Latin American and Caribbean Regional Expert Workshop on Sustainable Use of Biodiversity Latin American and Caribbean Regional Expert Workshop on Sustainable

Latin American and Caribbean Latin American and Caribbean

Regional Expert Workshop Regional Expert Workshop

on on

Sustainable Use of BiodiversitySustainable Use of Biodiversity Buenos Aires, 13 May – 16 June 2005

Secretariat of the Convention on Biological DiversityInstituto Nacional de Technología Agropecuaria (INTA)

Latin America and Caribbean Regional Workshop on Sustainable Use -- 13-16 September 2005 – Slide 2

Item 1 – Opening Welcome and introductions:

• CBD – Secretariat

• Government of Argentina: • Secretary of Environment• Secretary of Agriculture • Cancilleria Argentina

• Instituto Nacional de Technología Agropecuaria (INTA)

• Participants

• Training team


Item 1 – Objectives

• Understand application of the Addis Ababa Principles of Sustainable Use

• Understanding ecosystem services, including tools and methods to assess them

• Understanding financial costs and benefits and tools to assess them

• Assess applicability of Addis Ababa Principles of Sustainable Use to Agricultural Biodiversity


Item 2 – Agenda

1. Welcome and introductions

2. Adoption of agenda and mandate

3. Objectives of the workshop

4. Key terms and concepts

5. Overview of Addis Ababa Principles

6. Application of Addis Ababa Principles


Item 2 – Agenda

6. Ecosystem services assessment

7. Financial costs and benefits

8. Assessment of the workshop

9. Other matters

10. Adoption of workshop report

11. Closing remarks


Item 2 – Mandate

Decision VII/12 -

Calls for regional technical expert workshops to cover:• Sustainable use• Ecosystem services assessment• Financial cost and benefits

Invites Parties to:• Implement the Addis Ababa Guidelines• Integrate/Mainstream them in domestic measures• Disseminate experiences and lessons learned


Item 2 – Mandate

Decision VII/12 Invites research on:

• Livelihoods and ecosystem services

• Transboundary species

• Indigenous and local communities and women

• Relationships between components of biodiversity

• Resilience • Socio-economic factors • Use of terms • Monitoring• Management planning • Equitable distribution of

benefits


Item 2 – Mandate

Decision VII/12 • Invites assessment of the applicability of the

Addis Ababa Principles to Agricultural

Biodiversity• Calls for guidance about the principles and

guideline in relation to the CBD working

programme on Agricultural Biodiversity


Item 3 – Key terms/concepts

Conceptual framework:

Ecosystem services sustain life, biodiversity, and livelihoods


Item 3 – Key terms & concepts

Biodiversity …

The variety and variability of living organisms at the genetic, species and ecosystem levels and [the] ecological complexes, of which they are part



Biological resources …

Include genetic resources, organisms or parts thereof, populations, or any other biotic component of ecosystems with actual or potential use or value for humanity



Agricultural biodiversity …

Includes all components of biological diversity of relevance to food and agriculture – the variety and variability of plants, animals and micro-organisms at genetic, species and ecosystem level which are necessary to sustain key funcions in the agroecosystem, its structures and processes.



Sustainable use …

The use of components of biological diversity that does not lead to long-term decline of biological diversity while maintaining the potential to meet the needs and aspirations of present and future generations



Use …

May be either consumptive or non-consumptive



Sustainability …

Is the probability that a use will be sustainable and is dependent on:

• Maintenance of biological diversity and key ecological functions, and

• Population(s) of target species remaining above thresholds needed for long-term viability, and

• The component of biological diversity remaining a significant resource for people.



Ecosystem …

Is a dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit



Ecosystem services …

• Provisioning - food, water, fiber and fuel

• Regulating - climate, water quality, disease

• Cultural - spiritual, aesthetic, recreation

• Supporting - primary production, soil formation



Adaptive management …

Is a cyclic, learning-oriented approach to the management of complex environmental systems that are characterized by high levels of uncertainty about system processes*

* Based on a definition provided in Jacobson, C. (August 2003) Introduction to adaptive management. (Online) URL: http://student.lincoln.ac.nz/am-links/am-intro.htm



Use regime …

The sum of the activities applied to the management and use of a geographically discrete biological resource



Resource managers …

Those individuals directly responsible and accountable for managing a component of biological diversity for use



Assumptions:• Ecosystems and their components change

• The supply of biological resources is limited

• Biological resources can be used while maintaining ecological processes, species and their variability above thresholds for long-term viability

• Secure delivery of ecosystem services requires management at the landscape scale



Conditions:

• People depend on wild harvests

• Women are often primary users

• “Precaution” is the rule

• Sustainable use policies can protect natural land/seascapes



Factors affecting sustainability:

• Internal factors

• External factors



Sustainable use and the Millennium Development Goals

• Poverty reduction

• Livelihood security

• Health

• Incentives for conservation of biodiversity



Ecosystem Approach

• Biodiversity is considered with economic and social factors

• Management is integrated

• Social process



Other relevant CBD initiatives

• 2010 target

• Incentive measures

• Indigenous peoples

• Tourism


Item 4 – Addis Ababa Principles

Regional Case Studies• Uso sostenible de quanacos en esquemas

mixtos de producción en la estepa patagónica - Julieta von Thungen, Argentina

• El uso sostenible de loro hablador en la ecoregion de Argentina – Ricardo Banchs, Flabio Moscchione, Isabel Barrios; Argentina

• Conservación in situ de amaranto en una zona representativa los andes meridionales occidentales – Maria Gloria Quispe Quispe, Peru


Item 5 – Applying the Principles

• Discussion points• Relevance of the Addis Ababa principles to

agricultural biodiversity: • Do individual principles have more relevance than others?• Does the relevance vary with the scale/focus of agricultural

biodiversity use?• If there is relevance how should the principles be applied?

• Relevance of the Ecosystem Approach in the context of management of agricultural biodiversity

• Relevance of agricultural biodiversity to meeting the Millennium Development Goals



Principle 1: Get the legal framework right

Congruent policies, laws and Institutions at all levels of government - with links between them



Principle 2. Responsibility with accountability

• Empowerment

• Access rights

• Government oversight• Monitoring• Authority


Principle 3. Avoid perverse incentives

• Market distortions

• Habitat degradation

• Inequity




Principle 4. Use adaptive management


Principle 5. Minimize adverse impacts on the ecosystem

• Management goals and practices

• Understand role of managed resource

• Monitor impact of use



Principle 6. Invest in appropriate research

• Applied - to answer management questions

• Interdisciplinary

• Government vs private




Principle 7. Get the scale of use right

• Jurisdictional

• Ecological

• Socio-Economic


Principle 8. Seek international cooperation where necessary

• Shared resources

• Management needs

• Optional approaches to cooperation



Principle 9: Use an interdisciplinary and participatory approach wherever possible

• Government

• Resource managers

• Local stakeholders

• Others




Regional Case Studies• Necesidead de nuevo paradigm para la

sustentabilidad del uso de los agroecosistemas: el caso del Chaco - Jorge Adámoli, Argentina

• Ostión del Norte: Northern scallop (Argopecten purpuratus) at La Rinconada, Antofagasta II Región de Chile – Leonardo Núñez Montaner, Chile

• Uso sostenible de recursos fitogenéticos: papa, maiz, poroto en el NOA – Andrea Clausen, Argentina



Principle 10: Know the value of the resource


Principle 11: Minimize waste and adverse environmental impacts

• Incidental take

• Multiple products

• Optimize benefits



Principle 12: Ensure equitable distribution of benefits meet local needs

• Who shares?

• Balancing risks with benefits

• Incentives



Principle 13: Management costs should be covered by income

• Direct costs and opportunity costs

• Benefit flows

• Economic incentives



Principle 14: Educate people about sustainable use

• Capacity enhancement

• Communications

• Public awareness




Policy RelatedNo Principle

1 Provide a legal/policy framework

2 Delegate responsibility and accountability

3 Remove perverse incentives

7 Link jurisdictional authority to scale of use

8 Where needed, promote international cooperation

13 Internalize management costs

Support/Service RelatedNo Principle

6 Promote/support interdisciplinary research

10 Economic valuation

14 Provide education on sustainable use

Management RelatedNo Principle

4 Use adaptive management

5 Minimize impact on the ecosystem

9 Take an interdisciplinary approach

11 Minimize waste

12 Distribute benefits equitably

Aligning the principles for action



Regional Case Studies

• The case of mezcales and corn – Jorge Larson Guerra, Mexico

• Agricultural biodiversity irradiation centers – Rubens Onofre Nodari, Brazil

• Conservation of two Bahamian hot pepper varieties – Kenneth Richardson, Bahamas

• Sustainable use case policy on Cassava: Manihot eculenta – Rufus Leandre, St Lucia



Sequence of management planning steps


Que incluye la Biodiversidad Agrícola:

*Extraido de: The Scope of Agricultural Biodiversity, Appendix, CBD-Decision V/5 Agricultural Biological Diversity (www.biodiv.org/decisions/dec=V/5)

A. Recursos Genéticos para alimentos y agricultura: Estos constituyen las unidades principales de producción en agricultura, incluyendo

especies cultivadas, especies domesticadas y plantas y animales silvestres manejados, así como los parientes silvestres de las especies cultivadas y domesticadas,

- Recursos genéticos vegetales cultivados y :• Pasturas y especies de pastizales naturales• Recursos genéticos de árboles que son una parte integral

de los sistemas agrícolas• Recursos genéticos animales domésticos y silvestres en

general:• y recursos genéticos de peces, en casos en que la

producción de peces es parte del sistema productivo• Recursos genéticos de insectos {invertebrados}

• Recursos genéticos de microbios y hongos


B. Componentes de la diversidad agrícola que brinda servicios ecológicos tales como:

• Ciclado de nutrientes, descomposición de la materia orgánica, y mantenimiento de la fertilidad del suelo

• Regulación de Plagas y Enfermedades {mantenimiento de relaciones entre presas y predadores, reguladores de poblaciones, sp. saneadoras del ambiente, etc.}

• Polinización (tanto de especies cultivadas como silvestres) {invertebrados, aves, mamiferos}

• Mantenimiento y mejoramiento de la fauna silvestre local y los hábitat en sus paisajes

• Mantenimiento de los ciclos hidrológicos {coberturas vegetales y forestales}

• Control de la Erosión {cobertura y manejo correcto del suelo y la agricultura},

• Regulación del clima y del secuestro de carbono {forestacion, uso y manejo del suelo con siembra directa, conservación de bordes, etc}


C. Factores Abióticos, que tienen un efecto determinante sobre los aspectos de la biodiversidad agrícola {conservación de la calidad del agua, el aire}

• Conocimiento tradicional y local de la biodiversidad agrícola, factores culturales y procesos participativos.

• Turismo asociado con los paisajes agrícolas

• Otros factores socio-económicos

D. Dimesiones socio-económicas y culturales, dado que la biodiversidad agrícola está moldeada en gran parte por las actividades humanas y las prácticas de manejo. Estas incluyen:


Principales amenazas para el uso sostenible de la biodiversidad agrícola

• Simplificación de ecosistemas y paisajes por deforestación, intensificación y reemplazo de ambientes debida a la extensificación agrícola, particularmente basada en monocultivos.

• Erosión genética de especies vegetales, animales, y microorganismos por sobre-uso o alteración de la funcionalidad de los ecosistemas bajo usos productivos.

• Pérdida de interacciones entre organismos lo que afecta procesos biológicos vitales para el funcionamiento del ecosistema, la dinámica de las poblaciones (tanto de planta-planta, plantas-microorganismos, plantas-animales, animales-animales, animales-ecosistema, ecosistema-microorganismos, etc.), así como los potenciales bienes y servicios para la producción agropecuaria y el bienestar humano.

• Contaminación de suelos, agua, y aire por agroquímicos o residuos ganaderos• Intoxicación y mortandad de especies (plantas y animales) por usos y malos

usos de agroquímicos.• Pérdida de hábitat para la diversidad de organismos que habitan los

agroecosistemas• Erosión de suelos y cambios en condiciones físico-quimico y biológicas que

pueden alterar su resistencia y resiliencia.• Cambio climático• Erosion cultural por perdida de conocimiento ancestral• ….otras?


Objetivos del Programa de Trabajo para la Biodiversidad Agrícola del CDBhttp://www.biodiv.org/programmes/areas/agro/programme.asp

• Promover los efectos positivos y mitigar los impactos negativos de las practicas agrícolas sobre la diversidad biológica en los agroecosistemas y su interfase con otros ecosistemas.

• Promover la conservación y el uso sustentable de los recursos genéticos de valor actual y potencial para la alimentación y la agricultura, y

• Promover la distribución justa y equitativa de los beneficios derivados del uso de los recursos genéticos.

Implementación se hará siguiendo el abordaje ecosistémico.


Programa de trabajo para la biodiversidad agrícola del CDBhttp://www.biodiv.org/programmes/areas/agro/programme.asp

• Evaluación: evaluaciones a nivel de los países, sobre el estado y tendencias de la biodiversidad agrícola, sus causas y el conocimiento para su manejo.

• Manejo Adaptativo: Identificación y promoción de prácticas de manejo adaptativo, tecnologías y políticas relacionadas y medidas de incentivos, para promover impactos positivos y mitigar los negativos de la agricultura sobre la biodiversidad, y mejorar productividad y capacidad para sostener actividades, expandiendo el conocimiento, entendiendo y alertando sobre los múltiples bienes y servicios brindados por los diferentes niveles y funciones de la biodiversidad agrícola.

• Creación de Capacidades: Promoción de la participación y fortalecimiento de capacidades de los productores y otros actores en el manejo sostenible de la biodiversidad agrícola, incrementar sus beneficios y promover acciones responsables.

• Mainstreaming (Promoción/Priorización): Apoyo al desarrollo de planes nacionales o estrategias para la conservación y uso sostenible de la biodiversidad agrícola y promover su promoción e integración en programas y planes de acción sectoriales coordinados e integrados.


Otros temas transversales abordados por el Programa de trabajo para la biodiversidad agrícola del CDB

http://www.biodiv.org/programmes/areas/agro/programme.asp

• Tecnologías de restricciones de uso genético (GURTs)• Iniciativa Internacional para la conservación y uso sostenible de

los polinizadores.



Principles of the Ecosystem ApproachEcological/Biological

Principles Social Principles Policy Principles

[Ecosystem managers should] Consider the effects (actual or potential) of management activities on adjacent and other ecosystems (3).

Management must recognise that change is inevitable (9).

[Government policies should ensure that] Objectives of management of land, water and living resources [can] be established as a matter of choice (1).

Conservation of ecosystem structure and functions should be a priority to maintain ecosystem services (5).

Management should be decentralised to the lowest appropriate level (2).

Policies, related to management of ecosystems should be structured to:(a)Reduce market distortions that adversely affect biological diversity;(b)Align incentives to promote biodiversity conservation and sustainable use; and(c)Internalise costs and benefits in the given ecosystem to the extent feasible (4).

Ecosystems must be managed within their functioning limits of (6).

The ecosystem approach should involve all relevant sectors of society and scientific disciplines (12).

Management should be undertaken at the appropriate spatial and temporal scales (7).

Management objectives should be set for the long-term to account for lag-effects that characterise ecosystem processes (8).

Management should take into account all forms of relevant information, including scientific, indigenous and local knowledge, and technological innovations and practices (11).

Policies promoting the principles of the ecosystem approach should seek the appropriate balance between, and integration of, conservation and use of biological diversity (10).


Effects of Management

Ecosystem lag effect

Structure and function

Functional limits

Objectives are set by choice

Policies reduce market distortions,

align incentives and internalise costs and benefits

Management at appropriate spatial and

temporal scales

balance conservation

and use

Ecological

Manage for change

Decentralise management

Involve all relevant sectors

Rely on all relevant information

Social

Policy

Focus on functionalRelationships & processes

Manage at the appropriate scale

Management promotesInter-sectoralcooperationEnhanced

benefit SharingUse adaptive management


• Applying the principles of the Ecosystem Approach


Item 6 – Ecosystem services assessment

Interrelationships between ecosystem services and human well being



Ecosystem values and valuation


Item 6 – Ecosystem Services Assessment

Valuation tools• Revealed preference tools

• Change in productivity• Cost-based approaches• Hedonic pricing• Travel-cost method

• Stated preference tools• Contingent valuation• Contingent ranking

• Benefits transfer



Example: Benefits flows from selected countries

Source: MA


Item 6 – Ecosystem services assessment Global status of ecosystem services



Regional Case Studies• Proyecto Nacional de Gestión Ambiental MARN/BM/GEF –

Ernesto Lopez Zepeda, El Salvador

• La biodiversidad, sus bienes y servicios ambientales en ecosistemas sometidos a producciones mixtas de la Pampa Deprimida - Nestor Maceira, Argentina

• Uso, valoracíon y promocíon de plantas medicinales, una estrategia nacional – José Antonio Gómez, Colombia

• Resultados de la Valoración Económica de los Recursos Naturales de Parque Nacional Coiba; Método de Transferencia de Beneficios – Eustorgio Jaen Nunez, Panama



Resources on ecosystem services valuation:• Universities of Maryland and Rhode Island:

www.ecosystemvaluation.org

• Training guide on valuation for NBSAPs (UNEP/IUCN):www.biodiversityeconomics.org/valuation/topics-612-00.htm

• IUCN guidelines for protected area managers on the economic values of protected areas:

www.biodiversityeconomics.org/valuation/topics-34-00.htm



Resources continued:• Ramsar guide for policy makers and planners on

the economic valuation wetlands:

www.ramsar.org/lib_valuation_e.htm

• World Bank/Nature Conservancy/IUCN report on

valuation: www.worldbank.org

• OECD Handbook of biodiversity valuation www.oecd.org



Discussion points• Impact of sustainable use and non-

sustainable use on livelihoods and ecosystem goods and services

• Socio-economic factors that influence patterns and intensity of use

• Economic and social values of ecosystem goods and services


Financial Analysis

Individual or firm

Profit or income

Financial revenue

Financial revenue

Financial cost

Financial cost

Net change in mon. revenue

Item 7 – Financial costs & benefits

Viewpoint

Objective

Benefit

Measurement

Cost

Measurement

Value

Economic Analysis

Society as a whole

Welfare

Any welfare increases

Willingness to pay

Any welfare decreases

Opportunity cost

Net change in welfare



Example: cost of conservation

• Direct cost: park management, tourism

infrastructure and management

• Indirect costs: damages outside protected areas

by wildlife

• Opportunity cost: land development


Item 7 – Financial costs and benefits

Costs of conservation through parks

Sources: Frazee (2001), Krug (2001)

(Cape Floristic Region, South Africa)



Who bears the costs?

Costs Local National GlobalDirect () Indirect• crop `damage• livestock loss

Opportunity Land Acquisition ()



Who receives the benefits?Ecosystem Values Local Level National Level Global Level

Direct use values

Indirect use values:• watershed protection • erosion & flood control ()

• cleansing of air & water ()

• carbon fixing () • biological diversity

Option values

Existence values



Disparity between private and social costs and benefits of biodiversity conservation and sustainable use is an important reason for biodiversity decline.

Perspective Basis for Calculation

Private Benefits of C/SU less Costs of C/SU < Benefits of Dev less Costs of Dev

Society Benefits of C/SU less Costs of C/SU > Benefits of Dev less Costs of Dev

Individual land users often fail to capture the social benefits of biodiversity conservation and sustainable use.



Responses:• Demonstrate value in accordance with TEV:

identify all benefits, undertake valuation• Use capture mechanisms (incentive measures),

for instance:• Park entry fees• Payments for environmental services• Markets for biodiversity goods and services



Discussion:• Types of costs and benefits of conservation and

sustainable use of biodiversity

• Role of financial costs and benefits

• Distributional effects and their implications



Regional Case Studies• Impacto de los agentes de biocontrol sobre las

comunidades microbianas – Laura Gassoni, Argentina

• Programa del Lagarto y conservación – Mario Baudoin, Bolivia

• Los efectos sociales de los cambios en la agricultura - Carlos Reboratti, Argentina

• Uso sostenible de recursos zoogenèticos: el caso de las cabras y vicuñas – Carlos Mezzadra, Argentina



Regional Case Studies• Los subsidios agricolas y su impacto sobre la

sustentabilidad de la producción agropecuaria de Argentina – Alejandra Sarquis, Argentina


• Working groups - Questions

• Feedback

Item 8 – Assessment of the Workshop


Item 8 – Assessment of the Workshop

Development of key recommendations to SBSTTA concerning :

• Applicability of AA principles to agricultural biodiversity

• Assessment of Ecosystem Services

• Financial costs and benefits associated with conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity


?

Item 9 – Other matters


Item 10 – Adoption of workshop report

• Key conclusions and recommendations


Item 11 – Closure of the workshop

• Closing remarks

• Instituto Nacional de Technología Agropecuaria (INTA)

• Government of Argentina

• Technical support team

• CBD Secretariat

• Farewells


Thank you!

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Latin American and Caribbean Regional Expert Workshop on Sustainable Use of Biodiversity Latin American and Caribbean Regional Expert Workshop on Sustainable