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Lamorinda CERT P atient Transport and Packaging. Released: 4 September 2013. Patient Transport and Packaging. Why do we need to transport victims? How do we transport them? What problems are inherent in moving victims? How do we mitigate those problems?. Need to Transport. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Lamorinda CERTPatient Transport and
PackagingReleased: 4 September 2013
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Patient Transport and Packaging
Why do we need to transport victims? How do we transport them? What problems are inherent in moving victims? How do we mitigate those problems?
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Need to Transport
Victims need to be moved for a few reasons: Victim is immediate danger Current location is unstable
• Building unstable• Fire• Water • Other hazards – gas, electrical, explosives, etc.
Victim needs more care than can be given at current location
Victim is blocking access to other victims
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How to transport
Several ways to transport Method depends on situation and victim condition Walking Assists Crawls and Drags Carries
Carried directly by rescuers Carried on equipment by rescuers
• May require immobilization
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How to Transport
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Walking Assist
1. Stand at the victim’s side and drape the victim’s arm across your shoulders.
2. Support the victim by placing your arm around his or her waist.
3. Using your body as a crutch, support the victim’s weight as you both walk.
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Shirt / Shoulder Drag
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Patient Packaging
What Is It? Patient packing is the process in which a patient is
prepared for transport, while providing for comfort and immobilization. This process should not interfere with the patient’s ability to continue with normal bodily function and yet should allow the transporting personnel the ability to maintain an accurate account of the patient’s vital signs, continue with the treatment of any and all illness and injury and provide the appropriate medical care.
This process must be able to be provided in a rapid and easy manner so as to not compromise scene time, the safety of the patient and rescue personnel, and not become a physical burden in its application.
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Patient Packaging
Why Is It Important? Moving a “loose” victim is likely to cause further
injury. A properly packaged patient can be moved easily
and transferred from one set of transporters to another seamlessly.
Packaging can be done for the type of movement needed, flat, low-angle, high-angle, vertical lift or descent.
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Patient Packaging
What Kinds of Packaging may a CERT Need To Do? Cervical Spine immobilization. Longboard (backboard) Chair Stretcher or Sling
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Spinal Motion Restriction
Mechanism of Injury Anything to suggest spinal injury? They say “my neck hurts” or “my back hurts”
Altered mental Status Head Injury? Which came first…
Findings on Assessment Pain, tenderness, swelling, or deformity in spine Muscle Spasm Neurological deficit
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Need for a C-Collar
A Cervical Collar provides: Temporary support to the head of a sitting or
standing patient until the patient can be placed in a supine position.
Frees the hands of rescuers while the patient is being moved & splinted to a Full spine board.
Reduces compression of the cervical spine caused by the head.
Minimizing axial loading / unloading of the spine that takes place during transport.
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Limitations of a C-Collar
The Cervical Collar: Is NOT designed to immobilize the cervical spine,
let alone the rest of the spine. Restriction of movement of the head with a rigid
collar is at best 50% of normal movement. Is NOT designed to provide any traction to the
head, but is only designed to support the weight of the head.
Only prevents 50% of cervical spine movement. Provides no thoracic / lumbar spinal support. Has not been shown in any study to adequately
immobilize the cervical spine.
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Hazards of a C-Collar
A number of dangers may be associated with application of a Cervical Collar: If the jaw support of the collar clamps the teeth
together, airway compromise may result if the patient vomits.
Cervical Collars that place pressure on the neck (either via collar design or too small a Cervical Collar being applied), may cause an increase in intracranial pressure.
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Cervical Spine Motion Restriction
The technique Should be simultaneous with assessment. Place collar, if needed, prior to any patient
movement Don’t use force. More than one manufacturer of collars One collar does not fit all! Towel or Blanket rolls alternatives
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Typical C-Collars
Many manufacturers and many styles Inexpensive ($6-15 each) These were $7.50 each Directions are normally printed on package
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Backboards
Backboards come in many styles Longboards are full length rigid backboards in
either adult or pediatric sizes.
Shortboards are used for extrication and go from waist to head.
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Issues with Backboards
Now…a word about padding Skin breakdown can begin to occur in as little
as 1 hour Get victim off backboard as soon as possible Redistribute the weight off of the shoulder
blades, buttocks and heels Padding (not a lot) makes a huge difference Bending knees flattens the back, flattens the
feet to redistribute the weight
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Backboard Use Tips
Pad the board prior to placing the patient on it Leave the appropriate arm/arms accessible to
allow therapies and monitoring Cover over the top of the straps rather than under
them Make sure that the patient will not move side to
side if tipped Use specialty securing devices for little people if
they are available
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Backboard Special Circumstances
Severe closed head injuries Tilt head of backboard up
Penetrating back injuries May need to place victim on side May need to hold direct pressure
Impaled objects May need to get creative
Pregnant women Left side down-pad between knees
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Sleds
Rescue / Evacuation stretchers are rolled plastic sleds that, once unrolled and turned up on the edges, provides a rigid sled that can be dragged, lowered or hoisted.
Longboards can be used inside sleds.
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Litters
Litters are baskets, like the ‘Stokes Litter’ that enable rescuers to easily carry, hoist or lower a victim.
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Pole Stretchers
Pole stretchers have rigid poles, folding poles or breakdown poles.
Flexible webbing allows compact storage
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Flexible Stretchers
Low-cost flexible stretchers and chairs Does not immobilize the spine
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PerishableSkills Review
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Bleeding
Arterial…spurting
Venous…flowing
Capillary…oozing
Losing one liter can be life threatening
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Bleeding Control
Direct pressureElevationPressure points
No tourniquets!
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Wound Care
Control bleeding Prevent secondary infection
Objective of wound care:
Treatment of wounds: Clean wounds – don’t scrub Apply dressing to wound Apply bandage to hold
dressing in placeNo tourniquetsNo Hydrogen Peroxide
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Rules of Dressing
In the absence of active bleeding, remove dressing and flush, check wound at least every 4-6 hours, redress as necessary
If there is active bleeding, redress over existing dressing and maintain pressure and elevation
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Hemorrhagic Shock
Hypovolemic shock is the most common type of shock and is caused by insufficient circulating volume. Its primary cause is hemorrhage (internal and/or external), or loss of fluid from the circulation. Vomiting and diarrhea are the most common cause in children.
Hemorrhagic shock, a type of hypovolemic shock, is defined as a failure of adequate tissue perfusion resulting from a loss of circulating blood volume.
Cardiogenic shock results from heart damage. Vasogenic shock results from blood vessel dilation,
often from toxins like anaphylaxis. Neurogenic shock results from head or spine injury.
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External Hemorrhagic Blood Control
New protocols allow use of tourniquets. If you use a tourniquet, the limb below the tourniquet is to be considered forfeited.
Blood clotting agents are available to stop hemorrhagic blood loss. Hemostatic granules like Celox ~ $14 Hemostatic gauze like Celox Rapid ~ $41 Hemostatic sponge like QuikClot ~ $24
Always tape empty package to victim
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External Hemorrhagic Blood Control
New dressing materials staunch blood flow from traumatic hemorrhage wounds in pre-hospital emergency situations. Includes dressing and bandage with pressure applicator device. Israeli Bandage Battle Dressing
• 4” width ~ $6.50• 6” Width ~ $7.00• 12” Abdominal with 12x12 pad ~ $12.00
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Guidelines for Splinting
Support the injured area Assess color, warmth and sensation Splint injury in the position that you find it Don’t try to realign bones Immobilize above and below the injury After splinting, recheck for color, warmth,
and sensation below the injury site SAM splints are light, can be cut to
shape and are well padded ~ $12
All fracture & suspected fractures require splinting