LECTURE_ 2-Speech Sounds

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    Speech sounds

    Articulation

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    Articulators above the larynx

    Contraction of chest muscles

    Larynx muscles modify the flow on its way to

    the mouth Passing through vocal tract mouth/nose

    Different parts: articulators (studied by

    articulatory phonetics)

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    The articulators

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    Pharynx

    Tube above larynx

    W: 7 cm; M: 8 cm long

    Between oral and nasal cavity

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    Soft palate/ velum

    Raised or lowered to stop or let

    airstream pass through nose

    Can be touched with tongue Velar consonants /k,g/

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    Hard palate/palatum durum

    Roof of the mouth

    /t,/

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    Alveolae/alveolar ridge

    Between top front teeth and hard

    palate

    Rough surface covered with ridgesAlveolars /t,d/

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    tongue

    Very flexible (different places/shapes)

    Parts: tip, blade, front, back, root

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    teeth

    Upper and lower (at front of mouth)

    Immediately behind lips to the sides of mouth

    Contact with upper side teeth /l/

    Dental sounds in some languages

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    lips

    Pressed together /b,p/ = bilabials

    In contact with teeth /f,v/ = labio-dentals

    Rounded in vowels /u:/

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    Other articulators

    Jaws

    Nose / nasal cavity = participates in

    producing nasals

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    vowels

    Sounds in which there is noobstruction to the airflow

    Some cons. /h/w/ hardly obstruct the

    airflow, too

    Distribution is a better criterion,

    /h/ + ?

    /b/ + ?

    Vowels and consonants differ in

    distribution

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    vowels

    Close / open distinction /i:/ vs. // Front / back distinction / / vs. /:/

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    These are x-rays of a person producing

    different vowels

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    In the close front position

    (unrounded) we produce /i/

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    In the open front position

    (unrounded) we produce /a/

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    Back open (unrounded) : //

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    Back close (rounded): /u/

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    Connecting these points gives us a box

    called the Vowel Quadrilateral

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    Vowel classification Cardinal vowels (standard reference system)

    For vowels, a different set of terms is used.- high-mid-low: height of the tongue in the mouth

    - front-central-back:

    frontness or backness of the tongue in the mouth

    - rounded-unrounded (spread, neutral):

    the state of the lips

    in English, as in many languages this is predictable:rounded for high back and mid back vowels, unrounded

    for other vowels. tense-lax : roughly, the degree of tension in the

    tongue The terms refer, loosely speaking, to the location of the main tongue

    constriction within the mouth.

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    Places of articulation of

    English vowels

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    The distinction between long and short

    vowels is not always very clear

    The realisation of long and shortvowels depends on their context, this

    is called Clipping

    This means that long vowels and

    diphthongs tend to be shortened

    before voiceless consonants e.g. /p/,

    /t/, /k/, /f/ etc.

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    Vowel length in centiseconds

    Vowel length in centiseconds:

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    Next time:

    vowels