Law Enforcement Sensitive 1 Terrorism for Patrol and Investigators

Law Enforcement Sensitive1

Terrorism for Patrol and Investigators

UNCLASSIFIED Law Enforcement Sensitive2

Terrorism for Patrol & Investigators

Bases of Terrorism: Background & History

Intelligence Based Policing for Patrol Ordnance Stop and Approach Tactics Homeland Security: Contact &

Cooperation


Gateway Class Tactical Entry and

Arrest Procedures for Counter-Terrorist Operations – 5 day

Critical Incident Response to Violence and Terrorist Activities in Schools – 2 day

Critical Incident Management TTT – 10 day

Critical Incident Management – Command Post – 3 day


Gateway Class (cont.) Informant

Development – 2 day (4)

Law Enforcement themed exercises (Topoff 05)

PPE Training

Vehicle Interception Procedures, Extraction and Restraint – 5 day (2)

SWAT Operations Basic Skills – 5 day (2)

Detection and Investigation of Fraudulent Documents – 3 day (3)


Bases of Terrorism:Background and History


Key Concepts Past Behavior is the best predictor

of future behavior Weakest point is the planning

phase Prevention of terrorism REQUIRES

the intelligence function


What Is Terrorism?FBI Definition

The unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives

But most importantly: It is a technique,


The Spectrum of Conflict

Civil Disturbances

Global National War

Military

Terrorism

Law Enforcement


The Objective

Scare people so that they do what terrorists want!


Why and How Is Modern Terrorism Different From Historical Terrorism?

Transportation Weapons technology Population density Communications


What Types of Laws Do Terrorists Violate?

Bombing Weapons

possession/usage Arson Burglary Vehicle theft Other thefts of all kinds Fraud

Money laundering Vandalism Murder/assault/battery Extortion Kidnapping Airline hijacking Assorted interstate

violations


What Threats Do Terrorists Present to Law Enforcement?

Direct physical threats Civil action Character assassination Public distrust


Forms of Terrorism Domestic and International Domestic Incidents within the U.S. (2003)

Right Wing 1 incident (Terre Haute Holocaust Museum)

Left Wing None indicated (though links with special interests)

Special Interest/Single Issue 2003 74 incidents, ~ 60 million in damages, bombs

and incendiary devices used Religious Fundamentalism

2 significant incidents (all abortion related)


Excellent Web Sites http://www.tkb.org/Home.jsp

Terrorism Knowledge Base http://www.fbi.gov/terrorinfo/terrorism.h

tm FBI Terrorism Webpage

http://www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/ Department of Homeland Security

http://www.adl.org/ Jewish Anti-Defamation League

http://www.splcenter.org Southern Poverty Law Center


Domestic TerroristExtremist Groups

Activities and Trends


Suppliers of sheets for KKK


Domestic—Left-Wing Philosophy Vietnam War era groups pretty

well eliminated Today – primarily Anarchists


Anarchist Yellow PagesYour Guide to Anarchists and Troublemakers

Around the Globe Creating Local Autonomy and Solidarity in

Hartford (CLASH)CLASH, C/O AFSC, 56 Arbor St., 2nd floorHartford, Connecticut 06106USA, North America Tel: 860-416-4575 Fax: ---URL: http://clash.8m.netEmail: hartfordclash at yahoo.com Category: Anarchist GroupSmall group of anti-authoritarian activists based in the Hartford area, formed for the purpose of disseminating propaganda on anti-authoritarian organizing, and promoting direct action and direct democracy.

Last updated: 15.10.2004

http://ayp.subvert.info/index.php


Domestic—Right-Wing Philosophy

Some groups oppose the U.S. government

Some believe government has been taken over

Some believe they are the government

Some are driven by religious beliefs Some seek a strong Nazi/fascist

government


Nazis in the News Neo-Nazi pushes alliance with al Qaeda

CNNPublished on March 29, 2005

A couple of hours up the road from where some September 11 hijackers learned to fly, the new head of Aryan Nation is praising them -- and trying to create an unholy alliance between his white supremacist group and al Qaeda. "You say they're terrorists, I say they're freedom fighters. And I want to instill the same jihadic feeling in our peoples' heart, in the Aryan race, that they have for their father, who they call Allah."

With his long beard and potbelly, August Kreis looks more like a washed up member of ZZ Top than an aspiring revolutionary.

Don't let appearances fool you: his résumé includes stops at some of America's nastiest extremist groups -- Posse Comitatus, the Ku Klux Klan and Aryan Nation.


Nazis in the News Eleven indicted in huge weapons bust

St. Louis Post-DispatchPublished on March 30, 2005

The daughter of a Godfrey man at the center of what authorities called the largest weapons seizure in Southern Illinois history said her father only made machine guns for shooting at paper targets, and that racist material found in his home had been collected as a joke. Laura Brown, 25, and her father, Randal L. Brown, 53, were among 11 people indicted last week by a federal grand jury on charges of illegal possession of machine guns and explosives. ...

The seized weapons include AK-47s, Uzis, and World War II-era automatic weapons, including .45-caliber Thompsons and belt-fed German machine guns.

Authorities also confiscated Nazi memorabilia, targets alleged to have been given "blackfaces," and fliers touting the National Alliance, a white supremacist group, from [Randal] Brown's home in the 5200 block of Black Oak Lane. One poster depicted Adolf Hitler with the caption, "When I come back, no more Mr. Nice Guy."


Antigovernment Posse Comitatus Common Law Courts Sovereign Citizens

• Militias


Anti-government Often spouting mistaken interpretations of early

American history to justify their actions, Militia members are united in their obsession with "protecting" Americans' Constitutional rights, which they claim the Federal government has trampled

"Common law court" adherents declare themselves exempt from the laws of the United States. Using pseudo-legal theories based on selective and often bizarre interpretations of the Bible, the Magna Carta, state and Federal court decisions, and the U.S. and state constitutions, these activists present a serious threat to the rule of law by using phony liens, money orders and documents in an attempt to defy the authority of legitimate courts.

William Potter Gale created an Identity group named Posse Comitatus, which means "power of the county" in Latin.


Militias Newly invigorated Views war on terrorism as directed

at themselves Consider anti-terrorism measures

such as “Patriot Act” merely as a prelude to mass gun confiscation and martial law


Religious-Oriented Extremists

Christian Identity – 31 Groups (2003)

Church of Jesus Christ Christian

Phineas Priesthood Odinism

• World Church of the Creator


Christian Identity Asserts whites, not Jews are true Israelites favored by

God Jews biologically descended from Satan, other races

are mud people Derived from 19th century English fad which asserted

European whites were descended from 10 lost tribes in Bible

Transformed in 20th century by racist preachers in U.S. Christ will not return to Earth until globe is swept

clean of Jews and other “Satanic Influences” Agnosticism and racist neo-paganism reducing

influence


James Wickstrom, “Religious” Leader for Christian Identity

I'd like to see these Jews all be brought to the VA [Veterans Administration hospital] and wooden chairs be put down on the lawn. Tie the Jews in. Bring these veterans down who have been mutilated, physically mutilated, their lives ruined without the opportunity of a family or children, and give them baseball bats and let them beat these Jews to death! Every one of them!" he bellows.

"Take these chairs and Jews after they're beaten to death, throw 'em in the wood chipper! And from the wood chipper let the remains go into a big incinerary truck, which is right behind the wood chipper, and give them the holocaust they rightly deserve!"

"Even the women and children?" he's asked by his interviewer.

"Take 'em all," he snarls. "Take 'em all and let none remain!"


From a C.I. website Kingdom Identity Ministries is a Politically

Incorrect Christian Identity outreach ministry to God's chosen race (true Israel, the White, European peoples). We proclaim the Gospel of the Kingdom (government according to God's Law) through books, tracts, tapes, videos, the American Institute of Theology Bible Correspondence Course, our international Herald of Truth Radio Broadcasts, a Prison Ministry, Biblical Counseling, Seminars, and other means. The Elect Remnant, Christian Patriots, Nationalists, Reconstructionists, Racialists, and all seeking a higher level of understanding will learn Biblical solutions to personal and national problems, and be given keys to unlock hidden truth.

http://www.kingidentity.com/index.html


Racist/Hate Ku Klux Klan (KKK) - 158 groups

(Waterbury, Aryan Nations Knight of KKK) Neo-Nazis - 149 groups (1 CT Bridgeport White

Revolution) Aryan Nations/National Alliance – LA 1999 Buford

Furrow Skinheads - 39 Groups (1 CT Stratford CT White Wolves) Black Separatist - 136 4 in CT (2 Hart.)


KKK Started during Reconstruction as a method to

intimidate blacks and whites who support them First era of KKK disbanded after rise of Jim Crow

laws Second era 1920, anti-catholic and anti- jew due to

immigration, claimed 5 million member, huge rallies in D.C.

Third era was during 1960s in response to civil rights laws, murders, bombing, lynchings

Much weakened since 1970s due to internal conflicts, court cases, government infiltration. 5,500 to 6,000 members, often warring against each other


Neo Nazis Neo-Nazi groups share a hatred for Jews and a love for Adolf Hitler and

Nazi Germany. While they also hate other minorities, homosexuals and even

sometimes Christians, they perceive "the Jew" as their cardinal enemy, and trace social problems to a Jewish conspiracy that supposedly controls governments, financial institutions and the media.

While some neo-Nazi groups emphasize simple hatred, others are more focused on the revolutionary creation of a fascist political state.

American neo-Nazi groups, protected by the First Amendment, often publish material and host Internet sites that are aimed at European audiences -- materials that would be illegal under European anti-racism laws. Similarly, many European groups put up their Internet sites on American servers to avoid prosecution under the laws of their native countries.

The most important neo-Nazi group in the U.S. is the National Alliance. Until his death, it was led by William Pierce, the infamous author of the futuristic race-war novel The Turner Diaries, a book believed by some to have served as the blueprint for the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing.


Racist Skinheads A particularly violent element of the white supremacist movement,

and have often been referred to as the "shock troops" of the hoped-for revolution

Shaved head, black Doc Martens boots, jeans with suspenders and an array of typically racist tattoos

Began in the industrial cities of 1960s Britain as a working class movement strongly marked by contempt for hippies and middle-class youth

Originally embraced Afro-Caribbean music and were of different races Movement split between racist and antiracist elements — a split that

has endured to the present day, both in Britain and in the United States, where Skins arrived in the early 1980s

Racist Skins are referred to by their enemies as "boneheads." Antiracist Skins are often referred to as SHARPS, a reference to a now essentially defunct group known as Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice

Racist Skinheads in the U.S., like those in other countries, often operate in small "crews" that move from city to city with some regularity


Black Separatists Black separatists typically oppose

integration and racial intermarriage, and they want separate institutions -- or even a separate nation -- for blacks. Most forms of black separatism are strongly anti-white and anti-Semitic, and a number of religious versions assert that blacks -- not Jews -- are the Biblical "chosen people" of God.


Special-Interest/Single-Issue Terrorism

Most common areas of concern are Environmental Animal rights Antigenetic

engineering Antiabortion


Earth First! is a verb, not a noun. In order to be an environmental movement, you've got to move! So get up and do something for the Earth! There are no "50 simple ways to save the planet." There are innumerable very difficult ways. Recycling and "setting a good example" don't cut it when you are the last generation with any chance of implementing a human-engineered cure. Direct Action means personal, focused effort on the front lines in the war against the Earth. Earth First! is defined by its actions, the purpose of which are to: HALT THE DESTRUCTION,RAISE THE STAKES, GARNER MEDIA, STRENGTHEN RESOLVE

Earth Liberation Front

www.earthfirstjournal.org


Animal Liberation Front The ALF guidelines are: 1. TO liberate animals from places of

abuse, i.e. laboratories, factory farms, fur farms, etc, and place them in good homes where they may live out their natural lives, free from suffering. 2. TO inflict economic damage to those who profit from the misery and exploitation of animals.

3. TO reveal the horror and atrocities committed against animals behind locked doors, by performing non-violent direct actions and liberations.

4. TO take all necessary precautions against harming any animal, human and non-human.

Analyze the ramifications of any proposed action. Never apply generalizations when specific information is available

http://www.animalliberationfront.com/


Other Domestic Terrorism Issues

Cyberterrorism Term used to refer to

almost any attack on or using a computer

Narcoterrorism A narcotics conspiracy that uses

extreme force and violence against a government or population in order to enable it to function


International Terrorist/Extremist Groups


Foreign Terrorist Organizations 36 currently listed by State

Department 20 are Islamic 14 are “Insurgency”/Revolutionary 1 is Jewish 1 is Apocalyptic


International Terrorist Incidents - 2003 208 International Terrorist Incident (198

in 2002, 355 in 2001) 625 people killed, 725 killed in 2002 (35

U.S. in Kuwait, Columbia, Philippines, Israel - 16, Saudi Arabia - 9, Iraq - 5, Afghanistan - 2)

3,646 wounded, 2,013 wounded in 2002 Does not include Iraq attacks on

Coalition Forces


THE TERRORIST POLYGON

IDEOLOGY ORGANIZATION

OPERATIONALSUCCESS

Any viable terrorist group rests on three pillars


Al-Qa‘ida’s Polygon of Power

OPER

ATIO

NS

RECRUITSSALAFI THEOLOGY

AL`QAIDANETWORK

11 SEPTEMBER2001

PRESTIGE and RESOURCESVALIDATION



OPER

ATIO

NS

RECRUITSIDEOLOGY ORGANIZATION

OPERATIONALSUCCESS

Destroying one of its pillars

eliminates the threat

VALI

DA

TIO

N



COUNTERMEASURES

OPS SUCCESS


SOFT INSTRUMENTS

DIPLOMACY

ECONOMIC & OTHERDVLPMNT

AID

PSY OPS

U.S. POLICY

UN, OIC

NGO’S&

PRIVATESECTOR

MULTILATERAL / NONGOVERNMENT

HARD INSTRUMENTS

HARDENTARGETS

HARDENBORDERS

IC + LEABILITY

TOINTERDICT

INTELSPECIAL

OPSMILITARY


Operational Success Very Difficult to Deny


• 1995 SANG HDQRS RIYADH• 1998 US EMBASSIES EAST AFRICA• 2000 USS COLE YEMEN

• 2001 US WT CENTER/PENTAGON • 2002 DJERBA SYNAGOGUE TUNISIA

• BALI NIGHTCLUBS INDONESIA• MOMBASSA RESORT KENYA

•2003 RESIDENTIAL COMPOUNDS RIYADH• MULTIPLE TARGETS CASABLANCA• MARRIOTT DOWNTOWN JAKARTA• MULTIPLE TARGETS ISTANBUL

•2004 ANTI-COALITION INSURGENCY IRAQ• MADRID COMMUTER TRAINS• AL-KHOBAR OFFICES & RESIDENCES• AUSTRALIAN EMBASSY JAKARTA


“Al-Qa‘ida” now is a distributed network

OPER

ATIO

NS

RECRUITS

Qa‘idat al-Jihad (The Base)


OPERATIONALSUCCESS

VALI

DA

TIO

N


The Ideological Dimension

THE THREAT


The Pillar of Ideology

“Their foundation is al-Tawhid [the belief in the oneness of God], their doctrine is Sunni Salafi, their path is jihad, and their hope on earth is the establishment of the religion [of Islam] in the heavens to win the pleasure of the God of the worlds, and an ending in Paradise.”

From Statement announcing the merger of Abu Dajana al-Iraqi’s al-Jamaà as-Salafiyya al-Mujahida with Abu Musàb al-Zarqawi’s Jamaàt al-Tawhid wal-Jihad, 17 May 2004


The Pillar of IdeologyIdiosyncratic

Interpretation of Religious Scripture

SALAFI THEOLOGY

Violent Jihad: Use of coercive means

against sanctioned adversaries


Salafi TheologyProvides doctrinal underpinnings for all radical jihadi groups.

salaf = ancestorsWho are the Salaf al-Salih. . . . The Righteous Ancestors?

The Prophet Muhammad and his Companions, including the first four Caliphs who succeeded him.

Relevant Time Period: 610 – 661 a.d. The only acceptable sources of religion are the Koran, and

the words and conduct [Sunna] of the Prophet and his Companions

Rejection of last 13 centuries of evolution in Muslim thought

A Salafi: One who adheres to the Koran and the Sunna as understood and practiced collectively by the Righteous Ancestors

Literal interpretation of the Koran, and strict observance of ritualsRejection of rulings and methods of traditional schools of law


The 4 Major Schools of Islamic Law

Mainstream Sunni Islam recognizes 4 schools of jurisprudence

•The Maliki school - founded by Malik Bin Anas (714-798) in Medina, produced the first law manual. Predominant in

Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Kuwait, Bahrain, Sudan, Upper Egypt, West Africa

•The Hanafi school - founded by Abu Hanifa Nu’man bin Thabit (699-767) in Iraq, introduced legal opinion based on analogy. Predominant in

Turkey, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Southeast Asia, China, India, and Central Asia

•The Shafiì school - founded by Muhammad bin Idris al-Shafiì (767-820), focused on the scientific interpretation of the law. Predominant in

Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, India, East Africa, Malaysia, Indonesia, Palestinians

•The Hanbali school - founded by Ahmad bin Hanbal (780-855), highly conservative, rejects consensus (ijma`) in favor of strict interpretation of the Koran and the Sunna. Predominant in

Saudi Arabia, Qatar


Salafi Jihadis: GOALS and MEANSTHE GOAL:

Restoration of an Islamic Order.

THE MEANS:

Militant Jihad, violent when necessary


Restoring Islamic Order

THE GOALReplace current regimes with Islamic polities

Rule by pious leader guided by shura (advice) of religious scholars

The Sharià (religious law) as the only source of legislation

Eventually, restoration of the Caliphate and one pan-Islamic state.


Restoring an Islamic OrderTHE MEANSAlthough modern Salafis initially promoted peaceful reform, radical Salafi

scholars and clerics over the past half century have legitimized the use of violence as a religious duty.

“Spiritual” or “charitable” jihad alone not acceptable when Muslims are under attack—Jihad remilitarized

When Muslims are under attack, jihad is an individual obligation (fard àin), which cannot be discharged by mere reliance on institutions or governments.

Errant Muslims and their “corrupt deviations” from the purity of ancestral beliefs and practices are responsible for the weakness of the Islamic world and its victimization by others

therefore takfir—to declare Muslim deviationists apostates and allow their killing—is acceptable.


Jihad as an Individual Obligation

“The ruling to kill the Americans and their allies—civilians and military—is an individual duty [fard àyn] for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it, in order to liberate the al-Aqsa Mosque and the Holy Mosque from their grip, and in order for their armies to move out of all the lands of Islam, defeated and unable to threaten any Muslim.”

Statement by World Islamic Front (al-Qaìda and four other groups)

Declaring War on Crusaders and Jews 23 February 1998


Salafi Theology: Ebb and Flow

Historically, Salafi thought has surfaced as a defensive response to external challenges.

13th Century: A. Ibn Taymiyya Mongol Invasions

18th Century: M. Ibn Abd al-Wahhab Ottoman Setbacks

20th Century: Sayyid Qutb Colonialism/Secularism

21st Century: Jihadi clerics US-led Globalization


Only Jihadis are Good Muslims

Each Muslim who fights and dies for the sake of God is rewarded by God. But a Muslim who does not fight has no faith and will be cursed by God.

Usama Bin Ladin


Religious Leaders Play A Key Role in Jihadi Terrorism

Terror operatives are the perpetrators of jihadi violence . .

Clerics are its instigators . . .



The role of religious figures in the jihadi struggle is critical, continuous, and hands-on:

Clerics provide the fatwas that sanction targets and weapons

They are the articulators and interpreters of religious scripture and traditions legitimizing jihadi violence

As teachers and prayer leaders, they condition their flocks ideologically for recruitment into jihadi activism



Religious figures were the founders of key jihadi terrorist organizations

Shaykh Àbdallah Àzzam: Maktab al-Khadamat (later became al-Qaìda)

Shaykh Ùmar Àbd al-Rahman: Al-Gamaàt al-Islamiyya

Shaykh Abu Bakr Baàsir: Jemaah Islamiya

Shaykh Abu Muhammad Al-Maqdisi: Zarqawi Network

Mullah Krekar: Ansar al-Islam


The Jihadi ParadigmSummarizedThe Salafi ideological paradigm underlying jihadi extremism:

The Muslim world is in crisis, and only a rightly guided Islamic State (caliphate) ruled exclusively by the Sharia can redeem it.

Such a State can be created only through jihad, which often must be violent since Islam’s enemies are bent on occupying and despoiling Islam’s lands and resources, aided by apostate Muslim leaders.

Jihad is an individual religious duty, and martyrdom in its cause leads directly to Paradise.

Authoritative religious figures are the legitimizers of jihad, and they must sanction appropriate targets.


Estimated Number of Salafis 1970:

4 – 6 million

Estimated Number of Salafis 2004:

35 – 50 million

Key Drivers: Saudi Global Da’wa Movement since 1970’s

Soviet Defeat in Afghanistan by Mujahidin

Salafism is a Growing Movement


4 Main Categories

Establishment Functionaries

Quietist Grand ‘Ulama

Activist Reformers (Sahwa)

Jihadis

Not All Salafis are Jihadis


Names of Mosques

Following known Salafi preachers

Particular dress and demeanor

Extreme reluctance to mix with females

Reluctance to patronize non-Muslim business

Tendency to socialize with or be seen frequently with a specific group, with a clear leader (Amir)

Ready willingness to label other Muslims as ‘kafir’

Rejection of standard ‘democratic’ norms and values

Some Salafi Markers:


Examples of Frequently Used Mosque Names:

Ibn Taymiyya

Al-Sunna

Al-Tawhid

Al-Farouq

Al-Furqan

Al-Taqwah

Makka al-Mukarrama

Salafi Markers: Names of Mosques


Sovereignty resides in God, not the People

The popular will, as expressed by majority vote, does not rule

The Ruler governs by applying the Sharia, with the advice (Shura) of a council of senior religious scholars

The Ruler is not elected by a majority of the people, but chosen by a consensus of senior ‘ulama

The Sharia is the only source of acceptable laws

Scripture is the final authority, not an agreed-upon and amendable constitution. A constitution is acceptable only if it enshrines the Sharia as the sole source of legislation.

Salafi Markers: Views on Democracy (I)


Salafi Markers: Views on Democracy (II)

Civil Liberties

None beyond those prescribed by the Shari’a

No religious freedom: a Muslim is forbidden to convert to another faith or become an atheist

No freedom of speech: only speech allowed is that which does not infringe on Islam as interpreted by governing religious authority

No freedom of organization: e.g., forbidden to form a political party


Equality among Citizens

No Equality between Muslims and others

Muslims and Dhimmis have different rights and obligations

No Gender Equality

Any position that places a woman above a man in authority is unacceptable

Salafi Markers: Views on Democracy (III)


Leaders and followers view their struggle as a RELIGIOUS WARTheir worldview is defined by the “SALAFI PARADIGM”They define their goals in ZERO-SUM TERMSThey define their battlefield as GLOBAL in scopeTheir choice of TARGETS and WEAPONS is UNRESTRAINEDThey are TRUE BELIEVERS

Islamic Jihadi Terror Presents a Unique Challenge

Their religious fervor is their greatest source of strength.

It also is their key vulnerability.


Ideology is the Key Vulnerability

OPSSUCCESS

ORGANIZATIONIDEOLOGYSALAFI

THEOLOGY

Acceptance of JIHADI VIOLENCE as an act blessed by God and rewarded

in Heaven

Acceptance of JIHADI VIOLENCE as an act blessed by God and rewarded in Heaven


Countering the Paradigm:Religious Refutation

The sense of crisis pervading Muslim-Western relations will not disappear within an acceptable time-frame from a CT perspective.

THE ONLY STRATEGY likely to shrink the pool of potential terrorists to manageable size is . . .

to sow paralyzing doubt in the minds of potential jihadis about the religious validity of their conduct


Implementation: STRATEGY

First Order — Primary focus message:

“Jihadi violence leads to Hell, not a Heavenly Reward” Instruments: Fatwas, Counter-Fatwas, & Polemics

Second Order — General message:

“Islam can adapt to a technologically advanced and globally interdependent world—here is how”

Instruments: Content Generators

Publications/Websites

Research Institutes

Conferences

Identify, Induce, and Support


Three Sources of Middle-Eastern Terrorism Questions of Palestine/Israel Future of Shiìte revolution Establishing the Caliphate

dar al Islam


Major Groups al Qaeda Hezbollah Hamas Palestinian

Islamic Jihad


Islamic Demography Sunni (90%) Shias (10%) Sunnis

Hanafi Rite—tolerates wide range of opinions

Maliki Rite—seeks compromise with Koran; accepts rulings of descendents of Companions

Shafeia Rite—reverts to Prophet Hanabali Rite—influenced by Wahhabi


Islamic Demography

Shiàt Ali (followers of Ali)= Shiìtes—develop clergy: imam, hojatalislam, ayatollah, grand ayatollah Sufism—Sufis (mystical tradition) Wahhabis Salafis


Origins of “al Qaeda”Principal Themes; Ideology,

Egypt, Afghanistan Sayyid Qutb – 1949

Greeley CO. Saw outward appearances

of happiness, prosperity as actually signs of inner corruption and decay

Americans thought they were free but actually trapped by selfish and greedy desires


Origins 1950 Qutb returns to

Egypt Joined Muslim

Brotherhood 1952 Brotherhood

supported Gen. Nasser’s revolution

Nasser moved Egypt closer to West

1954 Qutb and other Brotherhood arrested by security services


Origins Torturers trained by CIA tortured Qutb

and Brotherhood Qutb covered in animal fat and locked

in cell with dogs trained to attack humans, had a heart attack, but survived

Torture twisted Qutb further, believed western culture unleashed most brutal and barbarous aspects of humans

Conceived idea of jahilliyah; a state of barbarous ignorance


Origins Muslims now infected with jahilliyah Qutb called upon revolutionary

vanguard to overthrow the leaders who allowed jahilliyah to infect Muslims

1966 Qutb put on trial and executed 29 August 1966.

Day after execution a secret group set up by young man; Ayman Zawahiri.


Origins By late 1970s Egypt transformed with growing

middle class. Qutb ideas spreading through Egypt, gained

credence as Sadat regime grows more corrupt 1977 Sadat flies to Jerusalem to start peace

process To followers of Qutb, Sadat was now corrupted

and no longer a Muslim, and could be justifiably killed.

1979 Iranian Revolution, Khomeini put Qutb’s face on a postage stamp


Origins 1980 Zawahiri formed

Islamic Jihad, leader was Abdel Salam Faraj.

Faraj argued Sadat should be killed in a spectacular way, to cause masses to rise up

1980 Sadat assassinated, Cairo remains calm

Zawahiri and 300 other conspirators were arrested, Zawahiri becomes their spokesman


Origins

Zawahiri receives three year sentence Zawahiri tortured and interprets

Qutb’s theories in an even more radical way

Masses didn’t rise up because they were infected by jahilliyah, so they could be legitimately killed as well

Detour to Afghanistan


Al Qaeda? Anti-American or anti-western attacks

springs from extreme interpretation of Islamism developed by Zawahiri

No true organization, an idea prevalent among angry Muslim males (primarily)

Meaning many different Islamist groups infected with radicalism

Intelligence, intelligence, intelligence


Remember

Past behavior is the best predictor of future behavior


Light at the End of the Tunnel?

Demographic change favors less terrorist inclined individuals – young males

Theology- Islamic theologians are moving towards denouncing the junk theology of Qutb

Indonesian elections in 2004 repudiate hard Islamic parties


Law Enforcement Roles: Terrorism Prevention

Regardless of assignment, every law enforcement officer has a role in the war on terrorism

While specialized terrorism units may have the lead responsibility for terrorism-related operations, all officers have a supporting role


Information and Intelligence Community policing principles

stress that information and intelligence are key factors in addressing and responding to community concerns

Nowhere is this more critical than in identifying and preventing terrorist attacks


Terrorism Indicators


Probable Methods of Attack Terrorists study and learn from

previous terror campaigns Goal is asymmetry—not to defeat

stronger forces, but to show that strong forces cannot prevail

Law enforcement needs to study previous attacks to learn methods


Pre-Incident Indicators and

Warning Signs History has shown that terrorist

attacks do not occur in a vacuum Attacks are organized and planned

weeks, months, or sometimes years in advance

The planning stage is law enforcement’s best opportunity to prevent attacks



Warning Signs (continued)

Most domestic terrorists/extremists are relatively easy to detect

Warning signs will include Dress Speech Writing Actions Markings



Warning Signs (continued)

International terrorists will be more difficult to detect and will exhibit fewer warning signs than domestic groups and individuals

Officers will have to use basic police instincts raised to a higher level

Keep An Open Mind!


General Observations Middle-Eastern males living together Money with no furnishings Disputes among close-knit groups of

Middle-Eastern males Radical literature Hand-drawn maps


General Observations (continued)

Loitering around sensitive areas Loud, boisterous behavior in a Middle-Eastern

group Large quantities of hundred-dollar bills not

associated with observable lifestyle Cypher/code packs Repeated use of “God” not coupled with

profanity Use of foreign terms/phrases not in context Misstatements of common American terminology


Pre-Incident Indicators—Surveillance Personnel observed near identified

potential targets carrying video cameras or observation equipment with high-magnification lenses

Persons observed with maps, photos, or diagram sketches with facilities highlighted

Persons possessing or observed using night-vision devices


Pre-Incident Indicators—Surveillance (continued)

Individuals observed parking, standing, or loitering in the same areas over multiple days

A pattern or series of false alarms requiring law enforcement and/or emergency response

Reported thefts of military, law enforcement, or fire ID cards, license plates, uniforms, etc.


Pre-Incident Indicators—Surveillance (continued)

Nonmilitary persons stopped with military-style weapons, clothing, or equipment

Reports of computer hackers attempting to access sites with personal identification, maps, or other targeting examples


Pre-Incident Indicators—Weapons Attack Theft or unusual sale of large

numbers of semiautomatic weapons Theft or large sale of ammunition Reports of automatic weapons firing Theft or sale of protective body

armor to non-law enforcement persons

Paramilitary groups carrying out training scenarios


Pre-Incident Indicators—Explosive Attack Theft of explosives or sale of large

amounts of explosive powder, blasting caps, or high-velocity explosives

Large sale of ammonium nitrate fertilizer

Theft or sale of containers (i.e., propane bottles, propane tanks, etc.)


Pre-Incident Indicators—Truck Bombs

Theft of explosives, explosive materials, or chemicals

Small test explosions in rural or wooded areas Treatment of chemical burns or missing

hands/fingers Untreated chemical burns or missing

hands/fingers


Pre-Incident Indicators—Truck Bombs (continued)

Rental of self-storage space (for chemicals, etc.)

Delivery of chemicals to self-storage facility

Chemical fires, toxic odors, brightly colored stains, or rusted metal fixtures in apartments, hotel/motel rooms, or self-storage units



Rental, theft, or purchase of a one-ton (or larger) truck or van

Modification of truck/van with heavy duty springs to handle heavier loads

Physical surveillance of target multiple times

Purchase of or illegal access to target blueprints


Full sizesedan

1,000 pounds455 kilos(in trunk)

125 feet38 meters

1,750 feet534 meters


Small box van(14 foot box)

10,000 pounds4,545 kilos

300 feet91 meters

3,750 feet1,143 meters


Semitrailer 60,000 pounds27,273 kilos

600 feet183 meters




Vehicle DescriptionMaximumExplosiveCapacity

LethalAir BlastRange

MinimumEvacuation

Distance

FallingGlass

Hazard

Compactsedan

500 pounds227 kilos(in trunk)

100 feet30 meters



Passenger vanor cargo van


200 feet61 meters



Box van orwater/fuel truck


450 feet137 meters



104


Pre-Incident Indicators—Other Attack Theft or burglaries at army surplus

stores and/or state surplus stores Rental of storage units for storage

of nontraditional items (i.e., fertilizer, fuel oil, propane, etc.)


Pre-Incident Indicators—Other

Claims of conspiracy and/or attacks Jail intelligence Presence of pamphlets, communiqués,

flyers, etc. Terrorist literature and manuals Bomb-making manuals Law enforcement training manuals


Pre-Incident Indicators—Other (continued)

Evidence of drug proceeds going to support terrorist organizations

Large-scale drug-for-gun/explosive exchanges

Recruiting drug dealers for political causes

Illegally obtaining bomb-making materials


Pre-Incident Indicators—Other (continued)

Document fraud Counterfeit or altered driver’s licenses Altered vehicle registrations and license plates Suspicious identification cards (all types) Numerous places of

residence that may not exist

Possession of forged documents


Other Criminal Activity Associated With Terrorist Groups Credit card fraud Producing/using bogus prepaid

telephone calling cards Producing/selling counterfeit

designer clothing and other trademarked goods

Selling stolen property, often obtained with bogus credit cards

Counterfeiting currency Tampering with public records


Other Criminal Activity Associated With Terrorist Groups (continued)

Bank, mail, and telephone fraud schemes Visa and immigration fraud Impersonation of public officials Possession of stolen property Selling contraband

(e.g., cigarettes, other) Money laundering or reverse

money laundering


Investigators’ Observations Watch for the following

Links to bootlegging schemes Cigarettes Baby formula schemes Grocery store coupons

Protection rackets Connections to other suspicious

groups Charities that do not fit the area


Conclusions

International terrorism increasingly dominated by violent religious extremism

Understand the terrorist’s operational environment – “modus operandi”

Develop strong confidence building ties with the communities from which terrorists are most likely to come


Conclusions (cont.) Disrupt/interrupt the planning

process – force terrorists to pay more attention to their own organizational security

The intelligence function is critical to disruption

The Army breaks things, the Marines break people, Law Enforcement breaks terrorists.


Questions?