LABORATORY LABORATORY EVALUATION OF EVALUATION OF MODIFIED BITUMEN USING SUPERPAVE MODIFIED BITUMEN USING SUPERPAVE

METHODOLOGY UNDER INDIAN METHODOLOGY UNDER INDIAN CONDITIONSCONDITIONS

BYBY

Mohammed Imthiyaz Ramu K.S Mohammed Imthiyaz Ramu K.S

Students ofStudents of

Dayananda Sagar College of EngineeringDayananda Sagar College of Engineering

BangaloreBangalore

CONTENTSCONTENTS

• IntroductionIntroduction

• Current MethodologyCurrent Methodology

• Advantages of SuperpaveAdvantages of Superpave

• ConclusionsConclusions

ObjectivesObjectives

• Studies of current modified binders and their Studies of current modified binders and their behaviourbehaviour

• To correlate laboratory test with field To correlate laboratory test with field conditionsconditions

• Comparison between coventional methods Comparison between coventional methods and Superpave methods.and Superpave methods.

Bitumen :Bitumen : Last residue of crude oil treated to produce bitumenLast residue of crude oil treated to produce bitumen Used in building and paving since ancient timesUsed in building and paving since ancient times Oldest adhesive known to manOldest adhesive known to man

– Used in 3500 B.C. As mortar for building stones and paving Used in 3500 B.C. As mortar for building stones and paving blocks in Mesopotamiablocks in Mesopotamia

– Used for water tightening of reservoirs, canals, bathing pools & Used for water tightening of reservoirs, canals, bathing pools & embankments of rivers in indus valleyembankments of rivers in indus valley

Streets of Babylon constructed in 2000 B.C. still in good shape.Streets of Babylon constructed in 2000 B.C. still in good shape. Used for Mummification in 300 B.C.Used for Mummification in 300 B.C. Rock Asphalt used for flooring/sidewalks in France in 1800 A.D.Rock Asphalt used for flooring/sidewalks in France in 1800 A.D. First road surfacing done in New Jersey in 1870 A.D.First road surfacing done in New Jersey in 1870 A.D. From 1900 onwards Bitumen produced from Refineries being used From 1900 onwards Bitumen produced from Refineries being used

extensively.extensively.

Types of BitumenTypes of Bitumen

Conventional BitumenConventional Bitumen Paving Grade BitumenPaving Grade Bitumen Industrial Grade BitumenIndustrial Grade Bitumen

Bitumen EmulsionsBitumen Emulsions Cutback Bitumen Cutback Bitumen Modified Bitumen Modified Bitumen # PMB# PMB # CRMB# CRMB # NRMB# NRMB # WPMB# WPMB

Selection of Grade of BitumenSelection of Grade of Bitumen

Choice of Bitumen is based on:Choice of Bitumen is based on:

-- Climatic Conditions - Maximum & Climatic Conditions - Maximum & Minimum temperature & rainfallMinimum temperature & rainfall

– Intensity of Traffic - Number of vehicles Intensity of Traffic - Number of vehicles per day & axle load of vehiclesper day & axle load of vehicles

Brittleness at Low Temperature Becomes Soft In Hot Climatic Conditions High Temperature Susceptibility Susceptible To Deformation (Rutting) Fatigue Failure (Cracking) Poor Adhesion

Limitations of Conventional Bitumen

Typical Problems Faced in IndiaTypical Problems Faced in India# Severe Overloading# Extreme variation of climatic conditions# Premature cracking of pavements

Cracking at low temperature

Hot temperature failure, Rutting

Bleeding RavelingBleeding Raveling

Corrugation/Depressions RuttingCorrugation/Depressions Rutting

A S0LUTION FOR ALL THESE PROBLEMS LIES IN USE OF MODIFIED BITUMEN

Why Modified Bitumen ?Why Modified Bitumen ?-- Longer Road LifeLonger Road Life-- Lower Maintenance CostLower Maintenance Cost-- Increasing Number Of VehiclesIncreasing Number Of Vehicles-- Increasing Axle Load Increasing Axle Load -- Desire To Maintain Higher Serviceability LevelDesire To Maintain Higher Serviceability Level-- Includes Long Term MaintenanceIncludes Long Term Maintenance-- Cost Effective Solution for a Country like ours with Cost Effective Solution for a Country like ours with

limited availability of fundlimited availability of fund-- Changing Pattern Of Contracts such as BOTsChanging Pattern Of Contracts such as BOTs

Properties Improved by Modified BitumenProperties Improved by Modified Bitumen

A sufficient increase in viscosity, prevents

plastic deformation.

An increase in flexibility and elasticity of binder

at low temperatures to delay the crack formation

(mainly due to fatigue failure) and loss of

chipping.

High thermo stability, improved homogeneity and

aging resistance, thus helping to reduce the

hardening of the binder during mixing, laying

and pavement service life.

Guidelines on use of Modified BitumenGuidelines on use of Modified Bitumen MORTH letter No. RW/NH-34041/36/90-S&R(Vol. II) dated April 21, 1999 MORTH letter No. RW/NH-34041/36/90-S&R(Vol. II) dated April 21, 1999

advised all States/UTs to use Modified Bitumen upto 10% for all works advised all States/UTs to use Modified Bitumen upto 10% for all works ““as it has been proved by field trials that the life of the road increases as it has been proved by field trials that the life of the road increases by 1.5 timesby 1.5 times””. .

IRC released new Specifications vide publication No. IRC-SP:53:2002 IRC released new Specifications vide publication No. IRC-SP:53:2002 FOR USE OF MODIFIED BITUMEN in road development activities in FOR USE OF MODIFIED BITUMEN in road development activities in India. India.

MORTH vide letter No. RW/NH-34041/36/90-S&R(Vol. II) dated 17, MORTH vide letter No. RW/NH-34041/36/90-S&R(Vol. II) dated 17, January 2000 requested all States to start using MODIFIED BITUMEN. January 2000 requested all States to start using MODIFIED BITUMEN.

MORTH letter No. RW/NH-34041/36/90-S&R(Vol. II) dated April 14, 2000 MORTH letter No. RW/NH-34041/36/90-S&R(Vol. II) dated April 14, 2000 requested MOP&NG to start Modified Bitumen production at Refinery requested MOP&NG to start Modified Bitumen production at Refinery level.level.

MORTH vide their letter No. RW/NH-35072/1/2001-S&R( R ) dated June MORTH vide their letter No. RW/NH-35072/1/2001-S&R( R ) dated June 21, 2001 has requested all States to encourage use of Modified Bitumen 21, 2001 has requested all States to encourage use of Modified Bitumen in view of its various advantages and improved performance over in view of its various advantages and improved performance over conventional Bitumen.conventional Bitumen.

MORTH vide their letter No. RW/NH-33041/3/2001-S&R dated June 13, MORTH vide their letter No. RW/NH-33041/3/2001-S&R dated June 13, 2002 has stated that 2002 has stated that ““It has been decided that keeping in view its It has been decided that keeping in view its advantages, polymer/rubber modified bitumen may be adopted in advantages, polymer/rubber modified bitumen may be adopted in surfacing for the whole length, subject to availabilitysurfacing for the whole length, subject to availability””..

Goals of the modificationGoals of the modification

To decrease theTo decrease the viscosity at low temperatureat low temperature To increase theTo increase the viscosity at high temperatureat high temperature To improve theTo improve the fatigue behaviour of the behaviour of the

bituminous mixesbituminous mixes To keep theTo keep the adhesion (bitumen is a glue)(bitumen is a glue) A A stable material material AA cost effective materialmaterial

LABORATORY LABORATORY EVALUATIONEVALUATION

PenetrationPenetration (IS1203)It is a measure of hardness or consistency of bitumen. It is vertical distance traversed by a standard needle expressed in unit of 0.1 mm under specified

Test Conditions

25C, 100 g.

Significance To identify the grade of unknown bitumen To check the quality (grade) of a bitumen To predict age – hardening (oxidation)

Softening PointSoftening Point (IS 1205) (IS 1205) The temperature at which a standard steel ball placed

on the layer of bitumen kept in a standard ring passes through the bitumen layer and touches the bottom plate kept at a distance of 2.54 cm,

Liquid Bath is heating medium Water for softening point below 80C

Significance: To determine consistency of bitumen Signifies the temperature at which bleeding of

bituminous road surfacing will occur Great significance in India due to extreme climatic

conditions

Elastic RecoveryElastic RecoveryMeasure the ductility at low temperature (15C) by

stretching the specimen upto10 cm. And cutting at mid point. The broken specimen is left at low temperature for one hour

The length of the specimen is measured again% Recovery is calculated as

Flash and Fire Point (IS:1209) Flash and Fire Point (IS:1209)

Flash – lowest temperature at which test flame causes the

vapour from bitumen to catch fire for a moment in the form

of a flash heating rate 5c /min

Fire- lowest temperature at which test flame causes

bitumen to ignite and burn at least for 5 seconds

Significance

Limit of safety and fire hazard temperature

The safe heating of bitumen is normally 50c below the flash point

Minimum value (175c flash point) to pass a bitumen sample construction

THIN FILM OVEN TEST (TFOT)THIN FILM OVEN TEST (TFOT)This test is carried out on a thin film of bitumen. The residue thus obtained is tested for penetration, softening point and elastic recovery. Percentage loss in weight during TFOT is also measured.

–Loss in mass (IS 9382)Loss in mass (IS 9382)–Reduction in Penetration of residue Reduction in Penetration of residue –Increase in Softening Point (IS 1203)Increase in Softening Point (IS 1203)–Elastic Recovery at 25 Elastic Recovery at 25 °C°C

Significance This test is helpful for predicting the aging resistance of

bitumen.

Dynamic Shear-Rheometer (DSR)Dynamic Shear-Rheometer (DSR)

# # Used for determination of Complex Modulus (G*/sinδ )Used for determination of Complex Modulus (G*/sinδ )

Indirect tensile strength testIndirect tensile strength test

Conditioned Specimens

Dry Specimens

To study the performance of mixes under repeated loading.

Test condition: 60+10C temperature

Rutting CharacteristicsRutting Characteristics The test involves determining the rut depth of the The test involves determining the rut depth of the

mix using Hamburg wheel tracking devicemix using Hamburg wheel tracking device

Roller compactor cum rut analysisRoller compactor cum rut analysis

Fatigue testFatigue test

The purpose of the The purpose of the flexural beam fatigue flexural beam fatigue tests is to measure tests is to measure the fatigue behaviour the fatigue behaviour of the mixture.of the mixture.

Showing Comparison of Rutting Test on Binders Showing Comparison of Rutting Test on Binders at 60 at 60 ++ 1 100 C for BC Grade-1 C for BC Grade-1

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Number of Passes (in Hundred)

Rut

Dep

th in

mm

Using 60/70 Grade Binder at 4.9 % OBC

Using WPMB at 4.8 % OBC

Using CRMB-55

At 4.8 % OBC

Test Results of the BindersTest Results of the BindersProperties of original binderProperties of original binder

Test Description 60/70 80/100 CRMB-55 WPMB

Penetration (mm) at 25 deg c 69 89 47 43

Softening Point in deg C 46 42 55 54

Ductility (cm) >75 >100 22 47

Elastic Recovery in % (Min

50%) at 15 deg c

2 4 64 15

Flash Point in deg C Min 230

deg C 175 180 246 210

Fire Point in deg C 280 268 285 273

Properties of Short Term Aged Binders (Using Properties of Short Term Aged Binders (Using Thin Film Oven Test Samples)Thin Film Oven Test Samples)

Test Description 60/70 80/100 CRMB-55 WPMB

Penetration (mm) at 25 deg

c61 79 47 40

Softening Point in deg C 49 44 58 57

Ductility (cm) 76 >75 17 44

Elastic Recovery in % at 15

deg c1 2 58 13

Loss in Mass in % (Max 1%) 0.056 0.047 0.048 0.030

Gradation Curve obtained for Gradation Curve obtained for Bituminous ConcreteBituminous Concrete

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Sieve Size (Raised to 0.45 Power)

Per

cen

t p

assi

ng

Control Points Trial blend 1 Trial blend 2 Trial blend 3

Advantages of Modified BitumenAdvantages of Modified Bitumen

- Lower susceptibility to daily and seasonal temperature variations

- Higher resistance to deformation at elevated pavement temperature

- Better age resistance properties

- Higher fatigue life of mixes

- Prevention of cracking and reflective cracking

- Overall improved performance in extreme climatic conditions and under heavy traffic conditions.

Handling of Modified Bitumen's and MixesHandling of Modified Bitumen's and Mixes

Modifier should be thoroughly blended with bitumen

• Different types of modifiers require different techniques of blending

•Storage Stability of Modified bitumen is important

• Blended bitumen should be supplied in tankers and if supplied in drums shall be agitated in hot condition with suitable device for 10 to 15 minutes before use.

• Penetration, Softening point, separation and elastic recovery tests shall be conducted at site for a lot of 5 tonne for a lot of 5 tonne of Modified bitumen. of Modified bitumen.

(Production of (Production of Mix in Plant)Mix in Plant)

(Transportation (Transportation of Mix to the of Mix to the Construction Construction Site)Site)

(Laying of Mix (Laying of Mix using Sensor using Sensor Pavers)Pavers)

(Compaction of (Compaction of Mix using Mix using Vibratory Vibratory Rollers)Rollers)

(Final Finishing (Final Finishing using using Pnuematic Pnuematic Tyre Rollers)Tyre Rollers)

(Durable & (Durable & Higher Higher Serviceability Serviceability Level)Level)

ConclusionConclusion• Conventional test procedures failed to distinguish the Conventional test procedures failed to distinguish the

performance of the binders.performance of the binders.

• Superpave method performed better compared to Superpave method performed better compared to conventional methods.conventional methods.

• Since Superpave methodology works on the basis of both Since Superpave methodology works on the basis of both climate and tropic characteristics. It succeeded in climate and tropic characteristics. It succeeded in distinguishing the performance of the binders.distinguishing the performance of the binders.

• Modified binders are superior when compared to ordinary Modified binders are superior when compared to ordinary binders.binders.

Thank youThank you