Lec4 - Digestive System

8/13/2019 Lec4 - Digestive System

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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

All rights reserved.

Rectum and Anus

Rectum is area forstorage of fecesLeads to anus

External opening ofalimentary canal

Feces are evacuatedCalled defecation


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All rights reserved.Medical Terminology: A Living Language , Fourth EditionBonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht



Figure 8.7 The regions of the colon.


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Accessory Organs

Generally function by producing substancesnecessary for chemical breakdown of foodSalivary glands

LiverGallbladderPancreas


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Salivary Glands

Produce saliva Allows food to beswallowed without

chokingSaliva + food =bolusContains amylase

Begins digestion ofcarbohydrates


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Salivary Glands

Three pairsParotid glandsSublingual glands

Submandibularglands


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Liver

Located in right upper quadrant of abdomenProcesses nutrientsDetoxifies harmful substances

Produces bileEmulsificationBreaks up large fat globules into smaller droplets


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Figure 8.9 The accessory organs of the digestive system: the liver,gallbladder, and pancreas.


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Pancreas

Digestive juicesinclude:

Buffers neutralizeacidic chymeEnzymes digestcarbohydrates, lipids,and proteins


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Word Building with an/o & bucc/o

al buccal pertaining to cheek

labi/o al labiobuccal pertaining to lips and cheeks

al anal pertaining to anus

Word Building with append/o &


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Word Building with append/o &appendic/o

itis appendicitis inflammation of appendix

ectomy appendectomy surgical removal of appendix

Word Building with cholecyst/o &


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Word Building with cholecyst/o &dent/o

al dental pertaining to teeth

algia dentalgia tooth pain

ectomy cholecystectomy removal of gallbladder

gram cholecystogram X-ray record of gallbladder

ic cholecystic pertaining to gallbladder

algia cholecystalgia gallbladder pain


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Word Building with col/o & colon/o

scope colonoscope instrument to view colon

ic colonic pertaining to colon

ectomy colectomy removal of colon

ostomy colostomy new opening into colon

rect/o al colorectal pertaining to colon & rectum

Word Building with duoden/o enter/o


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Word Building with duoden/o, enter/o,& esophag/o

al duodenal pertaining to duodenum

ic enteric pertaining to intestine

itis enteritis inflammation of intestine

eal esophageal pertaining to esophagus

ectasis esophagectasis dilation of esophagus


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Word Building with gastr/o

algia gastralgia stomach pain

ic gastric pertaining to stomach

enter/o itis gastroenteritis inflammation of stomachenter/o

ologistgastroenterologist stomach specialist

malacia gastromalacia stomach softening


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Word Building with gastr/o

nas/o ic nasogastric pertaining to nose & stomach

ostomy gastrostomy new opening into stomach

scope gastroscope instrument to view stomach

itis gastritis inflammation of stomach

ectomy gastrectomy surgical removal of stomach


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Word Building with gingiv/o & gloss/o

al glossal pertaining to tongue

hypo al hypoglossal pertaining to under tongue

al gingival pertaining to gums

itis gingivitis gum inflammation


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Word Building with hepat/o & ile/o

al ileal pertaining to ileum

ostomy ileostomy new opening into ileum

itis hepatitis inflammation of liver

oma hepatoma liver tumor

ic hepatic pertaining to liver

Word Building with jejun/o lapar/o &


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Word Building with jejun/o, lapar/o, &lingu/o

al jejunal pertaining to jejunum

otomy laparotomy incision into abdomen

scope laparoscope instrument to view insidecolon

sub al sublingual pertaining to under the tongue

Word Building with odont/o or/o &


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Word Building with odont/o, or/o, &palat/o

orth/o ic orthodontic pertaining to straight teeth

al oral pertaining to mouth

plasty palatoplasty surgical repair of palate

Word Building with pancreat/o &


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Word Building with pancreat/o &pharyng/o

eal pharyngeal pertaining to pharynx

plegia pharyngoplegia pharynx paralysis

plasty pharyngoplasty surgical repair of pharynx

itis pancreatitis inflammation of pancreas

ic pancreatic pertaining to pancreas


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Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Word Building with proct/o & pylor/o

ic pyloric pertaining to pylorus

ptosis proctoptosis drooping rectum & anus

logist proctologist rectum & anus specialist

pexy proctopexy surgical fixation of rectum & anus

Word Building with rect/o sialaden/o


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Word Building with rect/o, sialaden/o,& sigmoid/o

al rectal pertaining to rectum

scope sigmoidoscope instrument to view insidesigmoid colon al sigmoidal pertaining to sigmoid colon

itis sialadenitis inflammation of salivaryglands

Word Building with emesis orexia


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Word Building with emesis, orexia,& prandial

hemat/o hematemesis vomit blood

hyper hyperemesis excessive vomiting

an

anorexia lack of appetitedys dysorexia abnormal appetite

post postprandial pertaining to after a meal


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Word Building with pepsia & phagia

a aphagia lack of eating

dys dysphagia abnormal eating

poly polyphagia too much eating

brady bradypepsia slow digestion

dys dyspepsia painful digestion


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Digestive System Vocabulary

anorexia loss of appetite with other conditions;different from anorexia nervosa

ascites collection of fluid in peritoneal cavity

bowelincontinence inability to control defecation

bridge dental appliance attached to adjacentteeth to replace missing teeth

cachexia loss of weight and wasting occurringduring chronic disease

b l


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constipation difficult or infrequent defecation

crown artificial tooth to replace original crown

dental caries decay of tooth due to bacterial infection;

tooth cavitydentistry prevention, diagnosis, and treatment ofconditions involving teeth, jaw, and mouth

denture partial or complete set of artificial teeth

diarrhea frequent, watery bowel movements

b l


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emesis vomiting

gastroenterology diagnosis and treatment of diseases ofthe digestive system

hematochezia passing bright red blood in stools

implant prosthetic device in jaw to anchor atooth

internal medicine diagnosis and treatment of diseases of

internal organs

i i S b l


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jaundice yellow cast to skin; caused by deposit ofbile pigment; often caused by liver disease

melena passage of dark tarry stool, due todigested blood

nausea urge to vomit

obesity weight above healthy levels

orthodontics correction of problems of tooth alignment

Di i S V b l


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periodontics treating conditions of the gums and areaaround teeth

polyp tumor with a pedicle (stem) attachment;found on mucous membranes

proctology diagnosis and treatment of diseases ofanus and rectum

pyrosis stomach acid splashing into esophagus;heartburn

regurgitation backflow of stomach contents into mouth

O l C i P h l


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Oral Cavity Pathology

aphthous ulcers ulcers in the mouth; commonly calledcanker sores

cleft lipcongenital anomaly where upper lipand jaw fail to fuse in the midline,leaving a gap

cleft palatecongenital anomaly where hardpalate fails to fuse in the midline,leaving an opening into nasal cavity

E h l P h l


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Esophageal Pathology

esophagealvarices

varicose veins in the esophagus;hemorrhaging occurs if rupture

gastroesophagealreflux disease(GERD)

acid from stomach flows backwardup into esophagus causinginflammation and pain

S h P h l


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Stomach Pathology

gastric carcinoma malignant tumor in stomach

hiatal herniaprotrusion of stomach throughdiaphragm into thoracic cavity; alsocalled diaphragmatocele

peptic ulcerdisease (PUD)

ulcer in the lower portion ofesophagus, stomach, and/orduodenum; caused by high acid ofstomach juices; may be a result ofHelicobacter pylori infection


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S ll I t ti & C l P th l


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Small Intestine & Colon Pathology

hemorrhoids varicose veins in the anal region

ileussevere abdominal pain, inability todefecate, abdominal distension; causedby intestinal blockage

inguinalhernia

protrusion of a loop of bowel throughabdominal muscle and into groin region;may become incarcerated or strangulatedif muscle pinches the loop of bowel


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A O g P th l g


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Accessory Organ Pathology

cholecystitis inflammation of gallbladder; commonlycaused by gallstones

cholelithiasis presence of gallstones; may or may notcause symptoms

cirrhosis chronic liver disease due to liver failure

hepatitis inflammation of liver; usually due to aviral infection

Cli i l L b t T t


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Clinical Laboratory Tests

alaninetransaminase(ALT)

normal enzyme in the bloodstream;increased levels indicate liver disease

aspartatetransaminase(AST)

normal enzyme in the bloodstream;increased levels indicate liver disease

fecal occultblood (FOBT)

examines feces for microscopic amountsof blood; also called hemoccult



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ova andparasites(O&P)

examination of feces for presence ofparasites or their eggs

serumbilirubin

determines amount of bilirubin inbloodstream; indicates liver disease

stool culture culture of feces to look for presence ofpathogenic bacteria

Endoscopic Procedures


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Endoscopic Procedures

colonoscopy visual examination inside of colon andrectum using a colonoscope

gastroscopy visual examination inside of stomachusing a gastroscope

laparoscopy visual examination inside of abdominalcavity using a laparoscope

sigmoidoscopy visual examination inside of sigmoidcolon using a sigmoidoscope

Dental Procedures


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Dental Procedures

extraction removing teeth

root canal drilling out of pulp cavity of a tooth; used tosave a tooth that is badly infected


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Digestive System Pharmacology


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anorexiant suppresses appetite totreat obesity Adipost,Obezine

antacid neutralizes stomach acid Tums, Maalox,Mylanta

antidiarrheal used to control diarrhea Imodium,Lomotil

antiemetic treats nausea andvomitingCompazine,Phenergan



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emetic induces vomiting Ipecac syrup

H2-receptorantagonist

blocks the productionof stomach acid

Zantac, Pepcid,Tagament

laxative stimulates a bowelmovementSenokot,Metamucil

proton pumpinhibitor

blocks stomachs

ability to secrete acidNexium,Prilosec

Digestive System Abbreviations


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ac before meals

ALT alanine transaminase

AST aspartate transaminase

Ba barium

BE barium enema

BM bowel movement

BS bowel sounds



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CBD common bile duct

EGD esophagogastroduodenoscopy

ERCP endoscopic retrograde

cholangiopancreatographyFOBT fecal occult blood test

GB gallbladder

GERD gastroesophageal reflux diseaseGI gastrointestinal


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pc after meals

PO by mouth

pp postprandial

PTC percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography

PUD peptic ulcer disease

TPN total parenteral nutrition

UGI upper gastrointestinal series

Documents

Lec4 - Digestive System