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Hope for the Future Portugal - Póvoa de Lanhoso Second meeting 13 -17 May 2013 Learning Europe: Culture & Civilization

Learning europe italian arts

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Page 1: Learning europe italian arts

Hope for the Future

Portugal - Póvoa de Lanhoso

Second meeting

13 -17 May 2013

Learning Europe:

Culture & Civilization

Page 2: Learning europe italian arts

ArchitectureArchitecture

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Colosseum Colosseum (Rome)(Rome)

The The ColosseumColosseum or Coliseum, or Coliseum, also known as the Flavian also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre is an elliptical Amphitheatre is an elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy. Built of the city of Rome, Italy. Built of concrete and stone, it was the concrete and stone, it was the largest amphitheatre of the largest amphitheatre of the Roman Empire, and it is Roman Empire, and it is considered one of the greatest considered one of the greatest works of Roman architecture works of Roman architecture and engineering. It is the and engineering. It is the largest amphitheatre in the largest amphitheatre in the world. world.

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Filippo Brunelleschi Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446)(1377-1446)

Filippo Brunelleschi was one Filippo Brunelleschi was one of the foremost architects of the foremost architects and engineers of the Italian and engineers of the Italian Renaissance. He is famous Renaissance. He is famous for his discovery of for his discovery of perspective and for perspective and for engineering the dome of the engineering the dome of the Florence Cathedral, but his Florence Cathedral, but his accomplishments also accomplishments also include other architectural include other architectural works, sculpture, works, sculpture, mathematics, engineering mathematics, engineering and even ship design. His and even ship design. His principal surviving works are principal surviving works are to be found in Florence, to be found in Florence, Italy. Italy.

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Duomo of FlorenceDuomo of Florence

The The Basilica di Santa Basilica di Santa Maria del FioreMaria del Fiore is the is the main church of Florence, main church of Florence, Italy. The Italy. The DuomoDuomo, as it is , as it is ordinarily called, was ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the begun in 1296 in the Gothic style to the design Gothic style to the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in completed structurally in 1436 with the dome 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.Brunelleschi.

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Giotto’s Bell Tower Giotto’s Bell Tower

Giotto’s Campanile Giotto’s Campanile (84,7 (84,7 metres high) is a free-standing metres high) is a free-standing campanile that is part of the campanile that is part of the complex of buildings that make complex of buildings that make up Florence Cathedral on the up Florence Cathedral on the Piazza del Duomo in Florence. Piazza del Duomo in Florence. Standing adjacent the Basilica Standing adjacent the Basilica of Santa Maria del Fiore and of Santa Maria del Fiore and the Baptistry of St. John, the the Baptistry of St. John, the tower is one of the showpieces tower is one of the showpieces of the Florentine Gothic of the Florentine Gothic architecture with its design by architecture with its design by Giotto, its rich sculptural Giotto, its rich sculptural decorations and the decorations and the polychrome marble polychrome marble encrustations.encrustations.

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Gian Lorenzo Bernini Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680)(1598-1680)

Gian Lorenzo BerniniGian Lorenzo Bernini was an Italian artist and was an Italian artist and a prominent architect a prominent architect who worked principally who worked principally in Rome. He was the in Rome. He was the leading sculptor of his leading sculptor of his age, credited with age, credited with creating the Baroque creating the Baroque style of sculpture. In style of sculpture. In addition, he painted, addition, he painted, wrote plays, and wrote plays, and designed metalwork and designed metalwork and stage sets. stage sets.

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Saint Peter’s Square Saint Peter’s Square

Saint Peter's Square Saint Peter's Square is a massive plaza located directly in front is a massive plaza located directly in front of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican City.of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican City.

Gian Lorenzo Bernini designed the square including the massive Gian Lorenzo Bernini designed the square including the massive Tuscan colonnades, four columns deep, which embrace visitors Tuscan colonnades, four columns deep, which embrace visitors in "the maternal arms of Mother Church." A granite fountain in "the maternal arms of Mother Church." A granite fountain constructed by Bernini in 1675 matches another fountain constructed by Bernini in 1675 matches another fountain designed by Carlo Maderno dating to 1613.designed by Carlo Maderno dating to 1613.

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Basilica di San Marco Basilica di San Marco (Venice)(Venice)

The The Patriarchal Cathedral Patriarchal Cathedral Basilica of Saint MarkBasilica of Saint Mark is the is the cathedral church of the cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Venice, northern Italy.of Venice, northern Italy.

It is the most famous of the It is the most famous of the city's churches and one of the city's churches and one of the best known examples of best known examples of Byzantine architecture. It lies Byzantine architecture. It lies at the eastern end of the at the eastern end of the Piazza San Marco, adjacent Piazza San Marco, adjacent and connected to the Doge's and connected to the Doge's Palace.Palace.

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Duomo di MilanoDuomo di Milano

The cathedral of The cathedral of Milan, the symbol of Milan, the symbol of Milan, is dedicated to Milan, is dedicated to Santa Maria Rising Santa Maria Rising and is located in the and is located in the square in the city square in the city center.center.

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Piazza dei miracoli Piazza dei miracoli

The The Piazza del DuomoPiazza del Duomo ("Cathedral Square") is a wide, walled area to the ("Cathedral Square") is a wide, walled area to the north of central Pisa, Tuscany. It is recognized as one of the main north of central Pisa, Tuscany. It is recognized as one of the main centers for medieval art in the world. Partly paved and partly grassed, it centers for medieval art in the world. Partly paved and partly grassed, it is dominated by four great religious edifices: the Duomo (cathedral), the is dominated by four great religious edifices: the Duomo (cathedral), the Campanile (the cathedral's free standing bell tower), the Baptistry and Campanile (the cathedral's free standing bell tower), the Baptistry and the Camposanto.the Camposanto.

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Renzo PianoRenzo Piano Renzo Piano is an Renzo Piano is an

Italian architect. It is Italian architect. It is one of the best one of the best known and known and internationally active internationally active architects.architects.

The Shard, also referred to as the Shard of Glass, Shard London Bridge is a 72-storey skyscraper in London. It opened to the public on 1st February 2013. Standing 309.6 metres (1,016 ft) high, the Shard is the tallest building in the European Union. Renzo Piano is the Shard's architect.

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LITERATURE

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The basis of the modern Italian language was established by the Florentine poet Dante Alighieri, whose greatest work, the Divine Comedy, is considered among the foremost literary statements produced in Europe during the

Middle Ages. Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)

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Other celebrated literary figures in Italy are: Giovanni Boccaccio whose greatest work is “The Decameron”. The poet Giacomo Leopardi and Alessandro Manzoni who wrote “The Betrothed”.

Giovanni Boccaccio Giacomo Leopardi

Alessandro Manzoni

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There are also Torquato Tasso, Ludovico Ariosto, and Petrarca, whose best-known vehicle of expression, the sonnet, was invented in Italy, Luigi Pirandello with “Il fu Mattia Pascal” and Giovanni Pascoli.

Prominent philosophers include Giordano Bruno, Marsilio Ficino, Niccolò Machiavelli, and Giambattista Vico. Modern literary figures and Nobel laureates are: nationalist poet Giosuè Carducci in 1906; realist writer Grazia Deledda in 1926; modern theatre author Luigi Pirandello in 1936; poets Salvatore Quasimodo in 1959 and Eugenio Montale in 1975; satirist and theatre author Dario Fo in 1997.

Giovanni Pascoli Luigi Pirandello Salvatore Quasimodo

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ART

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Over the centuries, Italian art has gone through many stylistic changes. Italian painting is traditionally characterized by a warmth of colour and light, as exemplified in the works of Caravaggio and Titian, and a preoccupation with religious figures and motifs. Italian painting enjoyed pre-eminence in Europe for hundreds of years, from the Romanesque and Gothic periods, and through the Renaissance and Baroque periods. Other notable artists who fall within these periods include Giotto, Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Donatello, Botticelli, Tintoretto and Bernini.

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GIOTTO (1267 – 1337)

“Compianto sul Cristo morto”

“Madonna in maestà”

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DONATELLO (1386 – 1466)

“San Giorgio”“David”

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LEONARDO DA VINCI (1475 – 1564)

“Ultima Cena”“La Gioconda”

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MICHELANGELO (1475 – 1564)

“Il David” “Sacra Famiglia”

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RAFFAELLO (1483 – 1520)

“Lo sposalizio della Vergine”

“La Madonna della seggiola”

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“La Primavera” “The birth of Venus”

SANDRO BOTTICELLI (1445-1510)

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TINTORETTO (1519 – 1594)

“Origine della Via Lattea”

“San Rocco in Gloria”

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CARAVAGGIO (1571 – 1610)

“Bacchini malato” “The Crucifixion of Saint Peter”

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MACCHIAIOLI

The Macchiaioli were a group of Italian painters active in Tuscany in the second half of the nineteenth century, who, breaking with the antiquated conventions taught by the Italian academies of art, did much of their painting outdoors in order to capture natural light, shade, and colour. This practice relates the Macchiaioli to the French Impressionists. The most notable artists of this movement were Giovanni Fattori, Vito D’Ancona, Silvestro Lega and Telemaco Signorini.

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Giovanni Fattori, Hay stack

Silvestro Lega, Ragazza di Crespina

Telemaco Signorini, Ghetto of Florence

Vito D’Ancona, Lady in White

Silvestro Lega Il Bindolo

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GIOVANNI BOLDINI (1842-1931)

“Marthe Bibesco”“La Dame de Biarritz”

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UMBERTO BOCCIONI (1882 - 1916)

“The Laugh”“Self-portrait”

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GIORGIO DE CHIRICO (1888 - 1978)

“Love Song” “The Disquieting Muses”

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MUSIC

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ITALIAN MUSICITALIAN MUSIC

From Folk to classical, music From Folk to classical, music has always played an has always played an important role in the Italian important role in the Italian culture.culture.

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CLASSICAL MUSIC AND COMPOSERS

• Instruments associated with classical music, including the piano (Bartolomeo Cristofori), violin and organ (Girolamo Frescobaldi) were invented in Italy.

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Many of prevailing classical music forms, such as symphony, concerto and sonata, can trace their roots back to innovations of the 16th and 17th century Italian music.

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PALESTRINA and MONTEVERDI Italian most famous composers include the

Renaissance composers Palestrina, Monteverdi

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (1526 –1594) was a Renaissancecomposer of sacred music and the best-known 16th-century representative of the Roman School of musical composition.

Giovanni Monteverdi (1567 -1643) was a composer and singer.Monteverdi's work, marked the transition from the Renaissance style of music to that of the Baroque period.He developed two individual styles of composition – the heritage of Renaissance polyphonyanand the new basso continuo technique of the Baroque.

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SCARLATTI and CORELLIThe Baroque composers

Giuseppe Domenico Scarlatti (1685 – 1757) was a composer who spent much of his life in the service of the Portuguese and Spanish royal families. He composed in a variety of musical forms, although today he is known mainly for his 555 keyboard sonatas.

The style of execution introduced by Corelli was of vital importance for the development of violin playing. It has been said that the paths of all of the famous violinist-composers of 18th-century Italy led to Arcangelo Corelli who was their "iconic point of reference".

Arcangelo Corelli (1653 – 1713) was a composer and violinist and composer of the Baroque era.

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Antonio Lucio Vivaldi (1678 – 1741), was an Italian Baroque composer, Catholic priest, and virtuoso violinist, born in Venice. Recognized as one of the greatest Baroque composers, his influence during his lifetime was widespread over Europe. Vivaldi is known mainly for composing instrumental concertos especially for the violin, as well as sacred choral works and over forty operas. His best known work is a series of violin concertos known as The Four Seasons.

ANTONIO VIVALDI

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The classical composers

PAGANINI and ROSSINI

Niccolò Paganini (1782- 1840) was a composer and one of the most celebrated violin virtuosi of his time, and left his mark as one of the pillars of modern violin technique. His Caprice No. 24 in A minor, Op. 1, is among the best known of his compositions.

Gioachino Rossini (1792-1868) was a composer who wrote 39 operas as well as sacred music, chamber music, songs, and some instrumental and piano pieces.His best-known operas include the Italian comedies Il barbiere di Siviglia (The Barber of Seville) and La Cenerentola and the French-language epics Moïse et Pharaonand Guillaume Tell.

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GIUSEPPE VERDI Romantic composer

Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901) is considered with Richard Wagner the most influential composer of operas of the nineteenth century, and dominated the Italian scene after Bellini, Donizetti and Rossini. His works are frequently performed in opera houses throughout the world and, transcending the boundaries of the genre, some of his themes have long since taken root in popular culture, as "La donna è mobile" from Rigoletto, "Libiamo ne' lieti calici” (The Drinking Song) from La traviata, "Va, pensiero”(The Chorus of the Hebrew Slaves) from Nabucco, the "Coro di zingari" from Il trovatore and the "Grand March" from Aida.

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GIACOMO PUCCINI Romantic Composer

Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924) was a composer whose operas are among the most frequently performed in opera houses all over the world.Puccini has been called "the greatest composer of Italian opera after Verdi”. While his early work was rooted in traditional late-19thcentury romantic Italian opera, he successfully developed his work in the 'realistic' verismo style, of which he became one of the leading exponents. His greatest operas include: Manon Lescaut, Tosca, Madame Butterfly, La bohème, Turandot, La fanciulla del West.

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OPERA Opera has been promoted by the opening of public

theatres. In 1637 the first theatre in San Cassiano in Venice was opened. A new kind of music was sung and quickly spread throughout Europe.

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OPERA• Italy is widely known for being the birthplace

of Opera which was founded in the early 17th century, in Italian cities, such as Venice and Mantua.

• The opera literature of the first half of the eighteenth century was dominated by the great figure of the great Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi. His first successful opera was Nabucco in 1842 in Milan.

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• Operas composed by Italian composers of the 19th and early 20th centuries, such as Rossini, Bellini, Doninzetti, Verdi and Puccini are performed in opera houses all over the world.

• Modern Italian composers, Berio and Nono, developed experimental and electronic music.

Luciano Berio(1925-2003)

OPERA

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Enrico Caruso (1873-1921)

Luciano Pavarotti(1935-2007)

ITALIAN TENORSFamous Italian opera singers include Enrico Caruso and Luciano Pavarotti.

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THEATRES La Scala Opera house in Milan, San Carlo Opera house in

Naples and La Fenice Opera House in Venice are considered among the best theatres in the world.

La Scala

La Fenice

SanCarlo

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LA SCALA THEATRE

• From the year of its foundation is the seat of the Opera, the Choir, the Orchestra and Ballet, the Philharmonic since 1982.

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Claudio Abbado has served as music director of the La Scala opera house in Milan, principal conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra, principal guest conductor of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, music director of the Vienna State Opera, and principal conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic, orchestra from 1989 to 2002.

Riccardo Muti is a conductor and music director of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. Muti has been a regular guest of the Berlin Philarmonic and the Vienna Philarmonic.

He has led opera performances with the Philadelphia Orchestra and productions in the principal opera houses of Rome (from 1969),

Ravenna, Vienna, London (from 1977), Munich (from 1979), and, finally, in 2010, New York.

ITALIAN CONDUCTORS

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From the 50s to the 90s Between the 50s and the 60s the

Italian popular music underwent a significant change caused by the rock influences coming from overseas, in particular with the music that was enriched with electric guitars that took the place of violins.

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From the 70s to the 90s

In the 70s new born Italian singers and songwriters with a musical personality that united that of the classical composer and one of the folk singer, produced a new type of rock. Among these the most popular singers were: Lucio Battisti and Mia Martini.

Lucio Battisti (1943-1998)Mia Martini (1947-1995)

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From the 80s to the 90s

• The 80s are essentially a decade of great innovation which passes through the electronic sound with the attempt of a link between genres such as rock and the diverse world of soul, disco and funk. In the second half of the 80s techno and house music was produced.

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Italy was also an important country in the development of disco and electronic music, known for its futuristic sound and prominent usage of synthesizers and drum machines. It was one of European forms of dico music. It was called Italo Disco.

ITALIAN DISCO MUSIC

Italo disco's influences include Italian producer Giorgio Moroder and the singer Spagna.

Giorgio Moroder

Spagna

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MUSIC TODAYToday , Italian pop music is represented annually with the Sanremo Music Festival, which takes place at the Ariston theatre in Sanremo. This Festival served as inspiration for the Eurovision song contest, and the Festival of Two Worlds in Spoleto.

Ariston Theatre

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ITALIAN SINGERSITALIAN SINGERSToday singers such as pop diva Mina, classical crossover artist Andrea Bocelli, Grammy winner Laura Pausini, European chart-topper Eros Ramazzotti, Gianna Nannini and Tiziano Ferro have attained international acclaim.

Mina

Andrea Bocelli

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Laura PausiniEros Ramazzotti

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Gianna NanniniTiziano Ferro

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Cinema

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The history of Italian cinema began a few months after the Lumière brothers began motion picture exhibitions. The first Italian film was a few seconds, showing Pope Leo XIII giving a blessing to the camera.The Italian film industry was born between 1903 and 1908 with three companies.Films were brought to Italy by the Lumière operators during 1896. In 1896, the first cinema theatres opened in Rome, Milan , Naples, Livorno , etc.In Pisa cinema Lumière opened in 1899 . It closed its doors on February 13, 2011.

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CinecittàCinecittà is a complex of studios of international importance located along the Tuscolana in the eastern outskirts of Rome, and active since 1937.Cinecittà is the top Italian film industry but it is also used for foreign productions and television shows. More than 3000 films were shot here; 90 films received an Academy Award nomination; 47 films won the prestigious statuette. Famous national and international directors have worked here: Federico Fellini , Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese, Riddley Scott, etc.

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Italian Directors• Vittorio De Sica• Roberto Rossellini• Federico Fellini• Sergio Leone• Luchino Visconti• Mario Monicelli• Michelangelo Antonioni• Franco Zeffirelli• Dario Argento• Giuseppe Tornatore• Gabriele Salvatores• Roberto Benigni

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The mid-1940s to the early 1950s was the heyday of The mid-1940s to the early 1950s was the heyday of neorealistic films, reflecting the poor condition of neorealistic films, reflecting the poor condition of post-war Italypost-war Italy

Rome, Open City Rome, Open City (1945)(1945)

The Bicycle thief (1948)

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• La dolce vita• The Good, the Bad and the

ugly • Two Women• Once upon a time in America• Mediterraneo • Life is beautiful

The most famous movies include:

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Famous actors from the 40s to 90s

Vittorio De Sica (Miracolo a Milano)

Anna Magnani (La rosa tatuata)

Totò (Miseria e nobiltà)

Vittorio Gassman (Riso amaro)

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Famous actors/actresses

Marcello Mastroianni (Matrimonio all’italiana)

Sophia Loren (La ciociara)

Alberto Sordi (Un americano a Roma)

Monica Vitti (La ragazza con la pistola)

Mariangela Melato (Travolti da un insolito destino . . .)

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Massimo Troisi (Il Postino)

Giancarlo Giannini(Pasqualino Settebellezze)

Roberto Benigni(La vita è bella)

Valeria Golino(Rain man)

Monica Bellucci(Malèna)

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Stefano Accorsi (Le fate ignoranti)

Elio Germano(La nostra vita)

Raul Bova (Scusa se ti chiamo amore)

Riccardo Scamarcio (Tre metri sopra il cielo)