #)id#nia= 5ntro 3ani#r+ int%iti)+= ac#(t# a(4#ct#

E"#3#nt%" 4rinci4a" 5" con(tit%i#= d#(i!%r= )i'rator%" #"#ctro(tatic= a"c+t%it ?fi! 7/0@ dintroar3+t%r+ fi$+ / i o ar3+t%r+ 3o'i"+ - C#"# do%+ ar3+t%ri (%nt for3at# din 3ai 3%"i #"#ctro6i

circ%"ari din 'and+ d# c%4r% fi$ai 5n 4o6ii# coa$ia"+ 4# c2t# o 4"ac+ (%4ort Ar3+t%ri"# (%nt

c%4"at# ca4aciti)= #"#ctro6ii af#r#ni (# 5ntr#4+tr%nd 5ntro 3ani#r+ (i3i"ar+ c% c#a 5nt2"nit+ "a

Cond#n(atoar#"# )aria'i"# c% a#r Ar3+t%ra 3o'i"+ - fac# cor4 co3%n c% o ti>+ d# acionar# 1=

an(a3'"%" a(tf#" for3at fiind (%(4#ndat 4rin int#r3#di%" a do%+ r#(ort%ri anta!oni(t# 7 i 9= 4# %n

(%4ort 0 4r#)+6%t c% cana" d# !;idar#

C2nd )i'rator%" #(t# con#ctat "a (%r(+= ar3+t%ra 3o'i"+ #(t# atra(+ 5n int#rior%" c#"#i fi$#

i an(a3'"%" ar3+t%r+ - \ ti>+ 1 (# d#4"a(#a6+ 5n >o(= 42n+ c2nd fora #"#ctro(tatic+ #(t#

#c;i"i'rat+ d# r#(ort%" anta!oni(t inf#rior La d#con#ctar# an(a3'"%" 3#nionat r#)in# 5n 4o6iia

iniia"+ (%' aci%n#a r#(ort%"%i anta!oni(t (%4#rior La r#)#nir# ti>a 9 acion#a6+ 4rin fr#car#

a(%4ra rotor%"%i con(tit%it dintr%n r%"3#nt aco4#rit "a #$t#rior c% %n (trat d# t#f"on a


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A(#3#n#a 3od#"%"%i r#a"= tran(for3ar#a 3ic+rii a"t#rnati)# ?d# )i'rai#@ 5n 3icar# d# rotai# (#

'a6#a6+ d#o4otri)+ at2t 4# trai#ctoria i34ri3at+ 4%nct#"or 3at#ria"# d# "a #$tr#3itat#a ti>#i d#

acionar# c2t i 4# in#ria rotor%"%i

i! 7/ Mod#" d#3on(trati) 4#ntr% %n )i'ro3otor #"#ctro(tatic a= ' \ )#d#ri d# an(a3'"%= c \d#ta"i% rotor= dd#ta"i% 4#ntr% ar3+t%ri


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*i'rator%"= d#(cri( ant#rior= #(t# a"i3#ntat c% 4%"(%ri d# t#n(i%n# d# for3+

dr#4t%n!;i%"ar+ c% a34"it%din#a d# -9.. * Sc;#3a d# a"i3#ntar# i co3and+ ?fi! 7/0@ #(t#

con(tit%it+ din: (%r(a d# a"i3#ntar# c% t#n(i%n# contin%+ 5na"t+ = %n '"oc d# co3%tai# 4#ntr%

5na"t+ t#n(i%n# = %n !#n#rator d# i34%"(%ri d# fr#c)#n+ )aria'i"+ i %n circ%it d# r#dr#(ar# i

fi"trar# // Sc;#3a d# 4rinci4i% a '"oc%"%i d# co3%tai# "a 5na"t+ t#n(i%n# #(t# c#a 4r#6#ntat+ 5n

fi!%ra 7/ Contact%" nor3a" d#(c;i( #(t# %ti"i6at 4#ntr% acti)ar#a )i'rator%"%i= iar c#" nor3a"

5nc;i( 4#ntr% d#6acti)ar# ?d#(c+rcar#a (arcini #"#ctro(tatic#@ R#a"i6ar#a 4ractic+ a 3od#"%"%i

d#3on(trati) 4#ntr% )i'ro3otor%" #"#ctro(tatic #(t# i"%(trat[ in fi!%ra 7/

i! 7/ Con)#rtor 5n contrati34 c% tran(for3ator

Ca !#n#rator d# i34%"(%ri d# fr#c)#n+ )aria'i"+ (# 4oat# %ti"i6a fi# %n !#n#rator d# f%ncii

4rof#(iona"= fi# %n (i34"% con)#rtor 5n contrati34 c% tran(for3ator ?fi!7/@

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(.Conclu'ii

Pro!r#(#"# 5nr#!i(trat# 5n fa'ricar#a i %ti"i6ar#a 3icro3otoar#"or #"#ctro(tatic# (#

dator#a6+ a4arii#i i d#6)o"t+rii t#;no"o!ii"or d# 3ic+ fa'ricai#= 'a6at# 4# 4roc#(#

foto"ito!rafic# Uti"i6at#= 3ai 5nt2i= 4#ntr% fa'ricar#a circ%it#"or int#!rat#= ac#(t# t#;no"o!ii a%

fo(t #$tin(# "a %6inar#a %nor 3icro(tr%ct%ri 5ntr# car# 3icro3otoar#"# c% di3#n(i%ni

(%'3i"i3#tric# oc%4+ %n "oc 5n(#3nat

R#a"i6ar#a= 5ntr# (tator i rotor a %n#i int#r(tii% #$tr#3 d# 3ic r#4r#6int+= 5n 4r#6#nt

(in!%ra (o"%i# 4ractic+ 4#ntr% cr#t#r#a ri!idit+ii di#"#ctric# a a#r%"%i "a )a"ori c# 4#r3it

o'in#r#a %nor d#n(it+i d# #n#r!i# co34ara'i"# c% c#"# 5nt2"nit# "a 3otoar#"# #"#ctro3a!n#tic#

E"# r#4r#6int+ r#6%"tat%" #f#ct%"%i Pa(c;#n 5n int#r(tiii #$tr#3 d# 3ici= 4o(i'i" a fi o'in%t#

n%3ai c% t#;no"o!ii"# 3od#rn#


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int#raci%nii dintr# c234%ri"# #"#ctric# (tatoric# i rotoric#= #$citar#a an(a3'"%ri"or 4o"ar#

(tatoric# r#a"i62nd%(# 4rintr%n (i(t#3 d# co3and+ #"#ctronic+ E"#ctr#ii of#r+ 4o(i'i"itat#a

)a"orific+rii (i3%"tan# at2t a for#"or d# atraci# c2t i a for#"or d# r#(4in!#r#

O 4ro'"#3+ #(#nia"+ "#!at+ d# 3icro3otoar#"# #"#ctro(tatic# o r#4r#6int+ fr#car#a car#r#d%c# )it#6a r#a"+ d# 7..9.. d# ori 5n ra4ort c% )it#6# t#or#tic+ 4o(i'i"+ Ori!in#a fr#c+ri"or "a

3otor%" #"#ctro(tatic #(t# at2t d# nat%r+ (o"id+ c2t i d# nat%r+ a#rodina3ic datorit+ )it#6#"or

r#"ati) ridicat# d#6)o"tat# d# rotor 5ntr%n int#r(tii% d# a#r foart# 3ici ?fr#car# )2(coa(+@

P#rfor3an#"# 3icro3otoar#"or #"#ctro(tatic# d#4ind n% n%3ai d# caract#ri(tici

f%nciona"# dar i d# confi!%raia !#o3#tric+ a rotor%"%i i a (tator%"%i car# r#4r#6int+ %n o'i#cti)

d# c#rc#tar# contin%+ a (4#cia"iti"or 5n do3#ni%

D#(co4#rir#a %nor 3at#ria"# noi= c% caract#ri(tici 3#canic# (%4#rioar# %ti"i6at# "ar#a"i6ar#a rotor%"%i i a 4+rii )i'rant# )a ridica 4o(i'i"it+i"# d# %ti"i6ar#

-


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)I)*I+G,-FI%

&o!#an% AD Contri'%fii "a (t%di%" 3otoar#"or #"#ctric# c% rotor r%"ant \

T#6+ d# doctorat Uni)#r(itat#a e8; A(ac;iK= ac%"tat#a

d# #"#ctrot#;nic+= Iai= /

C#rno3a6%= D =L%4%= Motor #"#ctro(tatic C#r#r# d# 'r#)#t d# in)#ni#

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