Latin declension 1

Latin declension

Latin grammar

ConjugationSubjunctive by

attractionIndirect statements

DeclensionUses of the ablativeUses of the dative

Latin is an inflected language, and as such has nouns, pronouns, and adjectives that must be declined in order toserve a grammatical function. A set of declined forms of the same word pattern is called a declension. There are fivedeclensions, which are numbered and grouped by ending and grammatical gender. For simple declension paradigms,visit the Wiktionary appendices: First declension, Second declension, Third declension, Fourth declension, Fifthdeclension.

Grammatical casesA complete Latin noun declension consists of seven grammatical cases: nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive,dative, ablative and locative.They are abbreviated to the first three letters.The sequence NOM-VOC-ACC-GEN-DAT-ABL has been the usual order taught in Britain and manyCommonwealth countries since the publication of Hall Kennedy's Latin Primer (1866). It reflects the tendencies ofdifferent cases to share similar endings (see Syncretic trends below). For a discussion of other sequences taughtelsewhere, see here. However, some schools teach it in the order NOM-GEN-DAT-ACC-ABL-VOC, as first given.

Comparisons to English usage• The nominative case marks the subject of a statement and performs the action of the verb in the sentence "Mary is

going to the store" or "Mary is my sister". It also names the predicate nominative: "Mary is my sister".• The vocative case is used to address someone or something in direct speech. In English, this function is expressed

by intonation or punctuation: "Mary, are you going to the store?" or "Mary!" ("Mary" is vocative). Historically,English-language noun paradigms translated this case with a prefaced interjection such as "O Mary!" Note thatsome English words (notably "Sir" and "Madam") carry quite different connotations when used to address aperson than when used to describe a person.

• The accusative case marks the direct object of a verb. In English, except for a small number of words whichdisplay a distinct accusative case (e.g., who/whom, I/me, he/him), the accusative and nominative cases areidentical in form; they are usually distinguished only by word order.

• The genitive case (also known as the possessive case) expresses possession, measurement, or source. In English,the genitive case is represented analytically by the preposition of or by the enclitic "–'s", which itself developedfrom the genitive case. This "–'s" closely resembles the Latin third declension's genitive suffix "–is". In Latin, asin English, the genitive singular may be identical to the nominative plural of a noun (apart from the apostrophe inEnglish, which does not change pronunciation): e.g., "equi" = "horse's/ horses", insulae = "island's/ islands", etc.

• The dative case marks the recipient of an action, the indirect object of a verb. In English, the prepositions to andfor tend to denote this case analytically. However, note that in English, the dative may be marked by word orderwithout a preposition; contrast "Give me the book" with "Give the book to me" ("Give to me the book" would beincorrect or at least very unusual).

Latin declension 2

• The ablative case expresses separation, indirection, or the means by which an action is performed. In English, theprepositions by, with, from, in and on are most commonly used to indicate this case.

• The locative case expresses the place where an action is performed. The Latin locative case is extremelymarginal, applying only to the names of cities and small islands and to a few other isolated words. The Romansconsidered all islands to be "small" except for Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Crete, and Cyprus. Much of the case'sfunction had been absorbed into the ablative. For singular first and second declension, the locative is identical tothe genitive singular form, and for the singular third declension, the locative is identical to the ablative singularform. For plural nouns of all declensions, the locative is also identical to the ablative form. The few fourth andfifth declension place-name words would also use the ablative form for locative case. However, there are a fewrare nouns that use the locative instead of a preposition: Domus → Domī (at home), Rūs → Rūrī (in the country),Humus → Humī (on the ground), Militia → Militiae (in military service, in the field), Focus → Focī (at thehearth; at the center of the community). In archaic times, the locative singular of third declension nouns wasactually interchangeable between ablative and dative forms, but in the Augustan Period, the use of the ablativeform became fixed.

Syncretic trendsSyncretism, where one form in a paradigm shares the ending of another form in the paradigm, is common in Latin.The following are the most notable patterns of syncretism:•• The vocative is always identical to the nominative in the singular and plural, except in the second declension

masculine nouns ending in -us or -ius and a few Greek nouns. For example, the vocative of Aeneās is Aenea,although Aeneās is first declension.

•• The dative is always the same as the ablative in the plural, and in the singular in the second declension, thethird-declension full i-stems (i.e. neuter i-stems, adjectives), and fourth-declension neuters.

•• The genitive singular is the same as the nominative plural in first-, second-declension, and fourth declensionnouns that are not neuter.

•• The dative singular is the same as the genitive singular in first- and fifth-declension nouns.• Plural neuter nominative/accusative always ends in -a (with a few exceptions: demonstrative hic and related istic

and illic, relative/interrogative quī and friends; in all of them, the neuter plural takes the same form as femininesingular nominative).

•• The accusative singular ends in short vowel plus -m, except for a few neuters with unusual base forms.•• The accusative plural (assuming not neuter) ends in a long vowel plus -s; so does the nominative plural of the

third, fourth and fifth declensions (again assuming not neuter).•• The locative is identical to the ablative in the fourth and fifth declension.•• The locative, ablative, and dative are identical in the plural.

Latin declension 3

History of casesOld Latin had only two patterns of endings. One pattern was shared by the first and second declensions, with a clearsimilarity to the first and second declensions of Ancient Greek. The other pattern was used by the third declensionand was very different from Greek, even for direct cognates. When new words were absorbed into Latin, they weregenerally placed in the third declension.

Nouns

First declension (a)Nouns of this declension usually end in –a and are typically feminine, e.g. 'road' (via, viae fem.) and 'water' (aqua,aquae fem.). There is a small class of masculine exceptions generally referring to occupations, e.g. 'farmer'(agricola, agricolae masc.) and 'sailor' (nauta, nautae masc.).The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is a. The nominative singular form consists of the stemand the ending -a, and the genitive singular form is the stem plus -ae.

aqua, -aewater f. agricola, -aefarmer m.

Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative aqua –a aquae –ae agricola –a agricolae –ae

Vocative aqua –a aquae –ae agricola –a agricolae –ae

Accusative aquam –am aquās –ās agricolam –am agricolās –ās

Genitive aquae[1] –ae aquārum –ārum agricolae –ae agricolārum –ārum

Dative aquae –ae aquīs –īs agricolae –ae agricolīs –īs

Ablative aquā –ā aquīs –īs agricolā –ā agricolas –īs

Locative aquae -ae aquīs –īs agricolae -ae agricolīs –īs

mensa, -aetable f.

Singular Plural

Nominative mensa –a mensae –ae

Vocative mensa –a mensae –ae

Accusative mensam –am mensās –ās

Genitive mensae –ae mensārum –ārum

Dative mensae –ae mensīs –īs

Ablative mensā –ā mensīs –īs

First declension Greek nouns

The first declension also holds three types of Greek loanwords, derived from Ancient Greek's Alpha Declension.They are declined irregularly in the singular, but are sometimes treated as if they were native Latin nouns, e.g.nominative athlēta instead of the original athlētēs. Interestingly, archaic (Homeric) first declension Greek nouns andadjectives are formed exactly the same way as in Latin: nephelēgeréta Zeus (Zeus the cloud-gatherer, in classicalGreek, would be nephelēgerétēs).For full paradigm tables and more detailed information, see the Wiktionary appendix First declension.

Latin declension 4

Second declension (o)The second declension is a large group of nouns consisting of mostly masculine nouns like equus, equī ("horse") andpuer, puerī ("boy') and neuter nouns like castellum, castellī ("fort"). There are several small groups of feminineexceptions, including names of gemstones, plants, trees, and some towns and cities.In the nominative singular, most masculine nouns consist of the stem and the ending -us, although some end in -er,which is not necessarily attached to the complete stem. Neuter nouns generally have a nominative singular consistingof the stem and the ending -um. However, every second-declension noun has the ending-ī attached as a suffix to theroot of the noun in the genitive singular form. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is o.Masculine:

dominus, –ī master m.

Singular Plural

Nominative dominus –us dominī –ī

Vocative domine –e dominī –ī

Accusative dominum –um dominōs –ōs

Genitive dominī –ī dominōrum –ōrum

Dative dominō –ō dominīs –īs

Ablative dominō –ō dominīs –īs

Neuter:

bellum, –īwar n.

Singular Plural

Nominative bellum –um bella –a

Vocative bellum –um bella –a

Accusative bellum –um bella –a

Genitive bellī –ī bellōrum –ōrum

Dative bellō –ō bellīs –īs

Ablative bellō –ō bellīs –īs

Nouns ending in -ius and -ium have a genitive singular in -ī in earlier Latin, which was regularized to -iī in the laterlanguage. Masculine nouns in -ius have a vocative singular in -ī at all stages. These forms in -ī are stressed on thesame syllable as the nominative singular, sometimes in violation of the usual Latin stress rule. For example, thegenitive and vocative singular Vergilī (from Vergilius) is pronounced [werˈɡiliː], with stress on the penult, eventhough it is short.[2]

There is no contraction of -iī(s) in plural forms.

Latin declension 5

fīlius, –īson m. auxilium, –īaid, help n.

Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative fīlius –ius fīliī –iī auxilium –ium auxilia –ia

Vocative fīlī –ī fīliī –iī auxilium –ium auxilia –ia

Accusative fīlium –ium fīliōs –iōs auxilium –ium auxilia –a

Genitive fīlī(later) fīliī

–ī(later) -iī

fīliōrum –iōrum auxilī(later) auxiliī

–ī(later) -iī

auxiliōrum –iōrum

Dative fīliō –iō fīliīs –iīs auxiliō –iō auxiliīs –iīs

Ablative fīliō –iō fīliīs –iīs auxiliō –iō auxiliīs –iīs

Second declension R nouns

Some masculine nouns of the second declension end in an –er or an –ir in the nominative singular. For such nouns,the genitive singular must be learned to see if the E is dropped. For example, socer, –erī keeps its E. However, thenoun magister, –trī ("teacher") drops its E in the genitive singular. Nouns with –ir in the nominative singular neverdrop the I.The declension of second declension R nouns is identical to that of the regular second declension, with the exceptionof the vocative singular, which is identical to the nominative rather than ending in an -e.For declension tables of second declension nouns, see the corresponding Wiktionary appendix.

Second declension Greek nouns

The second declension contains two types of masculine Greek nouns and one form of neuter Greek noun. Thesenouns are irregular only in the singular, as are their first declension counterparts. Greek nouns in the seconddeclension are derived from Omicron Declension.Some Greek nouns may be declined as normal, Latin nouns. For example, theātron can appear as theātrum.

Peculiarities

In the older language, nouns ending with –vus, –quus and –vum take o rather than u in the nominative and accusativesingular.

servos, –īslave m. equos, –īhorse m. aevom, –īeternity, age n.

Singular Singular Singular

Nominative servos –os equos –os aevom –om

Vocative serve –e eque –e aevom –om

Accusative servom –om equom –om aevom –om

Genitive servī –ī equī –ī aevī –ī

Dative servō –ō equō –ō aevō –ō

Ablative servō –ō equō –ō aevō –ō

The plural of deus (god, deity) is irregular.

Latin declension 6

Nom. dī/diī/deī

Voc. dī

Acc. deōs

Gen. deōrum/deum

Dat. dīs/diīs/deīs

Abl. dīs/diīs/deīs

The vocative singular of Deus is not attested in Classical Latin. In Ecclesiastical Latin the vocative is Deus.In poetry, -um may be substituted for -ōrum as the genitive plural ending.

Third declension (i)The third declension is the largest group of nouns. These nouns may end in –a,–e, –ī, –ō, –y, –c, –l, –n, –r, –s, –t, or–x . It consists of masculine, neuter, and feminine nouns of variable nominative cases and roots. The third declensionincludes flumen, fluminis neut. ("river"), flos, floris masc. ("flower"), and pax, pacis fem. ("peace"). Each noun hasthe ending -is as a suffix attached to the root of the noun in the genitive singular form. Masculine, feminine andneuter nouns each have their own special nominative singular endings. For instance, most masculine nouns end in an–or (amor). Most feminine nouns end in an –īx (phoenīx), and most neuter nouns end in an –us (onus). As in alldeclensions, some nouns defy these rules.

prīnceps, principisleader, chief, prince m. phoenīx, phoenīcisphoenix, fire-bird f. cōnāmen, conaminis effort, struggle n.

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative prīnceps -s1 prīncipēs –ēs phoenīx -s1 phoenīcēs –ēs cōnāmen —1 cōnāmina –a

Vocative prīnceps -s1 prīncipēs –ēs phoenīx -s1 —— cōnāmen —1 cōnāmina –a

Accusative prīncipem –em prīncipēs –ēs phoenīca[3] –em —— cōnāmen —1,2 cōnāmina –a

Genitive prīncipis –is prīncipum –um phoenīcis –is —— cōnāminis –is ——

Dative prīncipī –ī prīncipibus –ibus phoenīcī –ī —— cōnāminī –ī ——

Ablative prīncipe –e prīncipibus –ibus phoenīce –e —— cōnāmine –e ——

Locative prīncipī –ī prīncipibus –ibus phoenīcī –ī —— cōnāminī –ī ——

1 The nominative singular is formed in one of four ways: with -s, with no ending, or by one of these two with a different stem from the oblique

cases. The same is true of other forms that are the same as the nominative singular: the vocative singular and the neuter accusative singular.2 The nominative and accusative of neuter nouns are always identical. It should not be assumed that –en is always the appropriate ending, as it

might appear above.

Latin declension 7

Third declension i-stem nouns

The third declension also has a set of nouns that are declined differently. They are called i-stems. I-stems are brokeninto two subcategories: pure and mixed. Pure I-stems are indicated by the parisyllabic rule or special neuter endings.Mixed I-stems are indicated by the double consonant rule.• Masculine & Feminine

• Parisyllabic Rule: Some masculine and feminine third declension i-stem nouns have the same number ofsyllables in the genitive as they do in the nominative. For example: amnis, –is. The nominative ends in -is.

• Double-Consonant Rule: The rest of the masculine and feminine third declension i-stem nouns have twoconsonants before the –is in the genitive singular. For example: pars, partis

•• Neuter• Special Neuter Ending: Neuter third declension i-stems have no rule. However, all of them end in –al, –ar or

–e. For example: animal, –ālis. This can be remembered with the help of the mnemonic involving a piratenamed Al: "Al, ar' e' going pirating today?"

Pure I-stems may exhibit peculiar endings in both singular and plural. Mixed I-stems employ normal (consonant) 3rddeclension endings in the singular but I-Stem endings in the plural. Note the alternative I-stem endings indicated inparentheses.

amnis, amnisstream, torrent m. (Pure)

pars, partispart, piece f. (Mixed)

animal, animālisanimal, living being n. (Pure)

Parisyllabic Rule Double Consonant Rule Special Neuter Ending

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative amnis -s1 amnēs –ēs pars -s1 partēs –ēs animal —1 animālia –ia

Vocative amnis -s1 amnēs –ēs pars -s1 partēs –ēs animal —1 animālia –ia

Accusative amnem –em (-im) amnēs –ēs (-īs) partempartim

–em-im

partēs –ēs(-īs)

animal —1 animālia –ia

Genitive amnis –is amnium –ium partis –is partium –ium animālis –is animālium –ium

Dative amnī –ī amnibus –ibus partī –ī partibus –ibus animālī –ī animālibus –ibus

Ablative amneamnī

–e(-i) amnibus –ibus parte –e partibus –ibus animālī –ī animālibus –ibus

1 The nominative singular is formed in one of four ways: with -s, with no ending, or by one of these two with a different stem from the oblique

cases. The same is true of other forms that are the same as the nominative singular: the vocative singular and the neuter accusative singular.

The rules for determining I-stems from non-I-stems and "mixed" I-stems should be thought of more as "guidelines"than "rules": even among the Romans themselves, the categorization of a 3rd declension word as an I-stem ornon-I-stem was quite fluid. The result is that many words that should be I-stems according to the parisyllabic andconsonant stem rules actually are not, such as canis or iuvenis. By the parisyllabic rule, "canis" should be amasculine I-stem and thus differ from the non-I-stems by having an extra -i- in the plural genitive form: "canium". Inreality, the plural genitive of "canis" is "canum", the form of a non-I-stem. This fluidity even in Roman times resultsin much more uncertainty in Medieval Latin, as scholars were trying to imitate what was fluid to begin with.

Latin declension 8

Peculiarities

In the third declension, there are four irregular nouns.

Case vīsforce, power f.

sūs, suisswine, pig, hog c.

bōs, bovisox, bullock c.

Iuppiter,Iovis

Jupiter m.

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular

Nominative vīs vīrēs sūs suēs bōs[4] bovēs Iuppiter[4]

Vocative vīs vīrēs sūs suēs bōs[4] bovēs Iuppiter[4]

Accusative vim vīrēs suem suēs bovem bovēs Iovem

Genitive —— vīrium suis suum bovis boum Iovis

Dative —— vīribus suī subus bovī bōbusbūbus[4]

Iovī

Ablative vī vīribus sue subus bove bōbusbūbus[4]

Iove

Fourth declension (u)The fourth declension is a group of nouns consisting of mostly masculine words like 'wave' (fluctus, fluctūs masc.)and 'port' (portus, portūs masc.) with a few feminine exceptions, including 'hand' (manus, manūs fem.). The fourthdeclension also includes several neuter nouns like 'knee' (genu, genūs neut.). Each noun has the ending -ūs as a suffixattached to the root of the noun in the genitive singular form. The predominant letter in the ending forms of thisdeclension is u.

portus, –ūs port, haven, harbor m. cornū, –ūs horn, strength n.

Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative portus –us portūs –ūs cornū –ū cornua –ua

Vocative portus –us portūs –ūs cornū –ū cornua –ua

Accusative portum –um portūs –ūs cornū –ū cornua –ua

Genitive portūs –ūs portuum –uum cornūs –ūs cornuum –uum

Dative portuī –uī portibus –ibus cornū –ū cornibus –ibus

Ablative portū –ū portibus –ibus cornū –ū cornibus –ibus

In the dative and ablative plural, –ibus is sometimes replaced with –ubus. This is so for only a few nouns, such asartus, "the limbs".The declension of domus is irregular:

Latin declension 9

domus, –ūs house, home f.

Singular Plural

Nominative domus –us domūs –ūs

Vocative domus –us ——

Accusative domum –um domōs / domūs –ōs / ūs

Genitive domūs –ūs domōrum / domuum –ōrum / uum

Dative domuī –uī domibus –ibus

Ablative domō –ō domibus –ibus

Fifth declension (e)The fifth declension is a small group of nouns consisting of mostly feminine words like 'affair, matter, thing' (rēs, reīfem.) and 'day' (diēs, diēī usually feminine, except on notable days when it is masculine). Each noun has either theending -ēī or –eī as a suffix attached to the root of the noun in the genitive singular form

effigiēs, –ēī effigy, ideal f. spēs, –eī hope, anticipation f.

Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative effigiēs –ēs effigiēs –ēs spēs –ēs spēs -ēs

Vocative effigiēs –ēs effigiēs -ēs spēs –ēs spēs -ēs

Accusative effigiem –em effigiēs –ēs spem –em spēs -ēs

Genitive effigiēī –ēī effigiērum -ērum speī –eī spērum -ērum

Dative effigiēī –ēī effigiēbus -ēbus speī –eī spēbus -ēbus

Ablative effigiē –ē effigiēbus -ēbus spē –ē spēbus -ēbus

Note that nouns ending in iēs have long ēī in the dative and genitive, while nouns ending in a consonant + ēs haveshort eī in these cases.

PronounsRelative and demonstrative pronouns are generally declined like first and second declension adjectives, with thefollowing differences:•• the nominatives are often irregular•• the genitive singular ends in -īus rather than -ae or -ī.•• the dative singular ends in -ī: rather than -ae or -ō.These differences identify the "pronominal" declension, and a few adjectives follow this pattern.

Personal pronounsThe first and second persons are irregular. They may be only masculine or feminine.

Latin declension 10

First Person Second Person

ego, meī I m. and f. nōs, nostrum we m. and f. tū, tuī thou m. and f. vōs, vestrum ye m. and f.

Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative ego nōs tū vōs

Vocative —— —— tū vōs

Accusative mē nōs tē vōs

Genitive meī nostrum1 tuī vestrum1

Dative mihi nōbīs tibi vōbīs

Ablative mē nōbīs tē vōbīs

1—if the genitive is objective, nostrī and vestrī

Usually, to show the ablative of accompaniment, cum would be added to the ablative form. However, with personalpronouns and the interrogative (not with 3rd person), cum is added on to the end of the ablative form. For example:mēcum, nōbīscum, tēcum, vōbīscum and quōcum (sometimes quīcum).

is, eīhe, they m. ea, eaeshe, they f. id, eait, they n.

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative is eī, iī ea eae id ea

Vocative - - - - - -

Accusative eum eōs eam eās id ea

Genitive eius eōrum eius eārum eius eōrum

Dative eī eīs, iīs eī eīs, iīs eī eīs, iīs

Ablative eō eīs, iīs eā eīs, iīs eō eīs, iīs

The third person reflexive pronouns always refer back to the subject whether it be singular or plural.

—, suīhimself, herself

itself, oneself, themselves

Nominative —

Vocative -

Accusative sē, sēsē

Genitive suī

Dative sibi

Ablative sē, sēsē

Latin declension 11

Interrogative pronounsThe interrogative pronouns are used strictly for asking questions. It is best not to confuse them with the relativepronoun and the interrogative adjective (which is declined like the relative pronoun). Interrogative pronouns rarelyoccur in the plural, though they may. The plural interrogative pronouns are the same as the plural relative pronouns.

quiswho? m. and f. quidwhat? n. only

Singular

Nominative quis quid

Vocative - -

Accusative quem quid

Genitive cuius cuius

Dative cuī cuī

Ablative quō quō

Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives

hic, haec, hoc this, this one ille, illa, illud that, that one iste, ista, istud that of yours

Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative hic hī haec hae hoc haec ille illī illa illae illud illa iste istī ista istae istud ista

Vocative - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Accusative hunc hōs hanc hās hoc haec illum illōs illam illās illud illa istum istōs istam istās istud ista

Genitive huius hōrum huius hārum huius hōrum illīus illōrum illīus illārum illīus illōrum istīus istōrum istīus istārum istīus istōrum

Dative huic hīs huic hīs huic hīs illī illīs illī illīs illī illīs istī istīs istī istīs istī istīs

Ablative hōc hīs hāc hīs hōc hīs illō illīs illā illīs illō illīs istō istīs istā istīs istō istīs

Intensive pronouns

ipse, ipsa, ipsum himself, herself, itself

Masculine Feminine Neuter

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative ipse ipsī ipsa ipsae ipsum ipsa

Vocative - - - - - -

Accusative ipsum ipsōs ipsam ipsās ipsum ipsa

Genitive ipsīus ipsōrum ipsīus ipsārum ipsīus ipsōrum

Dative ipsī ipsīs ipsī ipsīs ipsī ipsīs

Ablative ipsō ipsīs ipsā ipsīs ipsō ipsīs

Latin declension 12

Relative pronouns

quī, quae, quodwho, which, that

Masculine Feminine Neuter

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative quī quī quae quae quod quae

Vocative - - - - - -

Accusative quem quōs quam quās quod quae

Genitive cūius quōrum cūius quārum cūius quōrum

Dative cui quibus cui quibus cui quibus

Ablative quō quibus quā quibus quō quibus

Adjectives

First and second declension adjectivesFirst and second declension are inflected in the masculine, the feminine and the neuter; the masculine form typicallyends in –us (although some end in -er, see below), the feminine form ends in –a, and the neuter form ends in –um.Therefore, adjectives are given like altus, alta, altum.

altus, –a, –um high, long, tall

Masculine Feminine Neuter

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative altus –us altī –ī alta –a altae –ae altum –um alta –a

Vocative alte –e altī –ī alta –a altae –ae altum –um alta –a

Accusative altum –um altōs –ōs altam –am altās –ās altum –um alta –a

Genitive altī –ī altōrum –ōrum altae –ae altārum –ārum altī –ī altōrum –ōrum

Dative altō –ō altīs –īs altae –ae altīs –īs altō –ō altīs –īs

Ablative altō –ō altīs –īs altā –ā altīs –īs altō –ō altīs –īs

First and second declension –r adjectives

Some first and second declension adjectives' masculine form end in an –er. As with second declension nouns –rnouns, some adjectives retain the e throughout inflection, and some omit it. Sacer, sacra, sacrum omits its e whilemiser, misera, miserum keeps it.

Latin declension 13

miser, –era, –erum sad, poor, unhappy

Masculine Feminine Neuter

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative miser –er miserī –ī misera –a miserae –ae miserum –um misera –a

Vocative miser –er miserī –ī misera –a miserae –ae miserum –um misera –a

Accusative miserum –um miserōs –ōs miseram –am miserās –ās miserum –um misera –a

Genitive miserī –ī miserōrum –ōrum miserae –ae miserārum –ārum miserī –ī miserōrum –ōrum

Dative miserō –ō miserīs –īs miserae –ae miserīs –īs miserō –ō miserīs –īs

Ablative miserō –ō miserīs –īs miserā –ā miserīs –īs miserō –ō miserīs –īs

sacer, –cra, –crum sacred, holy

Masculine Feminine Neuter

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative sacer –er sacrī –ī sacra –a sacrae –ae sacrum –um sacra –a

Vocative sacer –er sacrī –ī sacra –a sacrae –ae sacrum –um sacra –a

Accusative sacrum –um sacrōs –ōs sacram –am sacrās –ās sacrum –um sacra –a

Genitive sacrī –ī sacrōrum –ōrum sacrae –ae sacrārum –ārum sacrī –ī sacrōrum –ōrum

Dative sacrō –ō sacrīs –īs sacrae –ae sacrīs –īs sacrō –ō sacrīs –īs

Ablative sacrō –ō sacrīs –īs sacrā –ā sacrīs –īs sacrō –ō sacrīs –īs

First and second –īus genitive adjectives

Nine first and second declension adjectives are irregular in the genitive and the dative in all genders. They can beremembered by using the mnemonic acronym UNUS NAUTA. They are:ūllus, –a, –um; anynūllus, –a, –um; no, none (of any)uter, –tra, –trum; which (of two)sōlus, –a, –um; sole, aloneneuter, –tra, –trum; neither (of two)alius, –a, –ud; (gen. sing. alīus; another)ūnus, –a, –um; onetōtus, –a, –um; wholealter, –era, –erum; the other (of two)

Latin declension 14

ūllus, –a, –umany

Masculine Feminine Neuter

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative ūllus –us ūllī –ī ūlla –a ūllae –ae ūllum –um ūlla –a

Vocative ūlle –e ūllī –ī ūlla –a ūllae –ae ūllum –um ūlla –a

Accusative ūllum –um ūllōs –ōs ūllam –am ūllās –ās ūllum –um ūlla –a

Genitive ūllīus –īus ūllōrum –ōrum ūllīus –īus ūllārum –ārum ūllīus –īus ūllōrum –ōrum

Dative ūllī –ī ūllīs –īs ūllī –ī ūllīs –īs ūllī –ī ūllīs –īs

Ablative ūllō –ō ūllīs –īs ūllā –ā ūllīs –īs ūllō –ō ūllīs –īs

Third declension adjectivesThird declension adjectives are normally declined like third declension i-stem nouns, except for the fact they alwayshave a –ī rather than an -e in the ablative singular (unlike i-stem nouns, in which only neuters have –ī). Someadjectives, however, like the one-ending vetus, veteris (old, aged), have an -e in the ablative singular (all genders), a-um in the genitive plural (all genders), and an -a in the nominative and accusative plural (neuter only).

Third declension adjectives with one ending

Third declension adjectives with one ending have single nominative ending for all genders. As with nouns, a genitiveis given for the purpose of inflection.

atrōx, –ōcis terrible, mean, cruel

Masculine & Feminine Neuter

Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative atrōx –ōx atrōcēs –ēs atrōx –ōx atrōcia –ia

Vocative atrōx –ōx atrōcēs –ēs atrōx –ōx atrōcia –ia

Accusative atrōcem –em atrōcēs –ēs1 atrōx –ōx atrōcia –ia

Genitive atrōcis –is atrōcium –ium atrōcis –is atrōcium –ium

Dative atrōcī –ī atrōcibus –ibus atrōcī –ī atrōcibus –ibus

Ablative atrōcī –ī² atrōcibus –ibus atrōcī –ī² atrōcibus –ibus

1—may end in –īs

²—may end in –e

Third declension adjectives with two endings

Third declension adjectives that have two endings have one form for the masculine and feminine, and a separateform for the neuter. The ending for the masculine and feminine is –is, and the ending for the neuter is –e. Becausethe sexed form ends in an –is, we find the adjective genitive singular.

Latin declension 15

agilis, –enimble, swift

Masculine & Feminine Neuter

Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative agilis –is agilēs –ēs agile –e agilia –ia

Vocative agilis –is agilēs –ēs agile –e agilia –ia

Accusative agilem –em agilēs –ēs1 agile –e agilia –ia

Genitive agilis –is agilium –ium agilis –is agilium –ium

Dative agilī –ī agilibus –ibus agilī –ī agilibus –ibus

Ablative agilī –ī agilibus –ibus agilī –ī agilibus –ibus

1—may end in –īs

Third declension adjectives with three endings

Third declension adjectives with three endings have three separate nominative forms for all three genders. Like thirdand second declension –r nouns, the masculine ends in an –er. The feminine ends in an –ris, and the neuter ends inan –re. With that information, we come upon the genitive singular needed for inflection, the feminine form.

celer, –eris, –ereswift, rapid, brash

Masculine Feminine Neuter

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative celer –er celerēs –ēs celeris –is celerēs –ēs celere –e celeria –ia

Vocative celer –er celerēs –ēs celeris –is celerēs –ēs celere –e celeria –ia

Accusative celerem –em celerēs –ēs1 celerem –em celerēs –ēs1 celere –e celeria –ia

Genitive celeris –is celerium –ium celeris –is celerium –ium celeris –is celerium –ium

Dative celerī –ī celeribus –ibus celerī –ī celeribus –ibus celerī –ī celeribus –ibus

Ablative celerī –ī celeribus –ibus celerī –ī celeribus –ibus celerī –ī celeribus –ibus

alacer, –cris, –crelively, jovial, animated

Masculine Feminine Neuter

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative alacer –er alacrēs –ēs alacris –is alacrēs –ēs alacre –e alacria –ia

Vocative alacer –er alacrēs –ēs alacris –is alacrēs –ēs alacre –e alacria –ia

Accusative alacrem –em alacrēs –ēs1 alacrem –em alacrēs –ēs1 alacre –e alacria –ia

Genitive alacris –is alacrium –ium alacris –is alacrium –ium alacris –is alacrium –ium

Dative alacrī –ī alacribus –ibus alacrī –ī alacribus –ibus alacrī –ī alacribus –ibus

Ablative alacrī –ī alacribus –ibus alacrī –ī alacribus –ibus alacrī –ī alacribus –ibus

1—may end in –īs

Latin declension 16

Comparative and superlative forms of adjectivesAs in English, adjectives have superlative and comparative forms. For regular first and second declension and thirddeclension adjectives with one or two endings, the comparative is formed by adding an –ior for the masculine andfeminine, and an –ius for the neuter to the base. The genitive for both are formed by adding an –iōris. Therefore,they are declined like the third declension. However, they are not declined as i-stems are. Superlatives formed byadding an –issimus, –a, –um to the base. Now, we find that superlatives are declined like first and second declensionadjectives.

Adjective Positive Comparative Superlative

benignus, –a, –um (kind, nice) benignior, –ius benignissimus, –a, –umfrīgidus, –a, –um (cold, chilly) frīgidior, –ius frīgidissimus, –a, –umcalidus, –a, –um (hot, fiery) calidior, –ius calidissimus, –a, –umpugnāx, –ācis (pugnacious) pugnācior, –ius pugnācissimus, –a, –umfortis, –e (strong, robust) fortior, –ius fortissimus, –a, –umaequālis, –e (equal, even) aequālior, –ius aequālissimus, –a, –um

Comparatives and superlatives of –er adjectives

Adjectives (in the third and first and second declensions) that have masculine nominative singular forms ending in–er have different forms. If the feminine and neuter forms drop the E, use that for the comparative form. Thesuperlative is formed by adding a –rimus onto the masculine form.

Adjective Positive Comparative Superlative

pulcher, –chra, –chrum (pretty, beautiful) pulchrior, –ius pulcherrimus, –a, –umsacer, –cra, –crum (sacred, holy) sacrior, –ius sacerrimus, –a, –umtener, –era, –erum (delicate, tender) tenerior, –ius tenerrimus, –a, –umācer, –cris, –cre (sharp) ācrior, –ius ācerrimus, –a, –umcelēber, –bris, –bre (celebrated, famous) celēbrior, –ius celēberrimus, –a, –umceler, –eris, –ere (quick, fast) celerior, –ius celerrimus, –a, –um

Comparatives and superlatives of –lis adjectives

Some third declension adjectives with two endings in –lis in the sexed nominative singular have irregular superlativeforms. The following are the only adjectives that have this unique form.

Adjective Positive Comparative Superlative

facilis, –e (easy) facilior, –ius facillimus, –a, –umdifficilis, –e (hard, difficult) difficilior, –ius difficillimus, –a, –umsimilis, –e (similar, like) similior, –ius simillimus, –a, –umdissimilis, –e (unlike, dissimilar) dissimilior, –ius dissimillimus, –a, –umgracilis, –e (slender, slim) gracilior, –ius gracillimus, –a, –umhumilis, –e (low, humble) humilior, –ius humillimus, –a, –um

Latin declension 17

Irregular comparatives and superlatives

As in most languages, Latin has adjectives that have irregular comparatives and superlatives.

Adjective Positive Comparative Superlative

bonus, –a, –um (good) melior, –ius optimus, –a, –ummalus, –a, –um (bad, evil) peior, –ius pessimus, –a, –ummagnus, –a, –um (great, large) maior, –ius maximus, –a, –umparvus, –a, –um (small, slight) minor, –us minimus, –a, –ummultus, –a, –um (much, many) plūs1 plurimus, –a, –um

mātūrus, –a, –um (ripe, mature) mātūrior, –ius mātūrrimus, –a, –um2

nēquam3 (worthless) nēquior, –ius nēquissimus, –a, –um

posterus, –a, –um (next, future) posterior, –ius postremus, –a, –umsuperus, –a, –um (above, upper) superior, –ius supremus, –a, –umexterus, –a, –um (outer, outward) exterior, –ius extremus, –a, –umnovus, –a, –um (new, strange) novior, -ium novissimus, –a, –umsenex, senis (old, aged) senior, –ius ——iuvenis, –is (young, youthful) iuvenior -ius / iūnior, –ius ——

•• 1: noun used with genitive to express more of something• 2: often replaced by the regular form 'maturissimus, –a, –um'•• 3: indeclinable

Declension of īdem

The adjective īdem, eadem, idem means 'same.' It is a variant of the third person pronouns that were declined earlier.Generally, they are formed by adding –dem to a declined third person pronouns. However, some forms have beenchanged to ease pronunciation.

īdem, eadem, idemthe same, same as

Masculine Feminine Neuter

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative īdem eīdem,iīdem

eadem eaedem idem eadem

Vocative īdem eīdem,iīdem

eadem eaedem idem eadem

Accusative eundem eōsdem eandem eāsdem idem eadem

Genitive eiusdem eōrundem eiusdem eārundem eiusdem eōrundem

Dative eīdem eīsdem,iīsdem

eīdem eīsdem,iīsdem

eīdem eīsdem,iīsdem

Ablative eōdem eīsdem,iīsdem

eādem eīsdem,iīsdem

eōdem eīsdem,iīsdem

Latin declension 18

Declension of numeralsSee also: Roman numerals for symbology.

There are several different kinds of numeral words in Latin: the two most common are cardinal numerals, andordinal numerals. There are also several more rare numerals such as distributive numerals and adverbial numerals

Cardinal numerals

All numerals, except ūnum (one), duo (two), tria (three), centum (one hundred), and mīlia (thousand, sing. mīlle) areindeclinable adjectives. Ūnus, ūna, ūnum is declined like a first and second declension adjective with an –īus in thegenitive, and –ī in the dative. Duo is declined irregularly, and tria is declined like a third declension adjective.

duo, duae, duotwo

Masculine Feminine Neuter

Plural

Nominative duo duae duo

Vocative duo duae duo

Accusative duōs / duo duās duo

Genitive duōrum / duum duārum duōrum

Dative duōbus duābus duōbus

Ablative duōbus duābus duōbus

It should be noted that ambō, "both", is declined as duo is, though its o is long.

trēs, tria

Masculine & Feminine Neuter

Plural

Nominative trēs tria

Vocative trēs tria

Accusative trēs, trīs tria

Genitive trium trium

Dative tribus tribus

Ablative tribus tribus

The word mīlle, is singular, an adjective and indeclinable. However, its plural, mīlia, is a plural 3rd declensionI-stem neuter noun.

Latin declension 19

mīlia, mīlium(a) thousand n.

Plural

Nominative mīlia

Genitive mīlium

Accusative mīlia

Dative mīlibus

Vocative mīlia

Ablative mīlibus

•• Note that to write the phrase "four thousand horses" in Latin, the genitive is used: "quattuor milia equōrum",literally, "four thousands of horses".

As stated before, the rest of the numbers are indeclinable adjectives. They are also indeclinable as substantives.

1 I ūnus, –a, –um 11 XI ūndecim 21 XXI ūnus et vigintī 101 CI centum et ūnus

2 II duo, –ae, –o 12 XII duodecim 22 XXII duō et vigintī 200 CC ducentī, –ae, –a

3 III trēs, –ia 13 XIII trēdecim 30 XXX trīgintā 300 CCC trecentī

4 IV quattuor 14 XIV quattuordecim 40 XL quadrāgintā 400 CD quadrigentī

5 V quīnque 15 XV quīndecim 50 L quīnquāgintā 500 D quīngentī

6 VI sex 16 XVI sēdecim 60 LX sexāgintā 600 DC sescentī

7 VII septem 17 XVII septendecim 70 LXX septuāgintā 700 DCC septingentī

8 VIII octō 18 XVIII duodēvigintī 80 LXXX octōgintā 800 DCCC octingentī

9 IX novem 19 XIX ūndēvigintī 90 XC nōnāgintā 900 CM nōngentī

10 X decem 20 XX vigintī 100 C centum 1000 M mīlle

Ordinal numerals

Ordinal numerals all decline like normal 1st and 2nd declension adjectives.•• Primus = first•• Secundus = second•• Tertius = third•• Vicensimus = twentiethNote: "secundus" only means "second" in the sense of "following". The adjective alter, -ra, -rum meaning "the other(of two)" was more frequently used in many instances that English would use "second".Ordinal numbers, not cardinal numbers, are commonly used to represent dates, because they are in the format of "inthe tenth year of Caesar", etc. which also carried over into the Anno Domini system and Christian dating, i.e. "annopost Christum nato centensimo" = AD 100.

Latin declension 20

Distributive numerals

A rare numeral construction denoting an equal number distributed among several objects, e.g. "How many each?""Two by two." They decline like normal 1st and 2nd declension adjectives, and are logically always plural. Bis, Bina= "twice two". A classical example would be "Uxores habent deni duo deniqui inter se communes" = "groups of tenor twelve men had wives in common" –Gallic Wars, Julius Caesar

Adverbial numerals

Adverbial numerals are (as the name states) indeclinable adverbs, but because all of the other numeral constructionsare adjectives, they are listed here with them. Adverbial numerals give how many times a thing happened. Semel =once, Bis = twice, Ter = thrice (three times), Quater = four times, etc.

Adverbs and their comparisons and superlativesAdverbs are not declined. However, adverbs must be formed if one wants to make an adjective into an adverb.

First and second declension adjectives' adverbsFirst and second declension adjectives' adverbs are formed by adding an –ē onto their bases.

Adjective Adverb

clārus, –a, –um (clear, famous) clārē (clearly, famously)validus, –a, –um (strong, robust) validē (strongly, robustly)īnfīrmus, –a, –um (weak) īnfīrmē (weakly)solidus, –a, –um (complete, firm) solidē (completely, firmly)integer, –gra, –grum (whole, fresh) integrē (wholly, freshly)līber, –era, –erum (free) līberē (freely)

Third declension adjectives' adverbsTypically, third declension adjectives' adverbs are formed by adding an –iter onto their bases. However, most thirddeclension adjectives with one ending simply add an –er to their bases.

Adjective Adverb

prūdēns, –entis (prudent) prūdenter (prudently)audāx, –ācis (bold) audācter (boldly)virilis, –e (courageous, spirited) viriliter (courageously, spiritedly)salūbris, -e (wholesome) salūbriter (wholesomely)

Latin declension 21

Adverbs' comparative and superlative formsAdverbs' comparative forms are their neuter adjectives' comparative forms. Adverbs' superlative forms are made inthe same way in which first and second declension adjectives' adverbs are made.First and second declension adjectives' adverbs are formed by adding an –ē onto their bases.

Positive Comparative Superlative

clārē (clearly, famously) clārius clārissimēsolidē (completely, firmly) solidius ——līberē (freely) līberius ——prudenter (prudently) prudentius prudentissimēsalūbriter (wholesomely) salūberius salūberissimē

Irregular adverbs and their comparative and superlative formsAs so with adjectives, there are irregular adverbs with peculiar comparative and superlative forms.

Positive Comparative Superlative

bene (well) melius optimēmale (ill, badly) peius pessimēmāgnoperē (greatly) magis maximēmultum (much, a lot) plūs plūrimumparvum (little) minus minimēnēquiter (worthlessly) nēquius nēquissimēsaepe (often) saepius saepissimēmātūrē (seasonably, betimes) mātūrius māturrimēprope (near) propius proximēnūper (recently) —— nūperrimēpotis (possible) potius (rather) potissimē (especially)—— prius (before, previously) prīmum /primo (first)secus (otherwise) sētius / sequius (less) ——

Peculiarities within declension

Irregularity in numberSome nouns are declined in the singular only. This is the case with:• Materials such as aurum (gold) and aes (copper)• Abstract nouns such as celeritās (speed) and scientia (knowledge)• Proper names such as Iulius (Julius) and Clāra (Clara)There are nouns that are declined only in the plural as well (plurale tantum):• Many festivals, such as Saturnalia• Words like castra (camp) and arma (arms)• A few geographical names are plural such as Thēbae (Thebes).

Latin declension 22

Indeclinable nounsIndeclinable nouns are neuter nouns which occur only in the nominative and the accusative singular. There are onlysix such nouns:• fās — fate, divine law• īnstar — likeness• māne — morning• nefās — sin, abomination• nihil / nil — nothing, none• secus - sex, coitus

Heterogeneous nounsHeterogeneous nouns are nouns which vary in respect to gender.•• A few nouns in the second declension occur in both the neuter and masculine. However, their meanings remain

the same.•• Some nouns are one gender in the singular, but become another gender in the plural. They may also change in

meaning.

Singular Plural

balneum n. bath balneae f. or balnea n. bath-house

epulum n. feast, banquet epulae f. feasts, banquets

frēnum n. bridle, curb frēnī m. bridle, curb

iocus m. joke, jest ioca n. or ioci m. jokes, jests

locus m. place, location loca n. places, locations; locī region

rāstrum n. hoe, rake rāstrī m. hoes, rakes

Plurals with alternative meaningsNouns whose plural meaning is different from the singular meaning are called plūrālia tantum.

Singular Plural

aedēs, –is f. building, temple aedēs, –ium rooms, house

auxilium, –ī n. help, aid auxilia, –ōrum auxiliary troops

carcer, –eris m. prison, cell carcerēs, –um starting-place of a chariot race

castrum, –ī n. fort, castle, fortress castra, –ōrum milit. camp, encampment

cōpia, –ae f. plenty, much, abundance cōpiae, –ārum troops

fīnis, –is m. end, boundary fīnēs, –ium territory

fortūna, –ae f. luck, chance fortūnae –ārum wealth

grātia, –ae f. charm, favor grātiae, –ārum thanks

impedīmentum, –ī m. impediment, hindrance impedīmenta, –ōrum baggage

littera, –ae f. letter (as in A, B, C, etc.) litterae, –ārum epistle, scholarship, literature

mōs, mōris m. habit, inclination mōrēs, –um m. morals, character

opera, –ae f. trouble, pains operae, –ārum workmen

opis f.[5] help opēs, –ium resources, wealth

Latin declension 23

pars, partis f. part, piece partēs, –ium office, function

sāl, salis m. salt, sea water salēs, –um wit, smarts

Notes[1] The archaism aquai occurs frequently in Virgil, Cicero, Lucretius and others, to evoke the style of older writers.[2] Gildersleeve & Lodge §15, Allen & Greenough §12, §49c[3] Being a Greek word, the accusative form is phoenica (Ovid, Metamorphoses, 15.393 (http:/ / www. thelatinlibrary. com/ ovid/ ovid. met15.

shtml)). Greek -a, like Latin -em, comes from the PIE athematic ending -m, which was pronounced as a vowel after consonants.[4] Here ō or ū come from Old Latin ou. Thus bō-/bū- and Iū- before consonant endings are alternate developments of the bov- and Iov- before

vowel endings. — The double pp in the preferred form Iu-ppiter "Father Jove" is an alternate way of marking the length of the u in theetymological form Iū-piter. i is weakened from a in pater (Allen and Greenough, sect. 79 b).

[5][5] (gen.; nom. and dat. do not occur) the goddess Ops (pers.)

References• Latin declensor (http:/ / molinarium. es/ declinador. html) (Spanish)

• New Latin Grammar (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ ebooks/ 15665), an eBook, originally written by CharlesEdwin Bennett, at the Project Gutenberg

• Latin grammar - interactive (http:/ / latinskirecnik. 110mb. com/ latingram/ substantiva_eng. html)•• A Student's Latin Grammar, by Cambridge Latin Course's Robin m. Griffin, Third Edition• Gildersleeve, B. L.; Gonzalez Lodge (1895). Gildersleeve's Latin Grammar (3rd ed.). Macmillan.

ISBN 0-333-09215-5.• Greenough, J. B.; G. L. Kittredge, A. A. Howard, Benj. L. D'Ooge (1903). Allen and Greenough's New Latin

Grammar for Schools and Colleges (http:/ / www. perseus. tufts. edu/ hopper/ text?doc=Perseus:text:1999. 04.0001). Ginn and Company.

Article Sources and Contributors 24

Article Sources and ContributorsLatin declension  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=484041305  Contributors: 208.168.16.xxx, 212.25.85.xxx, 4pq1injbok, 7th Declension, A. Parrot, Aetherlur, Aeusoes1,Ahoerstemeier, Alexmoorehead42, Anakata, AneleZeravla, Angr, AnonMoos, Antandrus, Aramgar, Arda Xi, Asclepius, Attilios, AugPi, Benlisquare, Benwing, Bill3000, Billiot,Bjankuloski06en, Blurrzuki, Bombshell, Brion VIBBER, Brusegadi, Burschik, CSWarren, CanisRufus, CapnPrep, Carolus, Chris386, ChristopherWillis, Christophore, Ciacchi, Closedmouth,Cmdrjameson, Conversion script, Count Truthstein, Cynwolfe, DanMS, Darthanakin, David Martin Chao, Dev920, Dnik, Don4of4, Donarreiskoffer, Dpc01, Edcolins, Ehrenkater, Ekwos,EncycloPetey, Endorf, Epbr123, Erutuon, Ettrig, Fabullus, FilipeS, Foolman89, Furrykef, Gandalf1491, Gbnogkfs, Gerbrant, Getf42, Gilgamesh, GlobeGores, GoGi, Graham87, Grblomerth,Hairy Dude, Hao2lian, HappyInGeneral, Harryboyles, Horsieluvr77, Igodard, Ihcoyc, Inspector Baynes, Iridescent, J. Finkelstein, JSpung, Jaberwocky6669, Jason131813, Jed 20012, Jeffq,Jfblanc, Jheald, Jim1138, Jobber, JoergenB, Jogloran, John Riemann Soong, Jonathan Schäfer, Joriki, Jusdafax, Ka Faraq Gatri, Karenbudde, Kbolino, Kenyon, Kinzcg12, Kongming819,Kwamikagami, La Pianista, Laogeodritt, Largoplazo, Latintemplate, Laudaka, Lawrence King, Lesgles, Lexor, Lindsay1999, Literaturepitome, Looxix, Lotje, Makerowner, Marnanel,Mboverload, Mecv, Mhss, Mild Bill Hiccup, Mirage GSM, Mirv, Mochattez, Moogwrench, Moyogo, Mygerardromance, Naddy, Nightstallion, Nik42, Oda Mari, Pajamacore, Pajast, PaulGS,Penarc, Peter Chastain, Philx, Pinnerup, Prudentius, Psyche825, Quellyn, RPlunk2853, Radagast3, Reinyday, Rich Farmbrough, Richwales, Rodii, Rsvk, Ruakh, SJK, Salt Yeung, Sburke,Schoen, Shanes, Smilers, SomethingWittyHere, Sotades, Starnestommy, Stephen MUFC, StradivariusTV, Subtilior, Tarquin, Tb, Tbone762, Tedius Zanarukando, The penguin boy, Theelf29,TimNelson, Ttownfeen, Turgan, UNIT A4B1, UnDeadGoat, Vanisaac, VashiDonsk, Vi Veri Veniversum Vivus Vici, Wally787, Wasabe3543, Wavelength, Weatherman1126, Wik,Wombat1138, Wordsmith, Xiaq, Yeom0609, Yolgnu, 393 anonymous edits

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