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8/22/2019 LECTURE_ 2-Speech Sounds
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Speech sounds
Articulation
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Articulators above the larynx
Contraction of chest muscles
Larynx muscles modify the flow on its way to
the mouth Passing through vocal tract mouth/nose
Different parts: articulators (studied by
articulatory phonetics)
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The articulators
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Pharynx
Tube above larynx
W: 7 cm; M: 8 cm long
Between oral and nasal cavity
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Soft palate/ velum
Raised or lowered to stop or let
airstream pass through nose
Can be touched with tongue Velar consonants /k,g/
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Hard palate/palatum durum
Roof of the mouth
/t,/
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Alveolae/alveolar ridge
Between top front teeth and hard
palate
Rough surface covered with ridgesAlveolars /t,d/
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tongue
Very flexible (different places/shapes)
Parts: tip, blade, front, back, root
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teeth
Upper and lower (at front of mouth)
Immediately behind lips to the sides of mouth
Contact with upper side teeth /l/
Dental sounds in some languages
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lips
Pressed together /b,p/ = bilabials
In contact with teeth /f,v/ = labio-dentals
Rounded in vowels /u:/
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Other articulators
Jaws
Nose / nasal cavity = participates in
producing nasals
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vowels
Sounds in which there is noobstruction to the airflow
Some cons. /h/w/ hardly obstruct the
airflow, too
Distribution is a better criterion,
/h/ + ?
/b/ + ?
Vowels and consonants differ in
distribution
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vowels
Close / open distinction /i:/ vs. // Front / back distinction / / vs. /:/
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These are x-rays of a person producing
different vowels
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In the close front position
(unrounded) we produce /i/
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In the open front position
(unrounded) we produce /a/
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Back open (unrounded) : //
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Back close (rounded): /u/
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Connecting these points gives us a box
called the Vowel Quadrilateral
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Vowel classification Cardinal vowels (standard reference system)
For vowels, a different set of terms is used.- high-mid-low: height of the tongue in the mouth
- front-central-back:
frontness or backness of the tongue in the mouth
- rounded-unrounded (spread, neutral):
the state of the lips
in English, as in many languages this is predictable:rounded for high back and mid back vowels, unrounded
for other vowels. tense-lax : roughly, the degree of tension in the
tongue The terms refer, loosely speaking, to the location of the main tongue
constriction within the mouth.
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Places of articulation of
English vowels
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The distinction between long and short
vowels is not always very clear
The realisation of long and shortvowels depends on their context, this
is called Clipping
This means that long vowels and
diphthongs tend to be shortened
before voiceless consonants e.g. /p/,
/t/, /k/, /f/ etc.
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Vowel length in centiseconds
Vowel length in centiseconds:
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Next time:
vowels