Lecture 1 - Foundations of Psychology

8/7/2019 Lecture 1 - Foundations of Psychology

1/41

BOLUCHEVSKAYABOLUCHEVSKAYA

Valentina ViktorovnaValentina Viktorovna

Chair of General and Clinical PsychologyChair of General and Clinical Psychology


2/41

PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY


3/41

THEME 1.THEME 1.

Foundations of PsychologyFoundations of Psychology

1.1. Psychology as Science

1.2. Classical Schools of Psychology1.3. Basic Branches of Psychology and

Fields of Psychology

1.4. Research Methods in Psychology


4/41

PsychologyPsychology

psyche logos

meaning mind meaning study of

or soul

Therefore, psychology means

study of the mind


5/41

The symbol of PsychologyThe symbol of Psychology


6/41

AtkinsonAtkinson

defined psychology as the

scientific study of behavior and

mental processes


7/41

Psychologyis the science thatPsychologyis the science that

studies behavior of organismsstudies behavior of organisms

(1) science,

(2) behavior, and

(3) organisms.


8/41

Modern psychologyis consideredaModern psychologyis considereda

ScienceScience

because it bases its conclusions on data,information obtained by systematicobservations.


9/41

BehaviorBehavior has three aspects:has three aspects:

Cognitiveprocesses refer towhat an individual

thinks. Emotional states

refer to what anindividual feels.

Actions refer towhat an individual

does.


10/41

AnAn organismorganism is any living creatureis any living creature


11/41

Scientific psychology has fourScientific psychology has four

explicitgoals:explicitgoals:

(1) describe,

(2) explain,

(3) predict, (4) control

behavior.


12/41

SoulSoul is a notion expressing

historically changing

point of view onto

psyche, inner world of

a man, as onto somespecial none

material substance,

existing in the human

body and leaving it

only during a sleep or

in case of the death.


13/41

PsychePsyche

is the highest product

of specifically

organized substance

due to which the

reflection of objects

and phenomena of

outer and inner world

occurs. A psyche is

formed in the process

of active reflection of

the reality.


14/41

PsychicActivityPsychicActivity

is a complicated adaptive activity of thebody by means of functioning of the unitedsystem in the brain of a man.


15/41

Three spheresThree spheres of Psychic activity:of Psychic activity:

Cognitive sphere sensation, perception,imagination, memory, attention, thinking, intellect.

Emotional sphere emotional states, relations,and reactions.

Motivational sphere wishes, attractions, wills,motives, action, behavior, and activity.


16/41

The beginning of scientificThe beginning of scientific

PsychologyPsychology is usually associated with the date 1879,

the year that a German scientist named

Wilhelm Wundt founded the firstpsychological laboratory at the University

of Leipzig in Germany


17/41

StructuralismStructuralism

It was described by Wundt who thoughtthe object of psychological investigationshould be the conscious mind.

According to Wundt, the mind should be

studied by introspection (looking at onesown mental experience) in order to breakdown into its components such asimages, sensations and feelings.


18/41

FunctionalismFunctionalism

was developed by William James who thoughtthat the workings of the mind are functional.

He speculated that thinking, feeling, learning,and remembering all activities of the mind serve one major function: to help us survive asa species.

So we should investigate what behavior andthoughts are for.


19/41

GestaltPsychologyGestaltPsychology

A group of German psychologists,

including Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang

Kohler, and Kurt Koffka argued thatperception is more than the sum of its parts

it involves a whole pattern or, in

German, a Gestalt

Gestalt is usually translated as a pattern,

a configuration, or an organized whole


20/41

PSYCHOGOLYPSYCHOGOLY


21/41

BehaviorismBehaviorism

was introducedby John

Watson, whoasserted thatthe purpose ofpsychologyshould be tostudy behavioritself, not themind orconsciousness


22/41

PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis

Sigmund Freudwrote that theproper object of

psychologicalinvestigation shouldbe the unconsciousmind and that our

behavior isdetermined byprocesses that weare not aware of


23/41


24/41


25/41

Ways ofApproachingthe StudyWays ofApproachingthe Study

ofBehaviorofBehavior

4. the cognitive viewpointasserts that an

immediate cause of a given action or an

emotional state is what a person thinks.

Behavior is influenced by a variety of

mental processes, including perceptions,

memories, and expectations.


26/41

Ways ofApproachingthe StudyWays ofApproachingthe Study

ofBehaviorofBehavior

5. the humanistic viewpointasserts that someof our behavior can only be understood interms of psychological processes that are

uniquely human.

Self-actualization (Abraham Maslow) is the

need to fulfill your talents and potentialities. The will to meaning(Viktor Frankl) is a deep

desire to make sense out of life and discovervalues to live by.


27/41


28/41

Eclecticism

is the point of

view that there is

something of

merit in most ofthe schools of

psychology and

in the various

viewpointsdescribed. It is

integrative and

reflects an open-

minded attitude.


29/41

BasicBranches of PsychologyBasicBranches of Psychology

General Psychology, Social Psychology,

Clinical (Medical)Psychology,

ExperimentalPsychology,

DevelopmentalPsychology and so on.


30/41

Medical PsychologyMedical Psychology

General medicalpsychology deals with:

Psychology of a patient,medical stuff, medical

institutions; Psychosomatic andsomatopsychic interactions;

Study of an individual;

Medical deontology and

ethics; Psychohygiene,psychoprophylaxis andpsychotherapy.

Particular psychologydeals with the main aspectsof medical practice in certaindiseases (in surgery,cardiology and so on) and insome definite situations


31/41

Naturalistic observationNaturalistic observation

requires a

researcher to

study behavior as

it is happening in

its own setting.


32/41

The clinical methodThe clinical method

is a research

technique

associated

primarily with the

treatment of

individuals with

mental orbehavioral

disorders


33/41

The case study methodThe case study method

involves the study

of one individual

over a span of

time.


34/41

The SurveyMethodThe SurveyMethod

A survey

attempts to

take a large,

general look

at an aspect

of behavior


35/41


A researcher may be interested in

studying apopulation. A population is a

well-defined group. It need not be large.


36/41


A random sample

allows the laws of

chance to operate and

provides an equalopportunity for any

member of the

population to be

included in the sample.


37/41

The TestingMethodThe TestingMethod

explores human behavior by using

psychological tests of attributes such as

intelligence, personality, and creativity.


38/41

The ExperimentalMethodThe ExperimentalMethod

is a research tool characterized by a

control over variables, the identification of

a cause (or causes), and a well-defined

measure of behavior


39/41

Analysis of creative activity of a clientAnalysis of creative activity of a client


40/41

When making a PsychologicalAnamnesisPsychologicalAnamnesis,,

the main attention should be paid:

to diseases the a client had in the past, first of all, to

serious ones and to reactions to them;

to professional career and to satisfaction with it;

to family and intimate relations;

to relations out of family (friends ,colleagues);

to the most serious problems in the past life and to

reaction to them; to the character of attitude towards alcohol and

smoking abuse.


41/41

Thanks for your attention!

Documents

Lecture 1 - Foundations of Psychology