Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
learning english from tamil language
Citation preview
Page 1 of 361
- 1 (Grammar Patterns 1)
, (Spoken English) ,
.
"Grammar Patterns" .
,
, .
"I do a job" " ."
. "
." .
.
; ,
.
.
"do a job"
. " "
. " ,
, " 73
.
.
do a job
1. I do a Job.
.
2. I am doing a job.
.
Page 2 of 361
3. I did a job.
.
4. I didn't do a job.
.
5. I will do a job.
.
( ) .
6. I won't do a job.
.
7. Usually I don't do a job.
.
8. I am not doing a job.
.
9. I was doing a job.
.
10. I wasn't doing a job.
.
11. I will be doing a job.
.
12. I won't be doing a job.
.
13. I am going to do a job.
.
14. I was going to do a job.
.
15. I can do a job.
16. I am able to do a job.
17. I can't do a job.
18. I am unable to do a job.
.
Page 3 of 361
19. I could do a job.
20. I was able to do a job.
.
21. I couldn't do a job.
22. I was unable to do a job.
.
23. I will be able to do a job.
.
24. I will be unable to do a job.
.
25. I may be able to do a job.
.
26. I should be able to do a job.
27. I have been able to do a job. (Perfect Tense )
/
.
28. I had been able to do a job.
/
.
29. I may do a job.
30. I might do a job.
31. I may be doing a job.
.
32. I must do a job.
( ) .( )
33. I must not do a job.
.
.
34. I should do a job.
. ( )
Page 4 of 361
35. I shouldn't do a job.
.
.
36. I ought to do a job.
. ( )
37. I don't mind doing a job.
.
38. I have to do a job.
/ .
39. I don't have to do a job.
/ .
40. I had to do a job.
/ .
41. I didn't have to do a job.
/ .
42. I will have to do a job.
.
43. I won't have to do a job.
.
44. I need do a job.
( ) .
45. I needn’t do a job.
.
46. He seems to be doing a job.
.
47. He doesn't seem to be doing a job.
.
48. He seemed to be doing a job.
.
49. He didn't seem to be doing a job.
Page 5 of 361
50. Doing a job is useful.
( ) .
51. Useless doing a job.
.
52. It is better to do a job.
.
53. I had better do a job.
.
54. I made him do a job.
.
55. I didn't make him do a job.
56. To do a job I am going to America.
57. I used to do a job.
.
58. Shall I do a Job?
?
59. Let’s do a job.
.
60. I feel like doing a job.
.
61. I don't feel like doing a job.
.
62. I felt like doing a job.
.
63. I didn't feel like doing a job.
.
64. I have been doing a job.
/
.
Page 6 of 361
65. I had been doing a job.
/
.
66. I see him doing a job.
.
67. I don't see him doing a job.
.
68. I saw him doing a job.
.
69. I didn't see him doing a job.
.
70. If I do a job, I will get experience.
.
71. If I don't do a job, I won't get experience.
.
72. If I had done a job, I would have got experience.
. ( )
73. It is time I did a job.
.
:
"do a job"
"doing a job"
. 'ing'
.
.
"ing"
.
Verb with + ing: 2, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 31, 37, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67,
68, 69.
Page 7 of 361
:
speak in English
speaking in English. .
Homework:
10 .
73 . .
.
1. I speak in English.
.
2. I write a letter.
.
3. I play cricket.
.
4. I fill up the form.
.
5. I go to school.
.
6. I do my homework.
.
7. I read a book.
.
8. I travel by bus.
.
9. I look for a job.
.
10. I ride a bike.
.
"speak in English"
:
I speak in English.
.
I am speaking in English.
.
Page 8 of 361
I spoke in English.
.
I didn't speak in English.
.
I will speak in English.
.
,
73 .
.
Long Forms = Sort Forms
Do + not = Don‟t
Does + not = Doesn‟t
Did + not = Didn‟t
Will + not = Won‟t
Was + not = Wasn‟t
Were + not = Weren‟t
Can + not = Can‟t
Could + not = Couldn‟t
Have + not = Haven‟t
Has + not = Hasn‟t
Had + not = Hadn‟t
Need + not = Needn‟t
Must + not = Mustn‟t
Should + not = Shouldn‟t
Would + not Wouldn't
.
.
Grammar Patterns 2 Grammar Patterns 3
73 (
) .
.
. .
.
Page 9 of 361
- 2 (Grammar Patterns 2)
.
" -1" -
,
.
I am .
He, She, It "Third Person Singular" "is "
.
1, 7, 8, 13, 16, 18, 27, 37, 38, 39, 56, 60, 61, 64, 71
.
.
"speak in English"
. " " (I) ,
" " (He) .
"He speaks in English - , He spoke
in English - , He wiil speak in English -
" 73
.
.
speak in English
1. He speaks in English.
.
2. He is speaking in English.
.
3. He spoke in English.
.
4. He didn’t speak in English.
.
5. He will speak in English.
.
Page 10 of 361
6. He won’t speak in English.
.
7. Usually He doesn’t speak in English.
.
8. He is not speaking in English.
.
9. He was speaking in English.
.
10. He wasn’t speaking in English.
.
11. He will be speaking in English.
.
12. He won’t be speaking in English.
.
13. He is going to speak in English.
.
14. He was going to speak in English.
.
15. He can speak in English.
16. He is able to speak in English.
.
17. He can’t speak in English.
18. He is unable to speak in English.
.
19. He could speak in English.
20. He was able to speak in English.
.
21. He couldn’t speak in English.
22. He was unable to speak in English.
.
23. He will be able to speak in English.
.
Page 11 of 361
24. He will be unable to speak in English.
.
25. He may be able to speak in English.
.
26. He should be able to speak in English.
.
27. He has been able to speak in English.
/
.
28. He had been able to speak in English.
/
.
29. He may speak in English.
30. He might speak in English.
31. He may be speaking in English.
.
32. He must speak in English.
. ( )
33. He must not speak in English.
( )
.
34. He should speak in English.
. ( )
35. He shouldn’t speak in English.
. ( )
.
36. He ought to speak in English.
. ( )
37. He doesn’t mind speaking in English.
.
38. He has to speak in English.
/ .
Page 12 of 361
39. He doesn’t have to speak in English.
/ .
40. He had to speak in English.
.
41. He didn’t have to speak in English.
.
42. He will have to speak in English.
.
43. He won’t have to speak in English.
.
44. He need speak in English.
.
45. He needn’t speak in English.
.
46. He seems to be speaking in English.
.
47. He doesn’t seem to be speaking in English.
.
48. He seemed to be speaking in English.
.
49. He didn’t seem to be speaking in English.
.
50. Speaking in English is useful.
( ) .
51. Useless speaking in English.
.
52. It is better to speak in English.
.
53. He had better speak in English.
.
Page 13 of 361
54. He made her speak in English.
.
55. He didn’t make her speak in English.
.
56. To speak in English.He is practicing.
.
57. He used to speak in English.
.
58. Shall I speak in English?
?
59. Let’s speak in English.
.
60. He feels like speaking in English.
.
61. He doesn’t feel like speaking in English.
.
62. He felt like speaking in English.
.
63. He didn’t feel like speaking in English.
.
64. He has been speaking in English.
/
.
65. He had been speaking in English.
/
.
66. I see him speak in English.
.
67. I don’t see him speak in English.
.
Page 14 of 361
68. I saw him speak in English.
.
69. I didn’t see him speak in English.
.
70. If he speaks in English, he will get a good job.
.
71. If he doesn’t speak in English, he won’t get a good job.
.
72. If he had spoken in English, he would have got a good job.
,
. ( )
73. It is time he spoke in English.
.
:
1.
. "He speaks in English" " .
"speak" "s"
. "Third Person Singular"
He, She, It s, es
.
Third Person Singular "He, She, It: Infinitive + e, es" .
2. "speak in English"
"speaking in English" .
Verb with + ing: 2, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 31, 37, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67,
68, 69.
"ing"
.
Page 15 of 361
:
speak in English
speaking in English. "ing" .
Homework:
He drives a car.
.
She goes to school.
.
Sarmilan gets up early morning.
.
Nithya comes to the office.
.
He apologizes with her.
.
My mother opens a current account.
.
73 .
!
Page 16 of 361
3 (Grammar Patterns 3)
Grammar Patterns -1, Grammar Patterns -2 ,
Grammar Petterns -3 73 .
Grammar Patterns -1 Grammar Patterns -2
. "Grammar Patterns 3"
.
.
Grammar Patterns -1 I "First Person Singular" "am"
.
Grammar Patterns -2 He, She, It " Third Person Singular" "is"
.
Grammar Patterns -3 "You" "Second Person Singular"
, "We, They, You "Plural" , "are"
.
"You - / " , "We - / /
/ , They - / "are"
.
"Grammar Patterns 3" "We are going to
school" "are" 2,
8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 56,
.
.
"go to school"
.
Page 17 of 361
1. We go to school.
.
2. We are going to school.
.
3. We went to school.
.
4. We didn’t go to school.
.
5. We will go to school.
.
6. We won’t go to school.
.
7. Usually we don’t go to school.
.
8. We are not going to school.
.
9. We were going to school.
10. We weren’t going to school.
.
11. We will be going to school.
.
12. We won’t be going to school.
.
13. We are going to go to school.
.
14. We were going to go to school.
.
15. We can go to school.
16. We are able to go to school.
.
Page 18 of 361
17. We can’t go to school
18. We are unable to go to school.
.
19. We could go to school.
20. We were able to go to school.
.
21. We couldn’t go to school.
22. We were unable to go to school.
.
23. We will be able to go to school.
.
24. We will be unable to go to school
.
25. We may be able to go to school.
.
26. We should be able to go to school.
.
27. We have been able to go to school
/
.
28. We had been able to go to school.
/
.
29. We may go to school.
30. We might go to school.
31. We may be going to school
.
32. We must go to school.
. ( )
33. We must not go to school.
.
. ( )
Page 19 of 361
34. We should go to school.
. ( )
35. We shouldn’t go to school.
.
( )
36. We ought to go to school.
. (
)
37. We don’t mind going to school.
.
38. We have to go to school.
.
39. We don’t have to go to school.
.
40. We had to go to school.
/ .
41. We didn’t have to go to school.
/ .
42. We will have to go to school.
/ .
43. We won’t have to go to school.
/ .
44. We need go to school.
/ .
45. We needn’t go to school.
/ .
46. He seems to be going to school.
.
47. He doesn’t seem to be going to school.
.
48. He seemed to be going to school.
.
Page 20 of 361
49. He didn’t seem to be going to school.
.
50. Going to school is useful.
( ) .
51. Useless going to school.
.
52. It is better to go to school.
.
53. We had better go to school.
/ .
54. We made him go to school.
.
55. We didn’t make him go to school.
.
56. To go to school we are ready.
.
57. We used to go to school
.
58. Shall we go to school?
?
59. Let’s go to school.
.
60. We feel like going to school.
.
61. We don’t feel like going to school.
.
62. We felt like going to school.
.
63. We didn’t feel like going to school.
.
Page 21 of 361
64. We have been going to school.
/
.
65. We had been going to school.
/
.
66. We see him going to school.
.
67. We don’t see him going to school.
.
68. We saw him going to school.
.
69. We didn’t see him going to school.
.
70. If we go to school, we will get good results.
,
.
71. If we don’t go to school, we won’t get good results.
.
72. If we gone to school, we would have got good results.
. ( )
73. It is time we went to school.
.
Home work:
1. We pray.
.
2. We learn English.
.
3. We watch movie.
.
Page 22 of 361
4. We listen to songs.
.
5. We have lunch.
.
73 .
.
73
. ,
.
aangilam.blogspot.com
"ing"
.
Verb with + ing: 2, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 31, 37, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67,
68, 69.
Example:
We pray
We are praying.
.
.
!
Page 23 of 361
4 (Simple Present Tense)
Grammar Patterns 1, Grammar Patterns 2, Grammar Patters 3
, 73 .
73
.
Grammar Patters 1 "I do a job"
,
.
1. I do a job
.
"I do a job" .
Simple Present Tense Present Simple Tense
.
"Simple Present Tense"" .
Subject + Auxiliary verb + Main verb
1. I/ You/ We/ They + __ + do a job.
2. He/ She/ It + __ + does a job. "Subject"
. "Auxiliary verb" "
.
Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb
1. Do + I/ you/ we/ they + do a job?
2. Does + he/ she/ it + do a job.
"Auxiliary verb" .
Do/ Does
"Subject" .
.
Page 24 of 361
.
.
1
Do you do a job?
?
Yes, I do a job
, .
No, I don’t do a job. (do + not)
, .
Do you speak in English?
?
Yes, I speak in English.
,
No, I don’t speak in English. (do + not)
, .
Do you go to school?
?
Yes, I go to school.
, .
No, I don’t go to school. (do + not)
, .
Do you love me?
?
Yes, I love you.
, .
No, I don’tlove you. (do + not)
, .
I ( ) "You, We,
They - / / / / "
.
50 . . .
Page 25 of 361
1. I get up early at 6:30.
6:30 .
2. I brush my teeth.
.
3. I have a bath.
.
4. I have breakfast.
.
5. I travel by bus.
.
6. I go to school.
.
7. I go to Kowloon Park every Sunday.
.
8. I read the book.
.
9. I write an article.
.
10. I like chocolate ice-cream.
.
11. I pay the loan.
.
12. I borrow some books from my friend.
.
13. I leave from class.
.
14. I try to go.
.
15. I have a rest.
.
16. I answer the phone.
.
Page 26 of 361
17. I watch movie.
.
18. I worry about that.
.
19. I drive a car.
.
20. I read the news paper.
.
21. I play football.
.
22. I boil water.
.
23. I have some tea.
.
24. I do my homework.
.
25. I deposit money to the bank.
.
26. I wait for you.
.
27. I operate the computer.
.
28. I follow a computer course.
.
29. I practice my religion.
.
30. I listen to news.
.
31. I speak in English.
.
Page 27 of 361
32. I prepare tea.
.
33. I help my mom.
.
34. I celebrate my birthday.
.
35. I enjoy Tamil songs.
.
36. I negotiate my salary.
.
37. I change my clothes.
.
38. I go to market.
.
39. I choose a nice shirt.
.
40. I buy a trouser.
.
41. I love Tamil.
.
42. I remember this place.
.
43. I take a transfer.
( ) .
44. I renovate the house.
.
45. I give up this habit.
( ) .
46. I fly to America.
( ) .
47. I solve my problems.
.
Page 28 of 361
48. I improve my English knowledge.
.
49. I practice English at night.
.
50. I dream about my bright future.
( ).
2
" 1" 50
. 50
He / She / It .
:
He/ She/ It "Third Person Singular"
s, es
.
He/ She/ It Infinitive + e, es .
Grammar Patterns 2
.
:
He does a job. - .
She does a job. - .
It does a job. - .
He speaks in English - .
She speaks in English. - .
It speaks in English. - .
Page 29 of 361
"Third Person Singular"
.
Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb
2. Does + he/ she/ it + do a job. "Auxiliary verb"
'Does' "Subject"
.
Does he do a job?
?
Yes, he does a job
, .
No, he doesn’t do a job. (does + not)
, .
Does he speak in English?
?
Yes, he speaks in English.
,
No, he doesn’t speak in English. (does + not)
, .
Does she go to school?
?
Yes, she goes to school.
, .
No, she doesn’t go to school. (does + not)
, .
:
He -
' '
.
She -
' '
.
Page 30 of 361
It -
' '
.
:
He/ She/ It - makes a coffee - (make)
He/ She/ It - thinks about that (think)
He/ She/ It - loves ice-cream. (love)
Suvethine makes a coffee. - . Sarmilan loves his Motherland. - .
Cat thinks about rat. - .
:
“y”
“ies” . ( )
:
Try - tries
Worry - worries
“s”, x”, z”, ch”, sh”, 0"
“es”
.
:
do - does
go - goes
have - has ('have' 'has'
.)
:
[Simple
Present - Signal words]
always
Often
Usually
Sometimes
Seldom
Never
Every day
Every week
Every year
On Monday
After school
Page 31 of 361
"
?" .
.
Where do you live?
?
I live in Hong Kong.
.
" "
. " "
.
, . ,
. , .
" "
.
" "
,
. "Simple Present tense" .
" 1" .
1
- 2
,
.
2
! .
!
Page 32 of 361
5 (Present Continuous Tense)
73 Grammar Patterns 1, Grammar Patterns 2, Grammar Patterns 3
.
.
.
. "
1"
.
I am doing a job.
.
" " (Present Continuous Tense)
.
.
.
,
.
What are you doing now?
?
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
Page 33 of 361
.
. "Practical Training"
.
, .
Positive (Affirmative)
Subject + Auxiliary verb + Main verb with ing
1. I + am + doing a job
2. He/ She/ It + is + doing a job.
3. You/ We/ They + are + doing a job. (Subject)
. Form
"ing"
.
Negative Subject + Auxiliary verb + not + Main verb with ing
1. I + am + not + doing a job
2. He/ She/ It + is + not + doing a job.
3. You/ We/ They + are + not + doing a job.
Question (Interrogative)
Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb with ing
1. Am + I + doing a job?
2. Is + he/ she/ It + doing a job?
3. Are + you/ we/ they + doing a job? "Subject"
"Auxiliary verb "
.
1
:
Are you doing a job?
?
Yes, I am doing a job. (I‟m)
, .
No, I am not doing a job. (I‟m not)
, .
Are you speaking in English?
?
Yes, I am speaking in English. (I‟m)
, .
Page 34 of 361
No, I am not speaking in English. (I‟m not)
, .
Are you going to school?
?
Yes, I am going to school. (I‟m)
, .
No, I am not going to school. (I‟m not)
, .
50 .
.
, "What are you doing now?"
,
.
.
, .
.
...
1. I am getting up now.
.
2. I am going to toilet.
.
3. I am brushing my teeth.
.
4. I am having a bath.
.
5. I am having some tea.
.
6. I am dressing.
.
7. I am practicing my religion.
.
Page 35 of 361
8. I am having breakfast.
.
9. I am worshiping my parents.
.
10. I am leaving from home.
.
11. I am traveling by bus.
.
12. I am painting a picture.
.
13. I am entering into the Office
.
14. I am working.
.
15. I am doing my duty.
.
16. I am operating a computer.
.
17. I am driving a car.
.
18. I am asking some quesions with them.
.
19. I am sharing my lunch.
( ) .
20. I am working as a team.
.
21. I am talking with my friends.
.
22. I am leaving from the office to home.
.
Page 36 of 361
23. I am waiting for you.
.
24. I am coming back to home.
.
25. I am having a body wash.
( ) .
26. I am changing my clothes.
.
27. I am having a cup of coffee.
.
28. I am going to playground.
.
29. I am walking.
.
30. I am smoking cigarette.
.
31. I am talking with my friends.
.
32. I am cracking jokes with others.
.
33. I am playing football.
.
34. I am answering the phone.
.
35. I am having a rest.
.
36. I am studying for the exam.
.
37. I am reading a book.
.
Page 37 of 361
38. I am watching movie.
.
39. I am thinking about that.
.
40. I am preparing tea.
.
41. I am rectifying mistakes.
.
42. I am writing an article in Tamil
.
43. I am translating English to Tamil.
.
44. I am improving my English knowledge.
.
45. I am having dinner.
( ) .
46. I am singing a song.
.
47. I am doing my homework.
.
48. I am practicing English at night.
.
49. I am praying.
.
50. I am sleeping.
.
50 .
Page 38 of 361
2
Positive
Subject + Auxiliary verb + Main verb with ing
2. He/ She/ It + is + doing a job.
Negative Subject + Auxiliary verb + not + Main verb with ing
2. He + She/ It/ is + not + doing a job?
Question Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb with ing
2. Is + he/ she/ It + doing a job?
1 50 . 50
He / She / It .
:
Is he doing a job?
?
Yes, he is doing a job. (he‟s)
, .
No, he is not doing a job. (isn‟t)
, .
Is she going to school?
?
Yes, she is going to school. (she‟s)
, .
No, she is not going to school. (isn‟t)
, .
Is it working?
?
Yes, it is working. (it‟s)
, .
No, it is not working. (isn‟t)
, .
Page 39 of 361
It’s
It + is sort form It's .
It’s
It + was sort form It's .
It’s been
It + has been sort form It's been .
( " It's" "been"
.)
Its
Its " " .
3
50 you, we, they
.
Positive Subject + Auxiliary verb + Main verb with ing
3. You/ We/ They + are + doing a job.
Negative Subject + Auxiliary verb + Main verb with ing
3. You/ We/ They + are + not + doing a job
Question. Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb with ing
3. Are + you/ we/ they + doing a job?
:
Are they doing a job?
?
Yes, they are doing a job. (they‟re)
, .
No, they are not doing a job. (aren‟t)
, .
Are they speaking in English?
?
Yes, they are speaking in English. (they‟re)
, .
Page 40 of 361
No, they are not speaking in English. (aren‟t)
, .
Are we going to school?
?
Yes, we are going to school. (We‟re)
, .
No, we are not going to school. (aren‟t)
, .
`
(Present Continuous) " "
.
.
.
1. At the time of speeches
:
:
I am reading a book at the moment.
(
). ( .)
2. Temporary Situations :
:
At school, we are studying about classical languages in the week.
.
" " "
" " "
.
3. Planned activities (Future Reference)
.
Page 41 of 361
:
I am coming tomorrow. . "I am
coming" " ." "
" , tomorrow " "
,
. " "
"Future Reference"
.
For Future Reference:
tomorrow
next week
4. To describe repeated action :
:
My brother always interrupting me when I study.
.
Signal words (Comman expressions)
now
at the moment
today
this week
!
Page 42 of 361
6 (Grammar Patterns 4)
Grammar Patterns 1, 2, 3 ; 73
. "
" (Noun) " " (Pronoun) ,
32 ,
. "to be" form
.
.
" " , , ,
.
.
.
(Types of Nouns)
(Pronouns)
Sarmilan is a Manager.
. ( )
. " "
. . " "
" ,
, ... , ... , ...
, ... , ... ".
.
" "
. " "
" " (He is a Manager. -
) .
.
Page 43 of 361
.
Grammar Patterns 4...
Practice the following Grammar Patterns daily.
1. He is a Manager.
. ( )
2. He can be a Manager
.
.
3. He was a Manager.
.
4. He would have been a Manager
.
5. He may be a Manager
.
6. He may have been a Manager
.
7. He will be a Manager.
.
8. He must be a Manager.
.
9. He must have been a Manager.
.
10. He seems to be a Manager.
.
11. He doesn't seem to be a Manager.
.
12. He seemed to be a Manager.
.
13. He didn't seem to be a Manager.
.
Page 44 of 361
14. He has to be a Manager.
( ) .
15. He should be a Manager.
( ) .
16. He ought to be a Manager.
.
17. He doesn’t have to be a Manager.
( ) .
18. He needn’t be a Manager.
.
19. He has been a Manager.
/
.
20. He had been a Manager.
/ .
21. He had to be a Manager.
.
22. He didn’t have to be a Manager.
.
23. He must not be a Manager.
( ) .
.
24. He shouldn’t be a Manager.
.
.
25. He won't be a Manager.
.
26. He can't be a Manager.
.
.
Page 45 of 361
27. He could have been a Manager.
.
28. He should have been a Manager.
.
29. He ought to have been a Manager.
.
30. He needn't have been a Manager.
.
31. He shouldn't have been a Manager.
.
32. He being a Manager, he knows the work.
.
Homework:
32 , .
She is a nurse.
.
He is a teacher.
.
She is a domestic helper.
. ( )
Karunanithi is a Chief Minister.
.
Donald Tsang is a chief executive of Hong Kong.
.
Page 46 of 361
:
"is"
,
.
She is a nurse.
She _____ a nurse.
She _______ a nurse
:
Sarmilan is a Manager.
.
.
" ."
.
, "
." .
" ,
, "
.
:
Sarmilan is a Manager.
. ( )
. (
)
Sarmilan was a Manager.
.
Sarmilan will be a Manager.
.
!
Page 47 of 361
7 (have/ have got)
Grammar Patterns 1, 2, 3 (Verb)
73 . Grammar Patterns 4
(Noun) 32 .
" " .
“ ” (have)
“ ” .
Have “ ” .
"I have work."
“ ” .
“ , , ,
, , " 23
.
Grammar Patterns
. “ ”
, Grammar Patterns 1
.
.
.
Practice the following Grammar Patterns Daily
1. I have work.
2. I have got work.
.
3. I don’t have work.
4. I haven't got work.
.
5. I had work.
.
6. I didn't have work.
.
Page 48 of 361
7. I may have work.
8. I might have work.
9. I may be having work.
.
10. I must have work.
.
11. I should have work.
.
12. I ought to have work.
.
13. I must be having work.
.
14. I could have had work.
.
15. I should have had work.
.
16. I may have had work.
.
17. I must have had work.
.
18. I would have had work.
.
19. I shouldn't have had work.
.
20. I needn't have had work.
.
21. I will have work.
.
22. I won't have work.
.
23. I wish I had work.
.
Page 49 of 361
Homework:
" "
23 , .
1. I have an interview
.
2. I have money
.
3. I have a Tamil dictionary
. 4. I have a kind heart.
.
5. I have two brothers and three sisters
.
6. I have fever.
.
7. I have cough and cold.
.
8. I have a beautiful house
.
9. I have a car
.
10. I have pass port.
.
/ "a" "an"
. Use a/an - Vowels
and Consonant .
:
“ ” "have" . “have”
“ ” ,
,
.
Page 50 of 361
.
1. "Possession" :
:
Does he have a car?
?
Do you have a beautiful house?
?
2. "Relationships" :
:
How many brothers do you have?
?
3. "Illnesses" :
:
Do you have fever?
?
Do you have cough and cold?
?
4. "Characteristics" ,
:
Do you have an interview?
?
Do you have a kind heart?
?
, , ,
, "Have" "have got"
.
.
Page 51 of 361
I have work.
I have got work. " "
. have/ have got
.
:
"have got" ,
"got" "get" Past Tense/Past Participle "got"
.
have, have got
.
Do you have a cold?
Have you got a cold?
Yes, I have a cold.
Yes, I have got a cold.
Do you have a house in the country?
Have you got a house in the country?
Yes, I have a house in the country.
Yes, I have got a house in the country.
Do you have any brothers or sisters?
Have you got any brothers or sisters?
No, I don’t have any brothers or sisters.
No, I haven’t got any brothers or sisters.
! .
.
. "
" .
.
Page 52 of 361
8 (there is)
7 “ ”
"have/have got"
.
"there is"
. "there is" ,
"have" " "
.
.
.
There is - " "
22 .
" " ,
. . "Well begun is half done" .
" "
.
" "
, Grammar
Patterns 1 .
.
Practice the following grammar Patterns daily.
1. There is a book.
.
2. There is not a book. (isn‟t)
.
3. There are books.
. ( / Plural)
4. There are not books. (aren‟t)
. ( / Plural)
Page 53 of 361
5. There can be a book.
.
6. There can't be a book.
.
7. There will be a book.
.
8. There won't be a book.
.
9. There was a book.
.
10. There would have been a book.
.
11. There were books.
. ( / Plural)
12. There must be a book.
( )
13. There must have been a book.
. ( )
14. There may be a book.
.
15. There may have been a book.
.
16. There has to a book.
.
17. There have to be books.
. ( / Plural)
18. There should be a book.
.
19. There ought to be a book.
.
Page 54 of 361
20. There has been a book.
/ .
21. There had been a book.
/ .
22. There have been books.
/ . ( /
Plural)
Home work:
• There is a book on the table (3, 4, 11, 17, 22 Plural)
•
• There is an election in USA (3, 4, 11, 17, 22 Plural)
•
• There are two classical languages in India. (1, 2, 9, 16, 20 Singular)
•
• There are 1652 languages in India (1, 2, 9, 16, 20 Singular)
• 1652
• There are 6760 languages in the world (1, 2, 9, 16, 20 Singular)
• 6760
• There are hundred of vegetable items in the market (1, 2, 9, 16, 20 Singular)
•
:
3, 4, 11, 17, 22
(Plural) .
1, 2, 9, 16, 20
(Singular) .
Page 55 of 361
1:
Have - There is
1. have - ,
"have" .
2. there is - "there ..."
.
: I have a book “ .”
.
" "
.
"There is a book on the table " “
” .
? ?
. "
." " ."
. (
)
" " "there is"
.
2:
Here –
There –
Here and there –
"There" “ ” .
“there +”
; “ ”
. .
.
Page 56 of 361
9 - (Irregular verbs)
"Irregular verbs"
. "
10"
.
"Irregular verbs"
. http://aangilam.page.tl/Irregular-verbs.htm
.
.
.
irregular vers.mp3
Page 57 of 361
Page 58 of 361
Page 59 of 361
Page 60 of 361
"Irregular verbs"
.
,
.
(Past Tense)
.
"Passive Voice" "Irregular verbs"
.
.
.
, , English listening
ractice, through Tami
Page 61 of 361
10 (Simple Past Tense)
Grammar Patters 1
. 73
. 3, 4
.
3. I did a job
4. I didn’t do a job.
.
. "Simple Past Tense"
"Past Simple Tense" .
.
"Simple Past Tense" .
Positive (Affirmative)
Subject + Auxiliary verb + Main verb
I/He/She/It/You/We/They + __ + did a job. "Subject"
. (Auxiliary verb) "
" .
Negative Subject + Auxiliary verb + not + Main verb
I/He/She/It/You/We/They + did + not + do a job
Question (Interrogative)
Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb
Did + I/he/she/it/you/we/they + do a job? "Subject"
, (Auxiliary verb
.
,
.
:
Did you do a job?
?
Page 62 of 361
Yes, I did a job
, .
No, I didn’t do a job. (did + not)
, .
Did you speak in English?
?
Yes, I spoke in English.
,
No, I didn’t speak in English. (did + not)
, .
Did you go to school?
?
Yes, I went to school.
, .
No, I didn’t go to school. (did + not)
, .
.
1. I answered the phone
2. I studied English for ten years.
.
3. I applied for vacancies.
4. I forgave him.
.
5. I travelled by MTR.
MTR . ( )
6. I came back last Friday.
.
7. I asked for an increment.
( / ) .
Page 63 of 361
8. I bought a car.
.
9. I wrote an article.
.
10. I borrowed money from Sarmilan.
.
11. I lent a book to Ravi.
/
12. I cracked jokes with others.
.
13. I boiled water.
.
14. I got wet.
.
15. I gave priority to my works.
.
16. I got confrontation with my Boss.
.
17. I got an appointment.
.
18. I got into the bus.
.
19. I got a loan from the bank.
.
20. I read Thinakkural News paper.
.
21. I escaped from the danger.
.
22. I studied in Jaffna.
.
Page 64 of 361
23. I ironed my clothes.
.
24. I invited my friends.
.
25. I deposited money to the bank.
.
26. I born in 1998.
1998 .
27. I played football.
28. I introduced her to my family.
.
29. I inquired about this.
.
30. I informed to police.
.
31. I learned driving in Hong Kong.
32. I met Kavitha yesterday
.
33. I married in 1995.
1995 .
34. I played Guitar.
.
35. I visited Thailand last year.
( ) .
36. I opened a current account.
.
37. I sent a message.
.
Page 65 of 361
38. I paid in Installments.
( ) .
39. I taught English.
.
40. I went to university.
.
41. I repaid the loan.
.
42. I arrived ten minutes ago.
.
43. I lived in Bangkok for two years.
.
44. I worked very hard.
.
45. I left from home.
.
46. I sang a song.
.
47. I practiced English last night.
.
48. I forgot her.
.
49. I decorated my house.
.
50. I wrote a letter to my mother.
.
Page 66 of 361
Homework:
1: I ( ) .
You,
He, She, It, We, They .
Subject + Main verb +
I spoke in English. - .
You spoke in English. - .
He spoke in English. - .
She spoke in English. - .
It spoke in English. - .
We spoke in English. / .
They spoke in English. - .
2: 4
50 .
.
"verb" ,
Irregular verbs
.
3: ' '
' '
.
.
.
Page 67 of 361
:
,
.
.
1. Regular verbs - with regular verbs + ed
2. Irregular verbs - The past form for irregular verbs is variable. You need to learn it by heart.
1. Regular verbs -
– ed .
:
I played cricket
I visited Japan last year
I watched TV last night
Study "y" - ied
.
:
I studied English.
Live, Love " e" ,
- d .
:
I lived in Australia for two years.
2. Irregular verbs - Irregular verbs
. Irregular verbs
.
.
I fell off a horse yesterday.
I went to school
I taught English
I wrote a letter
I slept yesterday
[Simple Past - Signal words]
yesterday
Last night/ week/ year/century
A month ago
In 2007
In the past
Page 68 of 361
.
.
.
.
(Pronunciation)
"regular verbs" – ed .
.
.
Agreed - g d
Loved - d
Judged - d
Begged - d
Cleaned - d
( D) .
Stopped - /t/
Laughed - /t/
Washed - /t/
Watched - /t/
Talked - /t/
( t) .
Needed - d d
Collected - d
( d) .
Page 69 of 361
11 (Simple Future Tense)
Grammar Patterns -1
.
.
1
. " "
.
.
.
5. I will do a job
.
. ( )
6. I won’t do a job. (will + not)
.
5, 6 .
. "Simple Future Tense"
. Form , , ,
"will" .
Positive (Affirmative)
Subject + Auxiliary verb + Main verb
I /You /He /She /It / We / You /They + will + do a job. "Subject"
.
Negative
Subject + Auxiliary verb + not + Main verb
I /You /He /She /It /You /We /They + won’t + do a job
Question (Interrogative)
Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb
Will + I /you /he /she /it /you /we /they + do a job? "Subject"
"Auxiliary verb"
.
Page 70 of 361
. .
Will you do a job?
?
Yes, I will do a job
, .
No, I won’t do a job. (will + not)
, .
Will you speak in English?
?
Yes, I will speak in English.
,
No, I won’t speak in English. (will + not)
, .
Will you go to school?
?
Yes, I will go to school.
, .
No, I won’t go to school. (will + not)
, .
.
.
, ,
.
.
.
1. I will open the door.
.
2. I will apply for vacancies.
.
Page 71 of 361
3. I will speak in English fluently.
. ( )
4. I will ask for an increment.
( / ) .
5. I will ask for a transfer.
.
6. I will celebrate my birthday.
.
7. I will consult Dr. Sivaram.
( ) .
8. I will control my temper.
.
9. I will negotiate the auto charges.
.
10. I will stop smoking.
.
11. I will help him.
.
12. I will open a current account.
.
13. I will obey your rules and regulations.
.
14. I will pick up this work.
.
15. I will resign from the job.
.
16. I will correct the mistakes.
.
17. I will play football.
.
Page 72 of 361
18. I will do my duty.
.
19. I will follow a computer course.
.
20. I will forget her.
.
21. I will solve problems.
.
22. I will speak English in the office
.
23. I will go to university.
.
24. I will translate English to Tamil.
.
25. I will give up these habits.
.
26. I will study for the exam.
.
27. I will do my homework.
.
28. I will become stronger.
.
29. I will become chief executive of Hong Kong.
.
30. I will become prime minister of India.
.
31. I will take treatment for my hand.
.
32. I will introduce him to you.
.
Page 73 of 361
33. I will untie this knot.
.
34. I will build my dream house.
/ .
35. I will co-operate with others.
.
36. I will discuss about this problem.
.
37. I will drop you in Vavuniya junction.
.
38. I will buy a bens car.
.
39. I will bank the money.
.
40. I will come up in my life.
.
41. I will draw salary US$ 100,000 monthly.
.
42. I will fly to America.
( ) .
43. I will go to Europe.
.
44. I will invite my friends for festival.
.
45. I will improve my English knowledge.
.
46. I will practice English at night.
.
47. I will become wealthy.
.
Page 74 of 361
48. I will get married after few months.
.
49. I will become chief executive.
.
50. I will become famous in the world.
.
Homework:
A. You, He, She, It, We, You, They
.
B.
50 .
C. (Simple Future Tense)
,
,
"will" .
,
.
. .
.
,
.
.
Page 75 of 361
, "Spoken English"
.
.
"I am speaking in English" "
"
,
“ ” .
.
( , )
. BBC
.
BBC Business English .
(Pronounciation) ,
.
.
"short form"
.
"short form" .
Affirmative short form
I will - I'll
You will - You'll
He will - He'll
She will - She'll
It will - It'll
We will - We'll
You will - You'll
They will - They'll
Page 76 of 361
Negative short forms
"Sort Forms"
.
I will not - I'll not - I won't
You will not - You'll not - You won't
He will not - He'll not - He won't
She will not - She'll not - She won't
It will not - It'll not - It won't
We will not - We'll not - We won't
You will not - You'll not - You won't
They will not - They'll not - They won't
won‟t will + not . (Short form of will + not)
want - " "
. (
.)
:
:
1. Future “will”
2. Future “going to”
3. Present continuous used as future.
4. Future Continuous
5. Future perfect simple
6. Future perfect continuous
Future “will”
.
.
Future "will"
.
1. , , .
I will come tomorrow. -
He will work with us. - .
I will win. - .
Page 77 of 361
2. .
I think the Indian cricket team will win the match.
.
I think you will like her
.
100%
.
. ( )
. "Future
prediction" .
.
"will" probably, possibly, I think, I hope.
3. "will"
.
I will be there on time.
( ) .
(promise) . (
)
I promise, I will be there on time, don‟t worry.
, ( ) ,
.
Page 78 of 361
12 (Past Continuous Tense)
Grammar Patterns 1 9 10
.
Grammar Patterns 2, Grammar Patterns 3
.
9. I was doing a job.
.
10. I wasn't doing a job.
.
“ ” .
"Past Continuous Tense" "Past Progressive Tense"
.
"
" .
, 1
. "Grammar Patterns"
.
.
.
9, 10 I, He, She, It,
"was" . You, We, They "were"
. .
Positive (Affirmative)
Subject + Auxiliary verb + Main verb + ing
I /He /She /It + was + doing a job.
You / We /They + were + doing a job.
'Subject' .
Negative
Subject + Auxiliary verb + not + Main verb + ing
I /He /She /It + wasn’t + doing a job
You /We /They + weren’t + doing a job
Page 79 of 361
Question (Interrogative)
Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb + ing
Was + I /he /she /it + doing a job?
Were + you /we /they + doing a job? Auxiliary verb " "
, Subject " "
.
“ ”
.
.
.
Were you doing a job?
?
Yes, I was doing a job.
, .
No, I wasn’t doing a job. (was + not)
, .
Was he speaking in English?
?
Yes, he was speaking in English.
,
No, he wasn’t speaking in English. (was + not)
, .
Were you going to school?
?
Yes, we were going to school.
, .
No, we weren’t going to school. (were + not)
, .
(Affirmative Sentences) 25 .
.
.
1. I was reading a book.
.
2. I was looking for a job.
.
Page 80 of 361
3. I was studying.
.
4. I was watching television.
.
5. I was making dinner.
( ) .
6. I was waiting in the bus stand.
.
7. I was waiting for you.
.
8. I was talking with my fiancée
/
.
9. I was snowboarding.
.
10. I was driving through the desert.
( ) .
11. I was sitting at the class room.
.
12. I was listening to the news.
.
13. I was discussing with my father.
.
14. I was complaining to police
.
15. I was listening to my iPod.
.
16. I was sleeping last night.
.
17. I was writing the email.
.
Page 81 of 361
18. I was working at the factory.
.
19. I was eating bread.
.
20. I was playing soccer.
.
21. I was walking on the street.
.
22. I was singing in the concert.
.
23. I was wearing a full sleeves shirt.
.
24. I was walking past the car.
.
25. I was eating ice-cream.
.
Homework:
1. 25 ,
.
2. 25 He, She, It, You, We, They
.
. (I/ He/ She/ It was + verb with ing
. You/ We/ They were + verb with ing .)
3. , , ,
?
.
Page 82 of 361
.
,
,
.
.
“Past Continuous Tense”
. (There are five main uses of this tense)
:
1.
.
:
I was reading a book yesterday evening.
.
? - .
–
– ,
. (Action or situation that had already started and was still continuing
at a particular time.)
25 .
.
The sun was shining this morning.
.
The birds were singing.
.
The children were playing in the garden.
.
Page 83 of 361
- 1
2. ,
.
Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
6.PM , .
At midnight, we were driving through the desert.
,
.
Yesterday at this time, I was talking with my family.
,
.
- 2
3. always, constantly
.
, ,
,
.
"used to" . (Used to
.)
:
She was always coming to class late.
.
Page 84 of 361
Karuna was always irritating me.
.
I didn’t like him because, He was constantly talking.
, ( )
.
- 3
1, 2, 3
.
.
4.
. (two actions were happening at the same time.)
:
Malathi was writing a letter while Pandian was reading the News paper.
.
Sothiya was cooking dinner while her friend was setting the table.
.
The baby was crying while we were having our dinner.
.
I was studying while she was making dinner.
( ) .
People were sleeping while army was shelling.
.
Page 85 of 361
- 4
5. ,
.
. (use the Past Continuous tense with the Past Simple tense)
:
I was walking in the park ( ) when it started to
rain. ( )
I was walking in the park when it started to rain.
.
I was brushing my teeth when my mother called me.
.
I was eating dinner when somebody knocked on the door
( ) .
Ravi was sleeping last night when someone stole his car.
.
I was walking past the car when it exploded
.
I was having a beautiful dream when the alarm clock rang.
.
Page 86 of 361
- 5
While, When
1:
Malathi was writing a letter while Pandian was reading the News paper.
.
Malathi was writing a letter
.
while – ( ) ( )
Pandian was reading the News paper.
.
? .
"
"
.
2:
I was walking in the park when it started to rain.
.
Page 87 of 361
.
I was walking in the park – .
when – ( )
it started to rain -
?
.
"
."
.
"background situation" .
:
.
I was studying while she was making dinner.
While I was studying, she was making dinner.
I was walking past the car when it exploded.
When the car exploded, I was walking past it.
Adverb -
always,
only, never, ever, still, just
,
.
She was coming to class late.
.
" "
.
She was always coming to class late.
.
Signal words
while
when
Page 88 of 361
13 (Future Continuous Tense)
! Grammar Patterns -1
.
.
Grammar Patterns-1
.
.
1. I do a Job.
2. I am doing a job.
3. I did a job.
4. I didn't do a job.
5. I will do a job.
6. I won't do a job.
7. Usually I don't do a job.
8. I am not doing a job.
9. I was doing a job.
10. I wasn't doing a job.
.
11. I will be doing a job.
.
12. I won't be doing a job.
.
.
"Future Continuous Tense" "Future Progress Tense"
.
Page 89 of 361
.
(The future continuous tense expresses action at a particular moment in the future.)
Positive (Affirmative)
Subject + Auxiliary verb + Auxiliary verb + Main verb with ing
I /You /He /She /It / We / You /They + will + be + doing a job. "Subject"
.
Negative
Subject + Auxiliary verb + Auxiliary verb + not + Main verb with ing
I /You /He /She /It /You /We /They + won’t + be + doing a job
Question (Interrogative)
Auxiliary verb + Subject + Auxiliary verb + Main verb with ing
Will + I /you /he /she /it /you /we /they + be + doing a job?
:
"Auxiliary verb" " "
.
"Auxiliary verb"
.
"Subject" " .
. (invariable) .
.
Will you be doing a job?
?
Yes, I will be doing a job.
, .
No, I won’t be doing a job.
, .
Will you be speaking in English?
?
Yes, I will be speaking in English.
,
No, I won’t be speaking in English.
, .
Page 90 of 361
Will you be going to school?
?
Yes, I will be going to school.
, .
No, I won’t be going to school. (will + not)
, .
(Affirmative Sentence) .
1. I will be speaking in English.
.
2. I will be sitting on the beach.
.
3. I will be sun-bathing in Bali.
.
4. I will be coming back to home
.
5. I will be staying with my friend.
.
6. I will be celebrating my birthday.
.
7. I will be signing the contract.
( )
8. I will be playing tennis at 10 am.
10 .
9. I will be lying on a beach tomorrow .
.
10. I will be having dinner at home.
( ) .
11. I will be singing in the concert on Tuesday.
.
12. I will be going to Norway this summer.
( )
Page 91 of 361
13. I will be coming to work next week.
.
14. I will be working this weekend.
.
15. I will be sleeping in the hotel.
.
16. I will be eating dinner with my friends this evening
.
17. I will be dancing at the party.
.
18. I will be doing my duty.
.
19. I will be practicing English at night
.
20. I will be speaking English in the office
.
21. I will be going to university.
.
22. I will be translating English to Tamil.
.
23. I will be flying on the flight.
.
24. I will be studying for the exam.
.
25. I will be doing my homework.
.
Page 92 of 361
Homework:
A. You, He, She, It, We, You, They
.
B. 25
.
C. (Future Continuous Tense)
, ,
.
.
: .
I will be waiting for you when your plane arrives tonight.
.
Sarmilan will be playing on the computer when his mother comes home.
.
I will be studying when you come.
.
At the same time tomorrow I will be staying in America.
.
Page 93 of 361
14 (Future "going to")
Grammar Patterns -1
.
" "
1
. "
" .
.
13. I am going to do a job.
.
:
1. Future “will”
2. Future “going to” ( )
3. Present continuous used as future
4. Future continuous
5. Future perfect simple
6. Future perfect continuous
“going to” . "going to" ( )
,
. (Going to is not a tense. It is a
special expression to talk about the future.)
“going to” .
1.
. (planned actions in the future)
:
I am going to buy a new car tomorrow.
.
2.
,
. ( , ) (something is going to happen in the future)
Page 94 of 361
:
Look at that cloud. I think it is going to rain.
. .
Positive (Affirmative)
Subject + Auxiliary verb + going to + Main verb
1. I + am + going to + do a job
2. He/ She/ It + is + going to + do a job.
3. You/ We/ They + are + going to + do a job.
Negative
Subject + Auxiliary verb + not + going to + Main verb
1. I + am + not + going to + do a job
2. He/ She/ It + is + not + going to + do a job.
3. You/ We/ They + are + not + going to + do a job.
Question (Interrogative)
Auxiliary verb + Subject + going to + Main verb
1. Am + I + going to + do a job?
2. Is + he/ she/ It + going to + do a job?
3. Are + you/ we/ they + going to + do a job? "Auxiliary verb "
“Subject” "going to"
.
First Person Singular, Third person Singular, Second Person
Singular and Plural .
.
1
Are you going to do a job?
?
Yes, I am going to do a job. (I‟m)
, .
No, I am not going to do a job. (I‟m not)
, .
Are you going to speak in English?
?
Yes, I am going to speak in English. (I‟m)
, .
No, I am not going to speak in English. (I‟m not)
, .
Are you going to learn English grammar through Tamil?
?
Page 95 of 361
Yes, I am going to learn English grammar through Tamil. (I‟m)
, .
No, I am not going to learn English grammar through Tamil. (I‟m not)
, .
2
Is he going to do a job?
?
Yes, he is going to do a job. (he‟s)
, .
No, he is not going to do a job. (isn‟t)
, .
Is she going to go to school?
?
Yes, she is going to go to school. (she‟s)
, .
No, she is not going to go to school. (isn‟t)
, .
Is it going to rain?
?
Yes, it is going to rain. (it‟s)
, .
No, it is not going to rain. (isn‟t)
, .
3
Are they going to do a job?
?
Yes, they are going to do a job. (they‟re)
, .
No, they are not going to do a job. (aren‟t)
, .
Are they going to speak in English?
?
Yes, they are going to speak in English. (they‟re)
, .
No, they are not going to speak in English. (aren‟t)
, .
Page 96 of 361
Are we going to win?
?
Yes, we are going to win. (we‟re)
, .
No, we are not going to win. (aren‟t)
, .
“Affirmative Sentences”
. .
1. I am going to sing at the party.
.
2. I am going to see him today evening.
.
3. I am going to have lunch with my customer.
( ) .
4. I am going to fly to Germany
.
5. I am going to go on vacation.
( )
6. I am going to see what he can do.
( )
7. I am going to talk in the meeting.
.
8. I am going to visit PKP‟s blog.
PKP .
9. I am going to buy a BMW car.
BMW .
10. I am going to help to Sensolai.
.
11. I am going to write an English grammar book.
.
12. I am going to go swimming.
.
Page 97 of 361
13. I am going to paint the house
.
14. I am going to paint my bedroom tomorrow.
.
15. I am going to miss the train.
.
16. I am going to tell history of Tamil.
.
17. I am going to help to people.
.
18. I am going to get down meals from canteen.
.
19. I am going to watch a movie
.
20. I am going to climb that mountain one day
. ( )
21. I am going to leave from Sri Lanka.
.
22. I am going to start our own business.
.
23. I am going to make jam
.
24. I am going to play golf with Sarmilan
.
25. I am going to win the world.
.
Page 98 of 361
Homework:
1. 25
.
2. He, She, It, You, They, We .
3.
.
.
4. .
Good idea, I am going to bring some vine.
,
( ) .
I think it is going to rain.
.
Look at this car! It is going to crash into the tree.
! .
He is going to become a dentist when he grows up.
.
What are you going to do when you get your degree?
( )
?
What kind of jam are you going to make?
?
-1:
1. , , ,
.
“ ”
. ,
.
,
.
Page 99 of 361
:
I read a book.
.
I am reading a book.
.
I am going to read a book.
. (
.)
-2:
"going to go" "going"
. (Going to go' can be shortened to 'going.)
.
she is going to go to school. (She going to school)
.
: , "gonna"
. “gonna”
"going to" .
. ('going to' is often
shortened to 'gonna', especially in American English.)
:
Are you going to go soon?
Are you gonna go soon?
.
Page 100 of 361
15 (was/were going to)
Grammar Patterns -1
.
" "
, 1
. "
" .
.
“am/is/are going to” . .
“was/were going to”
.
14. I was going to do a job.
.
( )
.
“The Future in the Past” .
:
I was going to visit to Tamil Nadu, but I couldn't get a visa.
( )
.
I was going to watch a movie, but there wasn't enough time.
,
.
( ) . “ ”
,
.
Page 101 of 361
Positive (Affirmative)
Subject + Auxiliary verb + going to + Main verb
1. I/ He/ She/ It + was + going to + do a job.
2. You/ We/ They + were + going to + do a job.
Negative
Subject + Auxiliary verb + not + going to + Main verb
1. I/ He/ She/ It + was + not + going to + do a job.
2. You/ We/ They + were + not + going to + do a job.
Question (Interrogative)
Auxiliary verb + Subject + going to + Main verb
1. Was + I/ he/ she/ it + going to + do a job?
2. Were + you/ we/ they + going to + do a job? "Auxiliary verb "
“Subject” "going to"
.
“First Person Singular and Third person Singular”, “Second Person
Singular and Plural”
.
(Listening Practice)
Future in the Past...
1
Was I going to do a job?
?
Yes, I was going to do a job.
, .
No, I was not going to do a job. (wasn‟t)
, .
Was he going to go to school?
?
Yes, he was going to go to school.
, .
No, he wasn’t going to go to school. (was + not)
, .
Was she going to learn English?
?
Yes, she was going to learn English.
, .
No, she wasn’t going to learn English. (was + not)
, .
Page 102 of 361
2
Were you going to do a job?
?
Yes, you were going to do a job.
, .
No, you weren’t going to do a job. (were + not)
, .
Were we going to speak in English?
?
Yes, we were going to speak in English.
, .
No, we weren’t going to speak in English. (were + not)
, .
Were they going to learn English grammar?
?
Yes, they were going to learn English grammar.
, .
No, they weren’t going to learn English grammar. (were + not)
, .
“Affirmative Sentences”
. .
1. I was going to join the military.
.
2. I was going to tell a lie.
.
3. I was going to die in the accident.
.
4. I was going to fly to Canada
.
5. I was going to go on vacation.
6. I was going to say my love.
.
Page 103 of 361
7. I was going to send a SMS.
.
8. I was going to go to university.
.
9. I was going to buy a BMW car.
BMW .
10. I was going to wash the dishes.
.
11. I was going to write my autobiography.
.
12. I was going to go swim in the sea.
.
13. I was going to play in the playground
14. I was going to buy a motorcycle.
.
15. I was going to miss the bus.
.
16. I was going to fight with them.
.
17. I was going to waste my time.
.
18. I was going to seek political asylum in Thailand.
.
19. I was going to watch a movie
.
20. I was going to go to the party
21. I was going to join the gym.
.
Page 104 of 361
22. I was going to die in Sri Lankan air raid
.
23. I was going to kill him
.
24. I was going to take some photos
.
25. I was going to travel around the world.
. ( )
Homework:
1. 25 .
2. He, She, It, You, They, We
.
3. ( ,
)
, , ,
.
.
4. .
I was going to visit my uncle in Point Pedro last year, but I couldn't get the pass.
,
. (
)
I was going to wash the dishes, but there wasn't enough time.
, ( )
.
I was going to rent a motorbike but I rented a car instead.
( )
.
Page 105 of 361
I was going to take some photos but I forgot my camera.
( ) .
I was going to go to Kowloon park but I had homework to do at home.
.
:
(Forms) ,
, , ,
,
.
went -
“ ”
.
Page 106 of 361
16 (can /be able to)
Grammar Patterns -1
. 15, 16, 17, 18
.
" "
,
1 -
.
.
15. I can do a job.
16. I am able to do a job.
.
17. I can't do a job.
18. I am unable to do a job.
.
15, 16
. "can" " +
able to" .
( / )
. “can”
,
“+ able to”
.
,
, “can” . “be able to”
.
.
Page 107 of 361
- 1
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Can . (Can is an auxiliary verb, a modal auxiliary verb)
.
1. , /
( )
2.
3.
Positive (Affirmative)
Subject + Auxiliary verb + Main verb
1. I / He/ She/ It/ You/ We/ They + can + do a job.
Negative Subject + Auxiliary verb + not + Main verb
1. I/ He/ She/ It/ You/ We/ They + can + not + do a job.
Question (Interrogative)
Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb
1. Can + I/ he/ she/ it/ you/ we/ they + do a job?
. I, He, She, It,
You, We, They "Can"
. (Can is invariable. There is only one form of can.)
.
Can you do a job?
?
Yes, I can do a job.
, .
No, I can’t do a job. (can + not)
, .
Can you speak in English? ( )
?
Yes, I can speak in English.
, .
Sorry, I can’t speak in English. (can + not)
, .
Can I smoke in this room? ( )
?
Page 108 of 361
Yes, you can smoke in this room.
, .
Sorry, you can’t smoke in this room. (can + not)
, . ( )
:
"bare infinitive" .
"to" . (The main verb is always the bare infinitive.
'infinitive without "to").
"can" .
.
:
Can you come with me today?
?
Yes, I can come with you today.
, . ( )
Sorry. I can‟t. But I can come with you tomorrow.
, .
. ( )
“tomorrow”
.
Page 109 of 361
– 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------
“can” “+ able to”
( / )
. + able to
.
“+ able to”
.
Positive (Affirmative)
Subject + be + able + infinitive
1. I + am + able + to + do a job
2. He/ She/ It + is + able + to + do a job.
3. You/ We/ They + are + able + to + do a job.
Negative
Subject + be + able + infinitive
1. I + am not + able + to + do a job
2. He/ She/ It + is not + able + to + do a job.
3. You/ We/ They + are not + able + to + do a job.
Question (Interrogative)
Be + Subject + able + infinitive
1. Am + I + able + to + do a job?
2. Is + he/ she/ It + able + to + do a job?
3. Are + you/ we/ they + able + to + do a job?
. .
Are you able to do a job?
?
Yes, I am able to do a job.
, .
No, I am unable to do a job. (am not able to )
, .
Are you able to speak French?
?
Yes, I am able to speak French.
, .
No, I am unable to speak French. (am not able to )
, .
Page 110 of 361
Are you able to drive heavy vehicles?
?
Yes, I am able to drive heavy vehicles
, .
No, I am unable to drive heavy vehicles. (am not able to )
, .
:
“+ able to”
,
. ,
, ,
. .
“+ able to”
.
Be able to “to”
. (be able to has an infinitive form)
I + can I + am able to
He/ She/ It + can He/ She/ It + is able to
You/ We/ They + can You/ We/ They + are able to
.
(Listening Practice)
----------------------------------------------------------------
.
.
Aangilam.blog.mp3
1. I can drive a car.
I am able to drive a car.
2. I can swim in the sea.
I am able to swim in the sea.
.
Page 111 of 361
3. I can play tennis.
I am able to play tennis.
.
4. I can speak five languages
I am able to speak five languages
.
5. I can use my credit card.
I am able to use my credit card
( )
6. I can change my email ID.
I am able to change my email ID.
.
7. I can hear your heartbeat.
I am able to hear your heartbeat.
.
8. I can get USA citizenship
I am able to get USA citizenship.
USA .
9. I can upload a game to my ipod.
I am able to upload a game to my ipod.
.
10. I can imagine
I am able to imagine
.
11. I can see clearly now
I am able to see clearly now.
.
12. I can save images from the Internet
I am able to save images from the Internet
.
13. I can download Tamil movies
I am able to download Tamil movies
.
14. I can practice my religion freely.
I am able to practice my religion freely.
. ( )
Page 112 of 361
15. I can believe it
I am able to believe it.
.
16. I can become a pilot
I am able to become a pilot
.
17. I can change my template
I am able to change my template.
.
18. I can become a famous lawyer
I am able to become a famous lawyer
.
19. I can become an astronaut
I am able to become an astronaut
.
20. I can buy new products
I am able to buy new products
21. I can do it alone.
I am able to do it alone.
.
22. I can walk slowly
I am able to walk slowly
.
23. I can tolerate it
I am able to tolerate it
.
24. I can practice English at night
I am able to practice English at night
25. I can learn English in aangilam.blogspot.com.
I am able to learn English in aangilam.blogspot.com.
aangilam.blogspot.com .
Page 113 of 361
Homework:
1. 25 .
2. .
3. He, She, It, You, They, We
.
4. " "
. " "
.
.
.
;
.
Engliah Grammar Explanation through Tamil. Free Tamil - English
- Spoken English in Tamil, Free Spoken English Through Tamil, Spoken English with
Tamil Explanation ?
Page 114 of 361
17 (could, was/were able to)
19, 20, 21, 22 (could, was/were able to)
.
" "
,
1 , 2, 3, 4, 5
.
, , ,
.
.
19. I could do a job.
20. I was able to do a job.
.
21. I couldn't do a job.
22. I was unable to do a job. (wasn't able to)
.
“can, am/is/are able to”
“could, was/were able to” . "could"
“was/were able to" “could”
. “was/were able to” .
.
- 1
Positive (Affirmative)
Subject + Auxiliary verb + Main verb
1. I / He/ She/ It/ You/ We/ They + could + do a job.
Negative Subject + Auxiliary verb + not + Main verb
1. I/ He/ She/ It/ You/ We/ They + could + not + do a job.
Question (Interrogative)
Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb
1. Could + I/ he/ she/ it/ you/ we/ they + do a job?
I, He, She, It, You, We, They
"Could" . (Could is invariable; there is only one form of could.)
Page 115 of 361
.
Could you do a job?
?
Yes, I could do a job.
, .
No, I couldn’t do a job. (could + not)
, .
Could you come last night?
?
Yes, I could come last night.
, .
No, I couldn’t come last night. (could + not)
, .
– 2
“could”
“was/were able to” - . + able to
.
Positive (Affirmative)
Subject + be + able + infinitive
1. I/ He/ She/ It + was + able + to + do a job.
2. You/ We/ They + were + able + to + do a job.
Negative Subject + be + able + infinitive
1. I/ He/ She/ It + was not + able + to + do a job.
2. You/ We/ They + were not + able + to + do a job.
Question (Interrogative)
Be + subject + able + infinitive
1. Was + I/ he/ she/ It + able + to + do a job?
2. Were + you/ we/ they + able + to + do a job?
. .
Were you able to do a job?
?
Yes, I was able to do a job.
, .
No, I was unable to do a job. (was not able to )
, .
Page 116 of 361
Were they able to speak five languages?
?
Yes, they were able to speak five languages.
, .
No, they were unable to speak five languages. (were not able to)
, .
“could”
“was/were able to” .
. (You can use
either "could or was/were able to" describe a general ability (but not a specific achievement) in
the past.)
.
1. I could swim when I was 5 years old.
I was able to swim when I was 5 years old.
.
2. I could run the 100 meter race very well.
I was able to run the 100 meter race very well.
100 ( ) .
3. I could see the sun rise every morning.
I was able to see the sun rise every morning.
.
4. I could sing very well when I was a child.
I was able to sing very well when I was a child.
.
5. I could draw pictures.
I was able to draw pictures
.
6. I could ride a bike when I was six.
I was able to ride a bike when I was six.
( )
7. I could drive my car yesterday
I was able to drive my car yesterday.
.
Page 117 of 361
8. I could take photographs
I was able to take photographs
.
9. I could climb tree.
I was able to climb tree.
.
10. I could read when I was five.
I was able to read when I was five.
( ).
Homework:
1. 10 .
2. .
3. He, She, It, You, They, We
.
4.
. " "
,
.
.
.
5.
.
When we were staying at the hotel, we could see the sun rise every morning.
When we were staying at the hotel, we were able to see the sun rise every morning.
( ) ,
( )
.
My brother could drive cars when he was 10 years old.
My brother was able to drive cars when he was 10 years old.
( ).
Page 118 of 361
When I was living in Point Pedro, I could walk to work.
When I was living in Point Pedro, I was able to walk to work.
,
.
“could or was/were
able to” .
,
“was/were able to”
. (You must use “was/were able to” to
describe a special achievement or a single event in the past.) ( “could"
.)
:
A man fell into the river yesterday. The police were able to save him. v ( )
A man fell into the river yesterday. The police could save him. X - ( )
,
.
couldn‟t was/were
able to . . (In
the negative,' wasn't able to' OR 'couldn't' are both correct.)
:
Sarmilan wasn't able to drive his car yesterday.V
Sarmilan couldn't drive his car yesterday.V
.
:
1. “can, - am/is/are
able to” “could, - was/were able to”
.
Page 119 of 361
2 . could, - was/were able to : could
. was/were able to .
3. “could” "bare infinitive"
.
"to" . (The main verb is always the bare infinitive;
'infinitive without "to".)
5, "be able to" “to”
. (be able to has an infinitive form.)
6. (
)
"managed to" . (If it was something difficult we
use "managed to".)
:
She managed to delete the virus from her computer.
/
.
:
"Could"
. “Polite and More Polite”
.
Page 120 of 361
18 (Polite and More Polite)
16 “can /be able to”
. “can” “am/is/are
able to”
.
15. I can do a job.
16. I am able to do a job.
.
17. I can't do a job.
18. I am unable to do a job.
.
“can” “am/is/are able to”
.
17 “can” “could”
“was/were able to” .
19. I could do a job.
20. I was able to do a job.
.
21. I couldn't do a job.
22. I was unable to do a job. (wasn't able to)
.
“can”
“could” ,
.
can / could ,
(Can and could are modal auxiliary verbs) “+ able to”
.
.
“+ able to” .
Page 121 of 361
“Can – , Could – ”
.
Polite form More Polite form
. “. . . , . . . , . . . ”
, (Request, Permission)
.
:
Can you help me, please?
? (" "
.)
.
,
. “Polite Form”
.
.
Can I ask you a question, please?
?
.
“ ” ,
.
! “could” ?
.
Could you help me, please?
?
Could I ask you a question, please?
?
Can, Could
,
. !
.
.
Page 122 of 361
“can” “could”
“can” ,
, “Could” ,
.
"More Polite" .
Polite and More Polite .
1. Can you speak in English, please?
Could you speak in English, please?
/ ?
2. Can you make a cup of tea for me, please?
Could you make a cup of tea for me, please?
?
3. Can you help me, please?
Could you help me, please?
/ ?
4. Can I ask a question, please?
Could I ask a question, please?
?
5. Can you tell me what time it is, please?
Could you tell me what time it is, please?
?
6. Can I have some advice, please?
Could I have some advice, please?
?
7. Can you send me a catalogue, please?
Could you send me a catalogue, please?
?
8. Can you tell me where the bank is, please?
Could you tell me where the bank is, please?
?
Page 123 of 361
9. Can I have your opinion, please?
Could I have your opinion, please?
?
10. Can you wait a moment, please?
Could you wait a moment, please?
?
11. Can I ask something personal, please?
Could I ask something personal, please?
?
12. Can I have a glass of water, please?
Could I have a glass of water, please?
?
13. Can I have your name, please?
Could I have your name, please?
?
14. Can you spell your name, please?
Could you spell your name, please?
?
15. Can I smoke in this room, please?
Could I smoke in this room, please?
?
16. Can you give some aspirin, please?
Could you give some aspirin, please?
( )?
17. Can you lend me your news paper, please?
Could you lend me your news paper, please?
?
18. Can I use your phone, please?
Could I use your phone, please?
?
19. Can I borrow your dictionary?
Could I borrow your dictionary?
?
20. Can I see your driving license, please?
Could I see your driving license, please?
?
Page 124 of 361
21. Can I speak to Sarmilan, please?
Could I speak to Sarmilan, please?
/ ?
22. Can I have a kilo of apples, please?
Could I have a kilo of apples, please?
?
23. Can I help you, Madam?
Could I help you, Madam?
?
24. Can you help me with my homework?
Could you help me with my homework?
/ ?
25. Can I have the bill, please?
Could I have the bill, please?
?
:
"Polite and More Polite" ,
.
:
Can I have the bill, please?
Could I have the bill, please?
Certainly sir. I‟ll just bring it.
Can you help me, please?
Could you help me, please?
Of course I can.
Sorry, I am just too busy.
" " .
:
:
Page 125 of 361
, ,
.
,
.
, ,
" "
.
.
( )
“ ”
.
.
.
.
.
,
"Polite and More Polite"
.
.
Good Morning!
Thanks
Thank you
Can I help you?
Excellent! Thank you
How are you?
I am fine, Thank you
Excuse me
Please sit down.
Pleased to meet you.
Welcome
Let me show you the department
Let me take your coat?
Would you like cup of coffee?
No, Thanks.
Page 126 of 361
.
.
,
. , ,
.
, ,
,
,
, , “Polite language”
.
.
.
Polite and More Polite
.
.
Polite Language
.
May I have . . .
May I know . . .
Might . . .
Would you like . . .
If you don‟t mind . . .
Do you mind if . . .
Excuse me, Please . . .
"Polite Forms"
Grammar Patterns 1
.
Page 127 of 361
19 (will be able to)
Grammar Patterns -1 23 24
.
.
1
.
" " .
.
(can, am/is/are able to +) 16
. (could, was/were able to +)
17 .
.
23. I will be able to do a job.
.
24. I will be unable to do a job.
.
.
(Simple
Future Tense) . ,
, (First, Second, Third person) ,
"will be able to" .
.
Positive (Affirmative)
Subject + be + able + infinitive
I /You /He /She /It / We / You /They + will be + able + to do a job.
Negative Subject + be + not + able + infinitive
I /You /He /She /It /You /We /They + won’t be + able + to do a job
Question (Interrogative)
Be + subject + be able + infinitive
Will + I /you /he /she /it /you /we /they + be able + to do a job?
+ be able to
.
Page 128 of 361
“to”
. (be able to has an infinitive form)
.
Will you be able to do a job?
?
Yes, I will be able to do a job.
, .
No, I won’t be able to do a job. (will + not)
, .
Will you be able to speak perfect English very soon?
?
Yes, I will be able to speak perfect English very soon.
,
.
No, I won’t be able to speak perfect English very soon.
,
.
Will you be able to go to university next year?
?
Yes, I will be able to go to university next year.
,
.
No, I won’t be able to go to university next year. (will + not)
,
.
25 . .
. aangilam.com 19.mp...
1. I will be able to study.
.
Page 129 of 361
2. I will be able to study both arts and sciences.
.
3. I will be able to dance.
.
4. I will be able to vote.
.
5. I will be able to go to China.
.
6. I will be able to improve my English knowledge.
.
7. I will be able to speak in English.
.
8. I will be able to become a chief executive.
.
9. I will be able to pass the exam.
.
10. I will be able to fly to Canada
.
11. I will be able to vote via internet.
.
12. I will be able to solve problems
.
13. I will be able to become an IPS officer.
IPS .
14. I will be able to receive voice-mail.
.
15. I will be able to come to New York.
.
16. I will be able to get my land.
.
Page 130 of 361
17. I will be able to become famous in the world.
.
18. I will be able to buy a submarine.
.
19. I will be able to do my duty accurately.
.
20. I will be able to marry next year.
.
21. I will be able to swim in the sea.
.
22. I will be able to solve problems.
.
23. I will be able to submit to the court.
.
24. I will be able to demonstrate that.
.
25. I will be able to win the world
.
Homework:
A. You, He, She, It, We, You, They
.
B.
25 .
C. (will be able to)
,
.
.
,
Page 131 of 361
,
.
.
D.
,
.
. .
:
"short form"
. "short form" .
I will be able to I’ll be able to .
(won‟t be able to)
“won‟t” will + not .
Page 132 of 361
20. (Parts of Speech)
. (Words)
. .
,
,
,
,
,
;
. “
” . “ ”
.
. “ ” (Parts
of Speech in English) .
(Parts of Speech in English)
Nouns –
Verbs –
Adjectives – /
Adverbs – /
Pronouns –
Prepositions –
Conjunctions – /
Interjections -
.
Page 133 of 361
Nouns –
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
, ,
.
:
Manager - Car -
England -
Sarmilan -
Tamil -
He is a Manager.
.
Verbs –
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
:
Do -
Come -
Speak -
Ask -
Go -
I do a job.
.
Adjectives – /
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
, , ( )
. .
:
Red -
Yellow -
Big -
Small -
Beautiful -
She is a beautiful girl. .
Page 134 of 361
Adverbs – /
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
:
Usually -
Really - /
Immediately -
Quickly -
Softly -
Usually I do a job.
. >>>
Pronouns –
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
;
.
:
He -
She -
It -
him -
her -
Sarmilan speaks in English.
.
He speaks in English.
.
Page 135 of 361
Prepositions –
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
:
in - ,
at - ,
on - ,
for -
since -
Do you work on Mondays?
?
Conjunctions – /
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
.
:
and -
but -
or -
than -
because -
I ate bread and butter.
.
Interjections -
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
:
Wow!
Ha!
Hi!
hello!
Oh! Wow! I won the match!
! !
Page 136 of 361
Eight Parts of Speech in a Sentence -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
Sarmilan goes to School. (Three Parts)
Noun Verb Preposition Noun
.
Sarmilan and his sister go to school. (Five Parts)
Noun Conjunction Pronoun Noun Verb Preposition Noun
.
Sarmilan and his little sister go to school. (Six Parts)
Noun Conjunction Pronoun Adjective Noun Verb Preposition Noun
.
Wow! Sarmilan and his little sister go to school happily. (All Eight Parts of Speech)
Interjection Noun Conjunction Pronoun Adjective Noun Verb Preposition Noun Adverb
!
.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
, , ,
,
.
;
.
.
. ,
.
Page 137 of 361
21. (Types of Nouns)
(Nouns)
, , ,
, ,
" " .
. :
Common Nouns -
man, boy, girl, shop, tree, clock, actor, mobile
.
.
Proper Nouns -
Peter, Sarmilan, Tamilvani, Hong Kong, Vijai, Nokia
.
.
Countable Nouns -
car-cars, child-children, tree- two trees
.
.
Uncountable Nouns -
water, fire, air, alcohol, blood, cotton, education
.
Page 138 of 361
.
Collective Nouns -
a group of things, a flock of birds, faculty, audience, team, crowd
( ) "
" .
Concrete Nouns -
Ford, dog, piano, herd, dancer, football, toy, White House, ,
" " .
.
.
Abstract Nouns -
intelligence, love, hate, bravery , ,
"
" .
Compound Nouns -
Blackboard, Homeland, without, wallpaper, brother-in-law
.
.
.
.
.
Page 139 of 361
22 (may be able to)
Grammar Patterns 01 25
.
25. I may be able to do a job.
.
. “may be”
” ”, ” ”, ” ”
.
“+ able to”
. 16
“ ” ,
17 “ ”
. “may” “be
able to” “ ”
.
, , (First,
Second, Third person) , "may be able
to" . .
Positive (Affirmative)
Subject + be + able + infinitive
I /You /He /She /It / We / You /They + may be + able + to do a job.
Negative Subject + be + not + able + infinitive
I /You /He /She /It /You /We /They + may + not + be + able + to do a job
Question (Interrogative)
Be + subject + be + able + infinitive
May + I /you /he /she /it /you /we /they + be able + to do a job?
+ be able to
.
“to”
. (be able to has an infinitive form)
.
Page 140 of 361
May you be able to do a job?
( ) ?
I may be able to do a job.
/ .
I may not be able to do a job.
/ .
May you be able to speak in English very soon?
( )
?
I may be able to speak in English very soon.
/
.
I may not be able to speak in English very soon.
/
.
May you be able to go to university?
( ) ?
I may be able to go to university.
/ .
I may not be able to go to university.
/ .
10 . .
.
1. I may be able to go to Australia.
.
2. I may be able to read novels in the hostel.
.
3. I may be able to sing in the concert.
.
4. I may be able to vote next year.
.
5. I may be able to go to China.
.
6. I may be able to return back home tomorrow.
.
Page 141 of 361
7. I may be able to buy an iPhone.
.
8. I may be able to submit to the court.
.
9. I may be able to demonstrate that.
.
10. I may be able to marry next year.
.
Homework:
A. You, He, She, It, We, You, They
.
B.
10 .
C. ,
“ ,
”
.
D. .
,
.
. .
.
,
,
.
.
.
Page 142 of 361
( )
“able” (Adjective) . ,
. “ /
”
.
“able” .
/ / .
.
Eat –
Able – /
Eatable – /
Love – Able – /
Loveable – /
Use -
Able – /
Usable – /
Sale –
Able – /
Salable – /
. ( .)
Page 143 of 361
24 (should be able to)
Grammar Patterns -1 26
.
.
1
.
26. I should be able to do a job.
.
. “ should”
”, ”, ”
(should) .
“+ able to”
.
“ ” (should be able to)
, ( )
.
.
am/is/are able to
was/were able to
may be able to
"should be able to" .
Positive (Affirmative)
Subject + be + able + infinitive
I /You /He /She /It / We / You /They + sould + be able + to do a job.
Negative Subject + be + not + able + infinitive
I /You /He /She /It /You /We /They + should + not + be able + to do a job
Question (Interrogative)
Be + subject + be able + infinitive
Should + I /you /he /she /it /you /we /they + be able + to do a job?
Page 144 of 361
:
1. , , (First, Second, Third
person) , "should be able to"
.
2. + be able to
.
3.
“to” . (be able to has an infinitive form)
.
Should you be able to do a job?
?
Yes, I should be able to do a job.
, .
No, I shouldn’t be able to do a job.
, .
Should you be able to speak perfect English very soon?
?
Yes, I should be able to speak perfect English very soon.
,
.
No, I shouldn’t be able to speak perfect English very soon.
,
.
10 .
.
1. I should be able to go to university.
2. I should be able to speak perfect English very soon.
.
Page 145 of 361
3. I should be able to improve my English knowledge.
.
4. I should be able to become a chief executive.
.
5. I should be able to practice English every day.
.
6. I should be able to go tomorrow
( )
7. I should be able to change my name.
8. I should be able to answer.
.
9. I should be able to build a house
.
10. I should be able to publish an English grammar book.
.
Homework:
A. You, He, She, It, We, You, They
.
B.
10 .
c. "Should be able to"
, .
Page 146 of 361
(Question)
. ,
?
? ( )
.
"
"
.
:
Should you be able to buy a ticket on the train?
?
Should you be able to take your gun to work?
?
Should you be able to vote without your ID card?
?
Should you be able to sell your kidneys on the open market?
?
Should you be able to buy a piece of the moon?
?
(Positive) ,
.
Page 147 of 361
:
Madonna should be able to adopt a child.
.
Two things a man should be able to do.
.
I think I should be able to go tomorrow.
.
Muslims in Britain should be able to live under Sharia law.
.
You should be able to post comments anonymously without your ID.
.
(Negative) ,
( )
.
:
5 things you shouldn't be able to buy on eBay.
5 .
Parents shouldn't be able to name kids whatever they want.
( / )
You shouldn’t be able to buy a piece of the moon.
/ .
User shouldn't be able to change the metadata file name.
.
Some people shouldn't be able to vote in Sri Lanka.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Page 148 of 361
25 (Grammar Patterns 7)
Grammar Patterns -1
.
26 .
27 .
.
27 Perfect Tense .
;
(Grammar Patterns of Perfect Tense)
.
( )
.
.
1. I have done a job. (Present Perfect)
.
2. I have just done a job.
( ) .
3. I had done a job. (Past Perfect)
.
4. I had done a job long ago.
( ) .
5. I wish I had done a job.
.
6. I will have done a job. (Future Perfect)
.
7. I have been doing a job. (Present Perfect Continuous)
/
.
8. I had been doing a job. (Past Perfect Continuous)
/
.
Page 149 of 361
9. I will have been doing a job. (Future Perfect Continuous)
( ) .
10. He may have done a job.
.
11. He might have done a job.
.
12. He must have done a job.
.
13. He would have done a job.
.
14. He could have done a job.
.
15. He should have done a job.
.
16. He shouldn’t have done a job. (should + not)
.
. (
/ )
17. He needn’t have done a job. (need + not)
( )
.
18. He seems to have done a job.
.
19. Having done a job I have got experience.
.
10 .
, 19
.
.
.
Page 150 of 361
.
1. I have done - .
2. I have written - .
3. I have chosen - .
4. I have worked - .
5. I have watched. - .
6. He has spoken - .
7. He has started. - .
8. She has cooked. - .
9. She has visited - .
10. She has walked - .
"Perfect Tense"
"Past Participle"
. "Irregular
verbs" .
: ? “ ” “ ” . “ ,
.”
“Present Perfect Tense”
.
:
I have visited.
.
I have visited America several times.
/ .
( : , ,
)
.
.
Page 151 of 361
26 (Present Perfect Tense)
Grammar Patterns 1 26
.
“Perfect Tense” Grammar Patterns 7 .
Grammar Patters 7
.
.
1. I have done a job. (Present Perfect Simple)
.
.
“Present Perfect Tense” "Present Perfect Simple Tense" .
.
"Past
Participle" .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
. (It is important
if we have done it in our lives or not. It is not important when we did it.)
Page 152 of 361
.
I, You, We, You, They “have”
, He, She, It (Third Person Singular)
“has” .
Positive (Affirmative)
Subject + Auxiliary verb + Main verb (Past participle)
I/ You/ We/ They + have + done a job.
He/ She/ It + has + done a job.
(Auxiliary verb)
"Past participle" .
Negative Subject + Auxiliary verb + not + Main verb (Past participle)
I/ You/ We/ They + have + not + done a job.
He/ She/ It + has + not + done a job.
Question (Interrogative)
Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb (Past participle)
Have + I/ you/ we/ they + done a job?
Has + he/ she/ it + done a job?
Have/ Has "Subject"
“Past participle”
.
.
1
Have you done a job?
?
Yes, I have done a job
, .
No, I haven’t done a job. (have + not)
, .
Has he lived here for 20 years?
20 ?
Yes, He has lived here for 20 years.
, 20 .
No, He hasn’t lived here for 20 years. (has + not)
, 20 .
Page 153 of 361
Have you seen Thesaththin puyalkal movie?
?
Yes, I have seen Thesaththin puyalkal movie twenty times.
,
.
No, I haven’t seen Thesaththin puyalkal movie. (have + not)
, .
25 . . . .
1. I have seen that movie many times.
2. I have met him once before.
.
3. I have traveled by MTR
. . .
4. I have done my homework.
.
5. I have been to England three times.
.
6. I have come here many times
.
7. I have worked here since 2002.
2002
8. I have studied two foreign languages
.
9. I have cured many deadly diseases.
.
10. I have cleaned my room.
.
11. I have seen that movie six times in the last month.
.
Page 154 of 361
12. I have been to Mexico in the last year.
.
13. I have lived in Canada for five years
.
14. I have worked at the University since 1999
1999 .
15. I have seen that girl before
.
16. I have written some English Grammar lessons.
.
17. I have worked here since June.
.
18. I have written five letters.
.
19. I have cooked dinner
.
20. I have lived with my parents for over 10 years.
10 .
21. I have played outside for an hour.
.
22. I have learned English since 1986.
1986 .
23. I have gone to the supermarket.
.
24. I have played football.
.
25. I have lived in that house for 2 years.
2 .
25 You/ we/ they/ He / She / It
.
Page 155 of 361
1. Actions which started in the past and are still continuing
He has lived in America for five years.
.
("
."
.)
,
( ) .
( ) (He started living in America five years ago, and he's still living there
now.) .
(
.)
2. Actions which happened at some unknown time in the past
“ ”
.
.
.
.
? “
.”
I have already seen that film.
.
(
.)
Page 156 of 361
3. Actions which happened in the past, but have an effect in the present
.
; .
.
. .
?
“ ! .” (
)
I have lost my keys
.
(
( ),
. ( ))
4. Recently completed action
Grammar Patterns 7 .
. ,
( ) .
( )
2. I have just done a job.
.
(
.)
Page 157 of 361
:
Present Perfect”
.
:
Have you cooked lunch?
Yes, I have.
No, I haven‟t.
(Signal Words of Present Perfect)
Ever
Never
just
Yet
Already
So far
Up to now
Recently,
Since
For
not yet
till now
Ever
Have you ever been to Germany?
?
Have you ever met him?
?
Have you ever eaten Pizza?
Z ?
Has he ever talked to you about the problem?
?
Never
I have never been to Australia.
.
I've never seen so many people like this.
.
Page 158 of 361
He has never traveled by train.
.
( Ever, Never “Present Perfect Tense”
.)
Just
I have just installed AVG anti-virus
. . .
For
I have been an English teacher for more than five years.
.
Since
I haven't seen Sarmilan since 2002.
2002 . (
.)
Yet
He hasn't done it yet.
.
(Short Forms)
I + have = I‟ve - ( )
You + have = you‟ve - ( )
We + have = we‟ve - ( )
They + have = They‟ve - ( )
He + has = He‟s - ( )
She + has = She‟s - ( )
It + has = It‟s - ( )
He + is = He‟s
She + is = She‟s
It + is = It‟s
Page 159 of 361
He has, She has, It has He‟s, She‟s, It‟s
.
.
He is, She is, It is He‟s, She‟s, It‟s
.
.
?
.
"+ ing"
. "Present Perfect"
“Past Participle” .
:
Present Continuous He is doing a job. - He‟s doing a job.
She is doing a job. - She‟s doing a job.
It is doing a job. - It‟s doing a job.
Present Perfect He has done a job. - He‟s done a job. (Past participle)
She has done a job. - She‟s done a job. (Past participle)
It has done a job. - It‟s done a job. (Past participle)
do - did - done “done” Past participle .
Irregular verbs
.
Page 160 of 361
27 (English Pronouns)
.
.
,
" " .
:
Sarmilan will come to the class.
He will come to the class
.
“ ”
, “ ”
. “ ”
“ ” . “ ”
.
. :
Subject Pronouns
Object Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns
Relative Pronouns
Interrogative Pronouns
Indefinite Pronouns
.
.
Page 161 of 361
Subject Pronouns –
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
I -
You – ( )
He -
She -
It -
We – ,
You - ( )
They - ,
:
Kennedy spoke about genocide war in Sri Lanka.
.
He spoke about genocide war in Sri Lanka.
.
(“Kennedy” “He”
.)
Object Pronouns –
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
me –
you - ( )
him -
her –
it -
us – ,
you - ( )
them - ,
:
I love her
Page 162 of 361
Reflexive Pronouns –
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
myself -
yourself -
himself -
herself -
itself -
ourselves – ,
yourselves -
themselves – ,
:
I cut my hair myself.
( / .)
Possessive Pronouns – ( )
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
.
mine -
yours -
his -
hers -
its -
ours -
yours -
theirs – ,
:
This house is ours.
Page 163 of 361
Adjective –
my –
your –
his –
her -
its -
our –
your –
their - ,
:
This is our house.
.
(Possessive - Adjective)
This is our house. (Adjective)
.
This house is ours. (Possessive)
.
Demonstrative Pronouns –
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
This – , ( )
That – , ( )
These – , ( )
Those – , ( )
:
This book is new but those books are old.
.
( book books
.)
This is new but those are old.
.
Page 164 of 361
Relative Pronouns –
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
who
whom
that
which
whoever
whomever
whichever
:
I told you about a woman who lives next door.
.
.
Interrogative Pronouns –
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
Who -
What -
Where -
When -
Whom -
Which -
Whoever –
Whomever -
Whichever -
:
Where did you go?
?
Page 165 of 361
Indefinite Pronouns -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
all – ,
another - ,
every -
any –
some – ,
nothing – ( )
several –
each –
many – ,
few -
:
Each of the members has one vote
.
Homework:
,
.
.
.
.
Page 166 of 361
28 (Present Perfect Continuous)
26 "Present Perfect"
. Present perfect Continuous
. Present Perfect Progressive
. “
” . “ ”
Grammar Patterns 01 64 .
.
64. I have been doing a job.
/
.
, ,
.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Positive (Affirmative)
Subject + Auxiliary verb + Auxiliary verb + Main verb with ing
1. I /You/ We/ They + have + been + doing a job
2. He/ She/ It + has + been + doing a job.
"ing" .
Negative Subject + Auxiliary verb + not + Auxiliary verb + verb with ing
1. I /You/ We/ They + have + not + been + doing a job
2. He/ She/ It + has + not + been + doing a job.
Question (Interrogative)
Auxiliary verb + Subject + Auxiliary verb + Main verb with ing
1. Have + I /you/ we/ they + been + doing a job?
2. Has + he/ she/ It + been + doing a job? (Auxiliary verbs)
.
.
Page 167 of 361
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Have you been doing a job?
/
?
Yes, I have been doing a job. (I‟ve)
, /
.
No, I have not been doing a job. (I‟ve not, I haven‟t been)
, /
.
:
.
.
. ?
" / ”
.
" / "
? .
02. I am doing a job.
.
"
“
” .
64. I have been doing a job.
/
.
,
“ ” .
,
.
.
Page 168 of 361
" / "
. (
" / "
.)
“How long”
.
“for, since”
.
:
How long have you been doing a job?
?
I have been doing a job for 12 months.
12 .
How long have you been studying English?
?
I have been studying English since 2002. (I‟ve)
2002 .
How long have you been staying in Hong Kong?
( )
?
I have been staying in Hong Kong for 6 years.
( ) 6
.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
( )
,
(for, since)
.
.
Page 169 of 361
1. I have been waiting here for two hours.
.
2. I have been working at that company for three years.
.
3. I have been doing for the last 30 minutes.
/ 30 .
4. I have been teaching at the university since June.
( ) .
5. I have been waiting here for over two hours.
.
6. I have been waiting for you for three hours.
.
(
.)
7. I have been watching too much television lately.
.
8. I have been exercising lately.
( ) .
9. I have been doing the work.
.
10. I have been studying English for four years
.
11. I have been living here since 1998.
1998 .
12. I have been working at BBC for three years
BBC
.
Page 170 of 361
13. I have been exporting to China since 1999.
1999
.
14. I have been studying for 3 hours.
.
15. I have been watching TV since 7pm.
TV 7 .
16. I have been playing football for a long time.
.
17. I have been living in Bangkok since I left school.
.
18. I have been standing here for over half an hour.
.
19. I have been looking for a summer holiday job for two weeks.
( )
.
20. I have been writing novels since 1968.
1968 .
21. I have been getting good results over the last few years.
.
22. I have been painting my house since last night.
/
.
23. I have been driving for 14 years
( ) 14 .
24 . I have been reading this lesson for the past 10 minutes
10
.
Page 171 of 361
24. I have been blogging since 2007
( ) 2007 .
25. I have been teaching at Hong Kong University for 6 years.
6 .
Homework:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 He, She, It, You, We, They
. . ;
.
How long have you been staying in your country?
How long have you been going to school?
How long have you been working here?
How long have you been practicing English?
How long have you been …………………………………….?
(Short Forms)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Positive Short forms
I have been = I've been
You have been = You've been
We have been = We've been
They have been = They've been
He has been = He's been
She has been = She's been
It has been = It's been
Negative Short forms
.
I have not been = I've not been / I haven't been
You have not been = You've not been / You haven't been
We have not been = We've not been / We haven't been
They have not been = They've not been / They haven't been
He has not been = He's not been / He hasn't been
She has not been = She's not been / She hasn't been
It has not been = It's not been / It hasn't been
Page 172 of 361
" " ,
. .
:
How long have you been studying English?
?
I've been studying English for four years.
.
For four years. - " ." .
How long have you been living in Hong Kong?
?
I've been living here since 2003.
2003 .
since 2003. - "2003 " .
(Signal words)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
since
for
all week
for days
lately
recently
over the last few months
:
How long
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
.
- 01
. (Actions beginning in the past and still continuing)
Page 173 of 361
- 02
. (Action that has just stopped or recently stopped)
.
.
Page 174 of 361
29 (Past Perfect Progressive)
Grammar Patterns 01
28 . 29
. 29
"Past perfect Continuous" "Past Perfect
Progressive" . “
” “ ”
.
65. I had been doing a job.
/
.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Positive (Affirmative)
Subject + Auxiliary verb + Auxiliary verb + Main verb with ing
I / He/ She/ It/ You/ We/ They + had + been + doing a job
“ ”
"ing"
.
Negative Subject + Auxiliary verb + not + Auxiliary verb + verb with ing
I / He/ She/ It/ You/ We/ They + had + not + been + doing a job
Question (Interrogative)
Auxiliary verb + Subject + Auxiliary verb + Main verb with ing
Had + I / He/ She/ It/ You/ We/ They + been + doing a job?
(Auxiliary verbs)
.
.
; , ,
, .
?
. .
Page 175 of 361
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Had you been doing a job?
/
?
Yes, I had been doing a job. (I‟d been)
, /
.
No, I had not been doing a job. (I‟d not been, I hadn‟t been)
, /
.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
. ?
" ”
? ?
09. I was doing a job.
“ .”
“ ,
.”
.
. (
.)
“ ”
. (Past Perfect
Continuous to show that action started in the past and continued up until another time in the
past.)
;
.
Page 176 of 361
:
How long have you been waiting?
?
I have been waiting for two hours.
.
; ? :
How long had you been waiting?
?
?
I had been waiting for two hours.
.
;
.
?
. ?
.
“ ”
( )
.
" "
.
?
.
.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. I had been waiting there for more than 45 minutes.
45 .
2. I had been working for over an hour.
.
Page 177 of 361
3. I had been standing all day in the school.
.
4. I had been teaching at that university for three years
.
5. I had been doing the work.
.
6. I had been studying English for five years
.
7. I had been living there since 1997.
1997 .
8. I had been talking with Mr. Obama for over half an hour
.
9. I had been driving for 10 years in Japan
( ) 10
10. I had been waiting in the Hong Kong airport for two hours
.
.
I had been waiting in the airport for more than two hours when you arrived.
.
I had been talking with Mr. Obama for over half an hour before you arrived.
. (
.)
I had been learning English for two years before I left for America.
. (
.)
Page 178 of 361
Grandma wanted to sit down because she had been standing all day in the hospital.
. (
.)
Sarmilan was tired because he had been exercising so hard.
.
Homework: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
He, She, It,
You, We, They .
.
,
.
(Signal words)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
since
for
all day
the whole day
:
How long
:
How long had you been doing a job in Singapore?
?
I had been doing a job for 12 months.
12 . (
)
How long had you been studying English?
?
I had been studying English since 2005. (I‟d been)
2005 . (
)
Page 179 of 361
“How long” .
“for, since” .
(Short Forms)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Positive Short forms
I had been = I'd been
You had been = You'd been
He had been = He'd been
She had been = She'd been
It had been = It'd been
We had been = We'd been
They had been = They'd been
Negative Short forms
I had not been = I'd not been / I hadn't been
You had not been = You'd not been / You hadn't been
He had not been = He'd not been / He hadn't been
She had not been = She'd not been / She hadn't been
It had not been = It'd not been / It hadn't been
We have not been = We'd not been / We hadn't been
They have not been = They'd not been / They hadn't been
(Diagram)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. (The diagram explain to you that Past Perfect
Continuous to show that action started in the past and continued up until another time in the
past.)
.
.
Page 180 of 361
30. (Passive Voice)
2010 .
(Passive Voice)
.
, (Subject)
.
(Object)
.
Past Participle .
:
Sarmilan is doing a job.
.
(The) Job is done by Sarmilan.
.
( .)
! ;
(Grammar Patterns)
.
.
Passive Voice.mp3
1. It is done.
.
2. It is being done.
.
3. It was done.
.
4. It was being done.
.
5. It will be done.
.
Page 181 of 361
6. It will be being done.
.
7. It would be done.
.
8. It would be being done.
.
9. It is not done.
.
10. It wasn’t done. (was + not)
11. It won't be done. (will + not)
.
12. It has been done.
( / ) .
13. It has been being done.
( / )
.
14. It had been done.
( / ) .
15. It had been being done.
( / ) .
16. It will have been done.
( ) .
17. It will have been being done.
( ) .
18. It is to be done.
.
19. It was to be done.
.
20. It is going to be done.
.
Page 182 of 361
21. It was going to be done.
.
22. It can be done.
.
23. It can't be done.
.
24. It could be done.
.
25. It couldn't be done.
.
26. It must be done.
( ) .
27. It must not be done.
( ) .
28. It should be done.
.
29. It shouldn’t be done.
.
30. It ought to be done.
.
31. It has to be done.
.
32. It doesn't have to be done.
.
33. It had to be done.
/ .
34. It didn't have to be done.
/ .
35. It will have to be done.
/ .
36. It won’t have to be done.
/
Page 183 of 361
37. It need be done.
.
38. It needn't be done.
.
39. It may be done.
.
40. It may have been done.
.
41. It must have been done.
.
42. It would have been done.
.
43. It wouldn't have been done.
.
44. It could have been done.
. ( )
45. It should have been done.
. ( )
46. It shouldn't have been done.
. ( )
47. It ought to have been done.
. ( )
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. .
2. ,
.
3. , .
4. ( )
( , , ...)
5.
,
.
Page 184 of 361
(Passive Voice)
Hong Kong Island was occupied by British forces in 1841
1841
.
( 1841
.)
A young female Tamil journalist was arrested by the Police on suspicion.
.
(
.)
Two decomposed bodies of Tamils were discovered on Friday.
.
Tamils were abducted by unidentified armed persons.
.
(
.)
An university Tamil girl was kidnapped on December 31 morning.
31
.
( 31
.)
Navanethem Pillay was appointed as new United Nations High Commissioner for Human
Rights.
.
(
.)
Page 185 of 361
Barack Hussein Obama was elected President of the United States on 5 Nov 2008.
5 2008 .
(2008 5
.)
Annathurai is considered an intellectual and a brilliant Tamil scholar.
.
(
.)
" "
.
,
.
Homework:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10
. 47
;
47 . .
. ,
.
1. Ravi is investigated by police.
.
2. The Robot is made by Japan
.
3. His interview is postponed
.
4. She is appointed as Managing Director.
5. My wallet is stolen.
.
Page 186 of 361
6. It is made
.
7. Sitha is kidnapped by Iravanan.
.
8. The letter is sent by post.
.
9. The man is killed by Army.
.
10. It is done by Government of Sri Lanka
.
Direct Object - Indirect Object -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
. Direct Object .
. Indirect Object .
Direct Object:
.
Ravi was investigated by police.
.
The Robot was made by Japan
/ .
Sitha was kidnapped by Iravanan.
.
The letter was sent by post.
.
The men was killed by Army.
.
( )
The window was broken by Sarmilan.
.
Page 187 of 361
Indirect Object: http://aangilam.blogspot.com
(Indirect
Object) .
,
.
.
1.
.
2.
.
3.
. ( .)
Ravi was investigated.
. (
.)
The Robot was made.
. ( , ,
.)
Sitha was kidnapped.
. (
)
The letter was sent.
. (
)
The men was killed.
. (
.)
The window was broken.
. (
.)
Page 188 of 361
: http://aangilam.blogspot.com
1. (Passive Voice)
,
.
Grammar Patterns 01 .
2. (Main Verb)
"Past Participle"
. Irregular verbs .
3. -
. (
.)
2010 .
.
,
.
:
. ,
,
(URL)
.
.
Page 189 of 361
31. (Articles)
" "
.
.
.
the, a, an
.
Definite Article – Indefinite Articles –
(Define Article)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
The
“ ”
. “ , ”
. (The)
.
.
:
The car.
( / )
The book.
( / )
The beautiful girl
( / ) .
Page 190 of 361
(Indefinite Articles)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
; ( / ), ( / )
.
; ,
,
.
.
a
an
:
a car -
( ,
)
a book -
( . )
a beautiful girl -
( )
He is an Indian - .
( )
:
1. ,
" , " "a" .
, " , " "an"
. .
. (Use a/an - Vowels and Consonant)
2. Define Article Define Articles “s”
. Define Article . (The)
Page 191 of 361
Article
"Article"
. " "
.
Article: ( )
Article: . ( )
article: ( )
Article: , .
Page 192 of 361
32. (Prepositions of Time)
?
.
( + + )
.
. (
.)
Subject + to be + Preposition + Noun/Pronoun The book is + on + the table.
The letter is + under + your English book.
" " ,
.
:
(one word)
I am staying at home.
I spoke to her on wednesday morning.
I bought this computer in the summer.
(a group of word)
The cat is on the left of the dog.
The driver is in front of passengers.
They are at the top of stairs.
. ,
(at home, on water),
(in it, next to me),
(noun phrase) (across from the tall building)
.
Page 193 of 361
.
1. (Time Prepositions)
2. (Place Prepositions)
3. (Direction Prepositions)
.
" " .
(Prepositions of Time)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
" "
, , ,
, . "
" .
"at" .
(a specific time)
"at" .
at 3 o'clock
at 9:00am
at noon
at dinnertime
at bedtime
at sunrise
at sunset
at the moment
at night
at midnight
at daybreak
at the weekend
at the same time
at present
at Chritmas/Easter
"in"
"in" (Months) .
in January
in February
in March
in April
in May
in June
in July
in Augest
Page 194 of 361
"in" (Season)
.
in Spring
in Summer
in Winter
in Autumn
(Articles) "the" .
"autumn" "the"
.
in the spring (in the springtime)
in the summer (in the summertime)
in the winter (in the wintertime)
in autumn (in autumntime)
: "autumn" ,
"fall" .
"in" (Years) .
in 2008
in 1990
in 2009
in last year, in next year, in every year
.
.
last year
next year
every year
"in" (Times of the Day)
.
in the morning
in the afternoon
in the evening
" " "at night"
. (in night / in the night
.)
Page 195 of 361
"in" .
in the next century
in the Ice Age
in the past
in a few days
in a couple of months
"on"
(Dates) "on" .
( , ,
"in"
.)
on January 3
on January 3, 2001
on 25 Dec. 2010
on 15th Augest 2009
(Days of week) "on"
.
on Sunday
on Monday
on Tuesday
on Wednesday
on Thursday
on Friday
on Saturday
on Saturday morning
on Sunday afternoon
on Monday evening
(Holydays and Special days)
"on" .
on Mother's day
on Velentine's day
on Christmas Eve/Day
on Independence Day
on New Year's Eve
on my birthday
on the first day of the school year
: "at Christmas"
. .
Page 196 of 361
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
.
The stars shine at night
In England, it often snows in December.
, .
Do you work on Mondays?
?
I will be there after work.
I will be there around 3 pm
3 .
I will be there before I go to school.
.
I have been riding my bicycle for 2 hours.
2
.
I will be there during your class.
( )
.
I will be there for your birthday.
I wasn't there for the past 2 months.
I didn't see her since I was 10 years old.
.
I will not be home until 7:00 PM.
7 .
I will be there within 2 hours.
.
!
Page 197 of 361
33. (Prepositions of Place)
" "
.
" "
.
"Prepositions of Place"
"Prepositions of Location" .
' '
. ("Place Prepositions" means where
someone or something is)
"at" (a specific place)
.
at home -
at work -
at the party -
at the corner -
at the top - /
at the bus stop -
at the entrance -
at the crossroads -
at the theater -
at the beach -
at the top of the page - ( )
at the end of the road -
"in" ,
. (a place that
within boundaries)
:
in London -
" "
. .
.
Page 198 of 361
in a box - ( . )
in Hong Kong -
in New York -
in my pocket - ( )
in my wallet - ( )
in a building -
in a car - /
in the garden -
in the swiming pool -
in the world -
"on" " , "
. " "
. : ,
, . " ",
.
on the wall -
on the table -
on the ceiling -
on the cover -
on the floor -
on the carpet -
on the menu -
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
" "
.
:
01. Sarmilan is at home.
( ) .
02. Kavitha is waiting for you at the bus stop.
.
03. Do you work in an office?
?
Page 199 of 361
04. Do you live in Hong Kong?
?
05. The book is on the table.
.
( .)
06. Put it down on the table.
.
( )
07. She is aboard the boat.
.
( .)
08. The picture is above the sofa.
.
09. Last year we flew to New York
( )
10. I usually go to work by bus.
.
11. The desk is against the wall.
.
12. I sit between Mayuran and Praba
.
13. The woman is among all workers.
, .
14. The boy is among his friends.
.
15. The passangers behind the driver.
.
16. The desk is below the window
.
17. The car is outside the garage.
.
18. There is a long line of people outside the theater.
.
20. The post office is on the opposite side of the street.
.
Page 200 of 361
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(at - in - on)
.
at home -
at work -
at school -
at university -
at college -
at the top - /
at the bottom -
at the side -
at reception -
in a car - ( )
in a taxi -
in a helicopter -
in a boat -
in a lift (elevator) -
in the newspaper -
in the sky -
in a row -
on a bus - ( )
on a train -
on a plane -
on a ship -
on a bicycle -
on a horse -
on the radio -
on television -
on the left -
on the right -
on the way -
Page 201 of 361
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
?
" " .
.
.
next to
at the back of
at the top of
at the bottom of
in fornt of
in the corner of
in the middle of
on the left of
on the right of
on the corner of
on top of
on the side of
on the other side of
to the left of
to the right of
" "
.
01. I live next to my best friend.
( ) .
02. We are going to sit at the back of the theater.
.
03. The books are at the top of the shelves.
.
04. The driver is in front of passenger.
.
05. We live in the middle of the street.
.
06. The dog is on the right of the cat.
.
Page 202 of 361
07. We live on the corner of 3rd avenue
.
08. The clown is on top of the box.
.
09. There is a man on the top of the roof.
.
( .)
10. There is a large garden in the middle of the skyscraper.
. (152
" " (Skyscraper)
.)
01
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
,
. (Different words same meaning)
,
.
:
near / by =
" "
.
next to / beside =
" "
.
across from / opposite =
"
"
.
Page 203 of 361
02
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
. (Some prepositions are similar, but different)
:
below / under " "
:
below -
" " , .
The desk is below the window.
under -
" " ,
.
above / over " " :
above -
" " .
The baloon was high above our heads.
over -
" " ,
. " "
.
The girl is wearing scaf over her head.
.
.
.
Page 204 of 361
? - 1 (Asking the time)
.
.
.
.
, 19
,
. ,
20 .
! !
.
, , ,
,
.
.
?
.
!
?
What is the time now?
?
Do you know what time it is?
( )?
Can you tell me the time?
?
What time is it?
?
Page 205 of 361
.
.
. ,
. "Polite Language" .
.
.
.
Excuse me, what is the time now, please?
, ?
"Excuse me"
( )
.
"please" ( )
. ,
, .
(Polite Language) :
Excuse me, what is the time please?
Excuse me, what time is it?
Excuse me, have you got the time, please?
Sorry, do you have the time, please?
Can you tell me the time please?
Can you please tell me what is the time?
Excuse me, could you tell me the time, please?
Excuse me, could you tell me what time it is?
Excuse me, do you have the time?
:
1:00: It's one o' clock.
.
3:00: It is three o'clock.
.
10:00: It is ten o'clock.
Page 206 of 361
.
It's ___ o' clock.(two/there/four/five/six/seven/eight/nine/ten/eleven/twelve)
.
.
8:00: It's eight o'clock.
.
8:05: It's five past eight.
8 5 .
8:10: It's ten past eight.
8 10 .
8:15: It's quarter past eight.
.
8:20: It's twenty past eight.
.
8:30: It's half past eight.
.
8:40: It's twenty to nine.
. ( )
8:45: It's quarter to nine.
. ( )
8:50: It's ten to nine.
10. ( )
8:55: It's five to nine.
. ( )
9:00: It's nine o'clock.
.
8:35: It's twenty five to nine.
. ( .
It's midnight.
. ( 12.00 )
Page 207 of 361
It's noon.
( 12.00 )
It's lunch time.
.
It's dinner time.
.
It's time to go to bed. (Good night)
( ) .
, ,
.
, ,
, .
.
:
Excuse me. what is the time please?
It's five o' clock.
Thank you.
You're welcome.
Excuse me. Have you got the time?
Yes, it's 5.00.
Thank you.
You're welcome.
Excuse me. Can you tell me the time, please?
Yes, of course. It's seven o'clock.
Thanks.
No problem.
:
. (
.)
To be on time
. ( / )
.
We'll leave at 10:10 am sharp.
( ) 10.10 .
Page 208 of 361
"sharp"
. "Sharp" " "
. 10:10 am Sharp" , ( )
, . 10.09
, 10.11 . 10.10 .
( .)
:
!
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. ,
.
.
" ?"
. " ?"
.
.
!
Page 209 of 361
? - 2 (Asking for Directions)
.
,
,
.
, , ,
.
,
. ,
.
,
?
;
. Polite and More Polite
.
.
Do you know the way to...?
Can you tell me the way to...?
Can you tell me the easy way to...?
Can you tell me the best way to...?
(More Polite) "Could", "Would",
.
Could you tell me the way to...please?
Could you tell me the easy way to...please?
Could you tell me the best way to...please?
Would you tell me the way to...please?
Could you please tell me the way to...?
Would you mind telling me...please?
Page 210 of 361
.
Where the nearest HSBC bank is?
What the best way to get there?
What the easy way is?
What is the quickest way to Discovery bay?
How can I get there?
How to get Stanley beach?
How to find nearest Welcome Shop?
What the easy way to post office?
,
.
"Polite Form"
.
Could you tell me where the nearest HSBC bank is?
Could you tell me what the best way to get there?
Could you tell me what the easy way is?
Could you tell me what is the quickest way to Discovery bay?
Could you tell me how can I get there?
Could you tell me how to get Stanley beach?
Could you tell me how to find nearest Welcome Shop?
Could you tell me what the easy way to post office please?
Would you mind telling me what the easy way to post office please?
,
" , , , / / , , "
.
.
:
Excuse me, could you tell me the way to HSBC bank please?
Certainly, go straight along this road, take the first/second/third turning on the right,
HSBC bank is on your left/right/front.
, ,
.
,
.
.
Page 211 of 361
Excuse me, could you tell me the way to...please?
Go straight along this road/take the first turning on the right/...is on your left.
Thanks, you've been very helpful.
Don't mention it. Good luck.
/ "Excuse
me", "Sorry to interrupt"
.
Excuse me, could you tell me the way to...please?
Sorry to interrupt, could you tell me the way to...please?
I'm sorry to interrupt you, could you tell me the way to...please?
"Giving Direction"
.
:
.
.
!
Page 212 of 361
Aangilam Mini Lessons
!
“ ”
. “
” .
,
.
" "
,
1 .
"Grammar Patterns"
.
, ,
(CAPITAL LETTERS)
. .
(Simple Letters) ,
.
How To Use Capital Letters
1.
. (Capital letters are always used at the
beginning of a sentence.)
:
The car is running
I am looking for a job.
He doesn‟t understand.
Do you speak in English?
Where are you going?
2. , , , , , , ,
.
.
Page 213 of 361
2. : Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday
3. : January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September,
October, November, December
4. : Ellalan, Iravanan, Sarmilan, Kavitha, Thamilovia, Tamilnenjan, Tamilselvan
5. , : Jaffna, Chennai, Point Pedro, Betticola, Tricomalee, Madurai,
Kilinochchi
6. : Tamileelam, India, America, British, France, Netherland, Norway, Japan
7. : Tamil, English, Chinese, Latin, French, Indhi
8. : Hindu, Islam, Christian, Buddhism - God, The Prophet Mohammed, Jesus
9. " " "I"
. ( "i" )
10. " "
. "Abbreviation"
.
: : MBBS, LLB
: USA, UK, UAE
: MGR, MRR
. . (
.)
" Abbreviation"
.
Page 214 of 361
2 (Use a/an - Vowels and Consonant)
26 - 5,
- 21 .
Vowels Sound
a e i o u = 5
Consonant Sound
b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x y z = 21
/
a, an . "a"
? "an" ?
.
"a" .
:
I am a Sri Lankan
.
I am a student.
.
This is a car
.
This is a book.
.
He is a teacher.
.
a, e, i, o, u
/ "an"
.
Page 215 of 361
:
This is an animal - (animal begins with a vowel sound)
.
I am an Indian
.
I am an English teacher
.
He is an old man
( ) .
.
.
a, e, i, o, u
‘a’ .
a user - „ ” “ ”
„a‟ . (sounds like 'yoo-zer,' i.e. begins with a
consonant 'y' sound, so 'a' is used)
a university - “ ” “ ”
.
a European country – „ ‟ „ ‟
. (sounds like 'yer-o-pi-an,' i.e. begins with consonant 'y'
sound)
‘an’ .
an hour - “hour” “our” “ ”
“an” . (sounds like 'a-our,' begins
with vowels 'a' sound)
an honour - “ ‟ .
,
, ,
Page 216 of 361
.
.
.
, 1
. "Grammar Patterns"
.
.
.
Page 217 of 361
3 (Date and Money)
" "
; .
.
.
" "
.
:
1954 – nineteen fifty-four
1977 – nineteen seventy-seven
1983 – nineteen eighty-three
.
2000 = two thousand -
2001 = two thousand and one -
2002 = two thousand and two -
2009 = thousand and nine -
.
2010 = twenty ten
2011 = twenty eleven
2012 = twenty twelve
.
2010 = twenty ten - "two thousand and ten" .
Money
,
Page 218 of 361
' ' ' '
.
:
100
$150
£200
,
.
:
100 - Hundred rupees
150 - One hundred and fifty rupees
120.55 = One hundred and twenty rupees, fifty-five cent.
( ) .
$225.10 = Two hundred and twenty five dollars, ten cent.
( ) .
£450. 21 = Four hundred and fifty pounds, twenty-one pence.
( )
Page 219 of 361
4 (Abbreviations / Acronyms)
"Abbreviation" " " .
.
:
: BBC - : British Broadcasting Corporation.
: MGR - : Maruthur Gopalan Ramachandran
. , , ,
, , ,
,
,
" " (Abbreviations) .
?
1. .
2. .
3. .
.
.
.
. "Initial Abbreviation" "Acronym".
Page 220 of 361
Initial Abbreviations
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"Initial Abbreviations" .
" " .
.
.
.
:
. - AI - Amnesty International
. . - ABC - American Broatcasting Company
. . - BMW - Bavarian Motor Works
.
DND – Do Not Disturb
FYI – For your Information
FBI - Federal Bureau of Investigation
GB – Great Britain
IOU – I Owe You
LOL – Laugh Out Loud
ISI - Inter-Services Intelligence
MP – Member of Parliament
UNM – Under New Management
VIP – Very Important Person
CB - Criminal Bureau
CID - Criminal Investigation Department
CAT - Committee against Torture
Page 221 of 361
CAT - Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment.
CEDAW - Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. (Convention on the
Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women.)
CERD - Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (Convention on the Elimination
of Racial Discrimination.)
CESCR - Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.
CHR - Commission on Human Rights
CMW - Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of
Their Families
CRC - Committee on the Rights of the Child (Convention of the Rights of the Child)
CSW - Commission on the Status of Women
CBI – Central Bureau of Investigation or Intelligence
CDC – Commonwealth Development Corporation
CE – Civil Engineer
CIA – Criminal Investigation Agency
CIA - Central Interlligence Agency
CID – Criminal Investigation Department
DPI - Department of Public Information
ECOSOC - United Nations Economic and Social Council
FAQ - frequently asked questions
GAOR - General Assembly Official Records
HRC - Human Rights Committee
ICC - International Criminal Court
ICCPR - International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
ICERD - International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
ICESCR - International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
ICRC - International Committee of the Red Cross
ILO - International Labour Organization
Page 222 of 361
IPKF - Indian Peace Keeping Forces
LTTE - Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
NGO - Non-governmental organization
OHCHR - Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
RAW - Research and Analysis Wing
UDHR - Universal Declaration of Human Rights
UN - United Nations
UNAMIR - United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda
UNAMSIL - United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone
UNAVEM III - United Nations Angola Verification Mission III
UNCLOS - United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, also known as LOS
UNCRO - United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation in Croatia
UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNDCP - United Nations Drug Control Programme
UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force
UNDP - United Nations Development Programme
UNEP - United Nations Environment Programme
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
UNFICYP - United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus
UNFPA - United Nations Population Fund
UNHCR - United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNHCRHR - United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
UNICEF - United Nations Children's Fund
UNICEP - United Nations International Comparison Programme
UNICRI - United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute
UNIDIR - United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research
Page 223 of 361
UNIDO - United Nations Industrial Development Organization
UNIFIL - United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
UNIKOM - United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission
UNITAR - United Nations Institute for Training and Research
UNMEE - United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea
UNMIBH - United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina
UNMIK - United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo
UNMIL - United Nations Mission in Liberia
UNMIS - United Nations Mission in the Sudan
UNMISET - United Nations Mission of Support in East Timor
UNMOGIP - United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan
UNMOP - United Nations Mission of Observers in Prevlaka
UNMOT - United Nations Mission of Observers in Tajikistan
UNMOVIC United Nations Monitoring and Verification Commission
UNOMIG - United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia
UNOCI - United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire
UNOMSIL - United Nations Mission of Observers in Sierra Leone
UNOPS - United Nations Office of Project Services
UNRISD - United Nations Research Institute for Social Development
UNRWA - United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East
UNSC - United Nations Security Council
UNSMIH - United Nations Support Mission in Haiti
UNSSC - United Nations System Staff College
UNTAET - United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor
UNTSO - United Nations Truce Supervision Organization
UNU - United Nations University
USA - United States of America
Page 224 of 361
USSR - Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( )
UAE - United Arab Emirates
UK - United Kingdom ( - England, Northern
Ireland, Scotland, Wales.)
NAACP - National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
BA – Bachelor of Arts
BCL – Bachelor of Civil Law
BGL – Bachelor of General Law
B.Com., – Bachelor of Commerce
BD – Bachelor of Divinity
BDS – Bachelor of Dental Surgery
BL – Bachelor of Law
B.Lit., – Bachelor of Literature
BM – Bachelor of Medicine
B.Mus., – Bachelor of Music
B.Sc., – Bachelor of Science
BVSc., – Bachelor of Veterinary Science
DM – Doctor of Medicine
DSE – Director of School Education
DPH – Director of Public Instruction
DPH – Diploma in Public Health
D.Sc., - Doctor of Science
MA – Master of Arts
Page 225 of 361
AMD - Advanced Micro Devices
API - Application Programming Interface
CD - Compact Disc
CD-R - CD-Recordable
CD-ROM - CD Read-Only Memory
CD-RW - CD Re-Writable
CPU - Central Processing Unit
DRAM - Dynamic Random Access Memory
DVD - Digital Video Disc
WWW - World Wide Web
'' "
" " .
.
Mr - Mister (always abbreviated)
Mrs - Mistress (always abbreviated)
,
.
kg - kilogram(s)
km - kilometer(s)
B.C. - Before Christ
A.D. - Anno Domini (in the year of the Lord) ( )
a.m. - Ante Meridiem - (before midday) ( )
p.m. - Post Meridiem - (after midday) ( )
Page 226 of 361
etc. - et cetera ("and the others", "and other things", "and the rest") ( )
e.g. - exempli gratia (means "for example) ( )
AC - Alternating Current
DC - Direct Current
Ltd - Limited
Acronyms
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"Acronyms" ?
"Acronyms"
.
;
. (In this case the first letters from each word actually form
another word)
,
" " .
:
LASER - Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
" - - - - " . " z "
.
"Acronym" . "Acronyms".
SARS - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome.
AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
BAFTA – British Academy of Film and Television Arts.
DEFRA – Department for Environment Foods and Rural Affairs.
JPEG – Joint Photographic Experts Group.
SALT – Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty.
NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
Page 227 of 361
NASA – National Aeronautical and Space Administration.
OPEC – Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.
WHO – World Health Organization.
RADAR - Radio Detection And Ranging.
RAM – Random Access Memory.
,
.
(Abbreviation used in this Dictionary)
.
Page 228 of 361
5 (Grammatical Person in English)
. .
.
.
" ,
?"
. "
. .
, ."
.
.
" ! .
.
,
. ,
."
?
- .
- .
, , - .
? .
SINGULAR -
I – (First Person Singular – )
You – (Second Person Singular – )
He, She, It - , , (Third Person Singular – )
Page 229 of 361
PLURAL -
We – / (First Person Plural – )
You – (Second Person Plural – )
They – (Third Person Plural )
“Third Person Singular, Second Person
Singular” .
.
.
Page 230 of 361
6 (English Language: List of abbreviations)
, (Abbreviations)
.
, ,
.
AAAL - American Association for Applied Linguistics.
ACTFL - American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages.
AE - American English.
ARELS – Association of Recognized English Language Services.
BAAL - British Association of Applied Linguistics.
BASELS –British Association of State English Language teaching.
BC - British Council.
BEC - Business English Certificate.
BrE - British English.
BVT - Bilingual Vocational Training.
CAE - Certificate of Advanced English.
CALI - Computer-Assisted Language Instruction.
CALL - Computer-Assisted Language Learning.
CanE - Canadian English.
CAT - Computer Adaptive Testing.
CBT - Computer-Based Teaching.
CEELT - Cambridge Examination in English for Language Teachers. (That tests the English
skills of non-native teachers of English.)
CEIBT - Certificate in English for International Business and Trade for advanced levels.
CILTR – Centre for Information in English on Language Teaching and Research.
CPE - Certificate of Proficiency in English (The fifth and the most advanced of Cambridge's
series of exams. (Roughly comparable to a score of 600-650 on the TOEFL))
Page 231 of 361
CELTA - Certificate in English language teaching to adults.
CTEFLA – Certificate in the teaching of English as a Foreign Language to Adults.
DELTA - Diploma in English Language Teaching to Adults.
EAP - English for Academic Purposes.
ECCE - Exam for the Certificate of Competency in English. (Michigan University) - lower level
ECPE - Exam for the Certificate of Proficiency in English. (Michigan University) - higher level
EFL - English as a Foreign Language.
EGP - English for General Purposes.
EIP - English as an International Language.
ELICOS - English Language Intensive Courses to Overseas Students. (Australia)
ELT - English Language Teaching.
ESL - English as a Second Language.
ESOL - English for Speakers of Other Languages.
ESP - English for Special Purposes (Business English, English for tourism, etc.)
ETS - Educational Testing Service.
FCE - First Certificate in English.
GMAT - Graduate Management Admission Test.
GPA - Grade Point Average.
GRE - Graduate Record Examination.
IATEFL - International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language.
IPA - International Phonetic Association.
IELTS – International English Language Testing System.
KET - Key English Test. (The most elementary of Cambridge's series of exams.)
LEP - Limited English Proficient.
NATECLA - National Association for Teaching English and other Community Languages to
Adults. (UK)
NATESOL - National Association of Teachers of English for Speakers of Other Languages.
Page 232 of 361
NCTE - National Council of Teachers of English.
NLP - Neuro Linguistic Programming.
NNEST - Non-Native English Speaking Teacher.
MTELP - Michigan Test of English Language Proficiency.
OE - Old English.
OED - Oxford English Dictionary.
PET - Preliminary English Test. (The second of Cambridge's series of exams.)
RP - Received Pronunciation - ('standard' British pronunciation.)
RSA/Cambridge C-TEFLA - Certificate of Teaching English as a Foreign Language to Adults.
(A professional qualification for prospective EFL teachers.)
RSA/Cambridge D-TEFLA - Diploma of Teaching English as a Foreign Language.
SAE - Standard American English.
SAT - Scholastic Assessment (Aptitude) Test. (Pre-university entrance exam in the USA.)
TEFL - Teaching English as a Foreign Language.
TEFLA - Teaching English as a Foreign Language to Adults.
TEIL - Teaching English as an International Language.
TESL - Teaching English as a Second Language.
TESOL - Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages.
TOEFL - Test of English as a Foreign Language. (The most common English language exam for
North American universities and colleges, also accepted by some British universities and
employers as proof of English proficiency.)
TOEIC - Test of English for International Communication. (The TOEIC (pronounced "toe-ick")
VE - Vocational English.
VESL - Vocational English as a Second Language.
YLE - Young Learners English Tests. (Cambridge Examinations for young learners.)
" "
.
Page 233 of 361
.
.
,
.
, ,
.
, ,
.
,
.
?
;
(Spoken English)
.
,
. ,
,
30 , 60 ,
.
.
.
. 464
.
. ; 30, 60
?
.
Page 234 of 361
.
,
.
.
TOEFL, IELTS
,
,
.
:
; ,
,
.
.
'Abbreviations' 'Acronyms' .
----------------------------------------
Page 235 of 361
7 (Year/Leap Year)
2008 .
“Leap Year” .
366 .
365 .
.
28 .
29 .
.
. "
?"
.
, 30 ?
31 ?
.
.
.
.
"Thirty days has September, April, June and November.
All the rest have thirty-one,
Except February which has twenty-eight, in fine,
Till leap year makes it twenty-nine".
, , , 30 .
31 . ( )
28 . 29 .
Page 236 of 361
08 (Verb Forms)
.
. :
1. Base Form
2. Gerund Form
3. Third Person Form
4. Past Form
5. Participle Form
:
"do" , do,
doing, does, did, done
.
.
.
Forms Verbs
Base Form do go speak play
Gerund Form doing going speaking playing
Third Person Form does goes speaks plays
Past Form did went spoke played
Participle Form done gone spoken played
1. "Base Form" .
2. "Gerund Form" base form "ing"
.
3. "Third Person Form" ,
. "Base
Form" "s, es" .
Third Person Singular (He, She, It: infinitive + e/es) .
Page 237 of 361
4. "Past Form" . "Regular
Verbs" "ed" .
"Irregular Verbs"
. (Irregular verbs)
.
5. "Participle Form" Past Form "Regular Verbs"
"ed" , Irregular Verbs
.
(Irregular Verbs) .
.
Page 238 of 361
09 ( Word Stress)
;
" " (Word Stress) .
,
.
,
,
.
.
. syllable
.
.
;
.
.
, syllable
.
?
. .
.
.
Page 239 of 361
:
“ ” “ ”
“ ”
. “to”
.
PHOtograph - f f .
.
phoTOgrapher - f f .
“ ” “TO” “ ”
. ( “TO”
.
.
photoGRAPHic - f f
“ ” “ ” , “ ”
.
,
, syllable .
.
.
.
TEACHer
JaPAN
CHIna
aBOVE
converSAtion
INteresting
imPOrtant
deMAND
etCETera
Page 240 of 361
. "Word Stress"
.
. . ;
,
,
,
.
.
(Pronunciations)
(Sentence Stress)
(Using English Songs With Lyrics)
.
Page 241 of 361
10 (TEEN)
,
.
, .
.
“TEEN” ?
?
,
“ ” .
.
?
.
13 - thirTEEN
14 - fourTEEN
15 - fifTEEN
16 - sixTEEN
17 - sevenTEEN
18 - eighTEEN
19 - nineTEEN
"TEEN"
;
(Teenager)
. (
)
Page 242 of 361
.
Early teens 13 – 15 .
Middle teens 15 – 17 .
Late teens 17 – 19 .
:
,
.
:
thirTEEN
“thir” “TEEN”
.
Page 243 of 361
11 (Sentence Stress)
10 (Word Stress)
. (Sentence Stress)
.
.
? .
.
.
What is your name?
?
.
“ ?” .
.
.
;
,
.
( )
.
.
WHAT is YOUr NAME?
?
WHERE are you STAYing?
?
HOW LONG have you been STAYing in HONG KONG?
?
Page 244 of 361
.
Content Words - ( )
Structure Words - (
.)
(Content Words)
.
.
:
I + GO + SCHOOL + BUS
,
, ( )
.
I am GOing to SCHOOL by BUS.
“ ‟ - b ”
.
.
.
( ) :
Pronouns
It, his, her, we
Prepositions
At, in, on
Articles
A, an, the
Conjunctions
But, because, and
Auxiliary verbs
Is, are, be, can
Page 245 of 361
:
Main Verbs
GO, COME, GIVE
Negative Auxiliary verbs DON‟T, DOESN‟T, DIDN‟T, CAN‟T
Nouns
SARMILAN, BUS, SCHOOL, ENGLISH
Adjectives
BLUE, SMALL, CLAVER
Adverbs USUALLY, ACTUALLY, QUICKLY,
?
.
.
.
,
.
.
" "
?
>>>
Page 246 of 361
12. (Computer Acronyms)
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
"Cc" .
"Bcc" .
"Cc, Bcc"
,
.
.
Cc - Carbon Copy
Bcc - Blind Carbon Copy
"RAM, PDF"
. ?
RAM - Random Access Memory
PDF - Portable Document Format
.
.
Computer Terms.mp3
ACL - Access Control List
ADC - Analog-to-Digital Converter
ADF - Automatic Document Feeder
ADSL - Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
AGP - Accelerated Graphics Port
Page 247 of 361
AIFF - Audio Interchange File Format
AIX - Advanced Interactive Executive
ANSI - American National Standards Institute
API - Application Program Interface
ARP - Address Resolution Protocol
ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASP - Active Server Page or Application Service Provider
ATA - Advanced Technology Attachment
ATM - Asynchronous Transfer Mode
BASIC - Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
Bcc - Blind Carbon Copy
BIOS - Basic Input/Output System
Blob - Binary Large Object
BMP - Bitmap
CAD - Computer-Aided Design
Cc - Carbon Copy
CCD - Charged Coupled Device
CD - Compact Disc
CD-R - Compact Disc Recordable
CD-ROM - Compact Disc Read-Only Memory
CD-RW - Compact Disc Re-Writable
CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access
CGI - Common Gateway Interface
CISC - Complex Instruction Set Computing
CLOB - Character Large Object
CMOS - Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
CMYK - Cyan Magenta Yellow Black
CPA - Cost Per Action
CPC - Cost Per Click
CPL - Cost Per Lead
CPM - Cost Per 1,000 Impressions
CPS - Classroom Performance System
CPU - Central Processing Unit
CRM - Customer Relationship Management
CRT - Cathode Ray Tube
CSS - Cascading Style Sheet
CTP - Composite Theoretical Performance
CTR - Click-Through Rate
DAC - Digital-to-Analog Converter
DBMS - Database Management System
DDL - Data Definition Language
DDR - Double Data Rate
DDR2 - Double Data Rate 2
DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DIMM - Dual In-Line Memory Module
DLL - Dynamic Link Library
DMA - Direct Memory Access
DNS - Domain Name System
DOS - Disk Operating System
DPI - Dots Per Inch
DRAM - Dynamic Random Access Memory
DRM - Digital Rights Management
DSL - Digital Subscriber Line
Page 248 of 361
DSLAM - Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer
DTD - Document Type Definition
DV - Digital Video
DVD - Digital Versatile Disc
DVD+R - Digital Versatile Disc Recordable
DVD+RW - Digital Versatile Disk Rewritable
DVD-R - Digital Versatile Disc Recordable
DVD-RAM - Digital Versatile Disc Random Access Memory
DVD-RW - Digital Versatile Disk Rewritable
DVI - Digital Video Interface
DVR - Digital Video Recorder
ECC - Error Correction Code
EDI - Electronic Data Interchange
EIDE - Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics
EPS - Encapsulated PostScript
EUP - Enterprise Unified Process
FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions
FIFO - First In, First Out
FiOS - Fiber Optic Service
FLOPS - Floating Point Operations Per Second
FPU - Floating Point Unit
FSB - Frontside Bus
FTP - File Transfer Protocol
GIF - Graphics Interchange Format
GIGO - Garbage In, Garbage Out
GIS - Geographic Information Systems
GPS - Global Positioning System
GPU - Graphics Processing Unit
GUI - Graphical User Interface
GUID - Globally Unique Identifier
HDMI - High-Definition Multimedia Interface
HDTV - High Definition Televsion
HDV - High-Definition Video
HFS - Hierarchical File System
HSF - Heat Sink and Fan
HTML - Hyper-Text Markup Language
HTTP - HyperText Transfer Protocol
HTTPS - HyperText Transport Protocol Secure
I/O - Input/Output
ICANN - Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers
ICF - Internet Connection Firewall
ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol
ICS - Internet Connection Sharing
ICT - Information and Communication Technologies
IDE - Integrated Device Electronics or Integrated Development Environment
IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IGP - Integrated Graphics Processor
IM - Instant Message
IMAP - Internet Message Access Protocol
InterNIC - Internet Network Information Center
IP - Internet Protocol
IPX - Internetwork Packet Exchange
IRC - Internet Relay Chat
Page 249 of 361
IRQ - Interrupt Request
ISA - Industry Standard Architecture
ISCSI - Internet Small Computer Systems Interface
ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network
ISO - International Organization for Standardization
ISP - Internet Service Provider
IT - Information Technology
IVR - Interactive Voice Response
JPEG - Joint Photographic Experts Group
JRE - Java Runtime Environment
JSP - Java Server Page
Kbps - Kilobits Per Second
KDE - K Desktop Environment
KVM Switch - Keyboard, Video, and Mouse Switch
LAN - Local Area Network
LCD - Liquid Crystal Display
LDAP - Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
LED - Light-Emitting Diode
LIFO - Last In, First Out
LPI - Lines Per Inch
LUN - Logical Unit Number
MAC Address - Media Access Control Address
MANET - Mobile Ad Hoc Network
Mbps - Megabits Per Second
MCA - Micro Channel Architecture
MIDI - Musical Instrument Digital Interface
MIPS - Million Instructions Per Second
MP3 - MPEG-1 Audio Layer-3
MPEG - Moving Picture Experts Group
MTU - Maximum Transmission Unit
NAT - Network Address Translation
NetBIOS - Network Basic Input/Output System
NIC - Network Interface Card
NNTP - Network News Transfer Protocol
NOC - Network Operations Center
NTFS - New Technology File System
OASIS - Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards
OCR - Optical Character Recognition
ODBC - Open Database Connectivity
OEM - Original Equipment Manufacturer
OLAP - Online Analytical Processing
OLE - Object Linking and Embedding
OOP - Object-Oriented Programming
OSPF - Open Shortest Path First
P2P - Peer To Peer
PC - Personal Computer
PCB - Printed Circuit Board
PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect
PCI-X - Peripheral Component Interconnect Extended
PCMCIA - Personal Computer Memory Card International Association
PDA - Personal Digital Assistant
PDF - Portable Document Format
PHP - Hypertext Preprocessor
Page 250 of 361
PIM - Personal Information Manager
PMU - Power Management Unit
PNG - Portable Network Graphic
POP3 - Post Office Protocol
PPC - Pay Per Click
PPGA - Plastic Pin Grid Array
PPI - Pixels Per Inch
PPL - Pay Per Lead
PPM - Pages Per Minute
PPP - Point to Point Protocol
PPTP - Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
PRAM - Parameter Random Access Memory
PROM - Programmable Read-Only Memory
PS/2 - Personal System/2
QBE - Query By Example
RAID - Redundant Array of Independent Disks
RAM - Random Access Memory
RDF - Resource Description Framework
RDRAM - Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory
RFID - Radio-Frequency Identification
RGB - Red Green Blue
RISC - Reduced Instruction Set Computing
ROM - Read-Only Memory
RPC - Remote Procedure Call
RPM - Revenue Per 1,000 Impressions
RSS - RDF Site Summary
RTE - Runtime Environment
RTF - Rich Text Format
RUP - Rational Unified Process
SAN - Storage Area Network
SATA - Serial Advanced Technology Attachment
SCSI - Small Computer System Interface
SD - Secure Digital
SDRAM - Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
SDSL - Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line
SEO - Search Engine Optimization
SERP - Search Engine Results Page
SIMM - Single In-Line Memory Module
SKU - Stock Keeping Unit
SLI - Scalable Link Interface
SMART - Self-Monitoring Analysis And Reporting Technology
SMB - Server Message Block
SMS - Short Message Service
SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol
SO-DIMM - Small Outline Dual In-Line Memory Module
SOA - Service Oriented Architecture
SOAP - Simple Object Access Protocol
SQL - Structured Query Language
SRAM - Static Random Access Memory
SRGB - Standard Red Green Blue
SSH - Secure Shell
SSID - Service Set Identifier
Page 251 of 361
SSL - Secure Sockets Layer
TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
TFT - Thin-Film Transistor
TIFF - Tagged Image File Format
TTL - Time To Live
TWAIN - Toolkit Without An Informative Name
UDDI - Universal Description Discovery and Integration
UDP - User Datagram Protocol
UML - Unified Modeling Language
UNC - Universal Naming Convention
UPnP - Universal Plug and Play
UPS - Uninterruptible Power Supply
URI - Uniform Resource Identifier
URL - Uniform Resource Locator
USB - Universal Serial Bus
VCI - Virtual Channel Identifier
VDU - Visual Display Unit
VFAT - Virtual File Allocation Table
VGA - Video Graphics Array
VLB - VESA Local Bus
VLE - Virtual Learning Environment
VoIP - Voice Over Internet Protocol
VPI - Virtual Path Identifier
VPN - Virtual Private Network
VRAM - Video Random Access Memory
VRML - Virtual Reality Modeling Language
WAIS - Wide Area Information Server
WAN - Wide Area Network
WEP - Wired Equivalent Privacy
Wi-Fi - Wireless Fidelity
WPA - Wi-Fi Protected Access
WWW - World Wide Web
XHTML - Extensible Hypertext Markup Language
XML - Extensible Markup Language
XSLT - Extensible Style Sheet Language Transformation
Y2K - Year 2000
ZIF - Zero Insertion Force
.
Page 252 of 361
13. - (Thanks)
.
, . , , ,
; (Formal)
, (Informal) , , .
" "
? !
.
01. Thanks
02. Thanks for . . .
03. Thanks for your . . .
04. Thanks to . . .
05. Thanks a lot
06. Thanks a lot for . . .
07. Thanks so much
08. Thanks very much
09. Thank you
10. Thank you for . . .
11. Thank you kindly
12. Thank you for your . . .
13. Thank you so much
14. Thank you very much
15. Thank you very much for . . .
16. Thank you very much for your . . .
17. I can't thank you enough
18. I don't know how to thank you
.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
" ?" "Thanks"
. (Formal) .
How are you?
Fine, thanks.
I'm fine, thanks.
I am very well, thank you.
How is your wife?
She's fine, thanks.
Page 253 of 361
List of Thanks Phrases Words
, " ?" ;
" " . (A
polite way of accepting sth that sb has offered you.)
Would you like cup of coffee?
Usage thanks and thank you
Oh, thanks.
Thanks very much.
Thanks so much.
usage of thanks
" ?"
,
,
. (A polite way of refusing sth that sb has offered
you.)
Would you like some more?
No, thanks.
Do you want some more milk in your coffee?
No that's fine, thanks.
Polite ways to say thanks in aangilam
,
,
. (Used to show that you are very grateful to sb for sth they have
done.)
Thanks a lot.
Thanks a bunch.
Thanks a million.
Thanks a billion.
Thanks a bundle.
English polite forms
Thanks a lot for your help.
Thanks a lot for all you‟ve done.
.
Thank you.
Thank you, Mr. Obama.
Thank you, Sir John.
Thank you, Good question.
Page 254 of 361
, "
, "
. (To tell sb firmly that you do not need their help or
advice.)
Shall I do that?
Can I help you?
I can do it myself, thank you.
(Polite way) :
"Thank you kindly." .
"
!"
(Informal)
.
I don't know how to thank you.
I don't know how to thank you for your help.
I don't know how to thank you for your great service.
" "
. (Informal)
I can't thank you enough.
I can't thank you enough for your kindness.
I can't thank you enough for your kind consideration.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Thanks for . . .
Thanks for your . . .
Thanks very much for . . .
Thank you for . . .
Thank you for your . . .
Thank you so much for your . . .
Thank you very much for your . . .
.
,
.
,
, .
Page 255 of 361
:
Thanks for coming.
Thanks for your kindness.
Thanks very much for your kind words
Thank you for not smoking.
Thank you for your comments
Thank you so much for your hospitality.
Thank you very much for your cooperation.
.
"so much / very much"
.
.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
,
.
.
Thank you for your kind help.
You're welcome.
Thank you for your gifts
Don't mention it.
Thank you for a great evening
I really enjoyed it.
Thanks for all your help
It's my pleasure.
Thanks for lending me the money
That's all right.
:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
, ,
. .
Thanks - ( Thank)
Thank you. - ( Thanks you)
Thanks a lot. - ( Thank you a lot)
Thank God it‟s Friday. - ( Thanks God …)
Thank you very much indeed. - ( Thank you indeed.)
Page 256 of 361
100 .
.
Thank you for . . . -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
01. Thank you for accepting our invitation
02. Thank you for accommodating
03. Thank you for acknowledgement
04. Thank you for agreeing
05. Thank you for agreeing to participate
06. Thank you for answering
07. Thank you for applying
08. Thank you for appreciation
09. Thank you for appreciating my work
10. Thank you for appointment letter
11. Thank you for appreciation letter
12. Thank you for arguing
13. Thank you for arguing summary
14. Thank you for arranging the interview
15. Thank you for asking
16. Thank you for assisting
17. Thank you for attending our wedding
18. Thank you for attending seminar
19. Thank you for attending interview
20. Thank you for auditioning
21. Thank you for award speech
22. Thank you for baptism
23. Thank you for barring with me
24. Thank you for being a friend
25. Thank you for birthday wishes
26. Thank you for birthday wishes comments
27. Thank you for blessing me
28. Thank you for booking with us
29. Thank you for bringing to our attention
30. Thank you for business meeting
31. Thank you for buying our product.
32. Thank you for calling me
33. Thank you for celebrating my birthday
34. Thank you for celebrating our wedding
35. Thank you for choosing our hotel
36. Thank you for clicking
37. Thank you for clapping
38. Thank you for clarifying
39. Thank you for clients
40. Thank you for coming to my party
41. Thank you for considering my application
42. Thank you for condolences
43. Thank you for contacting
44. Thank you for coming into my life
45. Thank you for dedication
46. Thank you for dedication and hard work
47. Thank you for defending our country
48. Thank you for dinner party
Page 257 of 361
49. Thank you for dinner invitation
50. Thank you for donation
51. Thank you for downloading our lessons
52. Thank you for donation to charity
53. Thank you for doing business with us
54. Thank you for driving carefully
55. Thank you for everything
56. Thank you for electing me
57. Thank you for employing me
58. Thank you for emailing me
59. Thank you for encouraging me
60. Thank you for enquiry letter
61. Thank you for eulogy
62. Thank you for explaining
63. Thank you for expressing interest
64. Thank you for excellent work
65. Thank you for facilitating
66. Thank you for feedback
67. Thank you for firing me
68. Thank you for flying with us
69. Thank you for forgiving me
70. Thank you for following up
71. Thank you for forwarding my resume
72. Thank you for funeral support
73. Thank you for good service
74. Thank you for greeting me
75. Thank you for great service
76. Thank you for guiding
77. Thank you for helping me
78. Thank you for inviting me
79. Thank you for joining
80. Thank you for job opportunity
81. Thank you for job application
82. Thank you for my birthday present
83. Thank you for not smoking
84. Thank you for new year wishes
85. Thank you for our wedding gift
86. Thank you for offering me the position
87. Thank you for participating in our event
88. Thank you for quotation
89. Thank you for quick response
90. Thank you for registering
91. Thank you for recommendation
92. Thank you for replying
93. Thank you for remembering
94. Thank you for remembering my birthday
95. Thank you for sending your photo
96. Thank you for sending your resume
97. Thank you for teaching English
98. Thank you for understanding
99. Thank you for using our service
100. Thank you for visiting our aangilam.blogspot.com
Page 258 of 361
(English Alphabet)
"English Alphabet" 26 .
" " " "
.
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
26 (vowels) ,
(consonants) .
: a e i o u
: b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x y z
26 " " ( )
" " ( )
.
(English Capital Letters)
(English Simple Letters)
A a
B b
C c
D d
E e
F f
G g
H h
I i
J j
K k
L l
M m
N n
O o
P p
Q q
R r
S s
T t
U u
V v
X x
Y y
Z z
Page 259 of 361
26
, ,
.
. ,
?
?
, ,
?
.
.
, 26
. .
! 26
? 26
?
?
"Pangram"
. (A pangram is a sentence that contains every letter of the
alphabet.) "Pangram"
. :
"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog."
: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/page/138
:
44
.
!
Page 260 of 361
16 (The vs Thee)
; "The"
. "The"
,
.
“ ” ,
”
.
.
The apple
The ball
The computer
The dog
The elephant
The fish
The great Tamil scholar
The higher education
The hill
The honest woman
The honorable man
The hours
The house
The independent newspaper
The jam bottle
The kinder garden
The laptop
The map
The national park
The one
The orange
The picture
The Quran
The restaurant
The student
The tournament
The ugly fruit
The umbrella
The United States
The university
The vote
The world map
The x files
The young ones
The zone
Page 261 of 361
" " ,
" "
? (
.)
(Consonants)
b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x y z = 21
(Vowels)
a e i o u = 5
:
, "The - "
, "The - "
.
.
?
,
,
.
:
"The - "
.
The ball
The computer
The dog
The fish
The great Tamil scholar
The higher education
The hill
The house
The jam bottle
The kinder garden
The laptop
The map
Page 262 of 361
The national park
The one
The picture
The Quran
The restaurant
The student
The tournament
The united states
The university
The vote
The world map
The young ones
The zone
"The - "
.
The apple.
The elephant.
The honest woman.
The honorable man.
The hours.
The independent news paper.
The orange.
The ugly fruit.
The umbrella.
The x files.
:
The Article
Use a/an - Vowels and Consonant
Page 263 of 361
17 (Most Definitions)
.
. , ,
, ,
.
,
?
SET
, "Set" 464
. ("SET" has 464 definitions in the
Oxford English Dictionary.)
.
:
RUN - 396
GO - 368
TAKE - 343
STAND - 334
GET - 289
TURN - 288
PUT - 268
FALL - 264
STRIKE - 250
Page 264 of 361
18 (Common Mistakes in English - have vs has)
“have, has”
.
.
,
" "
.
(Grammatical Person in English)
. ,
,
.
.
:
I have a computer.
. ( )
You have a computer.
/ . (
)
He has a computer.
.
She has a computer.
.
It has a computer.
.
"He, She, and It" .
"has"
. "He"
, "She"
, "It"
( ) .
Page 265 of 361
"have" .
We have a computer.
. ( )
They have a computer.
( )
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
?
Do you have a computer?
Yes, I have a computer.
No, I don’t have a computer.
Do we have a computer?
Yes, we have a computer.
No, we don’t have a computer.
Do they have a computer?
Yes, they have a computer.
No, they don’t have a computer.
:
Does he have an iphone?
Yes, he has an iphone.
No, he doesn't have an iphone.
" " “has”
.
,
.
“he, she, it” .
"have vs has" .
Page 266 of 361
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:
//I have a doubt in using Have / Has in some places, could you please clarify me.
I have done / he has done / kumar has done - i am OK with this
now my doubt is how to use have /has in the following situations & why?
who have asked ? - should i use have / has ?
who have the iphone - should i use have/ has ?
School have changed a lot - should i use have/ has?
his poem has selected for the first price - should i use have/ has?
his poems has selected for the first price - should i use have/ has?
students has the power to change the country - should i use have/ has?//
...
School have changed a lot - should i use have/ has?
. "school" , "It"
" "
. "has" .
School has changed a lot.
+ + .
( .)
his poem has selected for the first prize - should i use have/ has?
"poem" "it"
.
.
His poem has selected for the first prize.
.
his poems has selected for the first prize - should i use have/ has?
"poems" .
"have" .
His poems have selected for the first prize.
.
Page 267 of 361
students has the power to change the country - should i use have/ has?
. "Students"
"have" .
Students have the power to change the country.
+ + + .
( .)
.
. ? :
who have asked ? - should i use have / has ?
who have the iphone - should i use have/ has ?
Who asked?
? .
"who have asked" . "have" "has"
.
:
There is a user who has asked. ( )
There are users who have asked. ( )
,
.
:
(Passive Voice)
(Grammar Patterns of Perfect Tense)
(have/ have got)
(Grammatical Person in English)
Page 268 of 361
(To, Two and Too)
,
"homophone words" .
" " .
.
To
Two
Too
. ,
.
.
"To" .
I walked to the school.
.
My first visit to America.
.
It's seven to ten.
. ( .)
"Two" " " ( 2 )
.
One, two, three...
, , ...
I have two cars
.
He has two children.
.
Page 269 of 361
"Too" " , ... , , "
.
The shirt is too tight.
.
This question is too hard for me.
.
I have two computers; My wife has two computers too.
.
.
(homophone words)
,
,
.
.
.
(List of homophones)
.
.
Page 270 of 361
20 (tw)
"to, too and two"
(homophones) . "Two"
.
.
"two" "o" , "tw"
,
" "
.
.
:
Twain: " " .
Twins: " " .
Twice: " " . " "
.
Twilight: " " .
Twelve: " " (10+2=12) .
Twenty: " " (10x2=20) .
Twig: " " .
Tweezers: " " .
" " .
Between: " " .
Tweedledum: ,
" "
. (two people or things that are not different from each other.)
Page 271 of 361
21 (Like vs Like)
.
“like”
. ,
.
Like
Like /
Do you like Hong Kong?
?
Yes, I like Hong Kong. / Yes, I do.
, .
, "Yes, I do." ;
"Yes, I like." .
.
What‟s the weather like? ( )
?
It‟s cold and cloudy.
.
It‟s awful.
.
What are the people like?
?
They‟re friendly.
( ) .
What was the weather like? ( )
?
It was freezing.
.
What were the people like?
?
Page 272 of 361
They were very nice.
.
:
What + (be) + noun + like? .
"be" ,
"like" ,
" " " " .
What‟s your flat like?
?
It‟s old and cheap.
.
. like " "
. "like"
" "
.
Do you like your flat?
?
Yes, very much.
, ( )
:
.
. ,
.
.
.
.
!
Page 273 of 361
22 (Hear and Listen)
"Hear and Listen"
?
.
.
,
, (noise)
.
"Listen" .
, "hear"
.
Hear = (
.)
Listen = ( ) ( ,
.)
" " .
Do you hear the bird singing?
?
Do you hear the sound?
?
I listen to news.
.
I listen to it.
.
:
Listen + to .
Page 274 of 361
"Listen to me!", "Listen to me!!"
, ,
;
(hear) .
.
.
, (hear)
; (listen) .
" ,
." . " " hearing ; listening
.
Are you listening to me?
!
...
!
Page 275 of 361
23 (Day, Date and Dating)
“Date” “ ” .
“ ” ,
“ ”
.
. “date”
“Day” ,
“Day” “ ” . Date, Day
" "
. “Date” “ ”
.
“Day” .
Day ( )
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"Day" 24
" " . .
" " .
Today - /
Tomorrow - /
Day after tomorrow - /
Yesterday - /
Day before Yesterday -
Another day -
Midday - / ( )
Midnight - ( )
Next day -
Sunny day -
Rainy day -
Lovely day - /
Winter day -
Summer day -
Page 276 of 361
Every day - /
Someday -
One day -
Good day - /
Holiday -
Special day -
Wedding day -
Birth day -
Anniversary day -
Remembrance day - /
Full moon day - / Unforgettable day -
Day to day -
Day to day work - / Day to day activities -
Day by day - /
"Days" :
Coming days -
Working days -
Office days -
School days -
Three days before -
Nowadays -
One of these days -
One of those days -
“week”
.
“ ” .
,
,
.
"day" ( )
.
Page 277 of 361
Sunday - /
Monday - /
Tuesday - /
Wednesday - /
Thursday - /
Friday - /
Saturday - /
Weekdays - ( )
Weekend days - / ( , )
(Special days)
, . :
April Fool's Day -
Christmas Day -
Human Rights Day -
Labor Day -
Mother‟s day -
Valentine's Day -
National hero‟s day -
.
?
Date ( ) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"Date" " " .
, .
" "
.
Date - Dateless -
Date seal -
Page 278 of 361
Date of birth - Fix a date - Set a date - Date of arrival - Closing date - Date of renewal - After date - ( )
Base date - Date of departure - Out of date - Expiry date - At a future date -
Day Date
, "What day is it today?"
.
:
What day is it today?
Monday.
"What is the date today?"
.
:
What is the date today?
Today is 27th of December, twenty ten.
:
. .
: 27th December, 2010
: The twenty seventh of December, twenty ten.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 279 of 361
.
:
: 28th December, 2010
: The twenty eighth of December, twenty ten.
:
: December, 28th 2010.
: December, the twenty eighth twenty ten.
:
/ /
/ / . " " .
/ /
.
,
. .
:
8/12/2010 - ( )
2010 .
8/12/2010 - ( )
12 2010 .
! "Date" " " . "Dating"
? "Dating"
. .
,
.
!
Page 280 of 361
(Common Nouns/Proper
Nouns)
, , "
" . ,
,
.
.
a, an, the
.
Common Nouns
No: Common Nouns
1 actor
2 actresssuhashuhasi
3 student
4 river
5 holiday
6 religion
7 month
8 day
9 boy
10 girl
11 school
12 car
13 store
14 shop
15 language
16 dog
Page 281 of 361
17 city
18 man
19 coffeeshop
20 waiter
21 jeans
22 mobile 23 book
24 building
25 country
Proper Nouns
, ,
"
" .
.
No: Proper Nouns
1 Kamalahasan
2 Suhashini 3 Sarmilan
4 Mississippi river
5 4th of July
6 Hindu
7 November
8 Monday
9 Sarmilan
10 Tamilovia
11 Kilinochchi central college
Page 282 of 361
12 BMW . .
13 Pandian store
14 Wal-Mart -
15 Tamil
16 Puppy
17 Chennai
18 Uruththiran
19 Starbuks
20 Peter
21 Levi's
22 Nokia
23 Thirukkural
24 IFC Tower
25 Hong Kong
Common Nouns and Proper Nouns
.
,
.
, ,
, , , ,
' '
.
:
" " ,
" " .
.
Page 283 of 361
No: Common Nouns Proper Nouns
1 actor Kamalahasan
2 actresssshuhashishi Suhashini
3 student Sarmilan
4 river Mississippi river
5 holiday 4th of July
6 religion Hindu
7 month November
8 day Monday
9 boy Sarmilan
10 girl Tamilovia
11 school Kilinochchi central college
12 car BMW
13 store Pandian stores
14 shop Wal-Mart
15 language Tamil
16 dog Puppy
17 city Chennai
18 man Uruththiran
19 coffeeshop Starbuks
20 waiter Peter
21 jeans Levi's
22 mobile Nokia
23 book Thirukkural
24 building IFC Tower
25 country Hong Kong
.
(Nouns)
.
Page 284 of 361
Third Person Singular (He, She, It: infinitive + e/ es)
He, She, It “ ” (Third Person Singular)
s,
es .
.
Third Person Singular (He, She, It: infinitive + e/ es)
I/We/They He/She/It
apply applies come comes
bring brings
begin begins drive drives
do does
draw draws ( ) ,
drink drinks
eat eats
forget forgets
feel feels
fight fights
fly flies
give gives
get gets /
go goes
have has
keep keeps
know knows
lie lies
look looks
Page 285 of 361
make makes /
meet meets
ride rides
play plays
put puts
say says
sell sells
send sends
shake shakes
sing sings
speak speaks
spit spits
steal steals
take takes
tell tells
think thinks
understand understands
wear wears /
write writes
watch watches
:
He speaks in English.
.
She speaks in English.
.
It speaks in English.
.
Grammar Patterns 2 .
Page 286 of 361
“y”
“ies” . (
)
:
Try - tries
Worry - worries
“s, x, z, ch, sh, o"
“es” .
:
do - does
go - goes
'have' 'has' .
have - has
:
He , She
, It
( )
s, es
.
Page 287 of 361
(Countable
Nouns/Uncountable Nouns)
,
. .
Countable Nouns -
.
. ( Countable nouns can be "counted".)
No: Countable Nouns
1 bookbookbookbookbook
2 applesshuhashishi
3 dog
4 cat
5 animal
6 man
7 person
8 bottle
9 box
10 coin
11 computer
12 shirt
13 trouser
14 cup
15 plate
16 spoon
17 fork
18 table
19 chair
Page 288 of 361
20 bag
21 carton
22 bowl
23 calendar
24 house
25 people
: .
,
? , , , ? !
“ ” .
a book, two books, three books.
an apple, two apples, three apples
. (Countable nouns can be singular or plural.)
book – books
apple – apples
.
My dog is playing.
My dogs are playing.
, (a/
an) . (We can use the
indefinite article a/an with countable nouns)
My wife is a Doctor.
Sarmilan is an English Teacher.
, ,
“ , , , ” (Some,
any, a few, may)
. (We can use some, any, a few, many with countable nouns.)
Page 289 of 361
I need to buy some new trousers
Have you got any pens?
I've got a few dollars.
I haven't got many pens.
Uncountable Nouns -
“
” . (Uncountable nouns cannot be counted.)
“Mass Nouns” .
:
No: Uncountable Nouns
1 adviceadviceadviceadvice
2 bread sshuhashishi 3 rice /
4 sugar 5 sand
6 flour ( )
7 powder
8 dust
9 jelly /
10 oil
11 water
12 juice
13 milk
14 gas
15 butter
16 music
17 furniture
18 coffee
19 wet
20 messy
Page 290 of 361
21 rain
22 knowledge
23 electricity
24 power
25 news
. (We usually treat uncountable nouns as singular.)
:
Milk –
. ,
,
. , ,
.
.
a liter of milk
a bottle of milk
.
?
: .
. .
a glass of water – ( )
two glass of water – ( )
three glass of water – ( )
? “
” , ,
.
.
.
Page 291 of 361
water, wine, sugar, cheese, meat, butter, ketchup, mustard, rice, etc.,
a glass of water
a bottle of wine
a spoon of sugar
a jug of water
a slice of cheese
a chunk of cheese
a piece of cheese
a piece of meat
a slice of meat
a pound of meat
a bar of butter
a bottle of ketchup
a tube of mustard
a kilo of rice
a plate of rice
. ?
. , ,
, .
.
( ,
.)
.
.
Page 292 of 361
:
1. , (a/ an)
. (They do not take a/an before them.)
2.
.
. .
Usually I have two coffees a day.
.
. “ ”
(two coffees) , “ ”
. “
”
. (Here coffees refers to the number of cups of coffee.)
.
Usually I have two cups of coffee a day.
( )
.
.
Can/Could I have some coffee, please?
Can/Could I have a cup of coffee, please?
.
, .
.
3. some, any, a little, much
.
Page 293 of 361
I have got some money.
Have you got any rice?
I have got a little money.
I haven't got much rice.
4.
. (Some
uncountable nouns in English are countable in other languages including Tamil. )
.
.
Accommodation -
advice -
baggage – bread - equipment -
furniture -
garbage -
information -
knowledge -
luggage - money -
news - progress - research -
travel -
work -
– ,
- , – , – ,
– , – , – ,
– , – , – , –
, – , – ,
– , –
.
.
Page 294 of 361
, ,
.
:
accommodation - a place to stay
advice - a piece of advice
baggage - a piece of baggage
bread - a slice of bread, a loaf of bread
equipment - a piece of equipment
furniture - a piece of furniture
garbage - a piece of garbage
information - a piece of information
knowledge - a fact
luggage - a piece of luggage, a bag, a suitcase
money - a note, a coin
news - a piece of news
research - a piece of research, a research project
travel - a journey, a trip
work - a job, a position
.
.
(Types of Nouns)
.
.
Page 295 of 361
(Punctuation Marks)
?
" " . (
.)
!
.
, .
, , , , .
.
.
.
,
.
.
( . , ; ; ' ? " " ! ' ' - _ / \ & # * ( ) [ ] { } < > ) ;
, ,
.
,
, ,
.
, ,
,
!
.
Page 296 of 361
;
" " .
.
. ,
,
.
.
.
Summary of Punctuation Mark
Punctuation Marks Symbols
Full stop/Period aangilam.blogspot .
Colon :
Semicolon ;
Comma ,
Apostropheaangilam.blog '
Hyphen -
Dash (Long hyphen) -
Underscore _
Underline
Question Mark ?
Exclamation Mark !
Forward slash /
Backslash \
Double quotation marks " "
Single quotation marks ' '
Pound sign #
Page 297 of 361
Ampersand/and / &
Asterisk *
Ellipsis . . .
Brackets ( ) { } [ ] < >
:
" "
;
.
.
.
, .
.
.
.
Page 298 of 361
(Apostrophe)
“ ” . "
" .
"Apostrophe" . .
.
01.
.
:
This is Sarmilan's bicycle.
.
Emperor Raja Raja Cholan’s crown.
.
My sister's pen.
.
The dog's tail.
.
The student's book.
.
:
"student's" "s"
.
"Student's"
" " ( )
.
Page 299 of 361
"students'" "s"
" " ( ) .
:
The students' book.
.
The dogs' tails.
.
The girls' dresses.
.
.
02. .
:
I am = I’m
He is = He’s
She is = She’s
It is = Its
We are = We’re
They are = They’re
You are = You’re
I am not = I’m not
He is not = He isn’t
She is not = She isn’t
It is not = It isn’t
You are not = You aren’t
They are not = They aren’t
We are not = We aren’t
Can not = Can’t
Could not = Couldn’t
We have = We’ve
They have = They’ve
I would = I’d
Who is = Who’s
:
Page 300 of 361
“He‟s – ,
She‟s ” , It‟s
“ ” .
.
It‟s It is
It‟s It was
It‟s been It has been .
“ ” "Its"
( )
.
I would I had
“I’d” .
03.
.
1942 ‘42
The summer of ’87 (1987)
" / "
.
:
During the 1997’s.
1997 / .
Do you like movies from the 1980’s?
1980 ?
04. ,
,
, .
:
Page 301 of 361
Influenza ‘flu .
Telephone ‘phone .
(phone .)
. ,
. ,
.
My sister's friend's books.
.
My sister's friends' books.
.
My sisters' friend's books.
.
My sisters' friends' books.
.
.
.
.
Page 302 of 361
(comma)
"Aristophanes of Byzantium"
,
,
( )
.
( · ) .
.
.
,
,
.
, ,
.
.
:
"No more freedom."
.
"No, more freedom."
, .
“ ”
.
Page 303 of 361
.
.
.
,
. 19
.
1.
,
.
:
Apple, orange, mango, pineapple, grapes, jumbo, pears, figs
Tiger, deer, jaguar, horse, zebra, giraffe, donkey, kangaroo
2. ,
, .
(Separate the elements in a list of three or more items.)
“and” .
My favourite actors are Kamalahasan, Vikaram, Surya, Raguwaran and Prakashraj.
This fruit basket contained apples, grapes and oranges.
Sarmilan is wearing blue jeans, Nike shoes, light green shirt and dark blue cap.
:
,
"and" .
:
We need to buy books, magazines, video cassettes, and other learning materials for our library.
Page 304 of 361
3.
. (Between three or more adjectives.)
I like old, brown, wooden chair.
Sarmilan is tall, small, skinny and handsome.
He brought an old, blue, Volkswagen car.
4.
. (Between three or more adverbs.)
Sarmilan ran quickly, quietly and effortlessly.
5.
, "and" . "and"
. (For two adjectives.)
It was a short, simple film.
It was a short and simple film. ( .)
6.
.(To separate the three digits of numbers over 999.)
.
:
5,527
3,983,849
89,883,000
:
,
.
$4.49
HK$8,550.00
; .
Page 305 of 361
7. .
I am originally from Jaffna, Sri Lanka.
His address is 56 Larch Street, London, NW3 2LK, England.
Chung King Mansion, 36-44 Nathan road, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong
8. . (
.)
June 21, 2010
Thursday, July 22, 2010
My father was born on November 19, 1942.
:
, ,
. (Don't use a comma if only two elements of the date.)
:
My father was born in November 1942.
9. ,
.
.
John Kennedy, Ph.D
Saththivel Nirmal, Professor of English
Kanagaraththinam Veluppillai, B.A Hons., Dip.Lib.Sc., Ph.D
10. , (Direct speech)
.
She said, “I love you.”
“I love you,” she said.
"I don't think so," she said, "but I can try."
(Indirect speech) ,
.
Page 306 of 361
:
She told him that she loved him.
11.
"please" .
Can you help me, please?
Could you send me a email, please?
Send me a email, please.
:
"Please" .
:
Please send me a email.
12. , ,
,
" " (Tag Questions) .
.
You like me, don't you?
You don't love me, do you?
Muththaiya Muralidaran is a Sri Lankan cricketer, isn't he?
13. "Yes, No, Sorry"
.
Yes, I can help you.
No, I didn't.
Sorry, I can't.
14. "Sincerely"
.
. .
Sincerely,
Sincerely
Page 307 of 361
15.
(for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
. (before a coordinating conjunction to join two independent
clauses.)
I want to work as an interpreter, so I am studying English grammar.
Sarmilan wanted to buy a new computer, but he didn't have any money.
The teacher explained his question, yet the student still didn't seem to understand.
:
, .
:
Kavitha is kind so she helps people.
Kavitha is kind, so she helps people.
16. ,
.
Sarmilan, the most intelligent student in the class, is always late for school.
The Peruvudaiyar Temple, one of the wonders of the ancient world, is in Tamil Nadu.
Bill Gates, CEO of Microsoft, was the developer of the operating system known as Windows.
17. ,
. (To separate introductory elements.)
As the year came to end, I realised the days were getting shorter.
Rushing to catch the bus, she forgot to take her money purse.
Having mastered the use of the comma, it is important to make it work for you in your writing.
:
.
Page 308 of 361
:
Inside, the house was a total mess.
Shortly, we will be leaving for the playground.
Inside the house was a total mess.
Shortly we will be leaving for the playground.
18.
. (
. (obviously, however, unfortunately, in face,
surprisingly))
Obviously, I can't do everything.
However, I didn't see him again.
Sadly, the whole building was to crumble.
19. ,
.
If I do a job, I will get experience.
If he invited her, she really should go.
If she had time, she might come to the party.
:
.
:
I will get experience if I do a job.
She really should go if he invited her.
She might come to the party if she had time.
.
.
,
.
.
!
Page 309 of 361
(semi-colon)
.
"colon" .
.
.
01.
,
.
:
Sarmilan is a good English teacher; he teaches very easily.
Kavitha wants to go out; Sarmilan wants to stay home.
Some people write with a word processor; others write with a pen or pencil.
02. " ,
, , " (therefore, however, otherwise, therefore, in addition,
on the other hand) ,
.
:
Sarmilan is a good English teacher; therefore, he teaches very easily.
Kavitha drives a car all week; in addition, she drives a bus at the weekends.
You should always eat healthily; otherwise, you might get ill.
03.
(comma) . ,
.
Page 310 of 361
:
I like cows: they give us milk, which tastes good; they give us beef, which also tastes good;
and they give us leather, which is used for shoes and coats.
The honorary key note speakers were Dr. Swaminathan, India; Dr. Rand, United Kingdom;
Dr. Brandt, Germany and Dr. Roger, Australia.
Some of the most well-known cities in the United States include Chicago, Illinois; New York
City, New York; Las Vegas, Nevada; and Los Angeles, California.
04. ,
.
:
int main(void)
{
int x, y;
x = 1;
y = 2;
std::cout <<>
"Aldus Manutius"
.
1560 . 1591
.
.
"Ben Johnson"
.
,
.
.
.
.
Page 311 of 361
; .
; ,
.
: ,
; ,
; ,
.
!
.
:
(Punctuation Marks)
(Full Stop & Period)
(colon)
(semi-colon)
.
Page 312 of 361
(Colon)
" " . (:) .
"colon" .
.
,
, ,
,
.
01. ,
,
,
.
:
She needed to buy three things: milk, eggs and bread.
The compass had four directions: north, south, east and west.
The plans include the following: writing, implementing and evaluating information.
Remember what the declaration of independence says: "All men are created equal".
The car was beautifully painted: it had a union jack on its roof and stripes down each side.
"A boy can learn a lot from a dog: obedience, loyalty, and the importance of turning around
three times before lying down."
02.
.
:
Sarmilan: Did you miss me?
Kavitha: Yes, of course, I really missed you so much!
Page 313 of 361
Sarmilan: Really?
Kavitha: Certainly.
Sarmilan: I feel the same way about you.
Kavitha: That is such a nice thing to say.
03. ;
. (Specially chapters and
verses of the Bible or Qu'ran)
:
Genesis 17: 26 ( )
Sura 65:04 ( )
04. , ,
.
:
The concert finished at 11:45
This file was last modified today at 12:28:03
05. ,
.
" " ,
, .
" "
.
.
:
Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope
Famous 5: On the Case
Page 314 of 361
06.
.
:
http://aangilam.blogspot.com
, , ,
.
:)
:\
:3
D:
:D
:O
:x
:P
:B
!
.
.
:
(Full Stop or Period)
Page 315 of 361
(Full Stop or Period)
"Full stop" ,
"Full point" .
"Period" .
01. .
:
I can speak in English.
.
Tamil is a classical language.
.
02. (Abbreviations)
.
:
Jan.
e.g.
a.m.
p.m.
etc.
03. ,
" "
. " " .
"dot" .
:
aangilam.blogspot.com
arunhk.infoATgmail.com
08.07.2010
Page 316 of 361
Aristophanes of Byzantium
.
.
.
,
.
;
"。" . (Chinese and Japanese, a small circle is used instead of a solid dot:
"。")
. (Urdu uses "۔")
Page 317 of 361
(Computer Terms in Tamil)
" " . ,
,
; ,
. ,
.
,
. .
,
. ,
, , ,
,
.
.
635
.
. (
)
No: English Terms
1. Access
2. Accuracy
3. Action
4. Activate
5. Active cell
6. Active file
7. Activity
Page 318 of 361
8. Adapter card
9. Adaptor
10. Address
11. Address bus
12. Address modification
13. Addressing
14. Administrator
15. Album
16. Algorithm language
17. Algorithm
18. Alignment
19. Allocation
20. Alpha testing
21. Alphabet /
22. Alphabetical
23. Alphanumeric
24. Ambiguation
25. Amplified
26. Analog representation
27. Analog
28. Analytical Engine
29. Animation
30. Anonymous
31. Anti-virus /
32. Appearance
33. Append
34. Applet
35. Application level
36. Application programmer
Page 319 of 361
37. Application programming
38. Application programs
39. Application service provider
40. Application software
41. Application
42. Architecture
43. Archive file
44. Archive gateway
45. Archive
46. Archiving
47. Area search
48. Arithmetic
49. Array processor
50. Array
51. Arrow key /
52. Artificial intelligence
53. Assembler
54. Assembly Language
55. Audio blog
56. Audio
57. Auto block
58. Auto restart
59. Automated data processing
60. Automatic
61. Auxiliary equipments
62. Auxiliary function
63. Auxiliary memory
64. Auxiliary operation
65. Auxiliary storage
Page 320 of 361
66. Availability
67. Axes
68. Back up /
69. Background
70. Backspace
71. Bar chart
72. Bar code
73. Bar code scanner
74. Bar printer
75. Basic
76. Batch processing
77. Beta
78. Binary Code
79. Binary device
80. Binary digit
81. Binary number
82. Binary operation
83. Binary system
84. Bit map display
85. Bit map scanning
86. Bit mapped screen
87. Bit values
88. Bit
89. Bitmap
90. Bit-mapped font
91. Blank character
92. Blank page
93. Blanking
94. Block
Page 321 of 361
95. Blog
96. Blog info
97. Blog tools
98. Blogger
99. Blogger circle
100. Blogging
101. Bookmark
102. Boot
103. Border
104. Branching
105. Bridge
106. Broadband
107. Browser
108. Browsing
109. Buddy
110. Bug
111. Bug report
112. Bus
113. Cache
114. Calculating
115. Calculation
116. Calculator mode
117. Calculator
118. Cancel
119. Capacity
120. Carriage return
121. Catalog
122. Category
123. CD burning
Page 322 of 361
124. CD player
125. Center /
126. Central processing unit (CPU)
127. Central processor
128. Chain printer
129. Change /
130. Channel
131. Character
132. Character code
133. Character map
134. Character recognition
135. Character set
136. Character string
137. Chart
138. chat
139. Checkbox
140. Chips
141. Clear
142. Click
143. Clipboard
144. Close
145. Closed file
146. Cloud computing
147. Collection
148. Color coding
149. Color graphics
150. Color /
151. Column split
152. Column
Page 323 of 361
153. Command key
154. Command /
155. Comment / /
156. Comments moderation
157. Common storage
158. Common
159. Communication link
160. Communication processor
161. Communication satellite
162. Communication software
163. Communication protocols
164. Community portal
165. Compact disc (CD) /
166. Comparative operator
167. Compare
168. Comparison
169. Compilation
170. Compiler
171. Complier language
172. Component
173. Compress /
174. Computer engineer
175. Computer game
176. Computer graphic
177. Computer language ( )
178. Computer motherboard
179. Computer network
180. Computer operation
181. Computer program
Page 324 of 361
182. Computer resources
183. Computer user
184. Computer utility
185. Computer
186. Computerization
187. Computerized data base
188. Computerized data processing
189. Computing
190. Condition /
191. Configuration
192. Connectors
193. Console
194. Constants
195. Content policy
196. Contributions
197. Contributor /
198. Control key
199. Control panel /
200. Control program
201. Control statement
202. Control structure
203. Control system
204. Control unit
205. Conversion
206. Convert
207. Cookie
208. Copy protection
209. Copy /
210. Copyright status
Page 325 of 361
211. Copyright
212. Core storage
213. Cost analysis
214. Cost benefit analysis
215. Cost effectiveness
216. Create
217. Crop
218. Current events
219. Cursor
220. Curve fitting
221. Custom software
222. Customize /
223. Cut
224. Cyber
225. Dashboard
226. Data
227. Data catalog
228. Data flow
229. Data processing
230. Database
231. Decimal digit
232. Decimal number
233. Decimal point
234. Decimal
235. Decode /
236. Decompress
237. Default /
238. Definite /
239. Delete
Page 326 of 361
240. Deletion
241. Description /
242. Design
243. Desktop computer
244. Desktop
245. Destination
246. Developer
247. Device
248. Diagram
249. Digital
250. Disambiguated /
251. Disambiguation /
252. Discovery /
253. Discuss
254. Disk drive
255. Display name
256. Distribute /
257. DNS
[( ) ( ) ( ) ( )]
258. Document
259. Documentation
260. Domain /
261. Domain Name System
262. Double click
263. Download
264. Drag
265. Driver
266. Drum plotter
267. Drum printer
Page 327 of 361
268. Drum scanner
269. E-book
270. Edit /
271. Edit profile
272. Editor
273. Educational software
274. Effective
275. Effects
276. E-governance -
277. Electrical signal
278. Electronic
279. E-mail
280. Embedded
281. Emulation
282. Encoding
283. Encyclopedia
284. End
285. Equation
286. Erase
287. Eraser
288. Expansion slots
289. Expiry /
290. Extended info
291. External links
292. External search engine
293. FAQ
294. Features
295. Field
296. File
Page 328 of 361
297. File management
298. File share
299. File sharing
300. Find /
301. Firewall
302. Firmware
303. Flat monitor
304. Floppy drive
305. Flow chart
306. Folder
307. Font
308. Font and word processor
309. Font name
310. Footer
311. Formal language
312. Format /
313. Formatting
314. Formula
315. Free software
316. Function /
317. Gallery
318. Gateway
319. Global dashboard
320. Global Positioning system
321. Grammar checker
322. Graphic /
323. Group
324. Guest
325. Hand held devices
Page 329 of 361
326. Hand held Scanner
327. Handwriting recognition
328. Hard disc
329. Hardware
330. Header
331. Help center
332. Help group
333. High speed computer
334. Higher level language
335. Home
336. Homepage
337. Horizontal line
338. Host computer
339. Hyphenation
340. Icon /
341. Identity
342. iDNS
343. iDomain
344. Ignore
345. Image
346. Import
347. Incompatible
348. Indefinite
349. Index
350. Index variable
351. Information
352. Information data
353. Information super highways
354. Information technology
Page 330 of 361
355. Input unit
356. Insert /
357. Install
358. Installation
359. Integrated chips
360. Integrated circuit chips
361. Inter language
362. Interactive sites
363. Interests
364. Interface /
365. Internal
366. Internal error
367. International
368. International (DNS) ( )
369. Internet
370. Internet protocol address
371. Internet protocol (IP)
372. Internet service provider (ISP)
373. Interpreter /
374. Invalid /
375. Invention
376. Italic text
377. Iteration
378. Java script
379. Key
380. Keyboard /
381. Keypad
382. Keyword
383. Landscape
Page 331 of 361
384. Laptop computer
385. Layout
386. LCD Monitor (Liquid Crystal
Display)
387. Left click
388. Lexing error
389. License
390. Light pen
391. Line /
392. Link /
393. List
394. Live
395. Log in /
396. Log out /
397. Machine language
398. Machine translation
399. Magnetic disk
400. Magnetic tape
401. Main Page /
402. Maintenance page
403. Management /
404. Mechanical calculator
405. Media
406. Media player
407. Memory unit
408. Memory
409. Menu
410. Metadata
411. Micro processor
412. Microphone
Page 332 of 361
413. Modem
414. Moderation
415. Moderator
416. Monetize
417. Monitor /
418. More features
419. Motherboard
420. Mouse
421. Multimedia
422. Multitasking
423. My account
424. Natural language
425. Navigation
426. Negative
427. Network /
428. Networking
429. Neutral point of view
430. New post
431. Non-terminals
432. Notation
433. Note
434. Number
435. Numeral
436. Object
437. Offline /
438. Online
439. Operating system
440. Option
441. Orphaned pages
Page 333 of 361
442. Other languages /
443. Outsourcing
444. Package
445. Packets /
446. Page layout
447. Page views
448. Page
449. Panel
450. Paperless office
451. Paragraph
452. Parallel processing computers
453. Parent category
454. Password
455. Paste
456. Patch
457. Peripherals
458. Permission
459. Personal Computer
460. Photograph
461. Picture
462. Piracy
463. Plug in /
464. Pointer
465. Portable Printer
466. Portal
467. Post
468. Posting
469. Posts
470. Preferences
Page 334 of 361
471. Presentation
472. Press
473. Preview
474. Principals
475. Print
476. Printer
477. Privacy /
478. Problem /
479. Processor
480. Program
481. Programmers
482. Programming language
483. Prompt
484. Protect
485. Protection log
486. Protocols
487. Proxy Server
488. Public domain /
489. Publications
490. Publish /
491. Publisher
492. Publishing
493. Query /
494. RAM (Random access memory)
495. Random Page
496. Recent changes
497. Recovery tool
498. Redirects
499. Redo /
Page 335 of 361
500. Reference desk
501. Reference
502. Refresh
503. Reinstall
504. Release
505. Remember me
506. Removal
507. Remove
508. Replace
509. Reprogramming
510. Required /
511. Reset
512. Restore /
513. Result
514. Review
515. Revision /
516. Right click
517. Root
518. Root directory
519. Router
520. Row /
521. Rule /
522. Save
523. Save as
524. Scanner
525. Screensaver
526. Search /
527. Search engine
528. Search query
Page 336 of 361
529. Search /
530. Section
531. See also
532. Select
533. Sensor
534. Server
535. Sessions
536. Setting
537. Share my profile
538. Shared files
539. Shareware
540. Shortcut /
541. Show all
542. Shutdown /
543. Sign in /
544. Sign off /
545. Sign out
546. Single click
547. Sister Projects
548. Site feed
549. Socket
550. Software
551. Software package
552. Sorting algorithms
553. Sorting and searching
554. Sound Card
555. Source code
556. Source
557. Space /
Page 337 of 361
558. Spacing
559. Spam
560. Speaker
561. Special pages
562. Specification
563. Spell checker
564. Split
565. Spooler
566. Spreadsheet
567. Standard /
568. Standardisation
569. Stats
570. String literals
571. Structured programming
572. Stub
573. Subtitle
574. Suffix
575. Super Computer /
576. Support
577. Syntax error
578. Sysop
579. System operator
580. System programmer
581. System
582. Tab
583. Technology
584. Template
585. Terminal
586. Terms of service
Page 338 of 361
587. Text formatting
588. Text to speech
589. Text to voice
590. Theme
591. Theory
592. Thesis
593. Time zone
594. Title
595. Toolbar
596. Top level domain
597. Transistor
598. Trash
599. Uncategorized
600. Undo /
601. Unit
602. Update
603. Upgrade /
604. Upload
605. URL ( )
606. User
607. User account
608. User‟s guide
609. Utility
610. Vandalism
611. Variable /
612. Version
613. Video blog
614. Video /
615. View profile
Page 339 of 361
616. View
617. Viewer
618. Virtual server
619. Virus
620. Visitor
621. Voice mail
622. Voice recognition /
623. Volume
624. Watch list
625. Watch
626. Website
627. Window
628. Wireless
629. Wish list
630. Wizard
631. Word processor
632. Working environment
633. Worksheet
634. Workstation
635. World Wide Web (WWW)
.
.
.
:
Application =
Page 340 of 361
Architecture =
Home =
:
Application = Architecture =
Home =
,
.
.
.
.
:
"Blog = , , , "
" " .
"Comment = , , , "
,
" , " .
.
.
.
,
.
" "
Page 341 of 361
" " . "The great King"
"Emperor"
.
;
"Maharaja"
.
,
.
Google =
Yahoo = = Maharaja (Organization Limited)
. "Branching =
, Customize = (
)" .
, .
.
:
Moderation =
Post =
Comment = /
System =
Domain =
. .
, .
.
.
Page 342 of 361
.
. : http://valavu.blogspot.com/
:
: ,
.
. ,
.
.
!
Page 343 of 361
(Parts of the human body)
.
,
.
.
.
Aangilam. Body par...
.
No: English
1 Head
2 Eyes
3 Ears
4 Cheek
5 Nose
6 Mouth
7 Neck
8 Nipple
8A Shoulder /
9 Chest /
9A Rib ( )
10 Breast ( )
11 Arm
12 Elbow
13 Abdomen
Page 344 of 361
14 Umblicus/Bellybutton /
15 Groins
16 Wrist
17 Palm
18 Fingers
19 Vegina/Vulva /
20 Penis
20A Testicle/scrotum
21 Thigh
22 Knee
23 Calf
24 Leg
25 Ankle
26 Foot
27 Toes
No: English
28 Wrist
29 Palm
30 Thumb
31 Little Finger
32 Ring Finger
33 Middle Finger
34 Index Finger
35 Knee
36 Calf
37 Leg
38 Lowerleg
39 Ankle
Page 345 of 361
40 Toes
41 Toenails ( )
42 Foot
43 heel
44 Fist ( )
45 Nail
46 Knuckle
47 Muscle
48 Skin
49 Hair
50 Forehead
51 Eyebrow
52 Eyelash /
52A Eyelid / /
53 Eyeball
54 Nose /
55 Nostril /
56 Face
57 Chin
58 Adam's apple ( )
59 Mustache
60 Beard
61 Lip
62 Uvula
63 Throat
64 Molars
65 Premolars
66 Canine /
67 incisors
Page 346 of 361
68 Gum
69 Tongue
.
No: English
70 Belly ( )
71 Back
72 Backbone
73 Rib bone
74 Buttock /
75 Anus/asshole
76 Skull /
77 Muscular
78 Nerve
79 Endocrine
80 Hip
81 Lung
82 Heart
83 Kidney
84 Brain
.
Page 347 of 361
(List of Provisions)
,
.
, .
" "
" " .
,
.
,
( ) .
,
.
,
.
List of Provisions...
:
1 Acorus calamus
2 Almondsuhashuhasi
3 Anise seed /
4 Asafetida
5 Basil leaves
6 Bay leaves
7 Bishop‟s weed
8 Black cumin
9 Black pepper
10 Butter
Page 348 of 361
11 Butter milk
12 Capsicum
13 Cardamom
14 Cashew nut
15 Cheese
16 Chili powder
17 Chilies ( )
18 Cinnamon Sticks
19 Cloves
20 Coconut milk
21 Coriander leaves
22 Coriander powder
23 Crumb powder
24 Cubes
25 Cumin
26 Curds
27 Curry leaves
28 Curry powder (Masala) ( )
29 Daun Pandan leaves
30 Dried chilies /
31 Dried ginger
32 Dried hottest chilies
33 Dried shrimp
34 Fennel
35 Fenugreek
36 Gallnut
37 Garlic ,
38 Ghee
39 Gingelly oil
Page 349 of 361
40 Ginger
41 Gingili (seasame seeds)
42 Green cardamom
43 Green chilli
44 Ground nut oil
45 Honey
46 Jaggery
47 Lemon
48 Lemongrass /
49 Lemongrass powder
50 Licorice
51 Long pepper /
52 Mace
53 Milk
54 Mint leaves
55 Musk
56 Mustard
57 Nigella-seeds
58 Nutmeg
59 Oil
60 Onion
61 Palm jiggery
62 Pepper
63 Phaenilum
64 Pithecellobium dulce
(Madras thorn)
65 Poppy
66 Raisin
67 Red chilli
68 Rolong
Page 350 of 361
69 Rose water
70 Saffron
71 Sago
72 Salad onion
73 Salt
74 Sarsaparilla
75 Small chilli
76 Small onion
77 Star anise
78 Sugar
79 Tail pepper
80 Tamarind
81 Tomato
82 Turmeric
83 Turmeric powder
84 Vermicelli
85 Vinegar ( )
86 White onion
:
1.
Cumin seeds -
Black pepper seeds -
Cumin seeds, Black pepper seeds "seeds"
.
" , "
. " , "
. .
2.
Cinnamon sticks - /
Page 351 of 361
"Cinnamon Sticks" "Sticks"
. " "
.
3.
Coriander leaves
Curry leaves
Leaf –
Leaves –
“Leaves” " "
. " , "
.
4.
" "
,
, " + = "
.
" "
. .
. .
Page 352 of 361
(List of Fruits)
.
.
,
.
.
List of Fruits.mp3
1 Apple ,
2 Ambarella
3 Annona
4 Annona muricata
5 Apricot
6 Avocado /
7 Banana
8 Batoko Plum
9 Bell fruit ,
10 Bilberry
11 Blackberry
12 Black currant
13 Blueberry
14 Bread fruit ,
15 Butter fruit
16 Cantaloupe
17 Cashew fruit ,
18 Cherimoya
Page 353 of 361
19 Cherry
20 Chickoo
21 Citron
22 Citrus aurantium
23 Citrus reticulata
24 Citrus sinensis
25 Clementine
26 Cocoa fruit
27 Cranberry
28 Cucumber
29 Custard apple
30 Damson
31 Date fruit
32 Devilfig
33 Dragon fruit
34 Duku
35 Durian ,
36 Emblica
37 Eugenia
rubicunda
38 Feijoi/Pinealle
guava
39 Fig
40 Persimmon fruit
41 Gooseberry
42 Grapefruit
43 Grapes ,
44 Guava
45 Honeydew melon
46 Huckle berry ( )
Page 354 of 361
47 Jack fruit
48 Jumbu fruit /
49 Jamun fruit
50 Kiwi fruit
51 Kumquat ( )
52 Kundang
53 Lansium
54 Lemon
55 Lime
56 Loganberry
57 Longan
58 Louvi fruit
59 Lychee
60 Mandarin
61 Mango
62 Mangosteen
63 Melon ,
64 Morus macroura
65 Mulberry
66 Muscat grape
67 Orange
68 Palm fruit
69 Papaya
70 Passion fruit
71 Peach
72 Pear ,
73 Pine apple
74 Plum
75 Pomegranate ,
Page 355 of 361
76 Pomelo
77 Pulasan ( )
78 Quince
79 Rambutan
80 Rasberry
81 Red banana
82 Red Currant
83 Sapodilla
84 Satsuma
85 Sour sop/
Guanabana
86 Strawberry
87 Syzygium
88 Tamarillo
89 Tamarind
90 Tangerine
91 Tomato
92 Ugli fruit
93 Water melon , ,
94 Wax jumbu
95 Resberry
96 Woodapple
:
.
.
,
/ .
Page 356 of 361
:
Lychee - ( .
" Lychee"
. "Mandarin"
.
(
) ,
. "Mandarin"
.
" " "Mango"
.
.
? . "Apple"
, ,
.
" " .
,
.
.
?
- , , ,
, , , Fruits Tamil Glossary, 96 Fruit Names, Names of Fruits
in Tamil and English, Glossary of Modern Tamil Names of Fruits
!
Page 357 of 361
(List of Vegetables)
.
.
.
1 Alfalfa Sprouts
2 Artichoke
3 Arugula
4 Asparagus
5 Aubergines/Eggplant
6 avocado
7 Bamboo Shoots
8 Bean Sprouts
9 Beet Greens
10 Beetroot
/
11 Bell Peppers/ Capsicum
12 Bitter Gourd /
13 Bitter Cucumber
14 Bok Choi/ Chinese
Cabbage
15 Borlotti Beans
16 Bottle Gourd
17 bread fruit /
18 Brinjal /
19 Brocoli ( )
20 Broccoli Rape/ Rapini
Page 358 of 361
21 Brussels Sprouts
22 Butter Head Lettuce
23 Cabbage
24 Caigua
25 Carrot
26 Cassava/ Tapioca
27 Cauliflower /
28 Celery
29 Celtuce
30 Ceylon Spinach
31 Chayote
32 Cherry Tomatoes
33 Cilantro/ Coriander
34 Cluster Beans
35 Collards
36 Cress
37 Cucumber
38 Daikon radish
39 Endive ( )
40 Fava bean/ Broad bean ( )
41 Fiddlehead
42 Florence Fennel
43 Flowering Cabbage ( )
44 French bean ( )
45 Golden Nuggest Squash
46 Green Onions/ Spring
Onoins
(
47 Humberg parsley ( )
48 Haricot Beans
49 Drum stick /
Page 359 of 361
50 Ironbark Pumpkin
Kai-Lan
52 Kale
53 Kohlrabi
54 Kohlrabi Purple ( )
55 Kohila
56 Lady's Finger/ Okra /
57 Leeks
58 Lettuce
59 Lettuce Red ( )
60 Lotus root
61 Marrow ( )
62 Minikin Pumpkin
63 Mint
64 Mizuna
65 Pak Choi
66 Parsley
67 Pasnips
68 Parwal
69 Plantain
70 Potato
71 Pumpkin
/
/
72 Radicchio/ Red chicory
73 Red Carrot
74 Radish
75 Rainbow Chard
76 Ridge Gourd/Luffa /
77 Ribbed Courd /
Page 360 of 361
78 Rhubarb
79 Romanesco Broccoli
80 Samphire
81 Savoy Cabbage
82 Shallot
83 Snake bean/ Long bean
84 Snake Gourd
85 Snow Pea
86 Solanum/ Tinda
87 Solanum torvom/ Pea
aubergines
88 Squash
89 Spaghetti Squash ( )
90 Spinach
91 Sweet Potato /
92 Banana Flower /
93 Tatsoi
94 Tomato
95 Tomato Cherry
96 Tomato Hybrid
97 Turnip
98 Water Chestnut
99 Water Spinach/ Kang
Kung
100 Wax bean / ) 101 West Indian Gherkin
102 White Bitter gourd
103 White Eggplant
104 White globe radish
105 Zucchini
