Laghusiddhantakaumudi Hal Sandhi

Laghusiddhntakaumud

Halsandhi Prakaraa

(Text, Translation, and Notes)

By

Narsing Rao ([email protected])

June, 2014

Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1

Stras in the Halsandhiprakaraa ............................................................................ 2

1. () .......................................................................................... 2 2. () ..................................................................................................... 2 3. () ................................................................................................... 3 4. () .................................................................................... 3 5. () ................................................................................................... 4 6. () ......................................................................................... 4 7. () .................................................................... 5 8. () ..................................................................................................... 5 9. () ............................................................................. 6 10. () ....................................................................................... 6 11. () ............................................................................................. 7 12. () ....................................................................................... 7 13. () .................................................................................................. 8 14. () ................................................................................. 8 15. ()............................................................................................... 9 16. () ............................................................................................. 9 17. () ................................................................................ 10 18. () ..................................................................... 10 19. () ......................................................................................... 11 20. () ................................................................................... 11 21. () ............................................................................................. 12 22. () ................................................................................................ 12 23. () ..................................................................................... 13 24. () ................................................................................ 13 25. () ............................................................................................. 14 26. () ...................................................................................................... 15 27. () ................................................................................................. 15 28. () ................................................................... 16 29. () ................................................................................................ 17 30. () ........................................................................ 17 31. () .......................................................................... 18 32. () ........................................................................... 18

33. () .......................................................................................... 19 34. () .......................................................................................... 20 35. () ................................................................................... 20 36. () .................................................................................................... 22 37. : : ()................................................................................... 22 38. () .................................................................................... 23 39. () ............................................................................................ 23 40. () ..................................................................................................... 23 41. () .............................................................................................. 24

Introduction

The Halsandhiprakaraa of the Laghusiddhntakaumud contains rules pertaining to situations where one consonant immediately follows another. Generally, the rules

prescribe substitution of one consonant (dea) by another or the introduction of a new

consonant (gama). It comprises 41 rules, mostly taken from the eighth Adhyya of the

Atdhyy.

The following table indicates the source of the rules in this section as well as the topics

covered by them:

Atdhyy section Number of stras Topics covered

1.1 3 Various paribhs 6.2 2 gama 8.1 1 8.2 1 8.3 20 , Anusvra , various

gamas ( , , ) 8.4 14 Anusvra , ,

Total 41

It is also important to note the following Adhikra stras: Adhikra stra Scope T ll T ll ( d h Atdhyy) Also note that using the paribh () (by default, the operation is performed on the last vara), in effect means For stras outside the scope of () , there will generally be an explicit indication as to whether it applies to the end of a pada.

Stras in the Halsandhiprakaraa

1. ()

Padaccheda : [, , ] , [ , , ], [ , , ] Adhikra ()

, ,

On the conjuction of () of and () with and (), and are respectively replaced by and ( ).

Note: The term , meaning conjunction means that any of { , , , , , } must be immediately either before or after any of { , , , , , }, in which case members of the prior set are respectively replaced by members of the latter set.

Here the sthnins are { , , , , , } and the adeas are { , , , , , }. Because the number in each set is the same, replacement is by corresponding members by ()

Examples: + = + = + = + =

2. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] Anuvtti : (), () Adhikra ()

Following replacement of does not take place ()

Examples: + = [ i.e. is not replaced by ]; similarly + =

3. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , [ , , ] Anuvtti : () Adhikra ()

On the conjuction of () of and () with and (), and are respectively replaced by and ( ) |

Examples: + = + = + = + = [= , ] + =

4. ()

Padaccheda [], [ , , ], [ , , ] , [, , ]

Anuvtti (), : () Adhikra ()

Following that comes at the end of a pada ( ), replacement of by does not happen ( ) except in the case of ().

Examples:

Why does have to be at the end of a pada ( )? + = + = (he praises). Why only after ( )? + =

()

This vrttika extends the scope to include and in addition to

Examples: + = + = + =

From the Raghuvaa (about Atithi, son of Kusha, son of Rma):

( .)

He () who had the prowess of Kartikeya () became () an expert in the use of () the six () strategies () and forces () in matters pertaining to the accomplishment of desirable objectives ( ).

5. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , [ , , ] Anuvtti () Adhikra ()

When is followed by (), there is no ( ). Example:

6. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , [ ,, ], [ , , ] Anuvtti Adhikra ()

The that come at the end of a pada ( ) are replaced by ( ). [Note: = { , , , , }, i.e. the third in each varga].

Example: + =

7. () Padaccheda [ , , ] , [ , , ], [ , , ], [] Anuvtti () Adhikra ()

The that appear at the end of a pada ( ) is optionally replaced by a nasal (of its varga) ( ) when followed by a nasal ().

Example: + = or () This vrttika clarifies that if the nasal that follows in the spoken language () happens to be the beginning of a pratyaya (), then this replacment is mandatory () : + = + =

8. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ], [ , , ] Anuvtti () Adhikra ()

is replaced by () the savara of the following () when followed by ().

Example: + = + =

In the second case above, because is nasal (), it is replaced () by a nasal ( ).

9. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ], [ , , ], [ , , ] Anuvtti () Adhikra ()

[],

When (which is an upasarga) is followed ( ) by or then the latter () is replaced by the savara of the preceding vara ().

In order to interpret this stra, two paribh stras are introduced:

10. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ], [] , [ , , ]

An action to be performed ( ) indicated by the fifth case () must be interpreted () as something to be performed on the immediately following unit ( ).

In the situation + , indicates that some action must be performed on the unit immediately following In this case, it indicates that some action must be performed on . But on which vara of ? That is clarified by the next stra:

11. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ], [ , , ] Anuvtti (), ()

An action that is to be performed ( ) on the following unit () must be performed on the vara at the beginning of the unit ( ). Therefore, in the situation + , indicates that the action must be performed on the vara at the beginning of , i.e. on In this case, the action is that it must be replaced by the savara of the immediately preceding vara.

Thus () , must be replaced by ( ) [because is mahpra and aghoa]. This results in

12. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , [ , , ] , [ , , ] Anuvtti , (), () Adhikra ()

A () following a consonant ( ) is optionally elided ( ) when followed by a savara consonant ( ).

Using this rule, optionally becomes (by elision of the first ).

13. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , [] Anuvtti (), () Adhikra ()

() must be replaced by ( ) when followed by (). Continuing with the example, or , the of ( ) must pe replaced by (), giving the final results: or Similarly

14. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , [ , , ] , [ , , ] Anuvtti () , {) Adhikra ()

, Following ( ), ( ) is optionally replaced by savara of the immediately preceding vara (). Of the , which is nda, ghoa ,savra and mahpra, ( ) the one most similar will be ( ) the fourth ov the varga (). Example: + = If this option is not used , Other examples: + = ,

15. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , [ , , ], [ , , ] Anuvtti , () () see note below] Adhikra ()

+ ,

The () that follows ( ) is optionally replaced by ( ) when followed by (). In the case of + , the application of this rule gives + . On the replacement of by by ( ), the rule replaces by ( ). The final result is ; optionally ,

From the Taittiryopaniad: = From the Bhagavadgt: = (BG 16.24) Note: The Siddhntakaumud as well as the Nysa commentary on the Kik l h ( d for this purpose) should be taken. This will become clear in the commentary on () further down.

16. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , [ , , ] Anuvtti () Adhikra (), ()

A pada ending with ( ) is replaced (i.e. the is replaced) by anusvra () when followed by a consonant ().

+ =

Note that anusvra occurs only as a replacement for (or as will be evident from the next stra). This anusvra is not part of the varasammnya, i.e. occurs only as a substitute which is why it is called an ayogavha.

17. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , [] , [ , , ] , [ , , ] Anuvtti , () Adhikra ()

The and ( ) that do not come at the end of a pada ( ) are also replaced by anusvra () when followed by (). Examples: + = + = Why is the condition followed by required ( ) ? + + = [ is not part of ].

18. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , [ , , ] , [ , , ] Adhikra ()

Anusvra , when followed by , should be replaced by the savara of the |

Example: + =

Other examples: ( ) , [from ] , ,

Note: This implies that anusvra remains as anusvra when followed by , , , and . For example, , , ,

Anusvra is a pure nasal sound (), which means that it should be pronounced with the mouth closed, something like mmm.

In the Yajurveda, however, it is pronounced with a preceeding . This is clarified by the Vysaik:

The that anusvra appears in the Yajurveda is pronounced with a (), x p wh ll w d b

Examples: However,

19. ()

Padaccheda [] , [ , , ] Anuvtti , , () Adhikra ()

Anusvra , when followed by , is it appears at the end of a pada (), should optionally () be replaced by the savara of the |

Examples: + = or

20. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , [ , , ], [ , , ] Anuvtti () Adhikra (), ()

When followed by a from of the root ( ) which is followed by (), the of ( ) remains as ( ) [i.e. is not replaced by anusvra]. Example: + + = Also,

21. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , [ , , ] , [] Anuvtti (), () Adhikra (), ()

[] ,

When is followed by ( ) which is in turn follwed by (), the is optionally replaced by ( ) [the other option being anusvra].

+ = or |

()

When (the is followed by one of) , , ,then it is optionall y replaced by [the anunsika forms of ] , , |

22. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] Anuvtti , (), () Adhikra (), ()

[] ,

When is followed by ( ) which is in turn follwed by (), the is optionally replaced by ( ) [the other option being anusvra]. + = or Uptil now we have been seeing examples of dea, i.e. one (or more) is replaced by something; now we will see examples of gama , i .e. the inclusion of something extra that was not there earlier. To understand how this works, we need the following paribh (metarule):

23. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , [ , , ]

[] [] ; []

Those terms that are and ( ) are respectively treated () as extra inclusions that form an integral part of the sthn ( ).

In Piis grammar, is used to indicate the and the dea [i.e replacement]; however if the dea is tagged with or , then it should be understood to be an gama instead. Specifically, if the tag is then the gama is attached to the beginning of the and if it is then to the end.

24. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , [ , , ] , [ , , ] Anuvtti () Adhikra (), ()

[] , []

|

The and at the end of a pada () optionally ( ) take an extra and () respectively when followed by (). [Note that and , the is used only for pronunciation; the actual gama is the and at the beginning; the last is a tag to indicate that the gama must be attached at the end].

Examples: + = + () or | + = + ( ) or |

()

In the opition of carya Paukarasdi, ( ) when are followed by ( ), then the second varas () should be the substitute

( o

25. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , [ , , ] , [ , , ] Anuvtti () Adhikra (), ()

There is an optional gama of for the () that follows ( ).

Note that is in and therefore by the paribh (), the action must be perfomed on whatever follows . However, is in which means that the action must be performed on whatever precedes . This conflict can be resolved by using the paribh , which states that when both are used, then has a greater force (compared to the ). Then, which did not Pii say (using , the form of )? One of the commentaries says that it is for brevity, though this does not seem convincing.

+ = + = [ of both and by ()] or

26. () Padaccheda [ , , ] , [] Anuvtti , () , () Adhikra (), ()

There is an optional gama of for the () that follows a pada ending with ( ).

+ = or

Example from the Veda: + = + =

or by using Paukarasdis rule: or by using Paukarasdis rule:

27. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , [ , , ] Anuvtti () , () Adhikra (), ()

There is an optional gama of ( ) for the () at the end of a pada () when followed by ( ). + = + The reason why is given as an gama for and not for is so that the rule () can be applied. Using this rule, is replaced by , by , and finally by This gives the form | Without the gama of , we have the form Because is optional, we also have the form Furthermore , in the case of , there is an

optional elision of by () giving the form Thus there are four forms, summarized by the loka: --

28. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , [ , , ] , [ , , ], [ , , ] , []

Anuvtti Adhikra (), ()

[] = { , , } , = { , , }

, ,

For a pada that ends with a short vowel followd by ( , ), there is an gama of for the following vowel ( ).

Examples: + = + = = + = + = + = + =

+ = + + =

Counterexamples: + = + =

Note: Even though this rule is mandatory (indicated by nitya), it is considered to be optional, based on the evidence of Pii himself who does not use it in stras such as (), (), (), and so on.

The next set of is stras taken from what is generally known as the rutva prakaraa, 8.3.1 to 8.3.12.

29. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , [ , , ] Anuvtti () Adhikra (), ()

The [ of ] () is replaced by () when followed by ().

The context where this rule becomes applicable is the the result of applying the rule (), by which there is an gama of when is followed by (some form of the root) and used in the sense of embellishment or adornment. In this case the example is:

+ = + ( + ) = + + [by this rule]

30. ()

Padaccheda [] , [ , , ] , [ , , ] Anuvtti () Adhikra (), ()

Here () in this rutva prakaraa () , the [vowel] that immediately precedes ( ) should be optionally nasalized ( ).

This is an adhikra stra which says that whenever a substitution by is indicated in this rutva prakaraa, the previous vowel should be optionally nasalized. Using this rule, + + becomes + + |

31. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ], [ , , ] , [ , , ] Anuvtti () , () Adhikra (), ()

If the vowel preceding ( ) is other than a nasal [i.e. in the case where the nasalization option is not used] ( ), there is an gama of an anusvra after that vowel ( ).

This gives the alternate form: , + + becomes + + | Note that is the prvapada and is actually

32. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , [ , , ] Anuvtti : () Adhikra (), ()

[] ,

The at the end of a pada ( ) is replaced by visarga () when followed by or a pause ( ).

This gives the folowing forms: + + = + + = : | + + = + + = : Now this visarga , when followed by is replaced by by (); however this replacement becomes optional when it is followed by by (). The following vrttika overrides this option:

()

In the case of , and , the visarga should be replaced by (i.e. the option of retaining it as visarga does not exist).

Thus we have the final forms and

Notes:

The Mahbhya stat in the opinion of some (), [the of] () should optionally be elided ( ). However, even in this case, the options of anunsika and anusvra will apply, giving the forms and (Note that the commonly used form nowadays is )

Using (), there are also forms with three , [Here anusvra is considered as ]

33. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ], [ , , ] , [ , , ] Anuvtti () Adhikra (), ()

[],

There is a replacement by () of [of the of] () when it is followed by which in turn is followed by ( ).

Using the same derivation as earlier, + = or Similarly, , [ of because it is followed by ]

34. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , [ , , ] , [ , , ] [ ] Anuvtti (), () Adhikra (), ()

[]

The [ of the] pada ending with ( ) is replaced by () when it is followed by which in turn is followed by ( ).

The example used here is + giving [ , ] + + Furthermore, [] is converted to visarga by (). In this situation the following stra applies:

35. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , [ , , ] Anuvtti () [] Adhikra (), ()

Visarga, when followed by (), is replaced by

Using this rule, we get or

Why is excluded ( )? + =

Why should be at the and of the pada ( )? + =

Example from the Bhagavadgt: ( .) Example from the gveda:

... This requires the application of two other stras: () and (). According to the first of these, , when followed by , should be optionally replaced by , provided that both are in the same pda of the gveda. [by anuvtti of from ()]. However, the second of these makes this replacement mandatory when follows The derivation is shown below.

= [by ()] = [by ()] = [by ()] = [by ()] However, + = [by ()] In the Yarjurveda, this becomes

36. ()

Padaccheda [] , [ , , ] Anuvtti (), () Adhikra (), ()

The [ of ] ( ) is optionally replaced by ( ) when followed by ().

Using this rule, + = + + = + : +

In this situation the following rule applies:

37. : : ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , :: [:: , , ], [] Anuvtti (), () Adhikra (), () [], : : :: [] :: : : : : When visarga is followed by kavarga () or pavarga ( ) then it is replaced respectively jihvmlya by and upadhmnya (:: ). By the use of () , it can also remain visarga (). This gives the following forms: : (anunsika, upadhmnya) : (anusvra, upadhmnya) : (anunsika, visarga) : (anusvra, visarga) (no change)

38. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ], [ , , ] , [ , , ] Anuvtti Adhikra , ()

When something is repeated twice ( ) the second repetition () is designated as mreita ().

39. ()

Padaccheda [] , [ , , ] Anuvtti (), () Adhikra (), ()

The of () is replaced by ( ) when followed by mreita (). + = = + : + or + : + = or [by () ]

40. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ], [] Anuvtti , () Adhikra ()

When a short vowel () is followed by (), there is an of after it () | + = + = (by ).

41. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ], [] Anuvtti () , , () Adhikra () When a long vowel at the end of a pda ( ) is followed by (), there is optionally an of after it ( ) | + = or

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