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BANK & LEMBAGA BANK & LEMBAGA KEUANGAN NON BANK KEUANGAN NON BANK 1 1 P P rovided By:Irfal rovided By:Irfal Irwant.SE Irwant.SE

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Page 1: Lembaga Keuangan 1

BANK & LEMBAGA BANK & LEMBAGA KEUANGAN NON KEUANGAN NON

BANK 1BANK 1PProvided By:Irfal Irwant.SErovided By:Irfal Irwant.SE

Page 2: Lembaga Keuangan 1

Asal MuasalAsal Muasal

• Transaksi keuangan: Barter (penjual & pembeli bertemu langsung)

• Berkembang: muncul perantara (penjual & pembeli tdk bertemu langsung)

• Muncul “uang” sbg alat pembayaran• Perantara “uang” adl lembaga

keuangan

Page 3: Lembaga Keuangan 1

SejarahSejarah

• Sdh ada pd jaman babylonia (2000 thn sblm masehi)

• Bank modern: Inggris, Belanda & Belgia (abad 16), masih berupa emas & perak sbg alat p’byran

Page 4: Lembaga Keuangan 1

Bank vs non bankBank vs non bank Penghimpunan danaPenghimpunan dana

• Langsung mrpk simpanan masy

• Tidak langsung berupa kertas berharga/penyertaan/pinjaman

• Tidak langsung berupa kertas berharga/penyertaan/pinjaman

Page 5: Lembaga Keuangan 1

Bank vs non bankBank vs non bank Penyaluran danaPenyaluran dana

• Utk modal kerja, investasi, konsumsi

• Utk badan usaha dan individu

• Utk jangka pendek, menengah dan panjang

• Terutama utk investasi

• Terutama utk badan usaha

• Terutama utk jangka menengah & panjang

Page 6: Lembaga Keuangan 1

Jenis Lemb KeuJenis Lemb Keu

Perbankan (UU no. 10, 1998:

Jenis:• Bank Umum• BPRPrinsip Usaha:• Konvensional• Syariah

Non Bank:• Leasing• Asuransi• Modal ventura• Anjak Piutang• Pegadaian• Dana pensiun• Kartu kredit• Pasar modal

Page 7: Lembaga Keuangan 1

Klasifikasi uangKlasifikasi uang

Narrow Money (M1):• Uang kartal (uang

kertas, koin)• Uang Giral/demand

deposite (giro)

• Broad Money:• M2 = M1 + Saving

deposite (tabungan) + Time deposite (deposito)

• M3 = M2 + simpanan dana di LKBB

Tingkat likuiditas:

•Kartal > giral > tabungan > deposito > Dana LKBB

•M1 > M2 > M3

Page 8: Lembaga Keuangan 1

Fungsi BankFungsi Bank

1. Agent of Trust

2. Agent of Development (pemberian kredit utk pembangunan

3. Agent of services (jasa transfer, save deposite box, jaminan bank)

Page 9: Lembaga Keuangan 1

Financial IntermediariesFinancial Intermediaries

UnitDefisit

Borrowers

Unit Surplus

Lenders

Bank&

Non Bank

Fund Fund

Income Income

Page 10: Lembaga Keuangan 1

Otoritas MoneterOtoritas Moneter

UU no. 23, 1999 tentang Bank Sentral BITugas BI:• Menetapkan & melaksanakan kebijakan moneter: laju

inflasi, operasi pasar uang, menentukan tk diskonto, cadangan wajib minimum, kredit, kebijakan nilai tukar, cadangan devisa

• Mengatur & menjaga kelancaran sistem pembayaran• Mengatur & mengawasi bank

Page 11: Lembaga Keuangan 1

Kesehatan BankKesehatan Bank

• BMPK (batas Maks Pemberian kredit/Legal Lending Limit)

• Likuiditas Wajib Minimum/cadangan wajib minimum/reserve requirement

• Posisi devisa netto (Net open position): selisih aktiva & pasiva dlm valas

• Rasio kecukupan modal (Capital Adequacy Ratio): Penyediaan modal minimum thd Aktiva Tertimbang Menurut Resiko)

Page 12: Lembaga Keuangan 1

Kesehatan BankKesehatan Bank

• Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR): kredit berbanding dana pihak ketiga

• Return on Asset & Return on Equity

Page 13: Lembaga Keuangan 1

RegulasiRegulasi

Sebelum thn 1980• Belum ada peraturan yg jelas tentang perbankan• Kredit likuiditas BI hy utk bank2 tertentu (bank

pemerintah)• Bank menanggung program pemerintah• Baru ada Surat Berharga Pasar Uang (SBPU)• Bank swasta relatif sedikit• Bank Pemerintah: BRI 1951, BEII 1968, BBD 1968, BDN

1960, BTN 1963, BNI 1946, Bapindo 1960

Page 14: Lembaga Keuangan 1

RegulasiRegulasi

Sejak 1980 – 1990• Paket 1 Juni 1983: Penghapusan pagu kredit,

pengurangan KLBI, kebebasan penetapan suku bunga• 1984: BI menerbitkan SBI• Paket 27 Okt 1988: Kemudahan membuka kantor bank,

kemudahan pendirian bank swasta, boleh menyelenggarakan tabungan. Likuiditas min turun mjd 2%, tdk ada batas maks pinjaman, Penambahan modal BLBB dpt melalui pasar modal

Page 15: Lembaga Keuangan 1

RegulasiRegulasi

• Paket 20 Des 1988: Penyelenggaraan bursa efek oleh swasta, leasing, anjak piutang, modal ventura, kartu kredit, pembiayaan konsumen

• Paket 29 Mei 1993: penyempurnaan aturan kesehatan bank (CAR, LLL, KUK, LDR)

Page 16: Lembaga Keuangan 1

RegulasiRegulasi

• Dampak:

• Adanya kepastian hukum

• Bank swasta bertambah

• Tingkat persaingan bank naik

• SBI & SBPU semakin populer

• Mobilisasi dana melalui bank naik

Page 17: Lembaga Keuangan 1

RegulasiRegulasi

Sejak Krisis Ekonomi 1997• Tingkat kepercayaan masy turun• Sebagian besar bank tdk sehat• Terjadi negatif spread (suku bunga tab/dep >

kredit)• Muncul peraturan2 baru: UU no. 23 1999, UU

no. 10 1998 dst• Jumlah bank menurun (237 bank sblm krisis mjd

89 bank)

Page 18: Lembaga Keuangan 1

Jenis BankJenis Bank

Menurut Kegiatan Usaha:

• Bank Umum

• Bank Perkreditan Rakyat

Page 19: Lembaga Keuangan 1

Bank UmumBank Umum

• Adl bank yg melaksanakan kegiatannya secara konvensional dan/atau syariah dan memberikan jasa dlm lalu lintas pembayaran

• Kegiatan: menghimpun dana dari masy (giro, deposito berjangka, sertifikat deposito, tabungan), kredit, surat pengakuan hutan, transfer, save deposit box, dll

Page 20: Lembaga Keuangan 1

BPRBPR

• Adl bank yg melaksanakan kegiatannya secara konvensional dan/atau syariah dan tidak memberikan jasa lalu lintas pembayaran

• Kegiatan: menghimpun dana masy (deposito berjangka, tabungan), kredit

Page 21: Lembaga Keuangan 1

MFIs

MICROFINANCE IN INDONESIAMICROFINANCE IN INDONESIA

Bank

Non Bank

Rural Banks (BPR/BPRS)

Act = The Banking Act No.7/1992 as amended by the Act No.10/1998

License = Bank Indonesia, the Central BankSupervision = The Central Bank Act No.23/1999 BRI Unit

Act = The Banking Act No.10/1998License = Bank Indonesia, the Central BankSupervision = * BRI Branches

* Bank Indonesia for BRI as a Whole (Commercial Bank)

Village Credit Agency (Badan Kredit Desa/BKD) Act = Banking Act No.10/1998License = Based on Decree of Ministry of

FinanceSupervision = BRI on behalf of Bank Indonesia

Cooperatives (KOSIPA)Act = Cooperative Act No.25/1992License = State Ministry of cooperative &

SMESupervision = State Ministry of cooperative &

SME

Non Formal

Formal

LDKP (Village Fund and Credit Institutions)

Act = ---------License = Governor of each

ProvinceSupervision = Local

Government Level I• Non Government Organization (NGO) • Self Help Group • BMT (microfinance based on syariah/Islamic

principles)

Pawnshop:Owned by the government Supervision : Ministry of Finance

Page 22: Lembaga Keuangan 1

Institution No. of Unit

Total Asset

( Billion Rp )

Total Saving

(Billion Rp )

No. Depositors

(thousand)

Total Loan

( Billion Rp)

No. of Debtors

(thousand)

BANK

BRI Unit (Mar-07) 4, 229 48,535 44,389 30,090 27,789 3,443

Rural Bank (BPR) (Sep-07) 1.823 26,080 17,690 6,707 20,434 2,578

BKD (Aug--07) 5,345 372 71 460 237 383

SUB TOTAL 11,278 69,059 54,414 39,473 42,908 6,245

NON BANK

A. FORMAL

Saving and Loan Coop. (Apr-00) 1,097 85 85 Na 531 655

Village Credit Institution in Bali (LPD) (Dec-04)

1,296 1,437 1,117 970 966 317

Pawnshop (Dec-04) 850 3,474 Na Na 2,789 Na

SUB TOTAL 3,243 4,996 1,202 970 4,286 972

B. NON FORMAL

Cooperatives under Syariah Principles (BMT) (Sept-04)

3,043 Na 567 1,756 549 1,680

SUB TOTAL 3,043 Na 567 1,756 549 1,680

TOTAL 17,564 74,055 56,183 42,199 47,743 8,897

I. MICROFINANCE PROFILEI. MICROFINANCE PROFILE

*) Not including BPR under Syariah principles

Page 23: Lembaga Keuangan 1

II. THE HISTORY OF RURAL BANKSII. THE HISTORY OF RURAL BANKS

1. 19th Century under the colonial period

BPR (Rural Banks) were recognized as Bank Kredit Desa (Village Credit Bank), Lumbung Desa (Paddy Bank), Bank Desa (Village Bank), and Badan Kredit Desa (Village Credit Agency)

2. Bank Indonesia Deregulation Package, October 1988 :

BPR could be established by a minimum capital requirements of 50 millions rupiahs

3. Rural Bank was legalized by the Banking Act No.7 of 1992. This Banking Act recognizes 2 type of banks : commercial banks and rural banks

Page 24: Lembaga Keuangan 1

II. THE HISTORY OF RURAL BANKSII. THE HISTORY OF RURAL BANKS

The Banking Act No. 7 of 1992• Rural bank is established to extend financial services to low income

level community especially in rural areas.• Non bank financial institutions had been granted licenses from

ministry of finance might transform their businesses into banks max in 1 (one) year

• Other non bank financial institutions could get license as rural banks by fulfilling requirement stipulated by government regulation No. 71 of 1992 with the deadline to fulfill the requirement was October 31, 1997.

Page 25: Lembaga Keuangan 1

III. RURAL BANK PERFORMANCES .(in billion Rp)

No. Accounts 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Sep 2007

1 No. of Rural Banks 2,141 2,141 2,158 2,009 1,880 1,823

2 Total Asset 9,080 12,635 16,707 20,393 23,045 26,080

3

Loan:      

- total 6,683 8,985 12,149 14,654 16,948 20,434

- no. of accounts (in thousands) 1,825 1,993 2,167 2,478 2,471 2,578

4 Third party fund 6,126 8,868 11,161 13,178 15,771 17,690

 

a. Saving Deposit      

- Total 2,002 2,617 3,301 3,757 4,581 5,375

- No. of accounts (in thousands) 4,891 5,046 5,439 5,672 6,555 6,336

 

b. Time Deposit      

- Total 4,124 6,251 7,860 9,421 11,190 12,315

- No. of accounts (in thousands) 438 489 322 332 365 371

5 Current year profit/ loss 338 429 539 604 509 513

6 Non Performing Loan (NPL) Gross 8.7% 8,0% 7.59% 7.98% 9.73% 8.49%

7 Non Performing Loan (NPL) Net 5.9 5.6 5.3 5.8 6.83 5.06%

8 Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) 77% 74.5% 80.7% 82% 87,37% 84.26%

8 Return on Asset (RoA) 3.72% 3.4% 3.2% 3.0% 2.96% 2.62%

10 Rural Bank Soundness      

  -  Sound 65% 67% 68% 71% 69.3% 69.6%

  -  Fairly sound 16% 17% 16% 13% 14.3% 14,4%

  -  Less sound 9% 8% 8% 9% 9.9% 11,2%

  -  Unsound 10% 8% 8% 7% 6.5% 4,8%

Page 26: Lembaga Keuangan 1

RURAL BANK PERFORMANCESRURAL BANK PERFORMANCES

Trend of Rural Bank Total Asset, Loan, and Third Party Deposit2001 - Sep 2007

-

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Total Asset

Total Loan

Total Third PartyDeposit

Page 27: Lembaga Keuangan 1

RURAL BANK CHARACTERISTICS RURAL BANK CHARACTERISTICS

1. LOCATIONa. Close to its community

b. Located primarily in rural areas2. ORGANIZATION

a. Community banking system within provinceb. Can be owned only by Indonesia citizen either individual or corporation

3. OPERATION a. Can only take deposits and provide loans

b. Can not access to payment systemc. Can not deal with foreign exchange

4. PROCEDURES - BPR implements simple and fast procedures in providing services to its customers (2- 3 days) - Loan analysis is done in one or two sheet evaluation form - BPR staff approach the customers for direct transaction (deposit, credit installment)

5. PRODUCTSa. Loan : - short term (weekly and monthly)

- mostly for working capitalb. Deposit : saving and time deposit

6. CUSTOMERSa. Micro, small enterprises and low level income people in villages, rural, urban and city

b. Economic sectors : agriculture; small and home industry;trading, restaurant, hostel; services; and others

Page 28: Lembaga Keuangan 1

RURAL BANK CREDIT BASED ON RURAL BANK CREDIT BASED ON ECONOMIC SECTORS - Sep 2007ECONOMIC SECTORS - Sep 2007

6.4%

38.7%

10.2%

43.2%1.6%

Agriculture

Small and HomeIndustryTrade, Restaurant, andHostelServices

Others

Page 29: Lembaga Keuangan 1

Jenis BankJenis Bank

Menurut Bentuk Badan Usaha• PT• Koperasi• Perusahaan Daerah

Menurut target pasar:• Retail bank

• Corporate bank• Retail-corporate bank

Page 30: Lembaga Keuangan 1

Aktiva BankAktiva Bank

Giro (checking account): simpanan yg penarikannya dpt dilakukan sewaktu2 dg cek atau bilyet giro.

• Cek: perintah membyr kpd bank pd saat penyerahan. Tidak dpt dibatalkan

• Bilyet giro: perintah pemindahbukuan pd tgl tertentu dan pihak yg tercantum dlm bilyet. Dapat dibatalkan

Page 31: Lembaga Keuangan 1

Aktiva BankAktiva Bank

• Deposito Berjangka: Simpanan pihak III yg pengambilannya berdasarkan waktu tertentu sesuai perjanjian

• Tabungan: Simpanan pihak III yg pengambilannya dpt dilakukan sewaktu2.

Page 32: Lembaga Keuangan 1

Aktiva BankAktiva Bank

• Sertifikat Deposito: Simpanan pihak III yang pencairannya pd waktu tertentu dan bunganya dibayar didepan serta dpt diperjual belikan

• Deposit on call: Penarikannya hy dpt dilakukan dg pemberitahuan terlebih dahulu

Page 33: Lembaga Keuangan 1

Aktiva BankAktiva Bank

• Rekening Giro terkait Tabungan: menjaga saldo giro minimal

• Call Money: pinjaman jk pendek yg bisa diperoleh bank dr interbank call money market (kalah kliring / rush)

• Pinjaman antar bank: utk jk pendek & menengah

Page 34: Lembaga Keuangan 1

Aktiva bankAktiva bank

• KLBI: digunakan utk membantu bank yg kalah kliring / rush

• Setoran Jaminan: digunakan utk LC atau Bank Garansi

• Jasa Transfer

• SBPU

Page 35: Lembaga Keuangan 1

Aktiva bankAktiva bank

Sumber lain:

1. Setoran jaminan (Storjam)Biasanya utk LC atau bank garansi

2. Dana TransferDana transfer dr masy yg belum dikeluarkan

oleh bank

3. SBPUBeli dg harga discount dan dpt diperjualbelikan

pd saat bank kurang likuid

Page 36: Lembaga Keuangan 1

Jenis KreditJenis Kredit

• Kredit Modal Kerja

• Kredit Investasi

• Kredit Konsumsi

Page 37: Lembaga Keuangan 1

Jasa-jasa BankJasa-jasa Bank

• Bank Garansi• Letter of Credit (LC)• Pengiriman uang• Kliring & inkaso• Kartu plastik• Money changer

• Telebanking• Custodian• Wali amanat• Safe deposite box• Traveller check

Page 38: Lembaga Keuangan 1

Mekanisme LCMekanisme LC

Bank di Indonesia

Bank Asing

PT Ekspor PT Asing1

2 2

3

4 5

5

56 6

1. Kontrak jual beli2. Buka LC3. Klarifikasi antar bank4. Info LC sdh dibuka5. Kirim brg & dok6. Pembayaran

Page 39: Lembaga Keuangan 1

Kliring:

• Adl pertukaran warkat atau data keuangan elektronik antar bank baik atas nama bank maupun nasabah yang perhitungannya diselesaikan pada waktu tertentu

• Warkat / data keuangan bukan uang tunai

Page 40: Lembaga Keuangan 1

Bank Umum SyariahBank Umum Syariah

• Dasar hukum: UU no. 10 thn 1998

• Pengertian: Bank yg dlm aktifitasnya baik penghimpunan dana maupun penyaluran dana memberikan imbalan atas dasar syariah yaitu jual beli dan bagi hasil.

Page 41: Lembaga Keuangan 1

Prinsip Kegiatan usahaPrinsip Kegiatan usaha

Hiwalah:

• Akad pemindahan piutang nasabah (muhil) kpd bank (muhal’alaih) dari nasabah lain (muhal)

Ijarah:

• Akad sewa menyewa barang antar bank (muaajir) dg penyewa (mustajir).

Page 42: Lembaga Keuangan 1

Istisha:• Akad jual beli brg antara pemesan dg

penerima pesananKafalah:• Akad pemberian jaminan yg diberikan

satu pihak kpd pihak lain sbg pemberi jaminan bertanggungjawab atas pembayaran kembali suatu hutang

Page 43: Lembaga Keuangan 1

Mudharabah:• Akad antara pemilik modal dg

pengelola utk memperoleh keuntungan.Murabahah:• Akad jual beli antara bank dg nasabahMusyarakah:• Akad kerjasama usaha patungan

Page 44: Lembaga Keuangan 1

Qardh• Akad pinjaman dari bank kpd pihak

tertentu yg wajib dikembalikan dg jml yg sama sesuai pinjaman

Al Rahn• Akad penyerahan brg harta dr nasabah

kpd bank sbg jaminanSharf• Akad jual beli suatu valuta dg valuta

lain

Page 45: Lembaga Keuangan 1

Wadi’ah• Akad penitipan brg/uang antara pihak

yg memp brg dg pihak yg diberi kepercayaan utk menjaga keselamatan/keamanan/keutuhan brg

Wakalah• Akad pemberian kuasa dari pemberi

kuasa kpd penerima kuasa• Modal disetor Rp. 3 trilyun

Page 46: Lembaga Keuangan 1