Laura B. Mazow

THE INDUSTRIOUS SEA PEOPLES: THE EVIDENCE OF AEGEAN-STYLE TEXTILE PRODUCTION IN CYPRUS AND THE SOUTHERN LEVANT

Introduction

A distinctive group of installations found in Cyprus and the Levant in 12th century BCE contexts have traditionally been identified as 'bathtubs' used either for bathing (Courtois 1992; Karageorghis 1983a), described as an Aegean innovation (Karageorghis 2000: 473), or for purification rituals m cultic settings (T. Dothan 2003: 202-7; Karageorghis 1983a: 438; Steel 2004: 174-5). A review of their find­spots, however, demonstrates that these 'bathtubs' are often found in industrial locations. In this paper, I will argue for an alternative understanding that accounts for tfteir presence in industrial contexts. The discovery of a 'bathtub' in association with a variety of weaving instruments at the Philistine site of Tel Miqne-Ekron suggests that some of these large tubs may have facilitated the manufacture and production of textiles, possibly as containers for fulling wool.

The textile industry has received little attention in reconstructions of Philistine culture despite the findings of loom weights at many Philistine sites. Discussion of weaving technologies has moved no further than recognizing the presence or absence of foreign style loom weights and associating them with gendered activities. The identification of fulling in the archaeological record of the Late Bronze and early Iron Ages corresponds with a number of other innovations in tex tile technologies that appear at this time on Cyprus and in the southern Levant that suggest changes in both textile manufacture and scale of production (Smith 2001). As documented in Mycenaean Linear B texts, the fuller's profession was one of high status, often associated with the royal court or other powerful institutions (Palaima 1997; Palmer 1963: 191-3; Ventris and Chadwick 1973: 123). The appearance of such a specialized craft in Philistia has significant implications for understanding the role of textile production within the economic underpinnings of Philistine society.

The bathtubs are generally described as large, "bath-shaped basins" constructed of either limestone or clay, often with a plaster lining or a rock- or gravel-lined base (Karageorghis 2000: 266). Some have a hole cut through the base or side wall, and some have attached handles or lugs. Bathtubs have been reported from an umber of different contexts in both Cyprus and the Levant, including tombs, sanctuaries,

SCRIPTA MEDITERRANEA, Vol. XXVII-XXVIII, 2006-2007, 291-321

292 Laura B. Mazmv

and private homes or in the large 'official' rooms of elite residences, where they are often found in or near areas interpreted as bathrooms. Descriptions of these installations usually invoke an image of wealthy individuals luxuriating in private bathing facilities (d. Courtois 1992; Karageorghis 1983b: 373). Karageorghis even describes an image of a bather "with water being poured over him, perhaps by an attendant," and he suggests identifying a small, protruding ledge as a 'soap dish' (Karageorghis 1983a: 435).

A second interpretation for bathtubs found in Cyprus posits a religious function, in which the tubs performed some unspecified cvltic role us.ually assumed to have involved a purification ritual (Astrom and Astrom 1972: 605; Karageorghis 1983a: 437-38; Steel 2004: 174-75). This particular interpretation has resonated in discussions of bathtubs discovered in Levantine contexts (e.g., Biran 1994: 174; T. Dothan 2002: 202-6).

The literature on bathtubs generally assumes that both the installations and the activity of bathing are Aegean in origin, with the tradition arriving on Cyprus in the late 13th century BCE along with other Aegean practices and material culture (Karageorghis 2000: 273). However, the earliest cited bathtub (Karageorghis 2000: 266) comes from the Ayios lakovos Sanctuary and dates to the 14th century BCE (d. Gjerstad et al. 1934: 356-61). Described as a "large bath-shaped basin of terracotta," it was set into a shallow pit in tile floor, with only its top edges protruding above the floor's.surface. The bathtub was found filled witll ashes and burnt bones (P. Astrom 1972: 1), and was associated with an accumulation of artifacts described as "votive gifts" (Gjerstad et al. 1934: 359). Karageorghis dismisses the identification of this basin as a 'bathtub,' proclaiming that "It is not certain whether this basin was ever used as a bathtub, or whether it really resembled a bathtub," while pointing out that its identification was further compromised because it was not preserved and the field photographs, which depict it in situ, do not shed light on its function (2000: 266).

Karageorghis (2000: 266-74) and T. Dothan (2003: 202-7) provide the most recent overviews of these intriguing installations. In his catalogue, Karageorghis (2000: 272) notes in passing that a number were found in industrial areas (see Table 1). These fincf spots are generally assumed to represent secondary contexts. The recurrent discovery of similar installations in industrial areas, however, suggests that these contexts may not necessarily be secondary, but were areas associated with the primary function of these installations. The recent publication of a numoer of bathtubs from Philistia (T. Dothan 2003; Master 2005: 345; Stager 2006: 13) allows for an alternative understanding of some of these large basins as industrial installations, and compels us to reexamine tile contexts of earlier finds in Cyprus and the Levant.

Cyprus

In Cyprus, bathtubs are often found on floors that are partially paved with stone slabs or have a hardened floor surface. Many

The Industrious Sea Peoples 293

bathtubs are found smashed to pieces. Others are embedded in the floor surface. Some baths are found in contexts that suggest they were intentionally put out of use, as in the case of two examples from Enkomi, where one stood below a wall (Courtois 1992) and the other was found upside down (Courtois et al. 1986).

Rooms are often identified as either bathrooms in domestic settings (e.g., at Enkomi and Pyla-Kokkinokremos), or cultic shrines (e.g., at Kouklia), based primarily on the presence of a bathtub (see Table 1). The identification of Room Bin Buildin?, II at Alassa-Paliotavema as a "public building containing a cult place' was based on the presence of a pillar-flanked hearth and bathtub which, according to the excavators, "is yet another argument in favour of this [cult] suggestion, having in mind the ritualistic nature of these artifacts in the LBA" (Hadjisavvas 1996: 113). These arguments run the risk of circular reasoning, with the installations identified as bathtubs based on their context, while at the same time giving definition to that same context.

A number of bathtubs have been recovered from contexts that have been interpreted as secondary, or in which their function was unclear, but nevertheless seemed ill-suited for bathing. The terracotta bathtub from Kalavasos-Ayios Dhimitrios (South 1980: 36, fig. 4, 38-39) is a good example. It was found in the comer of a large one­room structure, set into a floor of hard white plaster, with only its rim protruding above floor level. Flat-lying stones paved the area flanking either end of the tub. South mentions that the tub had two loop handles and a relief-decorated exterior, but it is not clear from her report whether these features were visible above the ground surface, though they do not appear to have been, based on her description that the tub was "sunk below floor level in such a way that its rim project[ed] a short distance above the floor surface" (1980: 39). An outlet hole was pierced in the tub's lower wall, but was not connected to a drainage channel, as is typical of these installations. This suggests that whatever drained from the tub was not meant to be collected. Other features in the room included several variously sized pits and sherds of large pithoi, leading South to conclude that "It appears extremely unlikely that this large room was a bathroom, and the bath must have been set here for some other purpose" (1980: 39). Based on architectural similarities with Building X, a monumental complex located in an area to the north of the buifding in which the tub was found, South identified the tub room as having a public or administrative function (1983: 101).

Similar installations have also been found in contexts that have been identified as industrial, such as the tubs at Kition and Maa­Palaeokastro and some of the examples from Enkomi (Karageorghis 2000: 270-72). The functional nature of these areas was identified as industrial by the excavators based on the presence of production waste and industrial tools, including evidence of copper working and textile production, and/or by concentrations of tubs and tub fragments in close proximity (Karageorghis 2000: 270-72).

Perhaps the best evidence for bathtubs in industrial contexts comes from the site of Maa-Palaeokastro, where more than twelve clay

294 Laura B. Maww

bathtubs and bathtub fragments were found (Karageorghis and Demas 1988). The majority of the fragments and the most complete examples all derive from the floors and fills in the rooms along the southern half of Building III, a building interpreted as largely for storage, with some "specialized use of its south sector" (Karageorghis and Demas 1988: 63). Although many of the finds from Building III were linked to bathing activities, including a pithos for water storage, soot-covered pottery for water heating, and personal items such as a bronze fibula, pin and a beaded necklace (presumably lost by the bather), the large number of bathtubs found in the complex forced Karageorghis and Demas to suggest other possible interpretations, including the washing or dyeing of cloth or wool, or other undetermined industrial activity (Karageorghis and Demas 1988: 34). It is interesting to note that their discussion of the functional use of the Maa-Palaeokastro tubs was preceded by a similar discussion when they excavated the "bathroom" at Kition in Area I, Floor IV (1985b: 9-10), where they found a bathtub fragment in a later phase (see Table 1). One of their initial suggestions was that the room was used "for the dyeing and manufacture(?) of cloth," but they rejected this idea in favor of identifying the room as a bathroom, a functional space which they felt could be considered "an appropriate appendage to a small foundry" (1985b: 10).

Southern Levant

In the southern Levant, bathtubs have been found at a number of Philistine settlements, but they also appear at sites which are considered outside of the Philistine enclave (e.g., Megiddo and Tel Dan; see Karageorghis 2000: 266-74). The contexts in which they are found exhibit similar patterns to the bathtubs from Cyprus. In the sacred enclosure at Tel Dan, smashed fragments of a restorable bathtub were found in a stone-paved alleyway (Biran 1994: 165-83). Rooms alongside this alley contained an olive press and a large plastered bin, indicating that this part of the sacred area was set aside for industrial activity (Stager and Wolff 1981).

A photograph of a clay bathtub found in situ in Stratum VIA at Megiddo (Karageorghis 2000: 274; Loud 1948: 45, fig 87, 386: 6; Paice 2004: 59, pl. 21:1) shows it as a built-in, plastered feature, embedded in the room's floor, with an associated bowl at floor level into which the contents of the tub may have drained. This installation was identified by Loud as a wine or oil press (Loud 1948: 45, fig. 87). It was probably only recognized as a "bath" once it was removed from its context (Loud 1948: fig. 386: 6). The published photograph clearly indicates that one of the handles, preserved on the bad< wall of the tub, was at least partially concealed by the surrounding plaster construction, and therefore does not appear to have been associated with the tub's function in the context in which it was found.

At Philistine sites, T. Dothan differentiates between bathtubs found in 'bathrooms' and those which come from contexts that do not have the 'appearance' of a bathroom (2003: 202). Dothan notes that bathtubs are often discovered in association with rectangular mudbrick platform

The Industrious Sea Peoples 295

hearths, and are commonly found in large, communal assembly rooms where they "fulfill[ ed] a role in purification and/or other rituals" (2003: 203-4). Mention is also made of a possible clay 'bathtub' fragment found at Tell Qasile (T. Dothan 2003: 203; Karageorghis 1983a: 274). However, purification rituals do not seem to be a central focus of the cultic activities in the Philistine temple complex at this site (Zevit 2001: 125-32), nor in what we know of Philistine cultic activities in general (Mazar 2000).

The two clearest examples of Philistine bathtubs come from Area G at Ashdod and Building 353 at Tel Miqne-Ekron. The buildings in which these bathtubs were found shared a similar architectural plan, consisting of a large front room with two smaller rooms at the rear. The Area G building at Ashdod has been redefined recently as an elite residence (T. Dothan 2003: 202), although the excavators initially described it as a workshop (Dothan and Porath 1993: 72). Building 353 at Tel Miqne has been identified as domestic (Mazow 2005). A third bathtub has been discovered in the Philistine levels at Ashkelon (T. Dothan 2003: 204-7, fig. 15; Master 2005: 344-45, figs. 20.7 and 20.8; Stager 2006: 13; forthcoming). Although not fully published, it too presents interesting parallels and will be discussed further below.

Ashdod

In Area G at Ashdod, Dothan and Porath (1993: 70-73, plan 11) uncovered remains of both a terracotta (1993: 266-67, basin 4141 in pl. 22: 2-3, pl. 23:1) and a possible limestone (1993: 267, pl. 24:1 and 3) bathtub. The clay tub was originally described as "a well-fired pottery basin ... with a blackened hole in the base at one of its ends' (1993: 72). According to their reconstruction, the bathtub was located in the "courtyard" of a "workshop", which contained, among other things, "a large quantity of ashes, several grinding stones ... and a stone bench or worktable ... " (1993: 72). The bathtub was discovered set into the courtyard's surface. A small fire installation, initially called a kiln in the excavation report (1993: 72), but more recently described as a hearth (T. Dothan 2003: 202), also stood near the bathtub. Fragments of worked limestone, identified as part of another possible bathtub or basin (Dothan and Porath 1993: 72-3; T. Dothan 2003: 204), were found in "secondary use" embedded in the floor of a Stratum XII complex to the north of this workshop.

Tel Miqne-Ekron

Two Aegean-style limestone bathtubs were identified at Tel Miqne-Ekron. The first, discovered in Field I, dates to the initial phase of Philistine settlement at Tel Miqne in the 12th century (T. Dothan 2003: 204-5, fig. 13; Meehl et al. 2006). This bathtub was located in one room of a multi-room complex. Other features in the room included a freestanding hearth and a mudbrick bench. A flagstone pavement was laid around the tub's base. No other details or associated artifacts have yet been published pertaining to this example, but its location in Field I indicates that it must have been somewhere near the Field

296 Laura B. Maww

I industrial area and pottery kiln complex (Killebrew 1996: 145-49, 151).

The second limestone bathtub was located in Field IV Lower, and dated approximately to the end of the 12th/beginning of the 11th centuries BCE (T. Dothan 2003: 204-6, fig. 14; Garfinkel et al. forthcoming; Mazow 2005: 78-80). It sat in Room A, the front room of Building 353, a multi-room complex built along the eastern side of Building 350, a temple or wealthy residential structure. Oval in shape, the tub had plastered sides and a cobble-lined floor, with a drainage hole equipped with a stone plug at one end of its sloping base. Other features in the room included a rectangular mudbrick platform hearth, flanked by two pillars, and a partially paved surface. The tub was filled with pea-sizecf gravel, interpreted by the excavators as evidence that this installation had fallen into disuse (Garfinkel et al. forthcoming).

Rooms B and C, two smaller rooms at the back, contained an assortment of artifacts attesting to craft production and, in particular, textile manufacture. The space in Room C was occupied almost entirely by three shallow, interconnected, plaster-lined basins set into the floor. In Room B, two spinning/plying bowls were found and a cluster of loom weights, indicating the possible location of a warp-weighted loom. Although individual loom weights were found scattered throughout the excavation area, this find is one of only two loom weight caches, and the only one which may indicate a use­context. The second loom weight cache was found together with an assortment of artifacts that suggest a storage area, including ivory, jewelry, zoomorphic objects, pottery, grinding stones and flint tools (Barber 1991: 102-3).

Both caches contained a mixture of loom weight types (Mazow 2005: 165-67; Garfinkel et al. forthcoming), including the pierced pyramidal and doughnut styles, and non-perforated clay cy1inders often identified as Aegean-style loom weights. The identification of these latter objects as loom weights has been proposed based in part on their discovery at Ashkelon, where large numbers have been found aligned in rows as if dropped from warp weighted looms (Stager 1995: 346). Additional hypotheses posit that these clay weights, or reels as they are sometimes called, were used to twine belts or strips of cloth which were then sewn together (Barber 1997: 516; 1999: 54-60). Either way, these clay cylinders were clearly associated with textile production.

Additional evidence of textile manufacture includes a number of large ceramic basins (cf. Dothan and Zukerman 2004: 23, fig 25: 2 and 26), which Sherratt has suggested may be connected witft weaving (1998: 304-5), and a collection of spindle whorls. Worked ceramic sherds were also found concentrated in this area. These sherds, often referred to as stoppers, may have functioned as bobbins or spools around which thread could be wound, as initially proposed by Petrie (1917: 53) and Cartland (1918).

Adjacent to Building 353 was a second building, Building 354, which exhibited a similar spatial organization. Although no bathtub or

The Industrious Sea Peoples 297

hearth platform was found in this building, it contained an assortment of small pillar bases, postholes and pits, and the area could easily have functioned as a flace for warping yarn or for drying finished fabrics. A large number o sunken store jar installations were also concentrated in these two buildings. Sunken store jar installations, found at Tel Miqne (Garfinkel et al. forthcoming) and at Ashkelon (Stager 2006: 14; forthcoming), consisted of the lower part of a store I'ar embedded in the floor and encircled by a pavement made of smal pebbles, sherds and/or shell. I have argued elsewhere that these installations were used for craft production (Mazow 2005: 236-45). The concentration of weaving and industrial equipment in these two buildings provides strong evidence for the existence of a textile workshop, with permanent installations and separate activity areas.

Ashkelon

A limestone bathtub has been recovered from the Philistine city of Ashkelon. Although not yet fully published, some interesting features concerning the context of the batft.tub can be noted. It was found in a secondary use context (Master 2005: 345), with a proposed "initial use belong[ing] to the early stages of Philistine settlement at Ashkelon" (T. Dothan 2003: 204). Interpolating from information provided by Stager, Dothan (2003: 205-7, fig . 15) has reconstructed the Ashkelon bathtub as situated in the corner of a large room, in the center of which was a mudbrick platform hearth. The published plans illustrate a number of built-in features, including a hearth (Stager 2006: 13), that might have been associated with the original function of the bathtub (Master 2005: 344, fig. 20.7; Stager 2006: 12). However, the bathtub was actually found embedded within a plastered construction that has been identified as a winepress (Master 2005: 345, fig. 20.8), suggesting an alternative function.

The larger context of the Ashkelon bathtub is difficult to define. Based on the very limited data published thus far, the room in which it was found was located in Grid 38, the excavation area with the largest exposure of the Philistine settlement (Master 2005: 344-45). Preliminary reports describe a large public building, dated to both the Philistine Monochrome and Bichrome phases (Stager 1995: 346), and associated with an area that "appears to have been primarily an open area, in part devoted to the production of wine and possibly also grappa ... " (Barako 2001 : 83). Based on the presence of large stone pillar bases, Stager has drawn architectural comparisons with Philistine palaces and temples, and has assigned it an administrative or cultic function (1995: 346). More recent architectural plans (Master 2005: Phases 20, 19 and 18a; Stager 2006: Phases 20 and 19; forthcoming) illustrate isolated blocks of single- and multi-room complexes dated to Phase 18a, which is contemporary with the use of the bathtub as a winepress. These structures are described as "industrial" (Master 2005: 345).

In addition to this wine distillery, more than 150 Aegean-style loom weights were recovered from this area along with concentrations of textile fibers, attesting to a large-scale textile industry (Master 2005:

298 Laura B. Mazaw

342; Stager 1995: 346). Some of these loom weights were found aligned in rows along the walls, clearly indicating they were part of warp­weighted looms (Stager 1995: 346), and arguing against the use of this area as a storage facility (Barber 1991: 102-3).

Both the spatial and chronological relationships between these loom weights and the bathtub remain elusive, but the co-occurrence of these features in light of the parallel examples at Tel Miqne and Ashdod argues strongly for a link between the bathtub installation and textile production.

Although there have been a number of recent studies on weaving in the southern Levant, in terms of Philistine textile technologies, the discussion has not moved beyond a recognition of the presence of these foreign style loom weights at Philistine sites, and the assumption that they reflect the presence of Philistine women (e.g., Bunimovitz and Yasur-Landau 2002: 214-16). The evidence of a textile workshop at Tel Miqne and the large number of loom weights found at Ashkelon indicate active textile production at these Philistine settlements. Moreover, the parallel contexts of weaving tools with bathtubs, at both Tel Miqne-Ekron and Ashkelon, support the view that these bathtubs played a significant role in craft production, and particularly weaving.

Textile Production and Fulling

However, what specific role did these bathtubs play in the production of textiles'? I propose that they were used either for scouring or fulling wool. Scouring is the process of cleaning wool and removing the natural lanolin and other greases. Fulling, or felting as it is sometimes called, is the stage of textile production associated with finishing a textile, and involves matting the woven textile to form the finisbed fabric. Both scouring and fulling require hot water and a detergent to keep the lanolin in suspension. Descriptions of fulleries from the Roman period record that the detergent of choice consisted of a mixture of ashes and urine (Beltran de Heredia Bercero and J ordi y Tresserras 2000: 242) . The latter ingredient was collected in large public urinals (Moeller 1976: 20).

Fulling also reguires some form of agitation, such as kneading, stomping or poundms the wet wool (Barber 1991: 216). Descriptions of fulling, illustrated m Roman period funerary stelae, portray men standing in large basins and treading on woolen textiles (Loven 2000: 237, fig. 4). Roman sources also preserve information regarding both small- and large-scale fulleries (De Ruyt 2001; Pietrogrande 1976; Ward-Perkins andAmanda 1978: 61). A reconstruction of an industrial fullery from Roman Ostia depicts rows of men treading on wool, while standing in large sunken basins and leaning for support on small partition walls (De Ruyt 2001: fig. 4; Pietrogrande 1976: fig . 26). Although no evidence of fulled textiles has yet been found in the pre­classica1 Mediterranean world, both a fuller and the activity of fulling are described in Linear B texts (Ventris and Chadwick 1973: 123, 322). These documents indicate that fulling was a specialized craft, and

The Industrious Sea Peoples 299

traditionally a male occupation (Barber 1991: 274, 284; Palmer 1963: 191-98; Ventris and Chadwick 1973: 123; Ward-Perkins and Amanda 1978: 59-61). According to Barber (1991: 274), weavers would send their woven cloth to a fuller for finishing.

Fullers also appear to have held relatively high status (Palaima 1997; Palmer 1963: 191-98; Shelmerdine 1999; Ward-Perkins and Amanda 1978: 59-61), and are listed along with potters on Linear B tablets from Pylos as specialists associated with the wanax, a term usually understood to mean king or ruler (Shelmerdine 1999). Palaima (1997) has proposed that the relationship between fuller and wanax was that of an attached royal craftsman. Ventris and Chadwick (1973: 123) have also recognized references to royal fullers in the Linear B documents, and the role of these royal craftsmen as attached specialists has been further examined by Shelmerdine (1999).

A symbiotic relationship might also have existed between fullers and the cosmetics industry. Lanofin, used as a moisturizer in cosmetics, could theoretically have been strained from the heated scouring water once the wool was removed from the tub. This relationship might be symbolized by a miniature bathtub-shaped ivory pyxis found in a large tomb at Kition (Karageorghis 1974: 42-43, 62-94, pls. LXXXVII, CLXX), and a second example of soapstone found at Enl<omi (Dikaios 1971: 768, pls. 147:8, 176:55).

Maa-palaeokastro - A Late Bronze Age Fullery

The strongest evidence for the use of bathtubs in a large-scale fullery comes from Building III at Maa Palaeokastro on Cyprus. When compared to reconstructions of a Roman fullery (De Ruyt 2001: fig. 4; Pietrogrande 1976: fig . 26), striking parallels can be observed. These include rows of small, individual cells, with semi-partition walls between them, with each cell containing its own basin- or bathtub­Jike installation embedded in the floor.

The plan of Building III at Maa-Palaekastro includes a long narrow corridor backed by a series of rooms separated from each other by low partition walls. These partitioned cubicles, which lacked any apparent structural function, puzzled the excavators, and prompted them to posit the existence of a possible staircase or light and ventilation access. Most of the bathtubs and bathtub fragments came from the floors and fills in these small rooms (Karageorghis and Demas 1988: 63). One of the most complete tubs was found in the corner of one of the cubicles, its smashed fragments found lying above a pithos- and pebble-paved surface in the corner of the room.

The northern part of the building at Maa-Palaeokastro is similar in plan to rooms a1ong the southern end of the building. A wide hall that stretches the length of the building separates these two sections, and it is not clear whether access between them was possible. Objects of note found in this building include a large number of Aegean-style loom weights (n>30), which appear to have been concentrated in the central and northern parts of the building (Karageorghis and Demas 1988: 27-33, 227, 239, 251). Large numbers of pierced terracotta loom

300 Laura B. Maww

weights, which have been traditionally recognized as weights for warp weighted looms, were also found throughout the site, although none were associated with Building III (1988: 227). This spatial distribution of artifacts suggests a segregation of tasks, with fulling occurring in the southern sections of Building III, weaving or twining with Aegean­style loom weights in the north, and weaving with pierced loom weights in other building complexes at the site. This distribution also provides compelling evidence in support of a functional link between Aegean-style loom weights and bathtubs.

Conclusions

Sherratt (2003: 44) has questioned the widespread assumption that trade ceased with the collapse of Late Bronze Age society, pointing to the increasing evidence of a flourishing urban economy in the Early Iron Age. She has argued instead that trade continued between Cyprus and the Levant, fueling the economy of the eastern Mediterranean, albeit involving different mechanisms than those that had proceeded it during the Late Bronze Age (1998; 2003). Although Sherratt cites evidence for contemporary industrial-scale production systems on both Cyprus and in the southern Levant (1998: 302-5; 2003: 46-48), her emphasis is on trade as the economic catalyst. Thus, in her view, it was the development of decentralized, direct commercial exchanges that fostered the growth of a new urban settlement pattern, seen particularly along the coastal areas of the Levant, and resulted in a large, pan-eastern Mediterranean "economic and cultural community" (1998: 294). Bauer (1998) has proposed similarly that the Sea Peoples, or Philistines more specifically, were mercantilists who, through decentralized trade networks, established trading colonies along the southern Levantine coast. Alternatively, I propose that the Philistines were not only distributors, as suggested by Bauer's model, but also active producers.

By re-examining a selected number of contexts that have produced remains associated with Philistine material culture, this paper has identified clear evidence for an active textile industry that has gone relatively unrecognized in previous reconstructions of Philistine society. My review of the contexts in which 'bathtubs' have been found suggests that some of these installations were not used for purification rituals or Aegean-style elite bathing etiquette. An industrial interpretation fits better with the find spots of many of these tubs. In particular, I have noted the link between a number of bathtubs and Aegean-style loom weights, and I have argued that those bathtubs found in contexts associated with textile manufacture might have been used for fulling wool. Although preliminary, the evidence points to the existence of at least two large-scale, specialized industries associated with Philistine society: pottery (cf. Killebrew 1998) and textile production.

East Carolina University

Tab

le I

. B

athr

ubs

in

the

Lev

ant

and

Cyp

rus

Lev

ant

--------

---

---

Sit

e L

ocat

ion

Dat

e C

on

stru

ctio

n

Dim

ensi

ons

(m)

Ass

ocia

ted

Fin

ds

Pub

lish

ed

Tel

l A

bu

Gri

d D

4, B

ldg

Str

. lf

l IO

th-

Tef

faco

tta,

• 4

ex

teri

or

hand

les.

Lw

o o

n a

side

. H

amilt

on 1

935:

24.

Pla

te

Ill

Haw

am

24')

late

8th

c.

''!w

oken

but

in

•at

nor

th e

nd o

f m

ulti

-roo

m b

uild

ing

and

XX

XV

I; a

lso

cite

d in

<B

alen

si. e

t al.

posi

tion

" K

arng

eorg

his

200

0: 2

73

1993

) (H

amil

ton

1935

: 24

)

Acc

n. T

he

Tom

h C

2 14

' c.

' T

errn

co1t

a,

1.15

lon

g, 0

.55

• 4

loo

p ha

ndle

s, 4

hor

izon

tal

Ben

-Ari

eh 1

993:

28:

Ben

-Pe

rsia

n up

side

t!o

wn

, w

ide.

0.6

4 de

ep

para

llel

ridg

es b

elow

han

dles

A

rieh

and

Ede

lste

in 1

977:

9,

Gar

den

m

issi

ng h

ase

• K

arag

eorg

his

rem

arke

d on

its

19 f

ig.

6 an

d Pl

aces

II:

2,3

, si

mil

arit

y to

the

tub

fro

m K

alav

asos

-X

V:

10; a

lso

cite

d in

A

yio

s D

him

itri

os (

2000

: 27

3)

Kar

ngeo

rghi

s 20

00: 2

73

As h

dod

Are

a G

, X

II,

12th

T

emic

otta

, •

hole

in

base

. st

ood

next

to

plat

form

D

oth

an a

nd P

orat

h 19

93: 7

0-co

urty

ard

of

ccm

ury

i n

1 mcr

sed

in

heai

1h. o

ther

fin

ds i

n ro

om i

nclu

de

73 p

lan

11. 2

66-2

67.

basi

n w

ork

-sho

p (D

oth

an a

nd

lloo

r gr

indi

ng

sto

nes

and

a la

rge

quan

tity

4141

in

pl.

22:

2,3,

pl.

23:

I:

Ben

-Shl

omo

of

ash

T. D

otha

n 20

03:

202

-20

3.

2005

: 9. t

ahlc

•

buil

ding

def

ined

by

exca

vat

ors

as

fig.

12:

als

o ci

ted

in

I.I)

' .. w

orks

hop"

in r

esid

enti

al a

rea

Kar

ageo

rgh

is 2

000

: 273

"'"'""" '"" """'"'

"'' "' " j

''clit

c ... c

om

mun

al ..

. " w

ith c

ulti

c as

soc

iati

ons

(T

. Dot

han

2003

: 202

-20

3)

1 B

ased

on

puhl

ish

e.d p

hoto

gra

phs

of

the

Cyp

riot

po

tter

y as

soci

aled

with

the

tom

b,

Kar

agco

rghi

s (2

000:

271

) su

gges

ts t

hat

this

cla

t~ '

·may

be

100

hig

h".

2 A

shdo

cl S

trat

um X

ll-X

I in

Arc

a G

is c

on1c

mpo

rary

with

Tel

Miq

ne-E

kron

Str

atum

V lA

-V A

acc

ordi

ng

to D

otha

n an

d Z

ukcn

n;.1n

(20

04: 6

, tah

lc 2

).

~ ? :;::,..

;::::

(J) ~

a·

;::::

(J)

Vl £5 l iF w

0 .....

Sit

e L

ocat

ion

Dat

e C

onst

ruct

ion

Dim

ensi

ons

(m)

Ass

ocia

ted

Fin

ds

Pu

bli

shed

A

shdo

d A

reaG

X

ll,

l2th

L

imes

tone

. I .

05 l

ong

x 0.

27-

• lo

ng e

nds

end

in r

aise

d pr

ojec

tion

s D

otha

n an

d P

orat

h 19

93: 7

0-ce

ntur

y B

CE

fo

und

in

0. 1

8 w

ide

x 0.

10

•do

esn

't s

eem

to

rese

mbl

e 0

1her

73

pla

n 11

, 266

-267

. ba

sin

(Do

1han

and

se

cond

ary

use,

th

ick

bath

tub

exam

ples

41

41 i

n pl

. 22

: 2.

3.

pl.

23:

I:

Ben

-Shl

omo

embe

dded

in

•lo

cate

d in

bui

ldin

g im

med

iate

ly

T.

Dot

han

2003

: 20

2-20

3,

2005

: 9,

tab

le

Ooo

r no

rth

of

resi

dent

ial

area

(D

otha

n an

d fi

g.

12:

also

cit

ed i

n I.

I)'

Por

ath

1993

: 72

) K

arag

eorg

his

2000

: 27

3

Ash

kelo

n G

rid

38

Pha

se I

Sa;

L

imes

tone

. •

loca

ted

in c

om

er o

f ro

om

T.

Dot

han

2003

: 20

4, 2

07

appr

ox.

1050

fo

und

in

•ne

ar l

arge

cac

hes

of

loom

wci

ghts

fi

g. 1

5: M

aste

r 20

05:

344

, B

CE

(M

aste

r se

cond

ary

use

but

exac

t sp

atia

l an

d ch

rono

logi

cal

fig

. 20

.7, 3

45, f

ig.

20.8

; 20

05)

as '

'win

epre

ss··

rela

tion

ship

s ar

e no

t kn

own

Sta

ger

2006

: l 3

; fo

rthc

omin

g

•as

soci

ated

wit

h a

plat

form

hea

rth

(T.

Dot

han

2003

: 20

4: S

tage

r 20

06:

13)

Dan

S

acre

d 10

" -b

eg. 9

"c.

T

en-a

cott

a.

l .4

l lo

ng x

0.8

2 •r

aise

d s

helf

or

·'sea

t" a

t end

of 1

ub

Bir

an 1

994:

176

, fig

. 13

7 an

d P

reci

nct

BC

E

smas

hed

wid

e x

0.6

5 hi

gh

•lo

cate

d in

all

ey o

utsi

de o

live

pre

ss

182,

fig

. 14

3; a

lso

cite

d in

ab

ove

cobb

led

surf

ace

inst

alla

tion

, in

"sac

red

prec

inct

" K

arag

eorg

his

2000

: 27

4

Miq

ne-E

kron

F

ield

V

lA,4

th

Lim

esto

ne

1.09

lon

g x

0.7

0

•ov

al i

n sh

ape,

"pl

ug"

in b

ase;

T

. D

otha

n 20

03:

204,

206

IV

Low

er

quar

ter

w/p

last

ercd

w

ide

x O

J8-.0

28

loca

ted

nex1

to

plat

fonn

(he

alth

) fi

g.

14: G

arfin

ke.1

, et a

l. B

ldg

. 353

a I 2

th/b

eg.

11 th

si

des

and

de

ep

wit

h 2

colu

mns

; tu

b fi

lled

wit

h fo

rthc

omin

g: M

azow

200

5:

c. B

CE

(T

. co

bble

s in

pe

bble

deb

ris.

78

-80

Dot

han

and

base

, set

int

o G

itin

200

5)

Ooo

r

3 Se

c no

te. 2

. 4

The

bath

rub

was

fou

nd in

a P

hase

I S

a co

ntex

t, b

ur t

he e

xcav

ator

s' a

ssum

e th

at i

t ha

d a

prio

r us

e in

Pha

se 1

9, d

ated

10

appr

oxim

atel

y 11

50 a

nd c

onte

mpo

rary

w

ith

Tel

Miq

ne-E

kron

VI

(Mas

ter

2005

).

w

0 N ~ ~ !J:J f

Sit

e L

oca

tion

D

ate

Co

nst

ruct

ion

D

imen

sion

s (m

) A

ssoc

iate

d .F

ind

s P

ub

lish

ed

•o

ther

fin

ds

incl

ude:

loo

mw

eig

hts.

sp

inni

ng b

owl,

Jg. <

;era

mic

bas

ins

•loc

ated

in

mul

tiu

.>c

fron

t ro

om

of

craf

ts w

orks

hop/

resi

denc

e (M

azow

20

05:

349-

354

)

Miq

n e-E

kro

n F

ield

IN

E

Vil

. 2n

d-3

rd

Lim

esto

ne.

•loc

ated

in r

oom

cor

ner.

hea

rth

T.

Dot

han

200

3: 2

04. 2

05

(so

ndag

e)

qua1

ter

I 2th

c.

burn

t. s

et i

nto

plat

form

in

cent

er(?

). b

ench

alo

ng

fig.

13

: M

eehl

. et

al.

2006

' B

CE

(T

cobb

lest

one

wa

ll D

otha

n an

d su

rfac

e G

itin

200

5)

1---

-M

egid

do

Are

a A

A.

Str

. V

J. 1

150-

Te n

acot

ta,

0.5

8 lo

ng x

0.5

4 •

four

sm

all

hand

les

at r

im; s

hal

low

H

arri

son

2004

a: L

oud

194

8:

Roo

m 2

022

° I I

00

(Har

riso

n ce

men

ted

into

w

ide

x 0

.52

hig

h bo

wl

al o

ne e

nd.

"rem

ain

s o

f th

ree

45.

fig

87

. 38

6: 6

; Pai

ce

2004

b: 1

3)

floo

r,

woo

d po

sts"

in

roo

m (

Lou

d 19

48:

20

04:

59, p

late

21:

l;

als

o id

entif

ied

as

45)

. ci

ted

in K

arag

eorg

his

2000

: w

ine

or o

il •

area

def

ined

by

exca

vato

rs a

s 27

4 pr

ess

"dom

esti

c" w

ith

man

y gr

indi

ng

sto

nes,

ove

ns a

nd s

tone

tub

s th

roug

hout

.

-~ N

ote

co

rrec

tion

s to

the

dra

win

g pu

blis

hed

in T

. Do

than

(2

003:

205

, Fi

g. 1

3).

whi

ch i

nd

ud

e 1.

the.

dir

ecti

on

of

the

nort

h ar

row

sho

uld

poin

t fr

om

the

uppe

r le

fl co

rner

of

the

dra

win

g d

ow

n 1o

w:1

rd t

he l

ov.1

er r

ight

cor

ner

(n01

1h).

adju

stin

g th

e. o

rie

ntat

ion

of

the

buil

din

g so

!ha

t it

s en

tran

ce i

s in

the

so

uth

. 2.

Lhc

loca

tio

n o

f th

e h:

uhtu

li sh

oul

d be

mo

ved

to

1he ~o

uthc

ast

corn

er o

f th

e ru

om

(lo

the

lef

t o

f its

pre

sent

loc

al io

n).

set

imo

a fl

agst

one

sur

face

, an

d 3.

ent

ranc

e in

to t

he b

uild

ing

is

thro

ugh

u d

oorw

ay in

the

so

uth

wal

l o

f th

e sm

alle

r, s

uut

ht!r

n ro

om

. F

or

a m

ore

det

aile

d d

raw

ing

of

this

in

stal

lati

on.

ref

ere

nce

sho

uld

be m

a<lc

10

Mee

hl.

T.

Do1

ha11

and

Giti

n (2

006)

. 6

Th

t! "w

ine

or

oil

pre

ss;·

wh

ich

appe

ars

in s

iru

in 1.

:-ig. 8

7 (l

oud

1948

) m

ost

like

ly in

clu

des

th

e c

lay

··bat

h·•

that

is

pic

lurt.

"d i

n F

ig.

386:

6 i

n it

s re

cons

truc

1eJ

stat

e (n

ote

th

e si

mil

arit

y in

1he

han

dle,

whi

ch ~1p

pears

in

the

fore

gro

und

of

Fig.

87.

an

d th

e sh

aix

of

the

vess

el"

s ri

m).

Co

nfu

sio

n o

wr

Lo

ud'.-;

ori

gina

l de

scri

ptio

n,

whe

re h

e al

so m

enti

ons

!he

sµu1

ial d

islr

ibut

ion

of

a nu

mbe

r o

f st

onc

tub

s in

tht

: v

idni

ty o

f R

oo

m 2

022,

and

the

fac

t th

at i

n h

is t

ext

he d

oes

not

asso

ciat

e th

e in

sta

llat

ion

in F

ig.

87 w

ith

1hc

··bat

h''

in F

ig.

386:

6.

Jed

10 K

arag

corg

his

' (2

000:

27

4)

t.:"ilt

alo

gu

ing

of

thes

e fi

gure

s as

por

troi

yin

g 1w

o s

epar

ate

hat

htu

bs, o

ne o

f cl

ay a

nd a

pos

sibl

e Se

t.:"oH

d o

ne

of

ston

e. N

umer

ou

s st

one

1ub

s ha

ve b

een

Jisc

ovcr

ed i

n Si

rat u

m V

I at

Meg

idd

o (H

arri

son

2004

a),

but,

as

thcy

wer

e no

t in

ilia

lly

incl

ud

ed i

n t'

ithcr

Kar

agco

rghi

s· (

200

0) o

r D

oth:

rn's

(20

01) c~

ttalogucs

. th

ey w

ill b

e de

alt

wit

h in

a f

utur

e pu

blic

uti

on.

~ ? :;::,..

:;::

Vl ~ a·

:;::

Vl ~ l [ !.

.;.)

0 !..;

.)

Site

L

ocat

ion

Dat

e C

onst

ruct

ion

Dim

ensi

ons

(m)

Ass

ocia

ted

Fin

ds

Publ

ishe

d M

egid

do

Bld

g.

1060

srr

. m-n

. 1so

-T

erra

cott

a, s

et

0.62

long

x 0

.37

•ra

ised

dou

ble

band

bel

ow r

im

Lam

on a

nd S

hipt

on 1

939:

60

0 B

CE

im

o fl

oor

wid

e x

0.32

hig

h8 •l

ocat

ed in

com

er o

f cen

tral

roo

m

63-6

4, f

ig.

74, p

late

s 18

.19

(Har

riso

n w

ith s

teps

lea

ding

int

o th

is r

oom

and

an

d 54

; als

o ci

ted

in

2004

b: 1

3)

2 si

de r

oom

s K

arag

eorg

his

2000

: 27

4 •

area

def

ined

by

exca

vato

rs a

s "d

om

esti

c" b

ut b

uild

ing

note

d as

un

usua

l (L

amon

and

Shi

pton

193

9:

63)

Qas

ile

Ter

raco

ua.

cite

d in

T.

Dot

han

2003

: 20

3;

frag

men

t an

d K

arag

eorg

his

I 983

a: 2

74

as p

erso

nal

com

mun

icat

ion

from

A.

Maz

ar

c Site

B

uild

in2

Dat

e C

onst

ruct

ion

Dim

ensi

ons

(m)

Ass

ocia

ted

Fin

ds

Pub

lishe

d A

lass

a-R

oom

B.

LC

IUA

T

erra

cotta

, •

two

hand

les

visi

ble

in p

hoto

H

adji

savv

as 1

994;

199

6:

Pal

iota

vern

a B

ldg.

11.

sout

h cr

ushe

d on

top

(H

adji

savv

as 1

996:

X!X

: 2)

10

9, 1

12,

113,

fig

. 2.

pla

tes

win

g o

f la

rge

of "

wel

l-he

ad"

•lo

cate

d in

one

of

two

rear

roo

ms

XIV

: 2,

XV

: 2,

XIX

: 2

; as

hlar

of

f of

cour

tyar

d; p

aral

lel

room

H

adji

savv

as a

nd H

adji

savv

as

buil

ding

co

mpl

ex a

t wes

t en

d o

f so

uth

win

g 19

97; a

lso

cite

d in

w

ith ..

hea

rth

roo

m"

and

"su

nken

K

arag

eorg

his

2000

: 27

0 co

nstr

ucti

on"

betw

een

them

. •t

ub

des

crib

ed a

• "a

lmos

t id

enti

cal"

to

one

fro

m s

anct

uary

at

Pal

aepa

phos

: ass

oc. w

ith h

eart

h

1 Pl

ates

18

and

54 n

ote

that

lhi

s ba

thtu

b. J

ar 9

1. \l

.'aS

from

loc

us 8

50.

whi

ch a

ppea

rs in

squ

are

09

in F

ig.

117

on t

he S

trat

um I

I pl

an. A

lthou

gh. a

s la

bele

d in

the

ai

r ph

otog

raph

. thi

s lc:

xus

docs

not

see

m 1

0 ap

pear

in b

uild

ing

I 060

. it

seem

s lo

gica

l to

sug

gest

tha

t th

is c

lay

bath

is

the

one

refe

rred

to

in t

he. t

ext

as l.:

omin

g fr

om

Bui

ldin

g 10

60, a

nd 1

he o

ne w

hich

app

ears

in 1

he p

hoto

grap

h in

fig

. 74.

8

Mea

sure

d of

f dra

win

g. M

easu

rem

ents

fro

m e

xter

ior

wal

ls.

UJ

0 +>- ~ i::l ~ I

Sit

e B

uild

in2

Dat

e C

onst

ruct

ion

Dim

ensi

ons

(m)

Ayi

os

lako

vos

San

ctua

ry

14"

c.

Ter

raco

tta.

1.

28 l

ong

x 0.

63 x

w

ith

base

0.

47 (

exte

rior

fo

rmed

by

flat

, di

men

sion

s)

saw

n co

nglo

mer

aLe

pi

ece;

set

int

o sh

a llo

w p

it in

th

e ro

ck

Enk

omi

Qua

rter

5W

, L

CIJ

JA

Car

ved

1.23

lon

g x

0.68

N

E o

f lim

esto

ne

wid

e x

0.6

4 hi

gh

B:it

imen

t 18

I

I

Ass

ocia

ted

Fin

ds

•bu

ildi

ng

func

tion

ide

ntif

ied

by

exca

vato

rs a

s "p

ublic

bui

ldin

g co

nta

inin

g a

cult

plac

e'"

(Had

jisa

vvas

199

6:

113)

; als

o re

ferr

ed t

o <L~

a "

bath

room

'"

(Had

jisa

vvas

an

d H

adji

savv

as 1

997:

14

5)

•In

v. N

o. 5

2 •

smal

l pi

ts o

n ei

ther

sid

e o

f tu

b •l

ocat

ed i.

n ce

nter

of

"san

ctua

ry"'

co

urt,

mos

t of

'·vot

ive

gift

s" f

ound

in

and

arou

nd b

asin

(G

jers

tad,

t'I

al.

1934

: 35

9).

Ast

rom

(19

72:

I)

desc

ribe

d th

e tu

b as

fill

ed w

ith

ashe

s an

d as

soci

ated

wit

h bu

rnt

bone

s.

• 4

smal

l, v

erti

call

y or

ient

ed,

rect

angu

lar

proj

ecti

ons

on e

xter

ior

belo

w r

im

•fo

und

in s

itu

, in

a ·•p

riva

te. h

ouse

.. (C

our

tois

199

2: 5

1) h

ut w

ith a

wal

l bu

ilt

acro

ss i

t ess

enti

ally

put

ting

it

out

of

use:

nex

t ro

om t

o ea

st h

ad a

!l

ags t

one

pave

d su

rfac

e an

d "l

atri

nes"

(C

ourt

ois

1992

: 51

);

• in

terp

rete

d hy

ex

cava

tors

as

a ba

thro

om c

omp

lex

Pu

bli

shed

P. A

stri

im 1

972

; Gje

rsta

d, e

t al

. 19

34:

356-

361;

als

o d

ted

in

Kar

ageo

rghi

s 20

00:

266

Cou

rtoi

s 19

84:

104,

inv

. 92

9,

fig

. 39/

17;

1992

: fig

. 2; a

lso

cite

d in

Kar

ageo

rghi

s I 9

83a:

43

5 no

te I

, 436

fig

. 3

; and

in

Kar

ageo

rghi

s 20

00:

266

~ "' ? """'

:;: ~ ... c;·

:;:

en ~ l [ w

0 Vi

Sit

e B

uild

ln2

Dat

e C

onst

ruct

ion

Dim

ensi

ons

(m)

Ass

ocia

ted

Fin

ds

Pub

lish

ed

Enk

omi

Eas

t o

f T

erra

cott

a 1.

40 l

ong

x 0

.5X

•

one

pro

ject

ion

on

exte

rior

of e

ach

Sch

aeff

er 1

952

: Pl

an

Bat

imen

t 18

, w

ide

long

sid

e, f

oun

d ne

ar w

ell

LX

XX

VU

; als

o ci

ted

in

dom

esti

c •

desc

ribe

d by

exc

avat

ors

as

Co

urto

is 1

992:

151

; and

in

dom

esti

c K

arag

eorg

his

2000

: 26

6, 2

70

Enk

omi

Wes

t o

f T

erra

cott

a 1.

75

long

x 0

.70

• 2

exte

rior

pro

ject

ions

alo

ng o

ne.

Sch

aeff

er 1

952:

Pla

n B

atim

ent

18,

wid

e lo

ng

side

9 L

XX

XV

II: a

lso

cite

d in

do

mes

tic

•bu

ilt

alon

g w

all

in c

om

er o

f ro

om

Cou

rtoi

s 19

92:

151

: and

in

•des

crib

ed b

y ex

cava

tors

as

Kar

ageo

rgbi

s 20

00: 2

66, 2

70

dom

esti

c E

nkom

i Q

uart

ier6

W

LC

IIlB

T

erra

cott

a 1.

10 lo

ng x

0.5

4 •d

rain

age

hole

in

base

C

ourt

ois,

et a

l. 19

86:

52 '"

w

ide

x .6

35 h

igh

•fo

und

brok

en b

ut a

lmos

t com

plet

e w

ithi

n co

llap

sed

debr

is

•ot

her

find

s in

the

roo

m in

clud

e ce

ram

ic a

nd s

tone

loo

mw

eigh

ts,

a bo

ne t

ool,

a r

ound

pot

tery

sli

ce

(pos

sibl

y a

"sto

pper

"), a

min

iatu

re

bath

tub

, and

var

ious

ute

nsil

s m

ade

fro

m p

ebbl

es.

Add

itio

nal

find

s in

the

bu

ildi

ng in

clud

e 3

or

4 la

rge

basi

ns

wit

h dr

ain

age

hole

s, a

nd a

lar

ge

num

ber

of

terr

aco

tta

"ree

ls"

•des

crib

ed b

y ex

cava

tors

as

dom

esti

c an

d in

dust

rial

(C

ourt

ois.

et

al.

1986

: 5

1-53

)

'Co

urto

is (

l 992

: l 5

1) d

escr

ibes

thi

s tu

b w

ith

hand

les

alo

ng o

ne s

ide

only

. bu

t it

is n

ot c

lear

whe

ther

this

des

crip

tion

is

base

d on

ly o

n S

chae

ffer

's p

lan

. whe

re t

he

rub

is s

et a

gain

st a

wal

l an

d th

eref

ore

only

one

sid

e is

cle

arly

vis

ible

, or

if C

ourt

ois'

des

crip

tion

is ba

sed

on se

eing

the

tub

its

elf.

Kar

ageo

rghi

s no

ted

that

nei

ther

th

is t

ub n

or

the

tub

from

eas

t of

Biit

imen

t 18

can

now

be

loca

ted

(200

0: 2

70).

'0

Bas

ed o

n its

hx:

.atio

n, t

his

may

be

the

sam

e ve

ssel

as

men

tion

ed b

y S

chac

flcr

( 1

952:

28.

pla

te L

XJI

) an

d ci

ted

in A

stro

m (

1972

: 5

19),

dis

cove

red

in t

he

Cha

nti

t'r d

it d

es A

rl'l

iers

. If

so. t

hen

the

bone

too

l 1n

entio

ned

by C

ourt

ois

e1

al

is p

roba

bly

the

bone

sty

lus/

wea

vin

g to

ol d

escr

ibed

by

Scha

effe

r (s

ee a

lso

the

ohje

cts

fou

nd w

ith

the

Enk

omi

tub

foun

d in

Are

a 1.

Ash

lar

Bu

ildin

g. R

oom

2).

and

one

sho

uld

also

no

te th

e la

rge

amou

nt o

f e.v

iden

ce f

or l.

'Opp

er w

orki

ng i

n I h

is

area

.

VJ

0 0\ ~ ~ ~ f

Sit

e B

uild

ine

Dat

e C

onsl

rnct

ion

Dim

ensi

ons

(m)

Ass

ocia

ted

Fin

ds

Pnb

lish

ed

En

kom

i Q

uart

ier

4E

Ter

raco

tta

•on

e ha

ndle

vis

ibk

in

pho

togr

aph

Cou

rto

is,

et a

l. 1

986:

pla

te

•fo

und

upsi

de-d

ow

n (n

ext

to s

ilve

r X

!V.4

; als

o ci

ted

in C

our

tois

bo

wl

with

Cy

pro-

Min

oan

1992

: 15

1-15

2; a

nd i

n in

scri

ptio

n)

Kar

agco

rghi

s 20

00: 2

70

•de

scri

bed

by e

xcav

ato

rs a

s do

mes

tic

and

indu

stri

al a

rea/

craf

ts

(Co

urto

is.

et a

l. 19

86:

26-2

7)

Enk

om

i A

rca

I, A

shla

r L

evel

TllA

T

erra

cott

a,

•ro

om 2

has

2 w

ell

s an

d sl

ab-p

aved

D

ikai

os 1

969a

: 18

1-18

2:

Bui

ldin

g,

frag

mcn

ls in

llo

or

I 969

b: p

lan

273

; als

o ci

ted

Roo

m2

pit

till

•pi

t sc

aled

by

tloo

r V

sur

face

in

in K

arag

eorg

his

2000

: 270

" R

oom

2, a

ltho

ugh

men

tio

n al

so

mad

e th

at s

tone

sla

bs o

f sur

face

sh

owed

dis

turb

ance

•

find

s in

the

wel

ls i

nclu

de a

woo

den

com

b an

d 2

bone

bea

ters

/wea

vin

g to

ols

(cf.

Sm

ith

2001

: 89

)11

•de

scri

bed

by e

xcav

ator

s as

j "

serv

ice"

roo

ms

for

the

resi

denc

e o

n th

e up

per

Jloo

rs (

Dik

aios

I 96

9a:

18

2)

Enk

om

i A

rca

l. A

shla

r L

evel

111

8 T

c1Ta

cotta

•

inv.

473

, fra

gmen

ts

Dik

aios

l96

9a:

205

: 19

6%:

Bui

ldin

g •

oth

er f

ind

s in

co

urty

ard

incl

ude

plan

276

(r

cco

nstr

uct

t:d),

gr

ind

ers,

pes

tle.

spin

dle

who

rl.

cour

tyar

d te

ll'ac

otta

loo

mw

eig

ht

• D

ikai

os s

ugge

sh:d

do

mes

tic

11 Jo

ann<.

1 S

mit

h (

2001

) ha

s re

cen1

ly a

rgue

d t

hat

wha

t ha

d be

en

form

erly

cal

led

·bo

ne s

tyla

c' a

n: a

ctu

ally

we;

:1vi

ng to

ols

. I:!

In

Are

a I.

Le

vt:I

lllA

of th

~ A

shla

r B

uil

ding

, Dik

aio

s (I

969

a:

l 81-

182)

de

scri

bes

frag

mcm

s o

f a

d<.1

y ba

thtu

b fo

und

am

ong

st o

ther

thi

ngs

seal

ed i

n a

pit.

Th

e ro

om

. Roo

m 2

. in

whi

1.:h 1

hc p

it w

as

foun

d, h

ad a

sto

ne-p

ave<

l tl

uorin

g u

nd t

wo

dug

we

lls.

Fin

ds fr

om t

his

room

inc

lude

a ··

bone

sty

lus'

·/we

avin

g to

ol,

IN

V.6

336/

2 (s

ee n

ote

11

).

~ ? >:>...

:;::

;Q.. .... c;·

:;:: "' r..n £l l IF !.

.;.)

0 --J

Site

B

uild

im!

Dat

e C

onst

ruct

ion

Dim

ensi

ons

(m)

Ass

ocia

ted

Fin

ds

Pub

lishe

d E

nkom

i A

shla

r L

evel

urn

T

erra

cott

a,

0.8

0 x

0.4

5

•re

ctan

gula

r in

sh

ape

Dik

aios

196

9a:

205:

196

9b:

Bu

ild

ing

part

i aJ I

y pa

ved

•w

ell

in r

oom

pl

an 2

76:

also

cit

ed i

n (r

econ

stru

cted

),

floo

r •

Dik

aios

des

crib

ed r

oom

fun

ctio

n a~

K

arag

eorg

his

2000

: 2

70

R

oo

ms

bat

hro

om

in

do

mes

tic

cont

ext

39/3

9B

Enk

omi

Are

a IT

!, L

evel

lll

A l

ate

Lim

esto

ne,

on

0.7

6 x

0.5

0

• ne

ar w

ell

and

cem

ente

d s

herd

D

ikai

os 1

969a

: 10

7, 1

41;

Sec

tor

B

(flo

ors

IV a

nd

slab

-pav

ed

surf

ace

whi

ch w

as "

pro

bab

ly f

or

I 969

h: p

lan

256;

als

o ci

ted

(pla

n)

Ill)

and

lllB

. ar

ea (

floo

r b

ath

ing

" (D

ikai

os l

96

9a:

107

) in

Kar

ageo

rghi

s 20

<Xl:

floo

r II

IV

), c

on

cret

e •

,;ba

thro

om"

buil

t ab

ov

e L

evel

n

27

013

•14

or

red

mo

rtar

co

pp

er in

dust

ry a

nd m

egar

on-l

ike

(flo

or

Ill)

ha

ll w

ith

hea

rth

En

ko

mi

Ro

om

44

T

erra

cott

a 0

.80

hig

h x

0.5

7

• in

v. 3

88,

roun

d, b

asin

sha

ped,

wit

h K

arag

eorg

his

I 983

a: 4

34

, (A

shla

r d

iam

eter

ou

tlet

ho

le

note

I, 4

35

fig

. 2

15

Bui

ldin

g'')

•

alth

ough

not

a t

ypic

al b

atht

ub

shap

e, a

cco

rdin

g t

o K

arag

eorg

his,

"L

t w

as c

erta

inly

use

d as

a b

atht

ub".

13 A

ll ex

ampl

es o

f bat

htub

s in

Dik

aio

s' r

epo

rt ar

e m

arke

d as

"la

ma

x" w

here

not

ed o

n pl

ans.

exc

ept

for

the

frag

men

tary

one

fro

m t

he c

ourt

yard

ln L

evel

HIB

, w

here

its

luv

ento

ry n

umbe

r is

nO

led.

"

Alth

ough

Kar

agco

rghi

s (2

000:

270

) m

entio

ns t

wo

bath

tubs

ass

ocia

ted

with

Dik

aios

' (I

969a

) ex

cava

tion

s in

Are

a Il

l, a

rer

eadi

ng o

f th

e te

xt s

ugge

sts

that

the

re

may

onl

y ha

ve b

een

one,

whi

ch w

as i

n us

e in

bot

h la

te L

evel

lll

A (

floo

rs I

V a

nd I

ll)

and

B (

floo

r ll

) (1

969a

: 10

7 an

d 14

1).

Dik

aios

' des

crip

tion

of

this

are

a is

di

ffic

ult

to f

ollo

w.

but

he i

niti

ally

app

ears

to

be d

escr

ibin

g on

e ro

om i

n S

ecto

r B

. R

oom

77

(pla

n 25

4),

whe

re,

al t

he b

egin

ning

of L

evel

DIA

. a l

ong,

pill

ared

hal

l is

hui

lt w

ith a

ssoc

iate

d he

arth

, abo

ve w

hat

in L

evel

11

had

been

the

loc

atio

n o

f a c

oppe

r w

orks

hop.

In

a se

cond

and

/or

thir

d ph

ase

of

use.

ass

ocia

ted

with

flo

ors

IV a

nd I

ll b

ut s

till

date

d to

Lev

el l

llA

. "th

e ro

om w

as c

hang

ed i

nto

a ha

thro

om•·

(19

69a:

107

). A

lthou

gh D

ikai

os' t

ext

seem

s 10

con

tinue

10

poin

t th

e re

ader

10

the

Lev

el [

([A

pla

n (p

lan

254)

, hi

s de

scri

ptio

n o

f th

e re

desi

gned

bat

hroo

m a

rea,

with

sla

b pa

ved

area

aro

und

the

luh.

a s

tone

-lin

ed w

ell

to t

he n

oi1h

of t

he t

uh a

nd a

lo

w w

alle

d ar

ea,

rese

mbl

e m

ore

the

illu

stra

tion

of

this

roo

m a

s de

pict

ed in

the

l..c

vel 1

118

plan

(R

oom

9 o

n pl

an 2

56).

and

ii

is p

roba

bly

this

lal

ler

spat

ial

orga

niza

tion

tha1

sho

uld

be con

~ide

red

whe

n d

escr

ibin

g th

~ A

rea

10 b

atht

uh.

A s

econ

d fe

atur

e fo

und

in R

oom

8, j

ust

10 th

e no

rth

uf R

oom

77

of

the

Lev

el l

llA

bui

ldin

g (p

lan

254)

. de

scri

bed

as "

a sa

ndst

one

trou

gh

(L .

070

m, W

.0

65 m

. H

.044

m)

wit

h a

pe.rf

orat

ion

in t

he s

ide

al t

he l

evel

of

the

buno

m''

( i 9

69a:

I 07

). s

eem

s si

mila

r in

siz

e an

d sh

ape

to t

he o

ther

'ba

thtu

bs'

and

may

hav

e pc

rfon

ned

a si

mila

r fu

nctio

n. F

ound

on

its s

ide

in a

dep

ress

ion

. it

was

ass

umed

to

h3vc

fal

len

from

an

uppe

r st

orey

and

the

refo

re n

ot a

~soc

iated

with

the

roo

m i

n w

hich

it w

as f

ound

, w

here

the

n: w

ere

rem

ains

of a

she

rd p

aved

are

a.

1 ~ C

ited

in K

arag

eorg

his

but

I cou

ld f

ind

no f

urth

er d

escr

iptio

n o

f it

io t

he E

akom

i re

port

s.

(.;.

)

0 00

t'

:;;:: i:l ~ f

Sit

e B

uild

ing

Dat

e C

onst

ruct

ion

Dim

ensi

ons

(m)

Ass

ocia

ted

Fin

ds

Pub

lish

ed

I Ka~a

vaso

s-A

rea

24, E

ast

LC

llC

T

erra

cott

a,

1.00

lon

g x

0.6

5 •

NE

cor

ner

of r

oom

, sun

k in

to f

loor

S

outh

198

0: 3

8-39

. 36

fig

. 4;

I Avi

os

Are

a su

nk i

nto

wid

e x

0.63

hig

h17

w

ith r

im o

f tu

b ju

st a

bove

flo

or

also

cite

d in

Kar

ageo

rghi

s D

him

itri

os16

pl

aste

r fl

oor.

su

rfac

e: f

loor

sur

face

com

pose

d o

f 20

00: 2

70"

I I Kiti

on

I

with

ha

rd p

last

er f

loor

with

fla

gsto

nes

flag

ston

es

plac

ed a

l eit

her

end

of

tub.

pl

aced

at e

nds

• lo

w p

lace

men

t of

"out

let"

hol

e ev

en

wit

h ri

m

thro

ugh

side

of

tub

, 2 o

ppos

ing

of

tub

h·and

les

(on

exte

rior

?);

and

4 pa

rall

el

reli

ef b

ands

on

exJe

rior

•

larg

e ro

om,

not a

bat

hroo

m

acco

rdin

g to

Sou

th (

J 98

0: 3

9),

poss

ibly

"pu

blic

or

adm

inis

trat

ive"

(S

outh

198

3:

101

).

Arc

a I.

Roo

m

LC

IJJA

T

erra

cotta

(b

ase

only

) 0

.35

• fragm

enL~

of

base

. K

arag

eorg

his

1985

: 30

,34;

30

, fl

oor llll

long

x 0

.405

wid

e •

also

in

room

wer

e. "

wel

l" a

nd

Kar

ageo

rghi

s an

d D

emas

x

0.13

8 hi

gh

squa

re p

il. i

n ro

om 3

l w

as

1985

a: p

late

s X

X, X

LV

; "u

nsu

cces

sfu

l" "

wel

l'' w

ith

J 985

b: 5

-23

, pl

ates

5-8

; al

so

foot

hold

s. e

nd o

f ha

ll in

roo

m 3

2 ci

ted

in K

arag

eorg

his

2000

: w

as h

eart

h.

272

• K

arag

eorg

his

(200

0: 2

72)

asso

ciat

ed t

he t

ub r

oom

(R

oom

30.

fl

oor

!Il)

with

a "

bath

room

'' fr

om t

he

prev

ious

pha

se (

Roo

m 3

0D o

f flo

or

rv) w

ith

a ce

men

t pa

ving

. One

sh

ould

als

o no

te f

rom

thi

s sa

me

area

16 A

num

ber

of

larg

e o

pen

ves

sels

des

crih

c<l

as ..

tub

s w

ith r

ecla

ngul

ar m

omh

s an

d rd

ati\.

·ely

str

aigh

l si

des"

(K

csw

ani

I 9

89:

19, s

t:c i

n pa

nicu

lar

fig. 2

0: ~

I, 3

2)

have

als

o he

en r

eco

vere

d fr

om t

he s

ite.

At

1his

tim

e. it

is

not

poss

ible

to

dete

rmin

e w

het

her

or

nor

thes

e ve

ssel

s ar~ a

sim

ilar

typ

e o

f ba

thtu

b. b

ut i

t is

int

eres

ting

to n

ote

the

men

tio

n o

f a

spat

ial

dist

ribu

tio

n pa

tter

n.

whe

re.

at l

east

<.11

the

tim

e o

f Kcs

wan

i 's

repo

rt,

1hes

c la

rge

tuh

s w

ere

only

fou

nd i

n th

e So

uth-

Eas

t. En

sl a

nd

Wes

t are

as or

the

site

(K

csw

ani

I 989

: I 9

J.

11 Th

ese m

r~1surem

c11ts

app

ear

in K

arng

corg

his

(200

0: 2

70

). is

Pho

togr

aph

of

bath

wb

in K

arn

geor

gh

is (2

000

: 270

, fig

. 13

.16)

is

it.lc

ntifi

cd i

n th

e ca

pti

on a

s fr

om K

ahn

1 a.m

s·A

yio.

v Dh

imit

rios

,but

il i

s pr

obab

ly th

e ba

thtu

b

fro

m K

ou

rio

n i

llust

rate

d in

Ch

risl

ou

( 19

94:

187.

fig

. 9).

~ "' ~ l:l

.. :::: Vl q- o·

::::

Vl 2 l ~ (,

,.)

0 \0

Site

B

uild

in2

Dat

e C

onst

ruct

ion

Dim

ensi

ons

(m)

Ass

ocia

ted

Fin

ds

in f

loo

r ll

a l

arge

pil

hos,

set

inl

o a

deep

pil

wil

h it

s ri

m a

l su

rfac

e le

vel

(Kar

ageo

rghi

s an

d D

emas

I 9

85b

: 19

). •

area

ide

niif

ied

by

eJ<c

avat

ors

as

resi

den

tial

. as

soci

ated

wit

h sl

one

and

bron

ze l

ools

and

"w

eav

ing

impl

emen

ls,"

inc

ludi

ng t

erra

cotl

a re

els,

in

all

floo

r ph

ases

(K

arag

eorg

his

198

5: 3

5;

Kar

agL'

Org

his

and

Dem

as I

985b

: 5-

23).

Kar

ageo

rghi

s la

ter

defi

ned

this

ar

ea a

s "r

esid

enti

al-i

ndus

tria

l"

(200

0: 2

72),

pro

babl

y ba

sed

on

the

earl

ier,

flo

or f

V, w

orks

hops

an

d .. b

athr

oom

•·.

Kou

klia

-S

anct

uary

I L

Cll

l/12

th

Ter

raco

tta,

0

.72

long

•

Kar

ageo

rghi

s ( 1

983a

: 43

7; 2

000:

P

aJae

paph

os19

ce

ntur

y br

oken

, fo

und

272)

not

ed t

he

pres

ence

of

an o

utle

l in

a r

ock-

cut

hole

and

com

pare

d it

in s

ize

to th

ose

tren

ch

at P

yla-

Kok

kino

krem

vs

•lo

cate

d in

so

uthw

est

part

of

hall

(l

arge

roo

m);

oth

er f

eatu

res

incl

ude

a nu

mbe

r of

rock

-cut

pit

s; a

lso

in

nort

hwes

t pa

rt o

f ha

ll.

a la

rge

pith

os

was

set

int

o a

dee

p pi

t, w

ith

its

rim

at

sur

face

lev

el;

larg

e re

ctan

gula

r ro

ck-c

ut b

asin

eas

t of

pith

os

•ex

cava

tors

sug

gest

ed p

aral

lels

with

lu

bs i

n M

ino

an a

nd M

ycen

aean

context~.

and

thei

r us

e in

rit

uals

.

19 K

arag

eorg

his

(198

0, c

ited

in C

ourt

ois

1992

: 15

3. n

Ole

5)

also

mcm

ions

a li

mes

lonc

hat

htub

fro

m a

tom

h in

Km

1kJf

a.P

alac

pap

hos.

'°

Mai

er's

( 19

76:

97)

refo

rcnc

c to

pla

te X

VI s

houl

d re

ad X

IX.

Pub

lishe

d

Mai

er 1

976:

95-

97, p

late

X

IX :

4;

Mai

er a

nd

Kar

ageo

rghi

s 19

84: 9

1-10

2,

figs

. 74

, 78

; als

o c

ited

in

Kar

ageo

rghi

s 20

00

: 272

w

w - 0 t'

:;::: i:l ~ f

Site

B

uild

in!!

D

ate

Con

stru

ctio

n D

imen

sion

s (m

)

Kou

rio

n-T

renc

h 4

. L

Cll

J T

erra

cott

a B

ambo

ula

Roo

m 3

9

Kou

ri o

n-T

renc

h 4.

L

Cll

l T

erra

cott

a B

amho

ula

Roo

m 3

7

Ko

urio

n-T

renc

h 4

. L

Cll

l L

imes

tone

B

ambo

ula

Roo

m 3

7

Ass

ocia

ted

J<'in

ds

poss

ibly

pur

ific

atio

n. A

lso

poss

ibly

fo

r bu

rial

s (M

aier

and

Kar

ageo

rghi

s 19

84: 9

7)

•ar

ea d

efin

ed b

y ex

cava

tors

as

sanc

tuar

y/ s

hrin

e •l

ocat

ed i

n o

nt>

roo

m. w

ith c

rush

ed

lim

esto

ne f

loo

rin

g. o

f m

ulti

-roo

m

dom

estic

com

plex

. No

oth

er

info

rmat

ion

reco

rded

•

foun

d up

side

dow

n. s

tand

ing

nex

t to

pos

sibl

e st

one

tub

•

othe

r o

bjec

ts i

n ro

om i

ncl

ude

an

amph

ora

sunk

int

o th

e fl

oor

•loc

ated

in

one

ro

om

of

mu

lti-r

oom

do

mes

tic

com

plex

. No

othe

r in

form

atio

n re

cord

ed

•po

ssib

le b

atht

ub, L

. A

stri

im

desc

ribe

d it

as "

rect

angu

lar

basi

n w

i1h

out

let c

hann

el o

n o

ne o

f th

e lo

ng

sid

es"

(L.

Ast

rom

and

Ast

riim

19

72:

544)

•

foun

d st

andi

ng

next

lo

upsi

de

dow

n cl

ay t

ub (

see

abov

e).

Oth

er

obj

ects

in

room

inc

lud

e an

am

pho

ra

sunk

int

o th

e fl

oor

•loc

ated

in

one

roo

m o

f m

ulti

-roo

m

dom

esti

c co

mpl

ex.

No

oth

er

info

rmat

ion

reco

rded

•

acco

rdin

g to

P. A

strt

im, i

t "m

ust

ha

ve b

een

ust>

d fo

r ba

thin

g si

nce

it ha

s an

out

let c

hann

el"

(L.)

,str

lim

an

d A

stri.

im 1

972:

605

).

Pub

lishe

d

Dan

iel

1938

: 26

3, f

ig.

2, 2

70

--

Dan

iel

1938

: 26

3. f

ig.

2,

270-

271.

fig.

12;

als

o c

ited

in

L. A

stro

m a

nd A

stro

m 1

972:

5

19

Dan

iel

1938

: 263

, fi

g. 2

, 27

0-2

71,

fig.

12:

als

oc

it<XI

in

L. A

stro

m ;

nd A

stro

m 1

972:

5

44

,60

5

~

"' ~

:;::,,.. .::

(J) ~

c:;­

i:::

(J) en

£5 l ~ w -

Site

B

uild

im!

Dat

e C

onst

ruct

ion

Dim

ensi

ons

(m)

Ass

ocia

ted

Fin

ds

Publ

ishe

d K

ouri

on-

To

mb

35

L

Cm

B-b

eg.

Ter

raco

tta

0.92

lon

g x

0.62

•

2 se

ts o

f opp

osin

g ve

rtica

l loo

p C

hris

tou

1994

: 18

0-18

3, 1

87,

Bam

boul

a O

fCG

I w

ide

x 0

.63

high

ha

ndle

s ( 4

han

dles

in 1

010 ):

"to

mb

figs

. 6

. 9:

also

cite

d in

2i

f1s'

' fou

nd i

nsid

e K

arag

eorg

his

2000

: 27

2 M

aa-

Bld

g. U

l,

LC

111

Ter

raco

tta,

0.9

95 l

ong

x 0

.51

• ob

j. no

. 588

, al

mos

t com

plet

e K

arag

eorg

his

and

Dem

as

Pal

aeok

astr

o R

oo

m7

9,

smas

hed

, w

ide

x 0.

567

exam

ple,

str

aigh

t sid

ed, 2

set

s o

f 19

88:

29,

226,

pla

tes

LX

I,

Floo

r II

abov

e pi

thos

-hi

gh21

op

posi

ng

hand

les,

hol

e in

bas

e C

LX

XX

IV:

also

cit

ed i

n a n

d pe

bble

-th

rou

gh o

ne o

f sh

ort

side

s22

Kar

ageo

rghi

s 20

00: 2

70

pave

d su

rfac

e M

aa-

Bld

g. t

u,

LC

lll

Ter

rnco

tta

•fr

agm

ents

K

arag

eorg

his

and

Dem

as

Pala

eoka

stro

R

oom

79D

, 19

88:

29.

226

Floo

r TI

Maa

-B

ldg.

Ul,

LC

Ul

Ter

raco

ta

•fr

agm

ents

K

arag

eorg

his

and

Dem

as

Pal

aeok

ast r

o R

oo

m7

9E

, 19

88:

29.2

26

Flo

or I

I M

aa-

Bld

g.IJ

I.

LC

ifl?

T

e1Ta

cott

a •

obj.

No

. 39

3, o

ne o

f lo~~

sid

es

Kar

ageo

rghi

s an

d D

emas

P

alae

okas

tro

Roo

m7

9F

pr

eser

ved

with

2 h

andl

es-

1988

: 30

, 226

. 25

1, p

late

s (p

it in

Roo

m

•fo

und

with

in f

ill o

f pi

t 2

fro

m

CX

LIV

, CC

XX

XV

I 79

C)

Roo

m 7

9C w

hich

cut

int

o fl

oor

U o

f th

is r

oom

and

is

"lik

ely

to d

eriv

e fr

om th

e us

e o

f th

is r

oom

" (K

arag

eorg

his

and

Dem

as 1

988:

30)

M

aa-

Are

a 99

, F

loor

L

Cll

l T

emtc

otta

•

obj.

No

. 616

rim

fra

gmen

t w

ith

Kar

ageo

rghi

s an

d D

emas

P

alae

okas

tro

u ha

ndle

I 9

88: 4

3-44

. 22

9-23

0, p

late

s •p

oss

ibly

roo

fed

spac

e L

XX

XU

, CX

CV

I •

only

oth

er fe

atur

e in

are

a is

U-

shap

ed h

eart

h

21 T

hese

me.a

snre

men

ts a

ppea

r in

Kar

agco

n:z.

his

(200

0: 2

70)_

"

Thi

s de

scri

ptio

n o

f th

e tu

b ap

pear

s o

nly

i';, K

arag

eorg

bis

(200

0: 2

70).

23

K

arag

eorg

his

and

Dem

as d

escr

ibe

only

rim

and

bas

e fr

agm

enls

( 19

88:

30)

or ..

rcst

urab

le ..

( 198

8: 2

26),

but

the

phot

ogra

ph a

nd i

llust

rati

on o

f o

bj. 3

93 o

n pl

ates

C

XL

IV a

nd C

CX

XX

VI d

epic

t a l

arge

r pi

ece.

w

......

N ~

i::: ~ ~ f

Sit

e B

uild

in2

Dat

e C

on

stru

ctio

n

Maa

-B

ldg

. !,

Are

a L

Cll

l T

erra

cotta

P

alae

okas

tro

24/4

, bt

wn.

F

loor

s I/I

I M

aa-

Bld

g. L

Are

a L

Cll

l T

erra

coll

a Pa

laeo

kast

ro

24B

/I.

bt w

n.

Flo

ors

l/11

-M

aa-

Bui

ldin

g IV

, L

Cll

l T

erra

cotta

P

alac

okas

tro

Roo

m 7

7A,

Flo

or I

M

aa-

Bui

ldin

g IV

, L

Cll

l T

erra

cott

a P

alae

okas

tro

Roo

m 7

5B/2

, F

loor

I

Maa

-no

rth

of

LC

lll

Ter

raco

tta

Pala

eoka

stro

B

uild

ing

II.

wes

t of

Roo

m

6012

, Flo

or T

I M

aa-

Bld

g. I

ll.

LC

lll

Ter

raco

ia

Pal

aeok

astr

o R

oom

78

, F

loor

s 1/

11

Maa

-B

ldg

. Ill

, Pit

5

LC

Lll

Ter

raco

ta

Pala

eoka

stro

(R

oom

83)

M

aa-

Bld

g. l

ll,

Pit

LC

lll

Ter

raco

ta

Pal

aeok

astr

o IA

(R

oom

8

8A

) M

aa-

Bld

g. l

ll,

LC

lll

Ter

raco

ta

Pal

aeok

astr

o R

oom

59

and

Are

a IO

OA

P

alae

paph

os-

To

mb

T.4

9 11

'' c

. L

imes

tone

Sk

a/es

Dim

ensi

ons

(m)

Ass

ocia

ted

Fin

ds

•ri

m a

nd b

ase

frag

s, d

escr

ibed

as

sim

ilar

in s

hape

to

no.

588

•fr

agm

ent

-•

obj.

No.

253

. ba

thtu

b or

bas

in

frag

men

t, w

ith o

utle

t ho

le

•fr

agm

ent

•fr

agm

ent

• o

bj. n

o. 4

03, f

ragm

ent

of

base

wit

h ou

tlet

hol

e

•sm

all

frag

men

ts w

ith

outl

et h

ole

• ob

j. no

. 279

, rim

she

rd w

ith h

andl

e

• ob

j. no

. 214

. bas

e fr

agm

ent

I .53

lon

g x

0.7

4 •

ellip

tica

l sha

pe, s

lopi

ng b

otto

m,

wid

e x

0.7

3 de

ep

hori

zont

al b

and

of

'hal

f-re

el s

hape

d'

proj

ecti

oos

on e

xter

ior

belo

w r

im

wit

h on

e 'p

rotr

udin

g ha

lf b

owl'

Pub

lish

ed

Kar

agco

rghi

s an

d D

emas

19

88:

235

Kar

agco

rghi

s an

d D

emas

19

88:

236

Kar

ageo

rghi

s an

d D

emas

19

88:

84-8

5, 2

50,

pla

tes

CU

IJ, CC~L V

K

arag

eorg

his

and

Dem

as

1988

:24

9

Kar

agco

rghi

s an

d D

emas

19

88: 2

23

Kar

ageo

rghi

s an

d D

emas

19

88:

239

, pl

ates

CIX

, CC

XI

Kar

agco

rghi

s an

d D

emas

19

88:

251

Kar

ageo

rghi

s an

d D

emas

19

88:

251

, pla

tes

CX

LIV

, C

CX

XX

VJ

Kar

ageo

rghi

s an

d D

emas

I 9

88: 2

51,

plat

es C

XX

XJV

. C

CX

XX

K

arag

eorg

his

l983

a: 4

35-

438

; 19

83b

: 59-

76,

Pla

te

LX

lV. F

ig.

XC

als

o ci

ted

in

Kar

ageo

rghi

s 20

00:

272

;:a "" :? i::i..

;::

V

l ~

s·

;:::

Vl

CJ)

~ l [ i.

.;.)

-i..;.)

Sit

e B

ulld

in2

Dat

e C

onst

ruct

ion

Dim

ensi

ons

fm)

Ass

ocia

ted

Fin

ds

Publ

ishe

d •

fill

ed w

ith g

rav

el a

lmos

t up

to

the

rim

. wit

h 12

bow

ls a

nd c

ups

on

top

of

the

grav

el (

Kar

ageo

rghi

s l 9

83b

: 60

)

Py la

-A

rea

ll,

LC

llC

/LC

lll

Ter

raco

na

0. 7

4 lo

ng x

0.4

6 •

obj.

no.

30,

alm

ost

who

le,

Kar

age o

rghi

s an

d D

emas

K

okki

nok

rem

os

Com

plex

d.

(ea.

123

0-

wid

e x

0.5

75

high

re

ctan

gula

r w

ith

roun

ded

corn

ers.

4

1984

: 16

-18

, 26-

28. 3

5. 5

2,

room

24

1200

) ha

ndle

s (I

nea

r ea

ch c

orne

r),

and

plat

es X

XI.

XL

TI.

plan

I. s

ee

outl

et h

ole

thr

ough

sid

e ne

ar b

al>e

also

fig

. 4 f

or b

lock

• fo

und

brok

en.

toge

ther

wit

h tu

b ar

chit

ectu

ral

plan

; al

so c

ited

ba

se n

o. 3

0A,

near

lar

ge s

quar

e pi

t in

Kar

ageo

rghi

s 20

00:

272

cut

into

bed

rock

; pat

ches

of

ash

to

sout

h o

f pi

t su

gges

ted

poss

ible

he

anh

. Als

o a

lot

of p

itho

s sh

erds

•l

ocat

ed i

n on

e ro

om

of

mul

ti-r

oom

co

mpl

ex w

ith

larg

e fr

ont

cour

tyar

d:

pan

of

a ro

w o

f com

plex

es o

f st

anda

rdiz

ed d

esig

n id

enti

fied

as

dom

esti

c sp

ace.

Pyla

-A

rea

II.

LC

ITC

/LC

UI

Ter

raco

tta

0.57

lon

g x

0.3

8 •

obj

. no.

30A

, lo

wer

par

t of

tub

with

K

arag

eorg

his

and

Dem

as

Kok

kino

krem

os

Com

plex

d,

(ea.

123

0-w

ide

x 0

.128

hig

h an

out

let

hole

in s

hort

sid

e ne

ar

1984

: 16

-18,

26-

28, 3

5, 5

2.

room

24

1200

) bo

ttom

" pl

ates

XX

l, X

Lll

, pla

n l,

see

•

see

obj.

no

. 30

from

Pyl

a-al

so fi

g. 4

for

blo

ck

Kok

!Ono

krem

os f

or d

esc1

ipti

oo o

f ar

chit

ectu

ral

plan

; als

o ci

ted

loca

tion

in

Kar

ageo

rghi

s 20

00: 2

72

2 .. A

lthou

gh th

ere

is no

men

tion

of a

n ou

1k1 h

ole

in t

he d

escr

ipti

on (K

arag

corg

his

and

Dem

as 1

984

: 35)

. one

is v

isib

le i

n th

e ph

otog

raph

an<l

dra

win

g of

this

ba

th!U

b (K

arn

geor

ghi

s an

d D

emas

198

4: p

late

s X

XI.

XL

ll)

w - +:- ~ i:l ~ f

Sit

e B

uild

inl!

. D

ate

Co

nst

rue

lio

n

Dim

ensi

ons

(m)

Ass

oci

ated

Fin

ds

Pu

bli

shed

P

yla-

Pro

veni

encc

L

Cll

C/L

CU

! T

erra

cott

a 0.

453

lon

g x

• ob

j. n

o.

I 17

. low

er p

an o

f tu

b.

Kar

ageo

rgh

is a

nd D

emas

K

okki

nokr

emo

s no

t gi

ven

25

0.22

8 hi

gh

outl

et h

ole

near

bas

e in

cen

tcr

of

1984

: 42

, 52

, pl

ates

XX

I.

sho1

1 si

de

XU

!; a

lso

cite

d in

K

arag

eorg

his

20

00

: 272

P

yla

-T

rial

A.

in

Lim

esto

ne

(bas

e on

ly)

• o

bj.

no.

I. l

ower

pan

/ tu

b ba

~e.

K

arag

eorg

his

and

Dem

as

Kok

kin

okr

emos

en

tran

ce

0.88

x 0

.47

x 0.

15

near

ly r

ecta

ngul

ar in

sha

pe.

flat

bas

e,

1984

: 19

-20,

43

-44

, 59.

91.

be

twee

n ro

om

pe

rfor

atio

n al

bot

tom

in

cent

er o

f pl

ates

XX

I. X

L!X

, pl

an l

l;

5 an

d 6

sho1

1 si

de. s

moo

thed

int

erio

r, u

pper

al

so c

ited

in

Kar

ageo

rghi

s pa

rt '

'chi

oocd

aw

ay"

20

00

:27

2

Min

iatu

re B

atht

ubs

-·--

----

----

--

---

----

---

Sit

e B

uild

inl!

. D

ate

Co

nst

ruct

ion

D

imen

sio

ns

(m)

Ass

oci

ated

Fin

ds

Pu

bli

shed

E

nkom

i A

rea

Ill,

ro

om

en

d o

f L

CIU

C

So

apst

one

0.0

92 l

ong

•N

o. 3

26

9,

min

iatu

re b

atht

ub

, D

ikai

os 1

971:

768

. Pl

ates

73

m

oul

din

g a n

d a

pair

of

proj

ecti

ons

147

: 8,

176:

55

; als

o c

ited

in

on l

ong

sid

es, b

and

of

hatc

hed

Co

urt

ois

199

2: I

53,

not

e 320

tria

ngle

s an

d in

cise

d li

nes

on c

xte1

ior

Enk

omi

Eas

t B

uild

ing

LC

lll

Ste

atit

e 0

. 054

lon

g x

•N

o. 9

04

(E

nkom

i 19

58.

Inv.

No.

C

ourt

ois

1984

: 10

1, f

ig.

35/1

; S

ite

0.0

32 w

ide

x 0.

()3

153)

. m

inia

ture

bat

htub

. pa

ir o

f sm

all

also

cit

ed i

n C

our

tois

19

92

: hi

gh

proj

ecti

ons

on

lon

g si

des

153,

oot

e 3

Kit

ion

To

mb

9,

LC

IJ

Ivor

y 0

.11

7 lo

ng x

•

pyxi

s in

for

m o

f m

inia

ture

bat

htub

, K

arag

eorg

his

1974

: 83

. 9

1,

upp

er b

uria

l,

0.0

45 w

ide

and

wil

h tw

o se

ts o

f op

posi

ng h

and

les

(4

pla

tes

LX

XX

VLI

, CL

XX

; A

rea

I 0.

033

hig

h in

tut

o),

orig

inal

ly p

roba

bly

had

a li

d K

arag

eorg

his

and

Dem

as

• K

arag

eorg

his

sugg

t!stc

d it

s I 9

85b:

pla

te 5

fun

ctio

n as

a c

osm

etic

s bo

x

~-' T

his

bath

tub.

ohj

cct

num

ber

117.

is

liste

d in

th

e fi

nds

cata

logu

e v.'

ilh 1

hose

fro

m A

rea

II, c

om

plex

es B

.C a

nd D

, ant

i th

eref

ore

can

be. a

ssum

ed 1

0 ha

ve b

een

foun

d in

one

or

thes

e co

mpl

exes

. 26

Cou

rtoi

~ de

scri

bes

hoth

of

the

min

iatu

re h

atht

ubs

from

En

kom

i as

"'st

cati

te''

and

Oat

es 1

hem

lo

the

LC

illB

Uev

cl lll

C)

~ "' ? ;:::

,,,. :::: ~

.... s·

::::

Vi

(J')

£5 l ~ w - Vl

316 Laura B. Mazow

Acknowledgments

I wish to acknowledge Bonnie Pulver of Woven Dreams for providing information on weaving technology, Sy Gitin, Trude Dothan and the Tel Miqne-Ekron Excavations and Publications Project for allowing me access to the Tel Miqne material, and Benjamin Saidel for his comments on this manuscript. Lastly, I wish to thank Tim Harrison for inviting me to participate in the conference that resulted in the production of this paper. Any errors are the sole responsibility of the author.

Works Cited

Astrom, L. and P. Astrom 1972 The Late Cypriote Bronze Age: Other Arts and Crafts, Relative and

Absolute Chronology, Foreign Relations, Historical Conclusions . Swedish Cyprus Expedition IV, part 10. Lund: Swedish Cyprus Expedition.

Astri:im, P. 1972 The Late Cypriote Bronze Age. Architecture and Pottery. The Swedish

Cyprus Expedition IV, part 1C. Lund: Swedish Cyprus Expedition. Balensi, J., M.D. Herrera, and M. Artzy

1993 Abu Hawam, Tell . Pp. 7-14 in The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, Volume 1, ed. E. Stern. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.

Barako, T. 2001

Barber, E.J.W.

The Seaborne Migration of the Philistines. PhD dissertation, Harvard University.

1991 Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and

1997

1999 Bauer, A.A.

Bronze Ages. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Minoan Women and the Challenges of Weaving for Home, Trade and Shrine. Pp. 515-520 in TEXNH: Craftsmen, Craftswomen and Craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age, Volume II, eds. R. Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Austin: University of Texas at Austin. The Mummies of Uri.imchi. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.

1998 Cities of the Sea: Maritime Trade and the Origin of Philistine Settlement in the Early Iron Age Southern Levant. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 17(2):149-168.

Beltran de Heredia Bercero, J. and J. Jordi y Tresserras 2000 Nuevas Aportaciones para el Estudio de !as Fullonicae y Tinctoriae

en el Mundo Romano: Resultados de !as Investigaciones Arqueol6gicas y Arqueometricas en !as Instalaciones de la Conloia de Barcino (Barcelona, Espana) . Pp. 241-246 in Archeologie des Textiles des O~igines au Ve Siecle, eds. D. Cardon and M. Feugere. Montagnac: Editions Monique Mergoil.

Ben-Arieh, S. 1993 Acco, The Persian Garden. NEAEHL 1: 27-29.

Ben-Arieh, S. and G. Edelstein 1977 Akko, Tombs Near the Persian Garden. 'Atiqot 12: 1-44.

The Industrious Sea Peoples 317

Biran, A. 1994 Biblical Dan. Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion.

Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. Bunimovitz, S. and A. Yasur-Landau

2002 Women and Aegean Immigration to Cyprus in the 12th Century B.C.E. Pp. 211-222 in Engendering Aphrodite: Women and Society in Ancient Cyprus, eds. D. Bolger and N. Serwint. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research.

Cartland, B.M. 1918 Balls of Thread Wound on Pieces of Pottery. /EA 5: 139, pl. XII.

Christou, D. 1994

Courtois, J.-C.

Kourion in the 11th Century B.C. Pp. 177-187 in Cyprus in the llth Century B.C., ed. V. Karageorghis. Nicosia: A.G. Leventis Foundation.

1984 Alasia lll: Les Objets des Niveaux SJratifies d'Enkom.i Fouil/es C.

1992

F-A Schaeffer (1947-1970). Paris: Editions Recherche sur Jes Civilisations. Une Baignoire Monolithe en Calcaire du Bronze Recent A Enkomi. Pp. 151-154 in Studies in Honour of Vassos Karageorghis, ed. G. C. Ioannides. Nicosia: Society of Cypriote Studies.

Courtois, J.-C., J. Lagarce, and E. Lagarce 1986 Enkomi et le Bronze Recent ii Chypre. Nicosia: A.G. Leventis

Foundation. Daniel, J.F.

1938

De Ruyt, C. 2001

Dikaios, P.

Excavations at Kourion: The Late Bronze Age Settlement­Provisional Report. AJA 42: 261-275.

Les Foulons, Artisans des Textiles et Blanchisseurs. Pp. 181-191 in Ostia - Port et Porte de la Rome Antique, ed. J.-P. Descoeudres. Geneva: Georg: Musee d 'art et d'histoire.

1969a Enkomi, Excavations 1948-1958, Volume I: The Architectural Remains, The Tombs. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.

1969b Enkomi, Excavations 1948-1958, Volume !Ilb: Plans. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.

1971 Enkomi, Excavations 1948-1958, Volume II: Chronology, Summary and Conclusions, Catalogue, Appendices. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.

Dothan, M. and D. Ben-Shlomo 2005 Ashdod VI: The Excavations of Areas Hand K (1968-1969). IAA

Reports. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority. Dothan, M. and Y. Porath

1993 Ashdod V: Excavation of Area G. 'A tiqot (English) 23. Dothan, T.

2002

2003

Bronze and Iron Objects with Cultic Connotations from Philistine Temple Building 350 at Ekron. IEJ 52(1):1-27. The Aegean and the Orient: Cultic Interactions. Pp. 189-214 in Symbiosis, Symbolism and the Power of the Past: Ca naan, Ancient lsrael, and their Neighbors from the Late Bronze Age through Roman Palaestina, eds. W. G. Dever and S. Gitin. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.

318 Laura B. Mazaw

Dothan, T. and S. Gitin 2005 Tel Miqne-Ekron, Summary of Fourteen Seasons Excavation 1981-1996

and Bibliography 1982-2005. Jerusalem: Albright Institute of Archaeological Research and the Hebrew University.

Dothan, T. and A. Zukerman 2004 A Preliminary Study of the Mycenaean IIIC:l Pottery Assemblages

from Tel Miqne-Ekron and Ashdod. BASOR 333:1-54. Garfinkel, Y., T. Dothan, and S. Gitin

fc Excavations 1985-1995 -- Field IVNE/NW (Lower): Iron Age I-II, The Elite Zone.

Gjerstad, E., J. Lindros, E. Sjoqvist, and A. Westholm 1934 The Swedish Cyprus Expedition: Finds and Results of the Excavations in

Cyprus 1927-1931, Vol. I. Stockholm: Swedish Cyprus Expedition. Hadjisavvas, S.

1994 Alassa Archaeological Project 1991-1993. Pp. 107-114 in Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus, 1994. Nicosia: Department of Antiquities, Cyprus.

1996 Alassa: A Regional Center of Alasia? Pp. 23-38 in Late.Bronze Age Settlement in Cyprus: Functior: and Relationship, eds. P. Astroms and E. Herscher. Jonsered: Paul Astroms Forlag.

Hadjisavvas, S. and I. Hadjisavva 1997 Aegean Influence at Alassa. Pp. 143-148 in Cyprus and the

Aegean in Antiquity, ed. I.A. Symposium. Nicosia: Department of Antiquities, Cyprus.

Hamilton, R.W. 1935 Excavations at Tell Abu Hawam. QDAP 4: 1-69.

Harrison, T.P. 2004a Chapter Three: The Architecture. Pp. 15-21 in Megiddo 3: The Final

Report of the Stratum VI Excavations, ed. T.P. Harrison. Chicago: Oriental Institute Publications.

2004b Chapter Two: Stratigraphy and Chronology. Pp. 7-13 in Megiddo 3: The Final Report of the Stratum VI Excavations, ed. T.P. Harrison. Chicago: Oriental Institute Publications

Karageorghis, V. 1974 Excavations at Kition, The Tombs, Volume I. Nicosia: Department of

Antiquities, Cyprus. 1980 Comptes Rendus de L'Acadt!mie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres. Paris. 1983a Appendix XI: An llth-Century B.C. Bathtub from Palaepaphos­

Skales, T. 49:198. Pp. 435-438 in Palaepaphos-Skales: An Iron Age Cemetery in Cyprus, ed. V. Karageorghis. Deutsches Archaologisches Institut. Konstanz: Universitatsverlag Konstanz GMBH.

1983b Palaepaphos-Skales: An Iron Age Cemetery in Cyprus, ed. V. Karageorghis. Deutsches Archaologisches Institut. Konstanz: Universitatsverlag Konstanz GMBH.

1985 Excavations at Kition, V. The pre-Phoenician Levels, Areas I and II, Part II. Nicosia: Department of Antiquities, Cyprus.

2000 Cultural Innovations in Cyprus Relating to the Sea Peoples. Pp. 255-279 in The Sea Peoples and Their World: A Reassessment, ed. E. D. Oren. Philadelphia: The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania.

The Industrious Sea Peoples 319

Karageorghis, V. and M. Demas 1984 Pyla-Kokkinokrmeos: A Late 13th Century B.C. Fortified Settlement in

Cyprus. Nicosia: Department of Antiquities, Cyprus. 1985a Excavations at Kilian: V The pre-Phoenician Levels (Plates). Nicosia:

Department of Antiquities, Cyprus. 1985b Excavations at Kition: V The pre-Phoenician Levels, Areas I and II, Part

I. Nicosia: Department of Antiquities, Cyprus. 1988 Excavations at Maa-Palaeokastro 1979-1986. Nicosia: Department of

Antiquities, Cyprus. Keswani, P.S.

1989 Chapter II: The Pithoi and Other Plain Ware Vessels. Pp. 12-21 in Vasilikos Valley Project 3: Kalavasos-Ayios Dhimitrios II, eds. A.K. ~outh, P. Russell and P.S. Keswani. SIMA 71 (3). Gi:iteborg: Paul Astri:ims Fi:irlag.

Killebrew, A.E. 1996 Pottery Kilns from Deir-el-Balah and Tel Miqne Ekron;

Approaches to the Study of Firing Technology during the Late Bronze and Iron Age Periods in Canaan, Ancient Israel, Philistia and Phoenicia. Pp. 135-162 in Retrieving the Past, Essays in Archaeological Research and Methodology in Honor of Gus W. Va n Beck,

1998 ed. J. Seger. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. Ceramic Typology and Technology of Late Bronze II and Iron I Assemblages from Tel Miqne-Ekron: The Transition from Canaanite to Philistine Culture. Pp. 379-405 in Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: Thirteenth to Early Tenth Centuries BCE, eds. S. Gitin, A. Mazar and E. Stern. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.

Lamon, R.S. and G.M. Shipton 1939 Megiddo l, Seasons of 1925- 1934, Strata 1-V. Chicago: University of

Chicago Press. Loud, G.

1948 Megiddo II: Seasons of 1935-39. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Loven, L. Larsson 2000 Representations of Textile Production in Gallo-Roman Funerary

Art. Pp. 235-240 in Archeologie des Textiles des 9rigines au Ve Siecle, eds. D. Cardon and M. Feugere. Montagnac: Editions Monique Mergoil.

Maier, F.G. 1976 Excavations at Kouklia (Palaepaphos). Eighth Preliminary Report:

Season 1975. Pp. 92-97 in Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus, 1976. Nicosia : Department of Antiquities, Cyprus.

Maier, F.G. and V. Karageorghis 1984 Paphos, History and Archaeology. Nicosia: A.G. Leventis Foundation.

Master, D. 2005

Mazar, A. 2000

Iron I Chronology at Ashkelon: Preliminary Results of the Leon Levy Expedition. Pp. 337-348 in The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text and Science, eds. T. E. Levy and T. Higham. London: Equinox.

The Temples and Cult of the Philistines. Pp. 213-232 in The Sea Peoples and Their World: A Reassessment, ed. E. D. Oren. Philadelphia: The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania.

320 Laura B. MaZJJW

Mazow, L.B. 2005 Competing Material Culture: Philistine Settlement at Tel Miqne-Ekron

in the Early Iron Age. PhD dissertation, University of Arizona. Meehl, M., T. Dothan, and S. Gitin

2006 Excavations 1995-1996 -- Field INE East Slope: Late Bronze II-Iron I

Moeller, W.O.

- The Early Philistine City Wall. Tel Miqne-Ekron Final Field Report Series, No. 8. Jerusalem: Albright Institute of Archaeological Research and Hebrew University.

1976 The Wool Trade of Ancient Pompeii. Leiden: E.J. Brill. Paice, P.

2004

Palaima, T.G. 1997

Palmer, L.R.

Chapter Six: The Small Finds. Pp. 59-103 in Megiddo 3: Final Report of the Stratum VI Excavations, ed. T. P. Harrison. Chicago: Oriental Institute Publications.

Potter and Fuller: The Royal Craftsmen. Pp. 407-412 in TEXNH: Craftsmen, Craftswomen and Craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age, Volume II, eds. R. Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Austin: University of Texas at Austin.

1963 The Interpretation of Mycenaean Greek Texts . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Petrie, W.M.F. 1917 Tools and Weapons: Illustrated by the Egyptian Collection in University

College, London and 2,000 Outlines from other sources. Vol. 30. London: British School of Archaeology in Egypt.

Pietrogrande, A. L. 1976 Le Fulloniche. Scavi di Ostia 8. Rome: Istituto Poligrafico Delio

Strata. Schaeffer, C.F-A

1952 Enkomi-Alasia. Paris: C. Klincksieck. Shelmerdine, C.W.

1999 Administration in the Mycenaean Palaces: Where's the Chief? Pp. 19-24 in Rethinking Mycenaean Palaces: New Interpretations of an Old Idea, eds. M. L. Galaty and W. A. Parkinson. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California.

Sherratt, S. 1998

2003

Smith, J.S. 2001

"Sea Peoples" and the Economic Structure of the Late Second Millennium in the Eastern Mediterranean. Pp. 292-313 in Mediterranean Peoples in Transition, eds. S. Gitin, A. Mazar and E. Stern. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. The Mediterranean Economy: "Globalization" at the End of the Second Millennium B.C.E. Pp. 37-62 in Symbiosis, Symbolism and the Power of the Past: Canaan, Ancient Israel, and their Neighbors from the Late Bronze Age through Roman Palaestina, eds. W. G. Dever and S. Gitin. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.

Bone Weaving Tools of the Late Bronze Age. Pp. 83-90 in Contributions to the Archaeology and History of the Bronze and Iron Ages in the Eastern Mediterran_ean, Studies in Hqrzour of Paul Astriim, eds. P. M. Fischer and P. Astrom. Vienna: Osterreichisches Archaologisches Institute.

South, A.K. 1980

1983

Stager, L.E. 1995

2006

The Industrious Sea Peoples 321

Kalavasos-Ayios Dhimitrios 1979: A Summary Report. Pp. 28-53 in Report of the Departmen t of Antiquities Cyprus, 1980. Nicosia: Department of Antiquities, Cyprus. Kalavasos-Ayios Dhimitrios 1982. Pp. 92-116 in Report of the Department of Antiquities Cyprus, 1980. Nicosia: Department of Antiquities, Cyprus.

The Impact of the Sea Peoples in Canaan (1185-1050 BCE). Pp. 332-348 in The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land, ed. T. E. Levy. London: Leicester University Press. New Discoveries in the Excavations of Ashkelon in the Bronze and Iron Ages. Qadmoniot 39 (131): 2-19. (Hebrew)

fc Ashkelon. In NEAEHL, Vol. 5. Stager, L.E . and S.R. Wolff

1981 Production and Commerce in Temple Courtyards: An Olive Press in the Sacred Precinct at Tel Dan. BASOR 243: 95-102.

Steel, L. 2004 Cyprus Before History: From the Earliest Settlers to the End of the

Bronze Age. London: Duckworth . Ventris, M. and J. Chadwick

1973 Documents in Mycenaean Greek. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Ward-Perkins, J.B. and C. Amanda 1978 Pompeii A.O. 79: Treasures from the National Archaeological Museum,

Naples, and the Pompeii Antiquarium. Boston: Boston Museum of Fine Arts.

Zevit, Z. 2001 The Religions of Ancient Israel: A Synthesis of Parallactic Approaches.

London: Continuum.