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;;

<)<)1 ZBHKB[QEGNI LNI ZBIMMNI\ENI CFHZFIBI HBQEI

Qb|b`ng le`ncrcni zbhkfimcn{ni cfhzfibi hbqei hncn `ncrcni ?

>) Zbhb{ecqnni cfhzfibi hbqei ln{e cbnrqni

;) @ncrcni zbimmni|eni cfhzfibi hbqei unim nrq kb{lnqn{ zbhb{ecqnni

kn|nq qb{teq unim leeoeicni qbqrne lbimni Krcr Zblfhni [bzn{nqe

1) Kb{qegcni qbhrn cfhzfibi hbqei ln{e cf|f{ni lni qeqn mnqcb|

'znaceim% unim hbibhzb` znln hbqei)

Zbhkb{qegni le`ncrcni le |bhzn| cgrqrq, une|r le |bhzn| Zn{| ]nqgeim

A`bnib{)

Zbhkb{qegni cfhzfibi hbqei lbimni hbimmrincni ane{ni qf`n{,

qblnimcni zbhkb{qegni mnqcb|&znaceim hbimmrincni ar||b{ znaceim

lni nh{e`)

ZN[\ ]NQGEIM A@BNIB[

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;1

<)<)< ZB[NCE\NI & ZBHNQNIMNI CFHZFIBI HBQEI

Z{fqbq Zb{nce|ni & Zbhnqnimni cfhzfibi hbqei kb{cbkn`ecni & 

kb{r{r|ni |b{kn`ec ln{e z{fqbq zbhkfimcn{ni & zb`bznqni cfhzfibi

hbqei, une|r ?

>) Zb{nce|ni & zbhnqnimni cfhzfibi hbqei knmeni |bimng |b{`bkeg

lngr`r

;) Zb{nce|ni & zbhnqnimni cfhzfibi hbqei knmeni cnini

1) Zb{nce|ni & zbhnqnimni cfhzfibi hbqei knmeni n|nq

<) Zb{nce|ni & zbhnqnimni cfhzfibi hbqei knmeni ce{e)

<)<)2 ZBHNQNIMNI HBQEI ZNLN [NIMCN

Gn`(gn` unim gn{rq lezb{gn|ecni ln`nh z{fqbq zbhnqnimni hbqei znln

{nimcn ?

n) @b|nccni lfimc{nc n|nr n`n| zbilrcrim `nei unim lnzn| leqb|b` le

kn}ng hbqei)

k) \eimme lfimc{nc gn{rq |b{rq(hbib{rq leqb|b` ri|rc hbhkbknqcni

|bmnimni ri|rc hbhzb{hrlng zbhnqnimni knr|)

a) Qbonon{cni |e|ec(|e|ec zbhnqnimni lbimni gn|e(gn|e lbimni lfimc{nc

ri|rc hbimgeiln{e cb{rqncni znln hbqei, {nimcn, cn}n|, gfqbq lni

ank`bq )

l) Znqnim qbhrn knr| lni hr{ zbhnqnimni hbqei lbimni `fimmn{,

cbhrleni cbianimcni knr| lni hr{ lbimni |f{qe unim le|bi|rcni)

[nimcn |bhzn| lrlrcni & zbifznim hbqei

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;<

b) Qb|b`ng hbqei |b{znqnim znln {nimcn, znq|ecni hbqei |b`ng |b{eqe

lbimni f`e zb`rhnq)

<)2 ZB[N]N\NI ZB[EFLEC

Ri|rc hbionmn hbqei lni hf|f{ qban{n rhrh nmn{ n}b|, hncn gn{rq le`ncrcni

zb{n}n|ni qban{n |b{n|r{)

Kb{ecr| zb{n}n|ni unim gn{rq lezb{gn|ecni ln`nh cne|ni bimeib ftb{gnr` ?

>) Cfhzfibi |b{cne| Z{fqbq Zbhkncn{ni

D{bcrbiqe Flfhb|b{

Ch 2:: ;::: <::: 7::: >;::: >4::: ;:::: ;<::: ;7::: 1;:::

E|bh(e|bh K`i ; < 4 >: >< >7 ;; ;4 1: 1<

Qn`r{ni Kngni Kncn{

  h  n  i  n  u  n  i  m   |  b  {  a  n  z  n   e   `  b   k   e   g

   l  n   g  r   `  r

Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z

Qn{eimni Kngni Kncn{ K K K K K K K K

Krqe Z Z M Z M Z M Z M

On{nc [bimmnim C`bz Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z

Zr|n{ni Q|n|efib{ Hbqei Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z

Cn{kr{n|f{ K K K K K K K K K

Qbafiln{u Ne{ Qrzz`uQuq|bh

Z Z

Znq|ecni Hbqei |b`ng |b{znqnim znln {nimcn

lbi ni qbh r{in

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;2

;) Cfhzfibi |b{cne| \{niqheqe lni A{nicqgnd|

Zbimmni|eni f`e hbqei unim le`ncrcni qban{n |b{n|r{ ncni hbhkrn| cfhzfibi

ln`nh hbqei, |b{r|nhn |{niqheqe lni a{nicqgnd| hbionle n}b|)

Knmeni(knmeni ln`nh hbqei unim gn{rq hbilnzn|cni zb`rhnqni ?

D{bcrbiqe Flfhb|b{

Ch 2:: ;::: <::: 7::: >;::: >4::: ;:::: ;<::: ;7::: 1;:::E|bh(e|bh Kr`ni ; < 4 >: >< >7 ;; ;4 1: 1<

F`e Hbqei

  h  n  i  n  u  n  i  m

   |  b  {  a  n  z  n   e   `  b   k   e   g

   l  n   g  r   `  r

M M M M M M M M M

Qeq|bh Cfz`eim Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z

Fe` Qbn` Bimeib Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z

F`e hbqei Qb`r{rg zb{hrcnni fe` zrhz eiib{ lni fr|b{ {f|f{

Lnb{ng `riar{ fe` |g{frmg

Qb`r{rg zb{hrcnni {facb{ n{h qgnd|

Zb{hrcnni ln`nh {facb{ n{h lni zb{hrcnni {f``b{

Qb`r{rg zb{hrcnni anh agnei

Zb{hrcnni ln`nh au`eilb{

Zb{hrcnni `rn{ zeq|fi, `rknim zeq|fi zei lni n`r{(n`r{{eim

Qb`r{rg zb{hrcnni zeq|fi {eim

Qb`r{rg zb{hrcnni a`r|ag leqa

Zb{hrcnni `riar{ a`r|ag `ed|b{ n{h

Lnb{ng zb{zr|n{ni mbn{qged| qzeil`b

Lnb{ng zb{zr|n{ni q|n{|b{ {blra|efi mbn{ qgnd|

Qb`r{rg zb{hrcnni qged| df{c qgnd|

Zb{hrcnni `rn{ qged| l{rh ofr{in`

Meme(meme mbn{ 'z{ehn{u, |{niqheqqefi, q|n{|b{%Lnb{ng zb{zr|n{ni hnqeim(hnqeim kbn{eim

Qb`r{rg zb{hrcnni hnqeim(hnqeim F({eim

Hr`|e(zr{zfqb m{bnqb Keke{ hnqeim(hnqeim fe` qbn`

@n{r|ni hf`uklbirhfe` 'anhzr{ni f`e hbqeilni hf`uklbirhleqr`delb m{bnqb ln`nhzb{knileimni >?>%

Zb{hrcnni `riar{ tn`tb q|bh lni rorim q|bh

Qb`r{rg zb{hrcnni anhqgnd| anh

Zb{hrcnni `rn{ zeq|fi zei

Zb{hrcnni ̀ rn{ a`r|ag fr|b{ mrelb

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;4

L

e

zb{ce{ncni znln ch) 2:):::, znln knc hbqei ncni |ehkr` qeqn(qeqn bilnzni f`e,

qbgeimmn qban{n rhrh znln on{nc |bhzrg 'ch% |b{qbkr| le`ncrcni bimeib

ftb{gfr`)

Kb{ecr| ln|n qeimcn| |bi|nim qeq|bh |{niqheqe Gfiln Ib} Hbmn Z{f >2:aa,

Zb{hrcnni `riar{ a`r|ag fr|b{

Kbn{eim cbzn`n kbqn{ a{nicqgnd| afiiba|eim {fl

Zb{hrcnni ln`nh cbzn`n cbae` a{nicqgnd| afiiba|eim{fl

Qb`r{rg zb{hrcnni ̀ bd| a{nicqgnd| kbn{eim

Zb{hrcnni zb{zr|n{ni {emg| a{nicqgnd| kbn{eim

Qb`r{rg zb{hrcnni q|n{|b{ a`r|ag {f``b{

Zb{hrcnni ln`nh q|n{|b{ l{etbi mbn{

Zb{hrcnni ln`nh H<, H2, A>, A;, A1 mbn{

Qb`r{rg zb{hrcnni H<, H2, A>, A;, A1 mbn{ krqgeim

N`r{; H1, A<, A2 mbn{ qged| df{c qged|b{

Zb{hrcnni ln`nh ceacq|n{|b{ l{etb mbn{

Qb`r{rg zb{hrcnni ceacq|n{|b{ el`b mbn{ krqgeim

Zbhkb{qegni ln{e

mbhrcLnb{ng cfi|nc d`u}gbb` lni a{nicqgnd|

\{niqheqqe 2 cbabzn|ni

[blrcqe z{ehb{ 1,12: '4=&;:%

[blrcqe ncge{ 1,::: '<;&><%

Zb{knileimni meme

cb > 1,:=4 '<:&>1%

cb ; >,5<< '12&>7%

cb 1 >,<:5 '1>&;;%

cb < >,>;: ';7&;2%

cb 2 :,51= '1:&1;%

Zf`n zbimfzb{ni meme Qeq|bh zbimbhkn`eni lemb{nccni cnce ce{e

> ( I ( ; ( 1 ( < ( 2

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;=

KNK T

ZBIR\RZ

2)> CBQEHZR@NI

Cbmen|ni Cb{on Z{nc|bc le lrien eilrq|{e qnimn| hbhkni|r hngnqeq}n ln`nh

hbib{nzcni lni hbimnz`ecnqecni |bf{e lni z{nc|bc unim lelnzn| le rietb{qe|nq qb{|n

hbhnlrcniiun lbimni e`hr lni |bcif`fme unim kb{cbhknim ln`nh lrien eilrq|{e)

Ln`nh cne|ni hn|b{e bimeib ftb{gfr`, Z\) Nq|{n Gfiln Hf|f{ hbhzriune z{fqblr{

q|niln{ unim kb{|rorni ri|rc bdbc|ede|nq lni bdeqebiqe cb{on unim qnimn| kb{mrin ri|rc

le|b{nzcni znln z{fqbq zbhkb`non{ni |bf{e lni z{nc|bc le Dncr`|nq \bciec Hbqei

RIEHRQ)

2); QN[NI

Qbknmne qn`ng qn|r rznun Dncr`|nq \bciec Hbqei RIEHRQ hbiab|nc QLH unim

kb{crn`e|nq, qrlng qbgn{rqiun hbhe`ece @nkf{n|f{erh Z{nc|ecrh Hbqei unim lnzn|

kb{drimqe fz|ehn` ri|rc hb`n|eg qce`` zn{n hngnqeq}n, cgrqrqiun knme hngnqeq}n

\bciec Hbqei unim hbibcrie kelnim f|fhf|ed)

Hbion`ei cb{onqnhn lbimni lrien eilrq|{e, cgrqrqiun \bciec Hbqei 'F|fhf|ed% qnimn|

zbi|eim knme zbimbhknimni cbe`hrni lni |bcif`fme le `eimcrz ncnlbheqe lni eilrq|{e,

qbgeimmn ncni hbimgnqe`cni cbe`hrni lni qce`` unim |bzn| mrin)

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;7

LND\N[ ZRQ\NCN

>) \bagiean` \{neieim Lbz|) Z\ NGH , ‐ Krcr Zblfhni [bzn{nqe Qbzbln Hf|f{ Gfilnri|rc \uzb Ib} Hbmn Z{f >2:aa ‐, ;:>:

;) \bagiean` \{neieim Lbz|)  Nq|{n Hf|f{ \{neieim Abi|{b Qbhn{nim , ‐ Hn|b{e Hf|f{ 

Kncn{ @btb` EE ‐, ;::5 

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;5

@NHZE[NI(@NHZE[NI

@NHZE[NI(> ? DF\F CBMEN\NI

Zgf|f(> ? Hbimrhzr`cni ln|n lbimni hbhknan `e|b{n|r{Krcr Zblfhni [bzn{nqe Gfiln Ib} Hbmn Zn{f >2:aa

Zgf|f(; ? Hb`ncqnincni Z{nc|bc @nimqrimBimeib Ftb{gfr` Gfiln Ib} Hbmn Z{f >2:aa

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1:

@NHZE[NI(; ? Z[FLRA\ CIF]@BLMB GFILN IB] HBMN Z[F >2:AA

Cbrimmr`ni Gfiln Ib} Hbmn Z{f >2:aa leknileimcni Hbmn Z{f >4:aa

Ib} Hbmn Z{f >2:aa Hbmn Z{f >4:aa

[nimcn Kflu `bkeg cbcn{ lni nb{fleinheq Kflu q|niln{

Qrqzbiqe kb`ncnim hfifqgfac Qrqzbiqe kb`ncnim lfrk`b qgfac

Hflb` qzf{|u + Q|{bb| Demg|b{ + Hflb` q|niln{

Znib` hb|b{ cfhkeinqe leme|n` Znib` hb|b{ nin`fmLfrk`b leqc k{ncb 'lbzni $kb`ncnim% Qeim`b leqc k{ncb 'lbzni%

\nice kngni kncn{ qzf{|u \nice kngni kncn{ q|niln{

Ofc lfrk`b qbn| kb{cbqni mnmng Ofc qeim`b qbn| q|niln{Cin`zf| qzf{|u lbimni aftb{ ni|ezninq Cin`zf| q|niln{

Hbqei Tf`) Qe`eilb{ >2:aa Tf`) Qe`eilb{ >4:aaCn{kr{n|f{ |uzb Afiq|ni| Tb`fae|u Cn{kr{n|f{ |uzb Zeq|fi Tn`tb

Zb{knileimni cfhz{bqe 5,2 ? > Zb{knileimni cfhz{bqe 5,: ? >

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1>

@NHZE[NI(1 ? QZBQEDECNQE GFILN IB] HBMN Z[F >2:AA

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1;

@NHZE[NI(< ? HNEI\BINIAB QAGBLR@B GFILN IB] HBMN Z[F >2:AA

ONL]N@ ZB[N]N\NI KB[CN@N 

@ncrcni Zbhb{ecqnni N}n` Qbkb`rh Kb{cbiln{n unim |b{|b{n znln Krcr Zblfhni Zbhe`ec

znln qb|enz onl}n` zb{n}n|ni kb{cn`n)

Z? Zb{ecqn $ Kb{qegcni, Qb|b`, @rhnqe n|nr Mni|e oecn lezb{`rcni) K? Kb{qegcni)  M?Mni|e)  @? @rhnqe