Conservation of Momentum

Lesson 15Work and EnergyEleanor Roosevelt High SchoolChin-Sung Lin

1Energy A central concept underlying all sciences However, concept of energy is very difficult to define Concept of energy is unknown to Isaac Newton. Its existence was still debated in the 1850sA quantity that is often understood as the capacity to do work on a physical systemEnergy We observe only the effects of energy when something is happeningWhen energy is being transferred from one place to anotherWhen energy is being transformed from one form to anotherForms of Energy Thermal energy Chemical energy Electrical energy Radiant energy Nuclear energy Magnetic energy Elastic energy Sound Energy Mechanical energy Luminous energyWork The amount of energy transferred by a force acting through a distance Work = net force x distanceW = Fnet x d Unit of work: newton-meter (Nm) = joule (J)The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Work A scalar quantity Independent of time Unit of work: newton-meter (Nm) = joule (J) 1 J = 1 N x 1 m = 1 kgm2/s2 1 KJ = 1,000 J 1 MJ = 1,000,000 JThe unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Work

The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Work

The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

WorkTwo ways to do work Force acts to change motion Force acts against another force

The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Work Example An 80 N force has been applied to a block and move it 20 m along the direction of the force. How much work has been done to the block?The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Work Example An 80 N force has been applied to a block and move it 20 m along the direction of the force. How much work has been done to the block?W = F d = 80 N x 20 m = 1600 JThe unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Work Exercise Calculate the work done when a 20-N force pushes a cart 3.5 m ?The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Work Exercise How much work is required to lift a 360 kilogram piano to a window whose height is 10 meters from the ground? The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Work Exercise A box rests on a horizontal, frictionless surface. A girl pushes on the box with a force of 18 N to the right and a boy pushes on the box with a force of 12 N to the left. The box moves 4.0 m to the right. Find the work done by (a) the girl, (b) the boy, and (c) the net force. The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Work vs. Impulse impulse = net force x timeJ = F t impulse changes the momentum of a system unit of impulse: newton-second (Ns) work = net force x distanceW = F d work changes the energy of a system unit of work: newton-meter (Nm) = joule (J)The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Work and Force with an AngleW = F cos d

d16Work Exercise If 100 N force has 30o angle pulling on 15 kg block for 5 m. Whats the work?

Work Exercise If 100 N force has 30o angle pulling on 15 kg block for 5 m. Whats the work?

W = F d cos W = 100 N (5 m) cos 30o = 433 J

Positive or Negative Work

Man does positive work lifting box Man does negative work lowering box

Gravity does positive work when box lowers Gravity does negative work when box is raised19Power Power The rate at which work is done Power = (Work Done) / (Time Interval)P = W/t Unit of power: joule per second , or Watt (W) 1 watt (W) = 1 J / 1 second 1 kilowatt (kW) = 1,000 watts 1 megawatt (MW) = 1,000,000 watts The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Power When W is in the equation, W means work; when W is in the unit, W means Watt In metric system of units, automobiles are rated in kilowatts; in the US, we rate engines in units of horsepower (hp). 1 hp = 0.75 kWor 134 hp = 100 kW The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Power Example Calculate the power expended when a 500 N barbell is lifted 2.2 m in 2 s

The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Power Example Calculate the power expended when a 500 N barbell is lifted 2.2 m in 2 s

W = Fd/t = 500 N x 2.2 m / 2 s = 1,100 J / 2 s = 550 watts The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Power Exercise An escalator is used to move 20 passengers every minute from the first floor of a department store to the second. The second floor is located 5-meters above the first floor. The average passenger's mass is 60 kg. Determine the power requirement of the escalator in order to move this number of passengers in this amount of time

The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Power Power = Force x Average Velocity P = W/t = Fd/t = Fv

The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Power Example A 500N force is applied to an object. If the object travels with a constant velocity of 20 meters per second, calculate the power expended on the objectThe unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Power Example A 500N force is applied to an object. If the object travels with a constant velocity of 20 meters per second, calculate the power expended on the object P = Fv = (500N)(20m/s) = 10,000 W = 10 kW

The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Power Exercise An elevator must lift 1000 kg a distance of 100 m at a velocity of 4 m/s. What is the average power the elevator exerts during this trip?

The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Mechanical Energy A compression of atoms in the material of an object, a physical separation of attracting bodies, or a rearrangement of electric charges in the molecules of a substance Energy enables an object to do work Unit of energy: energy is measured in joules The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Mechanical Energy Two most common forms of mechanical energy: potential energy (PE) and kinetic energy (KE) Mechanical energy can be in the form of either one, or the sum of the two Potential energy the energy due to the position of something, or Kinetic energy the energy due to the movement of somethingThe unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Potential Energy Definition: An object may store energy by virtue of its position The energy that is held in readiness is called potential energy (PE), because in the stored state it has the potential for doing work The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Potential Energy Examples of potential energy:A stretched/compressed springA drawn bowA stretched rubber bandThe chemical energy in fuels (at submicroscopic level)Any substance that can do work through chemical action possesses potential energy (such as fossil fuels, electric batteries and food) The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Gravitational Potential Energy Work is required to elevate objects against Earths gravity The potential energy due to elevated positions is called gravitational potential energy (GPE) The amount of gravitational potential energy possessed by an elevated object is equal to the work done against gravity in lifting itThe unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Gravitational Potential Energy The upward force required while moving at constant velocity is equal to the weight (mg) of the object Gravitational Potential Energy = Weight x Height GPE = Fgh = mgh or PE = mgh The gravitation potential energy depends only on mg and h, does not depend on the path Unit of gravitational potential energy: kg m2/s2 = joule (J)

The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Potential Energy Example The floor of the basement of a house is 3.0 m below ground level, and the floor of the attic is 5.0 m above ground level. What is the change in potential energy if an 2.0 kg object in the attic is brought to the basement?

The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Potential Energy Example The floor of the basement of a house is 3.0 m below ground level, and the floor of the attic is 5.0 m above ground level. What is the change in potential energy if an 2.0 kg object in the attic is brought to the basement? PE = mgh = (2.0 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(5.0 m + 3.0 m) = 156.8 J

The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Potential Energy Exercise A box has a mass of 5.8kg. The box is lifted from the garage floor and placed on a shelf. If the box gains 145J of Potential Energy (PE), how high is the shelf?

The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Potential Energy Exercise A man climbs on to a wall that is 3.6m high and gains 2268J of potential energy. What is the mass of the man?

The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Spring Force Hookes Law: Hooke's Law says that the spring restoration force (FS) due to a spring is proportional to the length that the spring is stretched or compressed, and acts in the opposite direction FS = kx k is spring constant, and x change in spring length from the equilibrium position Unit of spring force: newton (N)

The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Hookes Law The more force that was put on materials the more they extended With some materials they also extended in a regular way e.g. if the force was doubled so did the extension This was true as long as their elastic limit was not exceeded40Hookes Law

Force vs. Extension

Elastic limit The material no longer shows elastic behavior (i.e. does not return to original size when stretching force is removed) The material is permanently deformed i.e., is larger or longer than originally43Spring Constant k is called the spring constant and is a measure of the stiffness of the spring or material Unit of of k: N/m (newtons per meter) The higher the k the stiffer the spring, it needs a large force to for a given extension44Spring Force Example A linear spring has a constant of 377.16 N/m. How much force is necessary to stretch it 0.39 m?The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Spring Force Example A linear spring has a constant of 377.16 N/m. How much force is necessary to stretch it 0.39 m?

Fs = kx= (377.16 N/m)(0.39 m)= 147.09 N

The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Spring Force ExerciseIt requires a force of 594.55 N to stretch a certain linear spring 0.15 m. What is the constant for this spring?

The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Spring Potential Energy Spring Potential Energy: A spring may store energy due to compression or stretching and is called spring potential energy (PES)The potential energy stored in spring is equal to the work done to the spring: PES = FSx = (1/2FS)x = (1/2kx)x = 1/2kx2 PES = 1/2kx2 Unit of Spring Potential Energy: N m = joule (J)

The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Spring Potential Energy Example Vincent's mountain bike has a spring with a constant of 64 N/m in the front-wheel suspension, and it compressed 0.17m when she hit a bump. How much energy does the front spring now store?

The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Spring Potential Energy Example Vincent's mountain bike has a spring with a constant of 64 N/m in the front-wheel suspension, and it compressed 0.17m when she hit a bump. How much energy does the front spring now store? PEs = (1/2) kx2 = (1/2)(64 N/m)(0.17 m)2 = 0.92 J

The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Spring Potential Energy Exercise A spring has a potential energy of 22.14 J and a constant of 676.96 N/m. How far has it been stretched?

The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Kinetic Energy If an object is moving, then it is capable of doing work. It has energy of motion, or kinetic energy (KE) The kinetic energy of a moving object is equal to the work required to bring it to that speed from the rest, or the work the object can do while being brought to rest The kinetic energy of an object depends on the mass and speed of the object The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Kinetic Energy Work = Net Force x Distance = Kinetic Energy KE = W = Fd = mad = m(v2/(2d))d = 1/2mv2KE = 1/2mv2 Unit of kinetic energy: kg m2/s2 = joule (J)

The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Kinetic Energy Example A 3 kg ball is rolling 2 m/s. How much kinetic energy does it have?

The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Kinetic Energy Example A 3 kg ball is rolling 2 m/s. How much kinetic energy does it have?

KE = mv2 = (3 kg) (2 m/s)2 = 6 J

The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Kinetic Energy Exercise Determine the kinetic energy of a 500-kg roller coaster car that is moving with a speed of 20 m/s

If the roller coaster car were moving with twice the speed, then what would be its new kinetic energy?

The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Kinetic Energy Exercise Missy Diwater, the former platform diver for the Ringling Brother's Circus, had a kinetic energy of 12000 J just prior to hitting the bucket of water. If Missy's mass is 40 kg, then what is her speed?The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Kinetic Energy If the speed of an object is doubled (the speed is squared), its kinetic energy is quadrupled It takes four times the work to double the speed It takes four times of work to stop a double-speed objectThe unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Work-Energy TheoremWork-Energy Theorem: Work changes energy. If no change in energy occurs, then no work is done. W= E59Work-Energy Theorem ExampleA skater of mass 60 kg has an initial velocity of 12 m/s. He slides on ice where the frictional force is 36 N. How far will the skater slide before he stops?

60Work-Energy Theorem ExampleA skater of mass 60 kg has an initial velocity of 12 m/s. He slides on ice where the frictional force is 36 N. How far will the skater slide before he stops?

W = E = KEFnet d = 1/2mv236 N x d = (60 kg)(12 m/s)2d = 120 m 61Work Exercise When a small brass ball is dropped into soft clay, it makes a dent. If the ball hits with twice the speed, the dent of the clay ismore or less the same depth.twice as deep.three times as deepfour times as deep.The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Conservation of Energy Law of conservation of energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can be transformed from one form into another, but the total amount of energy never changes Total Energy at point A = Total Energy at point B PEA + KEA = PEB + KEB PE = mgh KE = 1/2mv2 The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Conservation of Energy Example A diver of mass m drops from a board 10.0 m above the water surface. Find his speed 5.00 m above the water surface

The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Conservation of Energy Example A diver of mass m drops from a board 10.0 m above the water surface. Find his speed 5.00 m above the water surfacePE = KE mgh = mv2m(9.81 m/s)(10 m 5m) = m v2v = 9.9 m/s

The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Conservation of Energy Exercise A diver of mass m drops from a board 10.0 m above the water surface. Find his speed right above the water surface

The unit of measurement for work: newton-meter (N-m) = joule (J), 1J = 1N x 1m. (1 kg weights 9.8 N or kgm/s2). 1 KJ = 1,000 J, 1MJ = 1,000,000 J

Conservation of Energy ExerciseA skier slides down the frictionless slope as shown. What is the skiers speed at the bottom?H=40 mL=250 m

startfinish67

Conservation of Energy ExerciseThree identical balls are thrown from the top of a building with the same initial speed. Initially, Ball 1 moves horizontally. Ball 2 moves upward. Ball 3 moves downward.Neglecting air resistance, which ball has the fastest speed when it hits the ground?A) Ball 1B) Ball 2C) Ball 3D) All the same68Conservation of Energy ExerciseTarzan swings from a vine whose length is 12 m. If Tarzan starts at an angle of 30 degrees with respect to the vertical and has no initial speed, what is his speed at the bottom of the arc?

69The End70

Extension (m)

Force (Newtons)

Breakage

Elastic Limit

Extension proportional to Force. Straight line graph.

Object will return to original shape. (Elastic)

Ext not proportional to Force. Object will not return to original shape.

(Not Elastic).