Latin America 1

Latin America

Latin America

Area 21,069,501 km2 (8,134,980 sq mi)[citation needed]

Population 572,039,894[citation needed]

Pop. density 27 /km2 (70 /sq mi)

Demonym Latin American, American

Countries 19[citation needed]

Dependencies 1[citation needed]

Languages Spanish, Portuguese, Quechua, Mayan languages, Guaraní, French, Aymara, Nahuatl, Italian, German and others.

Time Zones UTC-2 to UTC-8

Largest cities [1]

1. Mexico City2. São Paulo3. Buenos Aires4. Rio de Janeiro5. Bogotá6. Lima7. Santiago8. Belo Horizonte9. Guadalajara10. Medellín

Latin America (Spanish: América Latina or Latinoamérica; Portuguese: América Latina; French: Amérique latine,Dutch: Latijns-Amerika) is a region of the Americas where Romance languages (i.e., those derived from Latin) –particularly Spanish and Portuguese, and variably French – are primarily spoken.[][2] Latin America has an area ofapproximately 21,069,500 km2 (7,880,000 sq mi),[citation needed] almost 3.9% of the Earth's surface or 14.1% of itsland surface area. As of 2010, its population was estimated at more than 590 million[]Wikipedia:Verifiability and itscombined GDP at 5.16 trillion United States dollars (6.27 trillion at PPP).[3] The Latin American expected economicgrowth rate is at about 5.7% for 2010 and 4% in 2011.[4] According to Phelan (1968, p. 296), the term "LatinAmerica" was first used in 1861 in La revue des races Latines, a magazine "dedicated to the cause of Pan-Latinism".

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Etymology and definitions

The Parc de l'Amérique-Latine in Quebec City,the capital of a French speaking province inCanada, celebrates the cultural ties betweenQuebec and the other people who speak a

Romance language in the Americas.

The idea that a part of the Americas has a linguistic affinity with theRomance cultures as a whole can be traced back to the 1830s, in thewriting of the French Saint-Simonian Michel Chevalier, whopostulated that this part of the Americas was inhabited by people of a"Latin race", and that it could, therefore, ally itself with "Latin Europe"in a struggle with "Teutonic Europe", "Anglo-Saxon America" and"Slavic Europe".[] The idea was later taken up by Latin Americanintellectuals and political leaders of the mid- and late-nineteenthcentury, who no longer looked to Spain or Portugal as cultural models,but rather to France.[5] The term was first used in Paris in an 1856conference by the Chilean politician Francisco Bilbao[6] and the sameyear by the Colombian writer José María Torres Caicedo in his poem"Two Americas.[] The term Latin America was supported by theFrench Empire of Napoleon III during the French invasion of Mexico, as a way to include France among countrieswith influence in America and to exclude Anglophone countries, and played a role in his campaign to imply culturalkinship of the region with France, transform France into a cultural and political leader of the area, and installMaximilian of Habsburg as emperor of the Second Mexican Empire.[7] This term was also baptizedWikipedia:Pleaseclarify in 1861 by French scholars in La revue des races Latines, a magazine dedicated to the Pan-Latinismmovement.[8]

In contemporary usage:• In one sense, Latin America refers to territories in America where the Spanish or Portuguese languages prevail:

Mexico, most of Central and South America, and in the Caribbean, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and PuertoRico – in summary, Hispanic America and Brazil. Latin America is, therefore, defined as all those parts of theAmericas that were once part of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires.[9] By this definition, Latin America iscoterminous with Ibero-america ("Iberian America").[10]

• Particularly in the United States, the term more broadly refers to all of the Americas south of the UnitedStates,[citation needed] thus including: English-speaking countries such as Belize, Jamaica, Barbados, Trinidad andTobago, Guyana, Antigua and Barbuda, St. Lucia, Dominica, Grenada, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and theBahamas; French-speaking Haiti and Martinique, Guadeloupe, French Guiana; and the Dutch-speakingNetherlands Antilles, Aruba and Suriname. (In the former Netherlands Antilles and Aruba, Papiamento – apredominantly Iberian-derived creole language – is spoken by the majority of the population.) This definitionemphasizes a similar socioeconomic history of the region, which was characterized by formal or informalcolonialism, rather than cultural aspects. (See, for example, dependency theory.)[11] As such, some sources avoidthis oversimplification by using the phrase "Latin America and the Caribbean" instead, as in the United Nationsgeoscheme for the Americas.[12][13][14]

• In a more literal definition, which remains faithful to the original usage, Latin America designates all of thosecountries and territories in the Americas where a Romance language (i.e., languages derived from Latin, andhence the name of the region) is spoken: Spanish, Portuguese, and French, and the creole languages based uponthese. Considering this definition, Quebec, in Canada, is technically part of Latin America as well. But this regionis rarely considered so, since its history, distinctive culture, economy, geographical location and British-inspiredpolitical institutions are generally deemed too closely intertwined with the rest of Canada.[15]

The distinction between Latin America and Anglo-America is a convention based on the predominant languages in the Americas by which Romance-language and English-speaking cultures are distinguished. Neither area is culturally or linguistically homogeneous; in substantial portions of Latin America (e.g., highland Peru, Bolivia, Guatemala, and Paraguay), Native American cultures and, to a lesser extent, Amerindian languages, are

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predominant, and in other areas, the influence of African cultures is strong (e.g., the Caribbean basin – includingparts of Colombia and Venezuela) – and the coastal areas of Ecuador and Brazil.[citation needed]

Subdivisions

The 4 common subregions in Latin America

Latin America can be subdivided into several subregions based ongeography, politics, demographics and culture. If defined as all of theAmericas south of the United States, the basic geographical subregionsare North America, Central America, the Caribbean and SouthAmerica;[] the latter contains further politico-geographical subdivisionssuch as the Southern Cone and the Andean states. It may be subdividedon linguistic grounds into Hispanic America and Portuguese America.

History

Pre-Columbian history

Parque Nacional Tikal in Peten, Guatemala.

Archaeological site of Chichén-Itzá in Yucatán,Mexico. One of the New Seven Wonders of the

World.

The earliest known settlement was identified at Monte Verde, nearPuerto Montt in Southern Chile. Its occupation dates to some 14,000years ago and there is some disputed evidence of even earlieroccupation. Over the course of millennia, people spread to all parts ofthe continents. By the first millennium AD/CE, South America's vastrainforests, mountains, plains and coasts were the home of tens ofmillions of people. The earliest settlements in the Americas are of theLas Vegas Culture[16] from about 8000 BC and 4600 BC, a sedentarygroup from the coast of Ecuador, the forefathers of the more knownValdivia culture, of the same era. Some groups formed morepermanent settlements such as the Chibchas (or "Muiscas" or"Muyscas") and the Tairona groups. These groups are in the circumCaribbean region. The Chibchas of Colombia, the Quechuas andAymaras of Bolivia and Perú were the three indigenous groups thatsettled most permanently.

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A view of Machu Picchu, apre-Columbian Inca site in Peru. One

of the New Seven Wonders of theWorld.

The region was home to many indigenous peoples and advanced civilizations,including the Aztecs, Toltecs, Caribs, Tupi, Maya, and Inca. The golden age ofthe Maya began about 250, with the last two great civilizations, the Aztecs andIncas, emerging into prominence later on in the early fourteenth century andmid-fifteenth centuries, respectively. The Aztec empire was ultimately the mostpowerful civilization known throughout the Americas, until its downfall in partby the Spanish invasion.

European colonization

Romantic Painting of Christopher Columbusarriving to the Americas Primer desembarco de

Cristóbal Colón en América, by DióscoroPuebla 1862.

With the arrival of the Europeans following Christopher Columbus'voyages, the indigenous elites, such as the Incas and Aztecs, lost powerto the heavy European invasion. Hernándo Cortés seized the Aztecelite's power with the help of local groups who did not favor the Aztecelite, and Francisco Pizarro eliminated the Incan rule in Western SouthAmerica. The European powers of Spain and Portugal colonized theregion, which along with the rest of the uncolonized world, wasdivided into areas of Spanish and Portuguese control by the line ofdemarcation in 1494, which gave Spain all areas to the west, andPortugal all areas to the east (the Portuguese lands in South Americasubsequently becoming Brazil).

The Colonial city of Granada in Nicaragua, is one of the most visitedsites in Central America.

By the end of the sixteenth century Spain and Portugalhad been joined by others, including France, inoccupying large areas of North, Central and SouthAmerica, ultimately extending from Alaska to thesouthern tips of the Patagonia. European culture,customs and government were introduced, with theRoman Catholic Church becoming the major economicand political power to overrule the traditional ways ofthe region, eventually becoming the only officialreligion of the Americas during this period.

Epidemics of diseases brought by the Europeans, suchas smallpox and measles, wiped out a large portion ofthe indigenous population. Historians cannot determinethe number of natives who died due to Europeandiseases, but some put the figures as high as 85% and as low as 25%. Due to the lack of written records, specificnumbers are hard to verify. Many of the survivors were forced to work in European plantations and mines.Intermixing between the indigenous peoples and the European colonists was very common, and, by the end of thecolonial period, people of mixed ancestry (mestizos) formed majorities in several colonies.

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Independence (1804–1825)

Simón Bolívar, one of theindependence movement leaders

José de San Martín, The Libertator ofArgentina, Chile and Perú.

Pedro I, the emperor of Brazil.

Haiti among the Latin American nations, was the first to gain independence, in1804. This followed from a violent slave revolt led by Toussaint L'ouverture onthe French colony of Saint-Domingue. The victors abolished slavery. Haitianindependence helped inspire independence movements in Spanish America.

By the end of the eighteenth century, Spanish and Portuguese power waned onthe global scene as other European powers took their place, notably Britain andFrance. Resentment grew among the majority of the population in Latin Americaover the restrictions imposed by the Spanish government, as well as thedominance of native Spaniards (Iberian-born Peninsulares) in the major socialand political institutions. Napoleon's invasion of Spain in 1808 marked a turningpoint, compelling Criollo elites to form juntas that advocated independence.Also, the newly independent Haiti, the second oldest nation in the New Worldafter the United States and the oldest independent nation in Latin America,further fueled the independence movement by inspiring the leaders of themovement, such as Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla of México, Simón Bolívar ofVenezuela and José de San Martín of Argentina, and by providing them withconsiderable munitions and troops.

Fighting soon broke out between juntas and the Spanish colonial authorities, withinitial victories for the advocates of independence. Eventually these earlymovements were crushed by the royalist troops by 1810, including those ofMiguel Hidalgo y Costilla in Mexico in the year 1810. Later on Francisco deMiranda in Venezuela by 1812. Under the leadership of a new generation ofleaders, such as Simón Bolívar "The Liberator", José de San Martín of Argentina,and other Libertadores in South America, the independence movement regainedstrength, and by 1825, all Spanish America, except for Puerto Rico and Cuba,had gained independence from Spain. Brazil achieved independence with aconstitutional monarchy established in 1822. In the same year in Mexico, amilitary officer, Agustín de Iturbide, led a coalition of conservatives and liberalswho created a constitutional monarchy, with Iturbide as emperor. This FirstMexican Empire was short-lived, and was followed by the creation of a republicin 1823.

World wars (1914–1945)

Brazil's participation in World War II

After World War I, in which Brazil was an ally of the United States, GreatBritain, and France, the country realized it needed a more capable army but didn'thave the technology to create it. In 1919, the French Military Mission wasestablished by the French Commission in Brazil. Their main goal was to containthe inner rebellions in Brazil. They tried to assist the army by bringing them upto the European military standard but constant civil missions did not prepare them for World War II.Brazil President, Getúlio Vargas, wanted to industrialize Brazil allowing it to be more competitive with other countries. He reached out to Germany, Italy, France, and the United States to act as trade allies. Many Italian and German people immigrated to Brazil many years before World War II began thus creating a Nazi influence. The

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immigrants held high positions in government and the armed forces. It was recently found that 9,000 war criminalsescaped to South America, including Croats, Ukrainians, Russians and other western Europeans who aided the Naziwar machine. Most, perhaps as many as 5,000, went to Argentina; between 1,500 and 2,000 are thought to havemade it to Brazil; around 500 to 1,000 to Chile; and the rest to Paraguay and Uruguay.[17] It was not a secret thatVargas had an admiration for Hitler's Nazi Germany and its Führer. He even let German Luftwaffe build secret airforces around Brazil, but he knew that he could never favor the Nazis because of their racism towards the large blackpopulation in Brazil. This alliance with Germany became Brazil's second best trade alliance behind the UnitedStates.Brazil continued to try to remain neutral to the United States and Germany because it was trying to make sure itcould continue to be a place of interest for both opposing countries. Brazil attended continental meetings in BuenosAires, Argentina (1936); Lima, Peru (1938); and Havana, Cuba (1940) that obligated them to agree to defend anypart of the Americas if they were to be attacked. Eventually Brazil decided to stop trading with Germany onceGermany started attacking offshore trading ships resulting in Germany declaring a blockade against the Americas inthe Atlantic Ocean. Furthermore, Germany also ensured that they would be attacking the Americas soon.Once the German submarines attacked unarmed Brazilian trading ships, President Vargas met with United StatesPresident Franklin D. Roosevelt to discuss how they could retaliate. On January 22, 1942, Brazil officially ended allrelations with Germany, Japan, and Italy, becoming a part of the Allies.The Brazilian Expeditionary Force was sent to Naples, Italy to fight for democracy. Brazil was the only LatinAmerican country to send troops to Europe. Initially, Brazil wanted to only provide resources and shelter for the warto have a chance of gaining a high postwar status but ended up sending 25,000 men to fight.[18]

After World War II, the United States and Latin America continued to have a close relationship. For example,USAID created family planning programs in Latin America combining the NGOs already in place, providing thewomen in largely Catholic areas access to contraception.[19]

Involvement in World War II

There was Nazi influence in certain parts of the country, but Jewish migration from Europe during the warcontinued. Only a small population of people recognized or knew about the Holocaust.[20] Furthermore, there werenumerous military bases built by the U.S, but also by the Germans, during the war. Even now there are stillremaining bombs from the war, which needed to be destroyed.[21]

Cold War (1946–1990)

Economy

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Argentine President, Juan Perón andhis wife Evita, two of the mostrecognised figures in terms ofpopulism in Latin América.

The Great Depression caused Latin America to grow at a slow rate, separating itfrom leading industrial democracies. The two world wars and U.S. Depressionalso made Latin American countries favor internal economic development,leading Latin America to adopt the policy of import substitutionindustrialization.[] Countries also renewed emphasis on exports. Brazil beganselling automobiles to other countries, and some Latin American countries set upplants to assemble imported parts, letting other countries take advantage of LatinAmerica's low labor costs. Colombia began to export flowers, emeralds andcoffee grains and gold, becoming the world's second leading flower exporter.

Economic integration was called for, to attain economies that could compete withthe economies of the U.S or Europe. Starting in the 1960s with the LatinAmerican Free Trade Association and Central American Common Market, LatinAmerican countries worked toward economic integration.[]

Reforms

Large countries like Argentina called for reforms to lessen the disparity of wealth between the rich and the poor,which has been a long problem in Latin America that stunted economic growth.[]

Advances in public health caused an explosion of population growth, making it difficult to provide social services.Education expanded, and social security systems introduced, but benefits usually went to the middle class, not thepoor. As a result, disparity of wealth increased. Increasing inflation and other factors caused countries to beunwilling to fund social development programs to help the poor.

Bureaucratic authoritarianism

Bureaucratic authoritarianism was practiced in Brazil after 1964, in Argentina, and in Chile under Augusto Pinochet,in a response to harsh economic conditions. It rested on the conviction that no democracy could take the harshmeasures to curb inflation, reassure investors, and quicken economic growth quickly and effectively. Thoughinflation fell sharply, industrial production dropped with the decline of official protection.[]

U.S. Relations

After World War II and the beginning of a Cold War between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, U.S. diplomats becameinterested in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, and frequently waged proxy wars against the Soviet Union in thesecountries. The U.S. sought to stop the spread of communism. Latin Americans generally resented the U.S.superiority over them. Latin America also complained of the U.S. support to locals in overthrowing nationalistgovernments, and intervention through the CIA. Still, Latin America respected the U.S. during this time, and LatinAmerican countries generally sided with the U.S., even though they complained of being neglected by the U.S.'sconcern with communism in Europe and Asia, not Latin America. In 1947, the U.S. Congress passed the NationalSecurity Act, which created the National Security Council in response to the United States's growing obsession withanti-communism.[]

In 1954, when Jacobo Arbenz of Guatemala accepted the support of communists and attacked holdings of the UnitedFruit Company, the U.S. decided to assist Guatemalan counterrevolutionaries in overthrowing Arbenz. Theseinterventionist tactics featured use of the CIA rather than the military, which would be used in Latin America for themajority of the Cold War in events like the overthrow of Salvador Allende. Latin America was more concerned withissues of economic development, while the United States focused on fighting communism, even though the presenceof communism was small in Latin America.[]

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Cuban Revolution

By 1959, Cuba was afflicted with a corrupt dictatorship under Batista, and Fidel Castro ousted Batista that year andset up the first communist state in the hemisphere. The U.S. imposed a trade embargo on Cuba, and combined withCastro's expropriation of private enterprises, this was detrimental to the Cuban economy.[] Around Latin America,rural guerrilla conflict and urban terrorism increased, inspired by the Cuban example. The United States put downthese rebellions by supporting Latin American countries in their counter guerrilla operations through the Alliance forProgress launched by President John F. Kennedy. This thrust appeared to be successful. A Marxist, SalvadorAllende, became president of Chile in 1970, but was overthrown three years later in a military coup. Despite civilwar, high crime and political instability, most Latin American countries eventually adopted democracies besidesCuba.

Bay of Pigs Invasion

Encouraged by the Guatemala success, Kennedy, in 1960, decided to launch an attack on Cuba. The Bay of Pigsinvasion was an abortive invasion of Cuba in 1961, financed by the U.S. through the CIA, to overthrow Castro. Theincident proved to be very embarrassing for the new Kennedy administration.[22]

Alliance for Progress

President John F. Kennedy initiated the Alliance for Progress in 1961, to establish economic cooperation betweenthe U.S. and Latin America. The Alliance would provide $20 billion for reform in Latin America, andcounterinsurgency measures. Instead, the reform failed because of the simplistic theory that guided it and the lack ofexperienced American experts who could understand Latin American customs.

Cuban missile crisis

The Cuban Missile crisis nearly brought the U.S. and the Soviet Union to war in October 1962. Soviet premierNikita Khrushchev had installed several missiles in Cuba that could hit most of the Eastern United States. PresidentKennedy decided to place a naval blockade on Cuba to prevent further Soviet shipments of missiles. In the end,Khrushchev submitted, taking missiles away. In return, Kennedy agreed never to invade Cuba, and to withdrawnuclear-arms from Turkey.[23]

Washington ConsensusThe set of specific economic policy prescriptions that were considered the "standard" reform package were promotedfor crisis-wracked developing countries by Washington, D.C.-based institutions such as the International MonetaryFund (IMF), World Bank, and the US Treasury Department during the 1980s and 1990s.In recent years, several Latin American countries led by socialist or other left wing governments – includingArgentina and Venezuela – have campaigned for (and to some degree adopted) policies contrary to the WashingtonConsensus set of policies. (Other Latin countries with governments of the left, including Brazil, Chile and Peru, havein practice adopted the bulk of the policies.) Also critical of the policies as actually promoted by the InternationalMonetary Fund have been some U.S. economists, such as Joseph Stiglitz and Dani Rodrik, who have challengedwhat are sometimes described as the "fundamentalist" policies of the International Monetary Fund and the USTreasury for what Stiglitz calls a "one size fits all" treatment of individual economies.The term has become associated with neoliberal policies in general and drawn into the broader debate over theexpanding role of the free market, constraints upon the state, and US influence on other countries' nationalsovereignty.This politico-economical initiative was institutionalized in North America by the 1994 NAFTA, and elsewhere in theAmericas through a series of like agreements. The comprehensive Free Trade Area of the Americas project,however, was rejected by most South American countries at the 2005 4th Summit of the Americas.

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Turn to the left

UNASUR summit in the Palacio de la Moneda,Santiago de Chile.

In most countries, since the 2000s left-wing political parties have risento power. Hugo Chávez in Venezuela, Ricardo Lagos and MichelleBachelet in Chile, Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff in Brazil, NéstorKirchner and his wife Cristina Fernández in Argentina, TabaréVázquez and José Mujica in Uruguay, Evo Morales in Bolivia, DanielOrtega in Nicaragua, Rafael Correa in Ecuador, Fernando Lugo inParaguay, Manuel Zelaya in Honduras (removed from power by a coupd'état), and Mauricio Funes in El Salvador are all part of this wave ofleft-wing politicians who often declare themselves socialists, LatinAmericanists, or anti-imperialists (often implying opposition to USpolicies towards the region). A development of this has been thecreation of the eight-member ALBA alliance, or "The Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America" (Spanish:Alianza Bolivariana para los Pueblos de Nuestra América) by some of the countries already mentioned. By 2011,only Chile (Sebastián Piñera), Honduras (Roberto Micheletti), Colombia (Juan Manuel Santos), and Panama(Ricardo Martinelli) had right-wing governments.

The return of social movementsIn 1982, Mexico announced that it could not meet its foreign debt payment obligations, inaugurating a debt crisisthat would discredit Latin American economies throughout the decade.[24] This debt crisis would lead to neoliberalreforms that would instigate many social movements in the region. A "reversal of development" reigned over LatinAmerica, seen through negative economic growth, declines in industrial production, and thus, falling living standardsfor the middle and lower classes.[25] Governments made financial security their primary policy goal over socialsecurity, enacting new neoliberal economic policies that implemented privatization of previously national industriesand informalization of labor.[24] In an effort to bring more investors to these industries, these governments alsoembraced globalization through more open interactions with the international economy. Significantly, as democracyspread across much of Latin America, the realm of government more inclusive (a trend that proved conductive tosocial movements), the economic ventures remained exclusive to a few elite groups within society. Neoliberalrestructuring consistently redistributed income upward while denying political responsibility to provide socialwelfare rights, and though development projects took place throughout the region, both inequality and povertyincreased.[24] Feeling excluded from these new projects, the lower classes took ownership of their own democracythrough a revitalization of social movements in Latin America.Both urban and rural populations had serious grievances as a result of the above economic and global trends andhave voiced them in mass demonstrations. Some of the largest and most violent of these have been protests againstcuts in urban services, such as the Caracazo in Venezuela and the Argentinazo in Argentina.[26]

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Children singing the International CommunistHymn, 20th Anniversary of MST.

Rural movements have made diverse demands related to unequal landdistribution, displacement at the hands of development projects anddams, environmental and indigenous concerns, neoliberal agriculturalrestructuring, and insufficient means of livelihood. These movementshave benefited considerably from transnational support fromconservationists and INGOs. The Movement of Rural LandlessWorkers (MST), is perhaps the largest contemporary Latin Americansocial movement.[26] As indigenous populations are primarily rural,indigenous movements account for a large portion of rural socialmovements, including the Zapatista rebellion in Mexico, theConfederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (CONAIE),

indigenous organizations in the Amazon region of Ecuador and Bolivia, pan-Mayan communities in Guatemala, andmobilization by the indigenous groups of Yanomami peoples in the Amazon, Kuna peoples in Panama, andAltiplano Aymara and Quechua peoples in Bolivia.[26] Other significant types of social movements include laborstruggles and strikes, such as recovered factories in Argentina, as well as gender-based movements such as theMothers of the Plaza de Mayo in Argentina and protests against maquila production, which is largely a women'sissue because of how it draws on women for cheap labor.[26]

These various social movements have continued today along with a broader political shift to the left. They arecredited with raising social awareness across the globe of important issues affecting indigenous peoples in LatinAmerica and through their work with NGOs and other international organizations. Moreover, they have providedtangible alternatives to the principles of neoliberalism, spurring constitutional changes and legislative policy whiledemonstrating the merits of active representative democracies.[27]

Commodity boom and increasing relations with ChinaThe 2000s commodities boom caused positive effects for many Latin American economies. Another trend is therapidly increasing importance of the relations with China.

Demographics

Historical populationsYear Pop. ±%

1750 16,000,000 —

1800 24,000,000 +50.0%

1850 38,000,000 +58.3%

1900 74,000,000 +94.7%

1950 167,000,000 +125.7%

1999 511,000,000 +206.0%

Source: "UN report 2004 data" (PDF).[28]

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Ethnic groups

Jean-Jacques Dessalines was anHaitian of African ancestry.

Benito Juárez was an AmerindianMexican of Zapotec ancestry.

Juniti Saito, head of the Brazilian AirForce and one of over a million

Japanese Brazilians.

The inhabitants of Latin America are of a variety of ancestries, ethnic groups,and races, making the region one of the most diverse in the world. The specificcomposition varies from country to country: many have a predominance ofEuropean-Amerindian, or Mestizo, population; in others, Amerindians are amajority; some are dominated by inhabitants of European ancestry; and somecountries' populations are primarily Mulatto. Black, Asian, and Afro-Amerindian(historically sometimes called Zambo) minorities are also identified regularly.People with European ancestry are the largest single group, and along withpeople of part-European ancestry, they combine to make up approximately 80%of the population,[] or even more.[]

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Language

Linguistic map of Latin America. Spanish ingreen, Portuguese in orange, and French in blue.

Spanish and Portuguese are the predominant languages of LatinAmerica. Spanish is spoken as first language by about 60% of thepopulation, Portuguese is spoken by about 34% of the population andabout 6% of the population speak other languages such as Quechua,Mayan Languages, Guaraní, Aymara, Nahuatl, English, French, Dutchand Italian. Portuguese is spoken only in Brazil (Brazilian Portuguese),the biggest and most populous country in the region. Spanish is theofficial language of most of the rest of the countries on the LatinAmerican mainland (Spanish language in the Americas), as well as inCuba, Puerto Rico (where it is co-official with English), and theDominican Republic. French is spoken in Haiti and in the Frenchoverseas departments of Guadeloupe, Martinique and Guiana, and theFrench overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon; it is alsospoken by some Panamanians of Afro-Antillean descent. Dutch is theofficial language in Suriname, Aruba, and the Netherlands Antilles.(As Dutch is a Germanic language, these territories are not necessarilyconsidered part of Latin America.)

Native American languages are widely spoken in Peru, Guatemala, Bolivia, Paraguay and Mexico, and to a lesserdegree, in Panama, Ecuador, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, and Chile amongst other countries. In LatinAmerican countries not named above, the population of speakers of indigenous languages tend to be very small oreven non-existent (e.g. Uruguay). Mexico is possibly the only country that contains a wider variety of indigenouslanguages than any Latin American country, but the most spoken language is Nahuatl.

In Peru, Quechua is an official language, alongside Spanish and any other indigenous language in the areas wherethey predominate. In Ecuador, while holding no official status, the closely related Quichua is a recognized languageof the indigenous people under the country's constitution; however, it is only spoken by a few groups in the country'shighlands. In Bolivia, Aymara, Quechua and Guaraní hold official status alongside Spanish. Guaraní, along withSpanish, is an official language of Paraguay, and is spoken by a majority of the population (who are, for the mostpart, bilingual), and it is co-official with Spanish in the Argentine province of Corrientes. In Nicaragua, Spanish isthe official language, but on the country's Caribbean coast English and indigenous languages such as Miskito, Sumo,and Rama also hold official status. Colombia recognizes all indigenous languages spoken within its territory asofficial, though fewer than 1% of its population are native speakers of these languages. Nahuatl is one of the 62native languages spoken by indigenous people in Mexico, which are officially recognized by the government as"national languages" along with Spanish.Other European languages spoken in Latin America include: English, by some groups in Puerto Rico, as well as innearby countries that may or may not be considered Latin American, like Belize and Guyana; German, in southernBrazil, southern Chile portions of Argentina and Paraguay; Italian, in Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay; and Welsh, insouthern Argentina.[29][30][31][32][33][34]

In several nations, especially in the Caribbean region, creole languages are spoken. The most widely spoken creolelanguage in Latin America and the Caribbean is Haitian Creole, the predominant language of Haiti; it is derivedprimarily from French and certain West African tongues with some Amerindian and Spanish influences as well.Creole languages of mainland Latin America, similarly, are derived from European languages and various Africantongues.

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Religion

Basilica of Our Lady of the Angels located inCartago, Costa Rica.

The vast majority of Latin Americans are Christians, mostly RomanCatholics belonging to the Latin Rite.[35] About 70% of the LatinAmerican population consider themselves Catholic.[36] Membership inProtestant denominations is increasing, particularly in Brazil, Panamáand Venezuela.

Migration

Due to economic, social and security developments that are affectingthe region in recent decades, the focus is now the change from netimmigration to net emigration. About 10 million Mexicans live in theUnited States.[37] 28.3 million Americans listed their ancestry as Mexican as of 2006.[38] According to the 2005Colombian census or DANE, about 3,331,107 Colombians currently live abroad.[39] The number of Brazilians livingoverseas is estimated at about 2 million people.[40] An estimated 1.5 to two million Salvadorans reside in the UnitedStates.[41] At least 1.5 million Ecuadorians have gone abroad, mainly to the United States and Spain.[42]

Approximately 1.5 million Dominicans live abroad, mostly in the United States.[43] More than 1.3 million Cubanslive abroad, most of them in the United States.[44] It is estimated that over 800,000 Chileans live abroad, mainly inCosta Rica, Mexico and Sweden. Other Chilean nationals may be located in countries like Spain and Sweden.[45] Anestimated 700,000 Bolivians were living in Argentina as of 2006 and another 33,000 in the United States.[46] CentralAmericans living abroad in 2005 were 3,314,300,[47] of which 1,128,701 were Salvadorans,[48] 685,713 wereGuatemalans,[49] 683,520 were Nicaraguans,[50] 414,955 were Hondurans,[51] 215,240 were Panamanians,[52]

127,061 were Costa Ricans[53] and 59,110 were Belizeans.

For the period 2000–2005, Chile, Costa Rica, Panama, and Venezuela were the only countries with global positivemigration rates, in terms of their yearly averages.[54]

Education

World map indicating literacy by country (2011Human Development Report) Grey = no data

Despite significant progress, education coverage remains unequal inLatin America. The region has made great progress in educationalcoverage; almost all children attend primary school and access tosecondary education has increased considerably. Most educationalsystems in the region have implemented various types ofadministrative and institutional reforms that have enabled reach forplaces and communities that had no access to education services in theearly 1990s.However, there are still 23 million children in the region between the ages of 4 and 17 outside of the formaleducation system. Estimates indicate that 30% of preschool age children (ages 4–5) do not attend school, and for themost vulnerable populations, the poor and rural, this calculation exceeds 40 percent. Among primary school agechildren (ages 6 to 12), coverage is almost universal; however there is still a need to incorporate 5 million children inthe primary education system. These children live mostly in remote areas, are indigenous or Afro-descendants andlive in extreme poverty.[55]

Among people between the ages of 13 and 17 years, only 80% are full-time students in the education system; amongthem only 66% advance to secondary school. These percentages are lower among vulnerable population groups: only75% of the poorest youth between the ages of 13 and 17 years attend school. Tertiary education has the lowestcoverage, with only 70% of people between the ages of 18 and 25 years outside of the education system. Currently,more than half of low income children or living in rural areas fail to complete nine years of education.[55]

Latin America 14

Crime and violenceCrime and violence prevention and public security are now important issues for governments and citizens in LatinAmerica and the Caribbean region. In 2004, violence was the main cause of death in Brazil, Venezuela, El Salvador,Mexico and Honduras.[56][57] Homicide rates in Latin America are among the highest in the world. From the early1980s through the mid-1990s, homicide rates increased by 50 percent. The major victims of such homicides areyoung men, 69 percent of whom are between the ages of 15 and 19 years old. Many analysts agree that the prisoncrisis will not be resolved until the gap between rich and poor is addressed. They say that growing social inequalityis fueling crime in the region. But there is also no doubt that, on such an approach, Latin American countries stillhave a long way to go.[58] Countries with the highest homicide rate per year per 100,000 inhabitants were:Guatemala 57.9, El Salvador 49.1, Venezuela 48, Honduras 33, Belize 30.8, Brazil 25.7, Dominican Republic 23.56,Puerto Rico 18.8, and Ecuador 16.9.[59] More than 500,000 people have been killed by firearms in Brazil between1979 and 2003.[60][61] Countries with relatively low crime are Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Panama andUruguay.[62]

Economy

SizeAccording to Goldman Sachs' BRIC review of emerging economies, by 2050 the largest economies in the world willbe as follows: China, United States, India, Brazil, and Mexico.[63]

Country Population[64]

(2010)Millions

GDP(nominal)

[65]

(2012)Millions

of US$

GDP(PPP)

[66]

(2012)Millions

of US$

 Argentina 40.4 472,815 726,226

 Bolivia 9.9 27,012 54,134

 Brazil 194.9 2,449,760 2,393,954

 Chile 17.1 272,119 316,516

 Colombia 45 378,713 500,576

 Costa Rica 4.7 44,313 57,955

 Cuba 11.3 N/A N/A

 Dominican Republic 9.9 59,429 98,835

 Ecuador 14.5 72,466 134,805

 El Salvador 6.2 24,421 46,050

 Guatemala 14.4 50,303 78,012

 Haiti 10.0 8,335 13,501

 Honduras 7.6 18,320 37,408

 Mexico 113.4 1,207,820 1,743,474

 Nicaragua 5.8 7,695 19,827

 Panama 3.5 34,517 55,124

 Paraguay 6.5 22,363 35,262

 Peru 29.1 184,962 322,675

 Uruguay 3.4 52,349 53,365

Latin America 15

 Venezuela 29.0 337,433 396,848

Total 577.8 5,725,145 7,114,547

|+Population and economy size for Latin American countries

Standard of livingThe following table lists all the countries in Latin America indicating a valuation of the country's HumanDevelopment Index, GDP at purchasing power parity per capita, measurement of inequality through the Gini index,measurement of poverty through the Human Poverty Index, measurement of extreme poverty based on people livingunder 1.25 dollars a day, life expectancy, murder rates and a measurement of safety through the Global Peace Index.Green cells indicate the best performance in each category while red indicates the lowest.

Country Humandevelopment

[]

(2011)HDI

GDP(PPP)

[67]

(2012)US$per

capita

Real GDPgrowth

[68]

(2011)%

Incomeinequality

[69]

(2011)Gini

Poverty[70]

(2009)HPI-1

%

Extremepoverty

[71]

(2011)<1.25 US$

%

Literacy[72]

(2010)%

Lifeexpectancy

[]

(2011)Years

Murder[73]

(2012)Rate per100,000

Peace[74]

(2012)GPI

 Argentina 0.797 18,411 8.9 45.8 3.7 0.9 98 76 3.4 1.763

 Bolivia 0.663 5,084 5.1 57.3 11.6 14.0 91 67 8.9 2.021

 Brazil 0.718 11,767 2.7 53.9 8.7 3.8 90 74 21.0 2.017

 Chile 0.805 17,842 5.9 52.1 3.2 0.8 99 79 3.2 1.616

 Colombia 0.710 10,445 5.9 55.9 7.6 16.0 93 74 31[75] 2.625

 CostaRica

0.744 12,332 4.2 50.3 4.6 0.7 96 79 11.3 1.659

 Cuba 0.776 N/A N/A N/A 4.6 N/A 100 79 5.0 1.951

 DominicanRepublic

0.689 9,648 4.5 48.4 9.1 4.3 90 73 25.0 2.068

 Ecuador 0.720 8,592 7.8 49.0 7.8 5.1 92 76 15.2 2.028

 ElSalvador

0.674 8,442 1.4 46.9 14.6 5.1 84 72 69.2 2.220

 Guatemala 0.574 5,071 3.8 53.7 19.7 16.9 75 71 38.5 2.287

 Haiti 0.454 1,222 5.6 59.5 31.5 54.9 49 62 6.9 2.179

 Honduras 0.625 4,405 3.6 57.7 13.7 23.3 85 73 91.6 2.339

 Mexico 0.770 15,766 4.0 51.7 5.9 3.4 93 77 22.7 2.445

 Nicaragua 0.589 3,370 4.7 52.3 17.0 15.8 78 74 13.6 2.006

 Panama 0.768 14,398 10.6 52.3 6.7 9.5 94 76 21.6 1.899

 Paraguay 0.665 5,915 3.8 52.0 10.5 5.1 94 73 11.5 1.973

 Peru 0.725 10,781 6.9 48.0 10.2 5.9 90 74 10.3 1.995

 Uruguay 0.783 16,242 5.7 42.4 3.0 0.0 99 77 5.9 1.628

 Venezuela 0.735 12,589 4.2 43.5 6.6 3.5 96 74 45.1 2.278

|+Social and economic indicators for Latin American countries

Latin America 16

Environment

Country Environmentalperformance

[76]

(2012)EPI

CO2emissions

[77]

(2009)(tons of CO2

per capita)

 Argentina 56.48 4.14

 Bolivia 54.57 1.31

 Brazil 60.90 1.74

 Chile 55.34 3.84

 Colombia 62.33 1.33

 Costa Rica 69.03 1.37

 Cuba 56.48 2.40

 Dominican Republic 52.44 1.79

 Ecuador 60.55 2.09

 El Salvador 52.08 1.10

 Guatemala 51.88 1.03

 Haiti 41.15 0.24

 Honduras 52.54 0.96

 Mexico 49.11 3.72

 Nicaragua 59.23 0.73

 Panama 57.94 2.10

 Paraguay 52.40 0.64

 Peru 50.29 1.32

 Uruguay 57.06 2.31

 Venezuela 55.62 5.45

|+Environmental indicators for Latin American countries

Poverty and inequality

Slums on the outskirts of a wealthy urban area inSão Paulo, Brazil: an example of poverty

common in Latin America.

Poverty continues to be one of the region's main challenges; accordingto the ECLAC, Latin America is the most unequal region in theworld.[78] Inequality is undermining the region's economic potentialand the well-being of its population, since it increases poverty andreduces the impact of economic development on poverty reduction.[79]

Children in Latin America are often forced to seek work on the streetswhen their families can no longer afford to support them, leading to asubstantial population of street children in Latin America.[80]

According to some estimates, there are 40 million street children inLatin America.[81] Inequality in Latin America has deep historicalroots that have been difficult to eradicate since the differences between

Latin America 17

Expensive homes and apartments surrounding apoor marginal zone, an example of the starkdifference in incomes among Mexico City

inhabitants

initial endowments and opportunities among social groups haveconstrained the poorest's social mobility, thus making poverty to betransmitted from generation to generation, becoming a vicious cycle.High inequality is rooted in exclusionary institutions that have beenperpetuated ever since colonial times and that have survived differentpolitical and economic regimes. Inequality has been reproduced andtransmitted through generations because Latin American politicalsystems allow a differentiated access on the influence that socialgroups have in the decision making process, and it responds indifferent ways to the least favored groups that have less politicalrepresentation and capacity of pressure.[82] Recent economicliberalisation also plays a role as not everyone is equally capable oftaking advantage of its benefits.[83] Differences in opportunities andendowments tend to be based on race, ethnicity, rurality and gender. Those differences have a strong impact on thedistribution of income, capital and political standing.

According to a study by the World Bank,the richest decile of the population of Latin America earn[84] 48% of thetotal income, while the poorest 10% of the population earn only 1.6% of the income. In contrast, in developedcountries, the top decile receives 29% of the total income, while the bottom decile earns 2.5%. The countries withthe highest inequality in the region (as measured with the Gini index in the UN Development Report[85]) in 2007were Haiti (59.5), Colombia (58.5), Bolivia (58.2), Honduras (55.3), Brazil (55.0), and Panama (54.9), while thecountries with the lowest inequality in the region were Venezuela (43.4), Uruguay (46.4) and Costa Rica (47.2).According to the World Bank the poorest countries in the region were (as of 2008):[86] Haiti, Nicaragua, Bolivia andHonduras. Undernourishment affects to 47% of Haitians, 27% of Dominicans and Nicaraguans, 23% of Boliviansand 22% of Hondurans.Many countries in Latin America have responded to high levels of poverty by implementing new, or altering old,social assistance programs such as conditional cash transfers. These include Mexico's Progresa Oportunidades,Brazil's Bolsa Escola and Bolsa Familia, Panama's Red de Oportunidades and Chile's Chile Solidario.[87] In general,these programs provide money to poor families under the condition that those transfers are used as an investment ontheir children's human capital, such as regular school attendance and basic preventive health care. The purpose ofthese programs is to address the inter-generational transmission of poverty and to foster social inclusion by explicitlytargeting the poor, focusing on children, delivering transfers to women, and changing social accountabilityrelationships between beneficiaries, service providers and governments.[88] These programs have helped to increaseschool enrollment and attendance and they also have shown improvements in children's health conditions.[89] Mostof these transfer schemes are now benefiting around 110 million people in the region and are considered relativelycheap, costing around 0.5% of their GDP.[90] In some countries e.g. in Peru decentralisation is hoped to helpadressing social justice and poverty better. NGOs which adressed those problems on the local level before could helpwith that.[91]

Latin America 18

Trade blocs

Rafael Correa, Evo Morales, Néstor Kirchner,Cristina Fernández, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva,

Nicanor Duarte, and Hugo Chávez at the signingof the founding charter of the Bank of the South.

The major trade blocs (or agreements) in the region are the Union ofSouth American Nations, composed of the integrated Mercosur andAndean Community of Nations (CAN). Minor blocs or tradeagreements are the G3 Free Trade Agreement, the Dominican Republic– Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) and theCaribbean Community (CARICOM). However, majorreconfigurations are taking place along opposing approaches tointegration and trade; Venezuela has officially withdrawn from boththe CAN and G3 and it has been formally admitted into the Mercosur(pending ratification from the Paraguayan legislature). Thepresident-elect of Ecuador has manifested his intentions of followingthe same path. This bloc nominally opposes any Free Trade Agreement(FTA) with the United States, although Uruguay has manifested itsintention otherwise. Chile has already signed an FTA with Canada, and along with Peru, Colombia and Mexico arethe only four Latin American nations that have an FTA with the United States, the latter being a member of theNorth American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).

Metropolitan economies

Mexico City

Panama City

The following table provides estimated GDP figures for the largestmetropolitan areas in Latin America.

Latin America 19

Rank Metropolitanarea

Country GDP(PPP)

[92]

(2008)Billionsof US$

Metropolitanpopulation

[93]

(2006)Millions

GDP(PPP)

US$per capita

1 Mexico City  Mexico 390 21.2 20,300

2 São Paulo  Brazil 388 18.61 20,800

3 Buenos Aires  Argentina 362 13.52 28,000

4 Rio de Janeiro  Brazil 201 11.62 17,300

5 Bogotá  Colombia 180 8.55 21,050

6 Santiago  Chile 120 5.70 21,050

7 Brasilia  Brazil 110 3.48 31,600

8 Lima  Peru 109 8.35 13,100

9 Medellín  Colombia 102 3.58 28,500

10 Guadalajara  Mexico 81 3.95 20,500

|+Population and economy size for Latin American largest metropolitan areas Note: The GDP data are for 2008while the population data are for 2006. The GDP per capita figures were obtained by dividing these two sets of data,so the results may not accurately reflect the GDP per capita for 2008.

Tourism

Torres del Paine National Park located in theChilean portion of Patagonia.

Income from tourism is key to the economy of several Latin Americancountries.[94] Mexico receives the largest number of internationaltourists, with 22.3 million visitors in 2010, followed by Argentina,with 5.2 million in 2010; Brazil, with 5.1 million; Colombia with 4.35million;, Puerto Rico, with 3.6 million, Chile with 2.7 million;Dominican Republic, with 4.1 million and Panama with 2.06million.[95] Places such as Cancún, Galápagos Islands, Machu Picchu,Chichen Itza, Cartagena de Indias, Cabo San Lucas, Acapulco, Rio deJaneiro, Salvador, Margarita Island, São Paulo, Salar de Uyuni, Puntadel Este, Santo Domingo, Labadee, San Juan, La Habana, PanamaCity, Iguazu Falls, Puerto Vallarta, Poás Volcano National Park, Punta Cana, Viña del Mar, Mexico City, Quito,Bogotá, Santa Marta, San Andrés[96], Buenos Aires, Lima, Maceió, Florianópolis, Cuzco and Patagonia are popularamong international visitors in the region.[citation needed]

Latin America 20

Country Touristarrivals

[97]

(2011)(Millions)

Tourismreceipts

[98]

(2011)(Millions

of US$)

Tourismreceipts

(2011)(US$

perarrival)

Tourismreceipts

(2011)(US$

percapita)

Tourismreceipts

[99]

(2003)(as %

of GDP)

Tourismreceipts

[100]

(2003)(as %

of exports)

Direct andindirect

employment[101]

in tourism(2005)

(%)

Tourismcompetitiveness

[102]

(2011)(TTCI)

 Argentina 5.663 5,353 945 133 7.4 1.8 9.1 4.20

 Bolivia 0.807 310 384 31 9.4 2.2 7.6 3.35

 Brazil 5.433 6,555 1,207 34 3.2 0.5 7.0 4.36

 Chile 3.070 1,831 596 107 5.3 1.9 6.8 4.27

 Colombia 4.356 4,061 873 45 6.6 1.4 5.9 3.94

 Costa Rica 2.196 2,156 982 459 17.5 8.1 13.3 4.43

 Cuba 2.507 2,187 872 194 N/A N/A N/A N/A

 DominicanRepublic

4.306 4,353 1,011 440 36.2 18.8 19.8 3.99

 Ecuador 1.141 837 734 58 6.3 1.5 7.4 3.79

 El Salvador 1.184 415 351 67 12.9 3.4 6.8 3.68

 Guatemala 1.225 1,350 1,102 94 16.0 2.6 6.0 3.82

 Haiti 0.255 167 655 17 19.4 3.2 4.7 N/A

 Honduras 0.931 701 753 92 13.5 5.0 8.5 3.79

 Mexico 23.403 11,869 507 105 5.7 1.6 14.2 4.43

 Nicaragua 1.060 377 356 65 15.5 3.7 5.6 3.56

 Panama 2.06 1,926 1,308 550 10.6 6.3 12.9 4.30

 Paraguay 0.524 241 460 37 4.2 1.3 6.4 3.26

 Peru 2.598 2,360 908 81 9.0 1.6 7.6 4.04

 Uruguay 2.857 2,187 765 643 14.2 3.6 10.7 4.24

 Venezuela 0.510 739 1,449 25 1.3 0.4 8.1 3.46

|+Performance indicators for international tourism in Latin America

Culture

Procession in Comayagua, Honduras.

Latin American culture is a mixture of many cultural expressionsworldwide. It is the product of many diverse influences:• Indigenous cultures of the people who inhabited the continent prior

to the arrival of the Europeans. Ancient and very advancedcivilizations developed their own political, social and religioussystems. The Maya, the Aztecs and the Incas are examples of these.

• Western civilization, in particular the culture of Europe, wasbrought mainly by the colonial powers – the Spanish, Portugueseand French – between the 16th and 19th centuries. The mostenduring European colonial influence is language and Roman

Latin America 21

Catholicism. More recently, additional cultural influences came from the United States and Europe during thenineteenth and twentieth centuries, due to the growing influence of the former on the world stage and immigrationfrom the latter. The influence of the United States is particularly strong in northern Latin America, especiallyPuerto Rico, which is a United States territory. Prior to 1959 Cuba, who fought for its independence alongAmerican soldiers in the Spanish-American War, was also known to have a close socioeconomic relation with theUnited States. In addition, the United States also helped Panama become an independent state from Colombia andbuilt the twenty-mile-long Panama Canal Zone in Panama which held from 1903 (the Panama Canal opened totransoceanic freight traffic in 1914) to 1999, when the Torrijos-Carter Treaties restored Panamanian control of theCanal Zone. South America experienced waves of immigration of Europeans, especially Italians, Spaniards,Portuguese and Germans. With the end of colonialism, French culture was also able to exert a direct influence inLatin America, especially in the realms of high culture, science and medicine.[103] This can be seen in anyexpression of the region's artistic traditions, including painting, literature and music, and in the realms of scienceand politics.

• African cultures, whose presence derives from a long history of New World slavery. Peoples of African descenthave influenced the ethno-scapes of Latin America and the Caribbean. This is manifested for instance in music,dance and religion, especially in countries like Belize, Brazil, Honduras, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Colombia,Panama, Haiti, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, and Cuba.

Art

Casapueblo, Carlos Páez Vilaró'scitadel–sculpture near Punta del Este, Uruguay.

Palacio de Bellas Artes, Cd. de México.

Beyond the rich tradition of indigenous art, the development of LatinAmerican visual art owed much to the influence of Spanish,Portuguese and French Baroque painting, which in turn often followedthe trends of the Italian Masters. In general, this artistic Eurocentrismbegan to fade in the early twentieth century, as Latin-Americans beganto acknowledge the uniqueness of their condition and started to followtheir own path.From the early twentieth century, the art of Latin America was greatlyinspired by the Constructivist Movement. The ConstructivistMovement was founded in Russia around 1913 by Vladimir Tatlin.The Movement quickly spread from Russia to Europe and then intoLatin America. Joaquín Torres García and Manuel Rendón have beencredited with bringing the Constructivist Movement into LatinAmerica from Europe.

An important artistic movement generated in Latin America ismuralism represented by Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros, JoséClemente Orozco and Rufino Tamayo in Mexico and SantiagoMartinez Delgado and Pedro Nel Gómez in Colombia. Some of themost impressive Muralista works can be found in Mexico, Colombia,

New York City, San Francisco, Los Angeles and Philadelphia.

Painter Frida Kahlo, one of the most famous Mexican artists, painted about her own life and the Mexican culture in astyle combining Realism, Symbolism and Surrealism. Kahlo's work commands the highest selling price of all LatinAmerican paintings.[104]

Colombian sculptor and painter Fernando Botero is also widely known by his works which, on first examination, arenoted for their exaggerated proportions and the corpulence of the human and animal figures.

Latin America 22

Museum of Antioquia, Medellin

Film

Latin American film is both rich and diverse. Historically, the main centers ofproduction have been Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, and Cuba.Latin American film flourished after sound was introduced in cinema, whichadded a linguistic barrier to the export of Hollywood film south of the border.The 1950s and 1960s saw a movement towards Third Cinema, led by theArgentine filmmakers Fernando Solanas and Octavio Getino. More recently, anew style of directing and stories filmed has been tagged as "New LatinAmerican Cinema".

Guadalajara International Film Festival thefestival (held in Mexico) is considered the mostprestigious film festival in Latin America and

among the most important Spanish language filmfestivals in the world.

Mexican cinema started out in the silent era from 1896 to 1929 andflourished in the Golden Era of the 1940s. It boasted a huge industrycomparable to Hollywood at the time with stars such as María Félix,Dolores del Río, and Pedro Infante. In the 1970s, Mexico was thelocation for many cult horror and action movies. More recently, filmssuch as Amores Perros (2000) and Y tu mamá también (2001) enjoyedbox office and critical acclaim and propelled Alfonso Cuarón andAlejandro González Iñarritu to the front rank of Hollywood directors.Alejandro González Iñárritu directed in (2006) Babel and AlfonsoCuarón directed (Children of Men in (2006), and Harry Potter and thePrisoner of Azkaban in (2004)). Guillermo del Toro close friend andalso a front rank Hollywood director in Hollywood and Spain, directedPan's Labyrinth (2006) and produce El Orfanato (2007). Carlos Carrera(The Crime of Father Amaro), and screenwriter Guillermo Arriaga arealso some of the most known present-day Mexican film makers. Rudo y Cursi released in December (2008) inMexico directed by Carlos Cuarón.

Argentine cinema has also been prominenent since the first half of the 20th century and today averages over 60full-length titles yearly. The industry suffered during the 1976–1983 military dictatorship; but re-emerged to producethe Academy Award winner The Official Story in 1985. A wave of imported U.S. films again damaged the industryin the early 1990s, though it soon recovered, thriving even during the Argentine economic crisis around 2001. ManyArgentine movies produced during recent years have been internationally acclaimed, including Nueve reinas (2000),El abrazo partido (2004), El otro (2007) and the 2010 Foreign Language Academy Award winner El secreto de susojos.In Brazil, the Cinema Novo movement created a particular way of making movies with critical and intellectualscreenplays, a clearer photography related to the light of the outdoors in a tropical landscape, and a politicalmessage. The modern Brazilian film industry has become more profitable inside the country, and some of itsproductions have received prizes and recognition in Europe and the United States, with movies such as Central doBrasil (1999), Cidade de Deus (2002) and Tropa de Elite (2007).Cuban cinema has enjoyed much official support since the Cuban revolution and important film-makers includeTomás Gutiérrez Alea.

Latin America 23

It is also worth noting that many Latin Americans have achieved significant success within Hollywood, for instanceCarmen Miranda (Portuguese-Brazilian), Salma Hayek (Mexican), and Benicio del Toro (Puerto Rican), whileMexican Americans such as Robert Rodriguez have also made their mark in film production.

Literature

Colombian writer Gabriel GarcíaMárquez signing a copy of OneHundred Years of Solitude in

Havana, Cuba.

Chilean Poet Gabriela Mistral, firstLatin American to win a Nobel Prize

in Literature, in 1945.

Pre-Columbian cultures were primarily oral, though the Aztecs and Mayans, forinstance, produced elaborate codices. Oral accounts of mythological andreligious beliefs were also sometimes recorded after the arrival of Europeancolonizers, as was the case with the Popol Vuh. Moreover, a tradition of oralnarrative survives to this day, for instance among the Quechua-speakingpopulation of Peru and the Quiché (K'iche') of Guatemala.

From the very moment of Europe's "discovery" of the continent, early explorersand conquistadores produced written accounts and crónicas of their experience –such as Columbus's letters or Bernal Díaz del Castillo's description of theconquest of Mexico. During the colonial period, written culture was often in thehands of the church, within which context Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz wrotememorable poetry and philosophical essays. Towards the end of the 18th Centuryand the beginning of the 19th, a distinctive criollo literary tradition emerged,including the first novels such as Lizardi's El Periquillo Sarniento (1816).

The 19th century was a period of "foundational fictions" (in critic DorisSommer's words), novels in the Romantic or Naturalist traditions that attemptedto establish a sense of national identity, and which often focussed on theindigenous question or the dichotomy of "civilization or barbarism" (for whichsee, say, Domingo Sarmiento's Facundo (1845), Juan León Mera's Cumandá(1879), or Euclides da Cunha's Os Sertões (1902)). The 19th century alsowitnessed the realist work of Machado de Assis, who made use of surreal devicesof metaphor and playful narrative construction, much admired by critic HaroldBloom.

Latin America 24

Argentine Jorge Luis Borges inL'Hôtel, Paris in 1969.

At the turn of the 20th century, modernismo emerged, a poetic movement whosefounding text was Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío's Azul (1888). This was the firstLatin American literary movement to influence literary culture outside of theregion, and was also the first truly Latin American literature, in that nationaldifferences were no longer so much at issue. José Martí, for instance, though aCuban patriot, also lived in Mexico and the U.S. and wrote for journals inArgentina and elsewhere.

Peruvian writer and Nobel Prizelaureate Mario Vargas Llosa

However, what really put Latin American literature on the global map was nodoubt the literary boom of the 1960s and 1970s, distinguished by daring andexperimental novels (such as Julio Cortázar's Rayuela (1963)) that werefrequently published in Spain and quickly translated into English. The Boom'sdefining novel was Gabriel García Márquez's Cien años de soledad (1967),which led to the association of Latin American literature with magic realism,though other important writers of the period such as the Peruvian Mario VargasLlosa and Carlos Fuentes do not fit so easily within this framework. Arguably,the Boom's culmination was Augusto Roa Bastos's monumental Yo, el supremo(1974). In the wake of the Boom, influential precursors such as Juan Rulfo, AlejoCarpentier, and above all Jorge Luis Borges were also rediscovered.

Contemporary literature in the region is vibrant and varied, ranging from thebest-selling Paulo Coelho and Isabel Allende to the more avant-garde and critically acclaimed work of writers suchas Diamela Eltit, Giannina Braschi, Ricardo Piglia, or Roberto Bolaño. There has also been considerable attentionpaid to the genre of testimonio, texts produced in collaboration with subaltern subjects such as Rigoberta Menchú.Finally, a new breed of chroniclers is represented by the more journalistic Carlos Monsiváis and Pedro Lemebel.

The region boasts six Nobel Prize winners: in addition to the two Chilean poets Gabriela Mistral (1945) and PabloNeruda (1971), there is also the Colombian writer Gabriel García Márquez (1982), the Guatemalan novelist MiguelÁngel Asturias (1967), the Mexican poet and essayist Octavio Paz (1990), and the Peruvian novelist Mario VargasLlosa (2010).

Latin America 25

Music and dance

Celebrating the annual "Alegria por la vida" Carnaval in Managua,Nicaragua

Latin America has produced many successfulworldwide artists in terms of recorded global musicsales. Among the most successful have been GloriaEstefan (Cuba) and Roberto Carlos (Brazil), both ofwhom have sold over 100 million records, CarlosSantana (Mexico) with over 75 million, Luis Miguel(Mexico), Shakira (Colombia) and Vicente Fernández(Mexico) with over 50 million records sold worldwide.

Salsa dancing in Cali

Caribbean Hispanic music, such as merengue, bachata, salsa, and more recentlyreggaeton, from such countries as the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico,Trinidad, Cuba, and Panama has been strongly influenced by African rhythmsand melodies. Haiti's compas is a genre of music that draws influence and is thussimilar to its Caribbean Hispanic counterparts, with an element of jazz andmodern sound as well.[105][106]

Another well-known Latin American musical genre includes the Argentine andUruguayan tango, as well as the distinct nuevo tango, a fusion of tango, acousticand electronic music popularized by bandoneón virtuoso Ástor Piazzolla. Samba,North American jazz, European classical music and choro combined to formbossa nova in Brazil, popularized by guitarrist João Gilberto and pianist AntonioCarlos Jobim.

Other influential Latin American sounds include the Antillean soca and calypso,the Honduras (Garifuna) punta, the Colombian cumbia and vallenato, the Chilean

cueca, the Ecuadorian boleros, and rockoleras, the Mexican ranchera and the mariachi which is the epitome ofMexican soul, the Nicaraguan palo de Mayo, the Peruvian marinera and tondero, the Uruguayan candombe, theFrench Antillean zouk (derived from Haitian compas) and the various styles of music from pre-Columbian traditionsthat are widespread in the Andean region.

Latin America 26

A couple dances Argentine Tango.

The classical composer Heitor Villa-Lobos (1887–1959) worked on therecording of native musical traditions within his homeland of Brazil. Thetraditions of his homeland heavily influenced his classical works.[107] Alsonotable is the recent work of the Cuban Leo Brouwer and guitar work of theVenezuelan Antonio Lauro and the Paraguayan Agustín Barrios. Latin Americahas also produced world-class classical performers such as the Chilean pianistClaudio Arrau, Brazilian pianist Nelson Freire and the Argentine pianist andconductor Daniel Barenboim.

Arguably, the main contribution to music entered through folklore, where thetrue soul of the Latin American and Caribbean countries is expressed. Musicianssuch as Yma Súmac, Chabuca Granda, Atahualpa Yupanqui, Violeta Parra,Víctor Jara, Facundo Cabral, Mercedes Sosa, Jorge Negrete, Luiz Gonzaga,Caetano Veloso, Susana Baca, Chavela Vargas, Simon Diaz, Julio Jaramillo,Toto la Momposina as well as musical ensembles such as Inti Illimani and Los Kjarkas are magnificent examples ofthe heights that this soul can reach.

Latin pop, including many forms of rock, is popular in Latin America today (see Spanish language rock androll).[108]

More recently, Reggaeton, which blends Jamaican reggae and dancehall with Latin America genres such as bombaand plena, as well as that of hip hop, is becoming more popular, in spite of the controversy surrounding its lyrics,dance steps (Perreo) and music videos. It has become very popular among populations with a "migrant culture"influence – both Latino populations in the U.S., such as southern Florida and New York City, and parts of LatinAmerica where migration to the U.S. is common, such as Puerto Rico, Trinidad, Dominican Republic, Colombia,Ecuador, El Salvador, and Mexico.[109]

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Latin America 27

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Latin America 28

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education-initiative-in-latin-america,6887. html)• Latin Intelligence Service (http:/ / www. latinnews. com/ )• Latin American Network Information Center (http:/ / www1. lanic. utexas. edu/ )• Latin America Data Base (http:/ / ladb. unm. edu/ )• Washington Office on Latin America (http:/ / www. wola. org/ )• Council on Hemispheric Affairs (http:/ / www. coha. org/ )• Infolatam. Information and analysis of Latin America (http:/ / www. infolatam. com/ )• Latinvex. News and analysis of Latin America (http:/ / www. latinvex. com/ )• Map of Land Cover: Latin America and Caribbean (FAO) (http:/ / www. fao. org/ farmingsystems/ FarmingMaps/

LAC/ 09/ LC/ index. html)• Lessons From Latin America (http:/ / www. thenation. com/ doc/ 20090323/ dangl) by Benjamin Dangl, The

Nation, March 4, 2009]• Keeping Latin America on the World News Agenda (http:/ / knightcenter. utexas. edu/ blog/ ?q=en/ node/ 4318) –

Interview with Michael Reid of The Economist]• Cold War in Latin America, CSU Pomona University (http:/ / www. csupomona. edu/ ~jmvadi/ 454/ The Cold

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Article Sources and Contributors 29

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RedRollerskate, RedWolf, Redamagi, Redishflag, Redthoreau, Reinaldojose, Relaxx, RenJadahr, Renata3, Rex Germanus, RexNL, Ricardoramirezj, Rich Farmbrough, Richardmiskolci, Richtig27, RickK, Rickbrownholland, Ricky81682, Rjwilmsi, Rlove, Rmhermen,Rmnsrz, Robbiemuffin, Rockmysock, Rockstar3602002, Rockvee, RockyMM, Rockybull207, Rodriguillo, Roger89, Romanm, Ron 1987, Ronark, Roodypoo9001, Rory747, RoyBoy,RoyFocker, RslaterIII, Rubashkyn, Ruiz, Ryulong, S2589411, SAMbo, STEVENELMER, Sagekreyol, Sagitario, Salsassin, Salvadorjo, Salvio giuliano, SamEV, Samsonfreak101, Sander Säde,Sanfranman59, Santjo2011, Santryl, Sargonx, Scandza, Scarian, Scarykitty, Scetoaux, Schweinsteiger54321, Scooter20, Scottwiki, Sdornan, Sebasbronzini, Sebastiankessel, Sfaulk, Shadowjams,Shark insane, Sharkey, Shawn in Montreal, Sheehan, Shenme, Shijualex, Shizhao, Shoeofdeath, Sholto.mac, Shrewsbury333, Shryoss4111, Shyam, Silence, Silversink, SimonP, Simranajax,SiobhanHansa, Sion8, SkanterBrazil, Skizzik, Slawojarek, Slazenger, SlimVirgin, Slimshadypballer, Sloman, Slrubenstein, Sluzzelin, Smarkham01, SoCalSuperEagle, Some jerk on the Internet,SonCR, SophisticatedElegance, Soulpatch, South Bay, Southamerica2010, Spacepotato, Spangineer, Sparklegurl32, Spencer, Spicemix, Splash, Spliffy, SpookyX31, Spring Rubber, Spyder00Boi,SqueakBox, SquidSK, Squids and Chips, Squiquifox, Srnec, Srose, StAnselm, Stelarov, Strongfaithin1, Sun Creator, Supaman89, SurAustral, Svick, Svt266, SweetCarmen, Sylent, Symane, TVGenius, Tabletop, Tampersand, Tankman182, Tarquin, Tbhotch, Tcalves, TeePee-20.7, Teh doctor42, TehranIran, Teleer, Teles, Tennis Dynamite, Tequendamia, Thatguyflint, The Mark of theBeast, The Merciful, The Ogre, The Red Hat of Pat Ferrick, The Singing Badger, The Thing That Should Not Be, The real James Bond, TheCatalyst31, TheDoctor10, TheHYPO, Theda,Theunit90, Thiagoreis leon, Thingg, Thiseye, Thomas.W, TicketMan, Timotheus Canens, Tnxman307, Tobby72, Tobias Conradi, Tobiaswi, Tom 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Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Latin America (orthographic projection).svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Latin_America_(orthographic_projection).svg  License: GNU Free DocumentationLicense  Contributors: Basilicofresco, Heraldry, Hercule, KJG2007, Keepscases, Luan, Shadowxfox, TUBS, TownDown, 1 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Mexico.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006 Based on the armsby Juan Gabino.

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 30

File:Flag of Brazil.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of Argentina.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Argentina.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Government of Argentina (Vector graphics byDbenbenn)File:Flag of Colombia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Colombia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SKoppFile:Flag of Peru.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Peru.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:DbenbennFile:Flag of Chile.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Chile.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Alkari, B1mbo, Cycn, David Newton, Dbenbenn,Denelson83, ElmA, Er Komandante, Fibonacci, Fry1989, Fsopolonezcaro, Herbythyme, Huhsunqu, Kallerna, Kanonkas, Klemen Kocjancic, Kyro, Mattes, McZusatz, Mozzan, Nagy,Nightstallion, Piastu, Pixeltoo, Pumbaa80, SKopp, Sarang, SiBr4, Srtxg, Sterling.M.Archer, Str4nd, Ultratomio, Vzb83, Xarucoponce, Yakoo, Yonatanh, Zscout370, 49 anonymous editsFile:Le parc de l'Amérique-Latine.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Le_parc_de_l'Amérique-Latine.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Eric fortinFile:Latin America regions.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Latin_America_regions.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:MexicanGoldenEagleFile:Tikal Giaguaro.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tikal_Giaguaro.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Gabridelca, Reywas92, SimonBurchell, Thelmadatter, TommyBeeFile:Chichen-Itza El Castillo.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chichen-Itza_El_Castillo.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: AlexCovarrubias, Hystrix, Inge Habex, Kilom691, Morio, Para, Wouterhagens, Xenophon, 6 anonymous editsFile:80 - Machu Picchu - Juin 2009 - edit.2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:80_-_Machu_Picchu_-_Juin_2009_-_edit.2.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Martin St-Amant (S23678)File:Christopher Columbus3.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Christopher_Columbus3.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Painting : Dióscoro Teófilo PueblaTolín. Publisher : Currier and Ives.File:06.Plaza de la Independencia de Granada.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:06.Plaza_de_la_Independencia_de_Granada.JPG  License: Creative CommonsAttribution 3.0  Contributors: ElemakiFile:Simón Bolívar 2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Simón_Bolívar_2.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Ricardo Acevedo Bernal (1867 - 1930)File:Smartin.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Smartin.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: The exact author is disputed. 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vyi, MattesFile:Jean-Jacques-Dessalines.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jean-Jacques-Dessalines.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: InconnuFile:BenitoJuarez.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BenitoJuarez.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bricklayer, Eirik, InfrogmationFile:Saito21022007.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Saito21022007.jpg  License: Agência Brasil  Contributors: Wilson Dias/ABrFile:Map-Romance Latin America.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Map-Romance_Latin_America.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Map-Romance_Latin_America.png: Fossum derivative work: DavoO (talk)File:Basilica de los Angeles.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Basilica_de_los_Angeles.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: MagalhãesFile:WorldMapLiteracy2011.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WorldMapLiteracy2011.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:Turn685File:Flag of Bolivia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Bolivia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:SKoppFile:Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten byUser:GabbeFile:Flag of Cuba.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Cuba.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: see belowFile:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:User:NightstallionFile:Flag of Ecuador.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Ecuador.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: President of the Republic of Ecuador, Zscout370File:Flag of El Salvador.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: user:NightstallionFile:Flag of Guatemala.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Guatemala.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:K21edgoFile:Flag of Haiti.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Haiti.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: (colours and size changes of the now deletied versions)Madden, Vzb83, Denelson83, Chanheigeorge, Zscout370 and Nightstallion Coat of arms :Lokal_Profil and Myriam ThyesFile:Flag of Honduras.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Honduras.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: D1990, Denelson83, ECanalla, Feydey, Fred J,Homo lupus, Klemen Kocjancic, Mattes, Matthew hk, Neq00, Oak27, Pumbaa80, Rocket000, RubiksMaster110, SKopp, ThomasPusch, Tocino, Vzb83, Yuval Madar, ZooFari, Zscout370, 10anonymous editsFile:Flag of Nicaragua.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg  License: Attribution  Contributors: User:C recordsFile:Flag of Panama.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Panama.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: -xfi-, Addicted04, Alkari, Cycn, Duduziq, Fadi thephilologer, Fry1989, Huhsunqu, Hystrix, Klemen Kocjancic, Liftarn, Mattes, Nightstallion, Ninane, Pumbaa80, Reisio, Rfc1394, SiBr4, TFCforever, Thomas81, ThomasPusch, Zscout370, Ö,Фёдор Гусляров, 19 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Paraguay.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Paraguay.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Republica del ParaguayFile:Flag of Uruguay.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Uruguay.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Reisio (original author)File:Flag of Venezuela.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Venezuela.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Alkari, Bastique, Cycn, Denelson83,DerFussi, Fry1989, George McFinnigan, Herbythyme, Homo lupus, Huhsunqu, Infrogmation, K21edgo, Klemen Kocjancic, Ludger1961, Neq00, Nightstallion, Reisio, Rupert Pupkin, Sarang,SiBr4, Sparkve, ThomasPusch, Vzb83, Wikisole, Zscout370, 13 anonymous editsFile:Favela Jaqueline (Vila Sônia) 02.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Favela_Jaqueline_(Vila_Sônia)_02.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: DornickeFile:Contraste en Interlomas.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Contraste_en_Interlomas.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:DIbraFile:Banco del Sur.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Banco_del_Sur.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Presidencia de la N. ArgentinaFile:Santa feconj Mexico City.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Santa_feconj_Mexico_City.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5  Contributors: Carlosrchill at en.wikipediaFile:Panamá-C.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Panamá-C.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike  Contributors: 123HollicFile:Cuernos del Paine from Lake Pehoé.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cuernos_del_Paine_from_Lake_Pehoé.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Alexxxos, Bgag, Hergarast, Herzi Pinki, Hike395, Jespinos, Miguel.v, Moebiusuibeom-en, Wars, Wikibob, 4 anonymous editsFile:Holy Week procession Comayagua Honduras (1).jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Holy_Week_procession_Comayagua_Honduras_(1).jpg  License: CreativeCommons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: LeRocFile:Casapueblo.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Casapueblo.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Wagner T. 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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 31

File:Museo de Antioquia-Esculturas1-Medellin.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Museo_de_Antioquia-Esculturas1-Medellin.JPG  License: Public Domain Contributors: SajoRFile:Guadalajara international Film Festival.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Guadalajara_international_Film_Festival.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Christian KremerFile:Gabogarciamarquez1.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gabogarciamarquez1.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Photo credited to Varsital CopModifications by: F3rn4nd0File:Gabriela Mistral-01.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gabriela_Mistral-01.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Balbo, Bubamara, Calliopejen1, Diti, Evrik,Jh12, Penarc, YakooFile:Jorge Luis Borges Hotel.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jorge_Luis_Borges_Hotel.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: ALE!, Andreagrossmann,Claudio Elias, Esquilo, Infrogmation, Quibik, Sking, Str4nd, VIGNERON, Wilfredor, 13 anonymous editsFile:Mario Vargas Llosa.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mario_Vargas_Llosa.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: Manuel GonzálezOlaechea y FrancoFile:CarnavalNica.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CarnavalNica.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Jorge Mejía peralta from Managua,NicaraguaFile:Salsa en Cali.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Salsa_en_Cali.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Hilcias SalazarFile:Tango-Show-Buenos-Aires-01.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tango-Show-Buenos-Aires-01.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors:Abu badali, Alan, Barcex, FlickreviewR, Infrogmation, JotaCartas, Origamiemensch, 1 anonymous edits

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