Lecture 01.pdf

RENEWABLE ENERGY

TECHNOLOGIES

Dr. Muzaffar Ali

Lecture # 1

Personal Information

Dr. Muzaffar Ali

Assistant Professor

Mechanical Engineering Department

Phone: 051-9047691

Fax: 051-9047690

Cell: 0300-5316356

Email: [email protected]

Course Information

Contents Introduction of Renewable Energy

Solar Energy (Thermal & PV System)

Wind Energy

Geothermal

Biomass

Ocean Energy

Fuel Cell

Hydro Power

Potential of using renewable energy resources as supplement of conventional energy resources

Renewable and Non-renewable energies used as a hybrid energy system

Modern renewable plants

Book(s)

Renewable Energy, Power for Sustainable Future, Edited by Godfrey Boyle (Oxford University Press, 1996)

Renewable energy, Sustainable Energy Concepts for the future, Edited by R. Wengenmayr, T. Buheke (Wiely-VCH, 2008)

Renewable Energy Resources, 2nd Edition by J. Twidell, T. Weir (Taylor & Francis, 2006)

Materials

Various Articles from Internet etc.

Course Information

Distribution of Marks

Mid Term -20%

Final Exam 40%

Sessional Marks - 40%

Assignments - 10 %

Quizzes - 10%

Semester Project 20 %

Semester Project (Combination of Software

and Hardware (small units))

Project Areas:

Solar thermal

Solar PV

Wind Turbine (H & V)

Hydro Power

Fuel Cells

Bio Mass

Energy Storage

Others

Software: Solar

TRNSYS

http://sel.me.wisc.edu/trnsys/

Survey and Simulation Tools for PV, Solar Thermal, Heat Pumps & Chimneys

http://www.solardesign.co.uk/

Sam

https://sam.nrel.gov/

Polysun

http://www.polysunonline.com/PsoPublic/app/home/access

Bio Mass

EXEMPT Model

http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/review-and-assessment/tools/emissions.html#biomass

Fantallometrik

http://www.globallometree.org/software/

RETScreen

http://www.retscreen.net/ang/home.php

Semester Project

Software: Wind

Bladed Wind Turbine Design Software

http://www.gl-

garradhassan.com/en/software/GHBladed

.php

WAsP

http://www.wasp.dk/

Fuel Cell

Fuel Cell Testing Software

http://www.scribner.com/software/fuel-

cell-testing-software

Small Kits

Lets Talk about Energy


Establishment of sustainable energy future

Exhaustion of fossil fuel resources

Transition of energy economy from Chemical to Physical


World Energy

Situation

Oil supplies are

depleting

Energy consumption

is growing


Coal Supply &

Demand

Running out of Coal

Difficulties in mining

and subsequent

transportation to

power plants


Uranium Supply &

Demand

Running out of

Uranium

Uranium production is

far below than

todays demand


Fundamental Laws of Physics governing Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Energy can only be converted from one form into

another

Some energy is always lost when energy is

converted


Postulates need to be satisfied for sustainable

energy system

All energy must come from sustainably managed

renewable sources

Energy must be distributed and used with highest

efficiency

Essential Questions

Where does the energy come from?

In which form is the energy harvested?

How much and in which form energy is needed?


Where does the Energy come from?


Factors effecting transition to sustainability

Climatic Conditions

Topology

Availability of land and site

Establishment of high efficiency standards

Political leadership with understanding of

sustainability


Renewable Energy and Energy Demand

The energy demand of mankind can be satisfied

from renewable sources

There is no global distribution problem from

renewable energy sources

The future energy supply is much better matched to

the energy demands

The energy needs have to be reduced by

conservation and efficiency


Inversion of the Energy System

Due to obvious weak characteristics of chemical

energy, the entire energy supply chain will undergo

significant changes to become compatible with the

requirements of sustainability

Todays energy system is dominated by chemical

carriers (Fossil Fuel)

Future energy system will be dominated by physical

conversion (Renewable Sources)


Energy Return on Energy Investment

Energy debate is focused on monetary analyses

Established technologies are compared with unproven schemes

Energy recovery from current sources will become expensive

Cost will grow exponentially

Above ground sources are free gift of nature

Instead of Return on Investment (ROI) parameter, Energy Return on Energy Investment (EROEI) should be considered


From now to Sustainability

Energy sector will change rapidly

New trends are emerging and getting strength

In stationary sector, demands are declining

Improved thermal insulation

Efficient HVAC appliances

Use of wood etc.

Use of electricity for direct heating etc.

In mobile sector

Improved IC engines

Introduction of Hybrid vehicles

Use of CNG and Biofuels

Use of battery-electric cars and scooters


From now to Sustainability

The overall efficiency of energy system is

increasing by

Higher conversion efficiency of power plants and IC

engines

Higher efficiency of electrical distribution system

Rising energy awareness

Change in customer behavior

Growing supply of electricity from Renewable

sources

Energy conservation at all levels


Conclusions

Present energy system has to undergo significant

changes

Transition from Chemical energy base to

Physical energy is inevitable

Renewable Sources will play a vital role in this

change

This shift will be sustainable and offers many

economic benefits

Statistical Review of World Energy

June 2014

Oil

The Trans-Alaska Pipeline is more than 800 miles long and transports oil between Prudhoe Bay and Valdez in the US.

Oil reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios Years

2013 by region History

Total world proved oil reserves reached 1687.9 billion barrels at the end of 2013, sufficient to meet 53.3 years of global production.

The largest additions to reserves came from Russia, adding 900 million barrels and Venezuela adding 800 million barrels. OPEC

members continue to hold the majority of reserves, accounting for 71.9% of the global total. South & Central America continues to hold

the highest R/P ratio. Over the past decade, global proved reserves have increased by 27%, or over 350 billion barrels.

BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014

BP 2014

Distribution of proved oil reserves in 1993, 2003 and 2013 Percentage

Oil production/consumption by region Million barrels daily

Production by region Consumption by region

World oil production increased by just 550,000 b/d in 2013, less than half the growth of global consumption. Global consumption grew

by an above-average 1.4 million b/d, with emerging economies accounting for all of the net increase. Even so, the US had the biggest

increase in the world for consumption, as well as production, which grew by 400,000 b/d and 1.1 million b/d respectively. OPEC output

fell by 600,000 b/d, driven by a decline of 520,000 b/d in Libya.


BP 2014

Oil consumption per capita 2013 Tonnes


BP 2014

Oil product consumption by region Million barrels daily

Light distillates Middle distillates


BP 2014

Oil product consumption by region Million barrels daily

Fuel oil Others


BP 2014

Source: Platts

Rotterdam & Gulf Coast oil product prices US dollars per barrel

Rotterdam product prices US Gulf Coast product prices


BP 2014

Crude oil prices 1861-2013 US dollars per barrel, world events

Oil refinery utilization Percentage

Global crude runs grew by 0.4 million b/d in 2013, with increases in China, India and the US more than offsetting declines in Europe

and Other Asia Pacific. Global refining capacity grew by 1.4 million b/d, led by additions in China and the Middle East. Global

average refinery utilization slipped to 80.4%, the lowest since 1987.

Regional oil refining margins US dollars per barrel

Note: The refining margins presented are benchmark margins for three major global refining centres: US Gulf Coast (USGC), North

West Europe (NWE Rotterdam) and Singapore. In each case they are based on a single crude oil appropriate for that region and

have optimized product yields based on a generic refinery configuration (cracking, hydrocracking or coking), again appropriate for that

region. The margins are on a semi-variable basis, i.e. the margin after all variable costs and fixed energy costs.


BP 2014

Major oil trade movements 2013 Trade flows worldwide (million tonnes)

Natural gas

The Min Rong tanker berthed at Tangguh iquefied natural gas (LNG) plant in Indonesia. Indonesia is the second largest natural gas producer in

Asia.

Gas reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios Years


World proved natural gas reserves at end-2013 stood at 185.7 trillion cubic metres (tcm), sufficient to meet 55.1 years of global

production. Proved reserves grew by 0.2% relative to end-2012 data. An increase in the US (+7.1%) accounted for all of the net

growth in global proved reserves in 2013. Iran (33.8 tcm) and Russia (31.3 tcm) hold the largest proved reserves.


BP 2014

Distribution of proved gas reserves in 1993, 2003 and 2013 Percentage

Gas production/consumption by region Billion cubic metres

Consumption by region Production by region

World natural gas production increased by 1.1% in 2013, slightly below the growth rate of global consumption (+1.4%). Production

growth was below average in all regions except Europe & Eurasia. Russia (+2.4%) and China (+9.5%) recorded the largest growth

increments. Consumption growth was below average in all regions except North America. China (+10.8%) and the US (+2.4%)

recorded the largest growth increments.


BP 2014

Source: Includes data from Cedigaz.

Gas consumption per capita 2013 Tonnes oil equivalent


BP 2014

Gas prices $/Mmbtu


BP 2014

Source: Includes data from Cedigaz, CISStat, FGE MENAgas Service, IHS CERA, PIRA Energy Group.

Major gas trade movements 2013 Trade flows worldwide (billion cubic metres)

Coal


BP 2014 Coal ready for shipping. Coal was the fastest growing fossil fuel and its consumption grew

by 3% in 2013.

Coal reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios Years


World proved coal reserves in 2013 were sufficient to meet 113 years of global production, by far the largest R/P ratio for any fossil

fuel. The US, Russia and China hold the largest proved reserves. By region, Europe & Eurasia holds the largest proved reserves and has

the highest R/P ratio 254 years, compared with 250 for North America.


BP 2014

Source: World Energy Resources 2013 Survey, World Energy Council.

Distribution of proved coal reserves in 1993, 2003 and 2013 Percentage

Coal production/consumption by region Million tonnes oil equivalent

Production by region Consumption by region

World coal production increased by 0.8% in 2013, well below the 3% increase in global consumption. Indonesia (+9.4%) recorded the

largest production increment the first time since 1998 that China did not have the largest growth increment. Global consumption

growth was below average but was once again the fastest among fossil fuels. China and India accounted for 88% of global growth.


BP 2014

Coal consumption per capita 2013 Tonnes oil equivalent


BP 2014

Nuclear energy

Nuclear energy consumption by region Million tonnes oil equivalent

World nuclear power generation increased by 0.9%, the first increase since 2010. Gains in the US, China, and Canada more than offset

declines in South Korea, Ukraine, Spain and Russia. Global hydroelectric output grew by a below-average 2.9%. Growth in China,

Russia, Spain and India was partly offset by large declines in Brazil and the Nordic countries


BP 2014

Hydroelectricity


BP 2014

Hydroelectricity consumption by region Million tonnes oil equivalent


BP 2014

Renewable energy

Renewable energy consumption/share of power by region

Other renewables consumption by region Million tonnes oil equivalent

Other renewables share of power generation by region Percentage

Renewable energy in power generation grew by an above-average 16.3% in 2013. Europe & Eurasia once again contributed the

largest growth increment, even though growth in Europes leading players Germany, Spain, and Italy was below average. China

contributed the largest national increment. Renewable energy accounted for more than 5% of global electricity production for the first

time, and 15% of EU power generation.

Biofuels production by region Million tonnes oil equivalent

World biofuels production

World biofuels production increased by 6.1% in 2013. Increased biofuels output in North America, South and Central America and

Asia Pacific outweighed declines in Europe and Eurasia. Global ethanol production increased 6.1%, the first increase in two years.

Biodiesel production increased 6.2%, despite declines in South and Central America and Europe and Eurasia.

Primary energy

The Octavio Frias de Oliveira Bridge in Brazil 24% of the worlds biofuels were produced in the country in 2013, making it the second

largest producer.

Primary energy world consumption Million tonnes oil equivalent

World primary energy consumption grew by a below-average 2.3% in 2013, a third consecutive below-average increase. Growth was

below average in all regions except North America. All fuels except oil, nuclear and renewables grew at below-average rates. Oil

remains the worlds dominant fuel, but has lost market share for 14 years in a row. Hydroelectric and other renewables in power

generation both reached record shares of global primary energy consumption (6.7% and 2.2%, respectively).

Primary energy regional consumption pattern 2013 Percentage

The Asia Pacific region once again accounted for the largest increment to global primary energy consumption and continues to account

for the largest share (40.5% of the global total). The region accounted for over 70% of global coal consumption for the first time in

2013, and coal remains the regions dominant fuel. Oil is the dominant fuel in all other regions except Europe & Eurasia and the Middle

East where gas is dominant. In the Middle East, gas surpassed oil as the dominant fuel in 2013.


BP 2014

Primary energy consumption per capita 2013 Tonnes oil equivalent

Fossil fuel reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios at end 2013 Years

Coal remains by far the most abundant fossil fuel by R/P ratio. Non-OECD countries hold the majority of proved reserves for all

fossil fuels, and the highest R/P ratios for oil and natural gas. By region, the Middle East holds the largest reserves for oil and natural

gas, and the highest R/P ratio for natural gas; South and Central America hold the highest R/P ratio for oil. Europe & Eurasia holds the

largest coal reserves, and the highest R/P ratio.

Assignment#01

Submit the same statistical report (Tabular & Graphical

form) of Pakistan, covering resources, production,

consumption etc. with complete references:

Oil

NG

Coal

Nuclear

Except Renewables

Energy and Power Units and their Conversion Factors

Deadline: 24-02-2015

THANKS

Energy Scales

Documents

Lecture 01.pdf