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l / Lecture 4: Carolingian / Ottonian / German Romanesque Architecture The development of the Romanesque 768 – 1100

Lecture 4 Carolingian Ottonian

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Page 1: Lecture 4 Carolingian Ottonian

l /Lecture 4: Carolingian / Ottonian / German /

Romanesque Architecture

The development of  the Romanesqueq768 – 1100

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What is Romanesque Architecture?

Romanesque: The style of architecture prevailing in western and southern 

h hEurope from the 9th through the 12th centuries, characterized by heavy masonry construction with narrow openings and features such as the round arch, the barrel vault and the groin vault

S f ll fMore Specifically – Timeframe:

• “Early Romanesque” or “Pre‐Romanesque” or  “First Romanesque” ‐‐9th, 10th centuries (or earlier), before the year 1000 +/‐

• Political Significance of the Carolingian and Ottonian periods in the development of Early Romanesque

• “High Romanesque” ‐‐ period of great church building across Europe:  11th, 12th centuries (1000 ‐1150 +/‐)

• Romanesque as the first “International Style”• Romanesque as the first  International Style

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Political Map of Europe in the Carolingian Era

Roth p302

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Charlemagne:  (b742‐814) “Charles the Great” King of the Franks 

• 9th Century bronze statuette, 

• Portrait of Charlemagneby Albrecht Durer (16th

ideal image of Charlemagne, Palatine Chapel

t p222

Century  German artist) Altet

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nshoto  Sacred Destination

Aachen Cathedral:  Aachen, Germany (Aix‐la‐Chapelle)current view, from north showing later additionsPalatine Chapel is in the center ‐‐ original chapel built: 796‐804

Ph

Palatine Chapel is in the center  original chapel built: 796 804

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Aachen:

Plan reconstruction of palace complex at the time of Charlemagne:(796 804)(796‐804)Odo of Metz, in charge of palace construction

1. Palatine Chapel2. Audience Hall3. Atrium / 

CourtyardCourtyard4. Gallery

ltet p128

Al

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t p47

Model of palace and Palatine Chapel in the time of Charlemagne

Conant

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ations

CUA slide archive

Photo  Sacred Destin

Palatine Chapel: Current View from West Palatine Chapel:  Sketch Reconstruction View

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ve

Palatine Chapel: Eye Level View

CUA slide archiv

p y

Stalley p72

Palatine Chapel:  Interior View

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d Destinations

Altet p130

Photos  Sacred

interior space…

Carolingian “renaissance” skill:  perfect imitation of classical capitals, columns are re‐used Roman or Byzantine works

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Destinations

Interior space: • height / clearstory window

Photo  Sacred D

A northern• height / clearstory window• clear octagonal form / no ambiguity• relatively heavy structure• intricate artisanship / highly skilled mosaics, carvings

San Vitale?

• columns as screens

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alley p71

San Vitale, Ravenna (546‐48) ‐‐ Plan

Sta

Palatine Chapel (796‐804) ‐‐ Plan

Wh t diff i il iti d ?What differences, similarities do you see?

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Palatine Chapel vs. San Vitale:p

1. Clear geometric structure of space vs. g pambiguous more free‐flowing (late‐antique) space

2. Beginning of Medieval “bay” form – very clear in Palatine Chapel (compartmentalized)

3. Heavy structure vs. light and heavy structure4. Emphasis on height vs. emphasis on height 

d b thand breath5. Towers,Westwork entry – characteristic early 

Medieval form seen in the Palatine Chapel, not in San Vitale.not in San Vitale.

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34Altet p13

A. Upper story plan – barrel vaultB. Lower story plan – groin vault

C. Section – Narrow compared to San Vitaley g

D. Reconstructed elevation

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to  Sacred Destinations

Germigny‐des‐Pres, Oratory, 806 (rebuilt 1876‐77) – view from the eastnear Benoit‐sur‐Loire, France

Phot

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This pronounced vertically , upward lifting of the highest mass  beyond the level of the highest roof has little to  do with the Byzantine church that resolves its amassed volumes at the central dome…(Kostof, p 276)

• Church of Theodulf, advisor of Charlemagne

red Destinations

g• Partially rebuilt in the 19thcentury• Visigoth / Moorish (Spain) + Byzantine influences

Germigny‐des‐Pres, Oratory, Plan. E i ti C li i ll h d d

Photo  SacrByzantine influences

• Unique , surviving smaller Carolingian work

Existing  Carolingian walls shaded

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View of apse mosaicp

Sacred Destinations

Photos  S

View of central spaceLooking up at lantern tower

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p151

Altet p

• Northern timber roof form + Roman triumphalform   Roman triumphal arch?

• Medieval patterning, flat “naive” forms vs. i i l l i loriginal classical 

precedent?

Lorsch Germany ‐‐ Carolingian monastery gateway (C 800)

Toman p34

Lorsch, Germany  Carolingian monastery gateway (C 800)

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Lorsch Gateway – in context of reconstructed monastery plan

Altet p150

Lorsch Gateway  in context of reconstructed monastery plan

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The Carolingian Monastery:g y

• The guardians of culture and learning in g gMedieval Europe

• Central political institution in Carolingian society

• St Gall Plan – literary plan, idealized monastery form

• St. Riquier – actual monastery, only h l i l d i t idarcheological and manuscript evidence 

survives• Corvey abbey church – surviving westwork 

exampleexample

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Conant p57

St Gall Plan – ManuscriptSt.  Gall Plan  ‐‐ Interpretation

Manuscript in monastery library in St Gall Switzerland never builtManuscript in monastery library in St Gall, Switzerland – never built

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Trachtenberg p189

St Gall Plan – Interpretative Model

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St Gall Plan – Interpretative Church Interior Sketch

Kostof p283

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nberg p187

Trachte

p281

Kostof p

Plan: geometric layout diagramEngraving (1612)

S Ri i M C l F (790 99)St. Riquier, Monastery, Centula, France: (790‐99)

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“Square Schematism” –Walter Horn’s Interpretation:p

• Modular arithmetic relationships between partsS f th “ i ”• Square of the “crossing” – area where the nave and the transept intersect – key geometric module

• Width of  transept = width of nave (cf.  St Peters)

• Fixed arithmetic relationship between the width and length gof the component parts – the bays

• Column placement marks the bay divisions

Kostof p281

bay divisions

clarity / modular bay divisions

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Westwork – upper levelWestwork – upper level

an  p37

Corvey, abbey church (873‐885)

Stalley p48

Westwork – entry level

Toma

West Elevation

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 p64

Conant 

p47

Massing,/ towers – original reconstruction

Stalley  p

Westwork: upper level, interior viewWestwork plan: entry level /section above

Toman  p37

section above

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l h h

• “Square Schematism” – rigid, ordered bay system• Height: towers and spires

Carolingian Architecture Characteristics:

• Height:  towers and spires• Stepped massing• Basilica nave + transept • Double ended / “Westwork”Double ended /  Westwork• Frontispiece west elevation with twin towers• Wood truss roofing system

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The Empire of Otto the Great, circa 963 – German portion of 

The disintegration of Charlemagne’s empire – division into areas that will

Charlemagne’s empire

Ottonian Architecture:  Reign of Otto the Great:  936‐975Stylistically significant in Germany through 11th century

empire  division into areas that will become Germany and France, after 814

Stylistically significant in Germany through 11th century

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man p39

ey p54

St. Cyriakus, Gernrode (961 and later): Example ofOtt i i ti C li i “id l” t

Tom

Nave view – looking east

Stall

Exterior view – west side

Ottonian variation on Carolingian “ideal” type

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‐39

Toman p38

St Pantaleon, CologneLate 10th Century

St Bonifcae, Freckenhorst(c. 1090)

SS. Petrus and Gorgonius, Minden (mid‐10th

Westwork Variations: Three German Façade Examples

y ( ) (century)

ç p

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n p41

St Michael’s, Hildesheim (1001‐33): view from southeast

Toman

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Sketch Restoration as of 1001‐33 (Conant)

oman p40

St Michael’s Hildesheim (1001‐33)

To

Interior view , nave, looking east(reconstructed post WWII)

Plan (Roth)

St. Michael s, Hildesheim (1001‐33)

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p159

Column details –cube shaped, impost  capitals

Altet p

58

St Michael’s, Hildesheim (1001‐33):Section / Axonometric

Altet p15

Section / Axonometric

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ey p200

Toman p47,   Stalle

Speyer Cathedral, Speyer Germany (c. 1030 and later)

View from east View from northeast

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nant p132

nant p133

Speyer Cathedral:Restoration as in 1061 – plan and perspective sketch

Con

Con

Nave – wall treatment:Articulated wall / wood roof – fully three­dimensional system tying wall into vaulting to be developed in France…

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alley p148

Sta

Speyer today: Nave w/ vaultingEngraving of Remodeled Nave (1081‐1160)

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Maria Laach , Benedictine Monastery (begun c. 1093): View from northwestGerman Romanesque style…