Labor Relations -Compiled Cases

7/28/2019 Labor Relations -Compiled Cases

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R@JE? Cehgr X`cetngks

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Rfncnppnk` ]gmey Nkj+ vs+ KCXJ ekm A`cnx Ec`dr`# D+X kg+ 558>10

R`t`tngk`r? Rfncnppnk`s ]gmey# Nkj+ &R]N. gwk`r ga tf` Rfncnppnk` Zter ekm gaanj`rs ekm iìh`rs

ga tf` hgerm ga mnr`jtgrs ga R]N# kei`cy# H`tty Dg)H`cigkt`# jfenriek ga tf` hgerm< Erturg E+

Hgroec# pr`snm`kt< Iexnig Q+ Zgcnv`k# puhcnsf`r ekm jfenriek# `mntgrnec hgerm< ekm Nseej D

H`cigkt`# trèsur`r

X`spgkm`kt? KCXJ ekm A cnx Ec dr` # ìpcgy`m hy R]N nk Oucy 5>61 es e s`kngr

nkv`stndetnv` r`pgrt`r ga tf` Rfncnppnk` Zter wntf e igktfcy secery ga `ndft tfgusekm p`sgs

&R6#222+22. cet`r h`jei` jfnà nkv`stndetnv` wrnt`r ekm tf`k essnstekt tg tf` puhcnsf`r

wntf igktfcy jgip`ksetngk wes jgrr`spgkmnkdcy nkjrès`m tg t`k tfgusekm p`sgs &R52#222+22.

Aejts

Ir+ Ec`dr` r`qu`st`m agr e :2mey cèv` ga ehs`kj` agr i`mnjec rèsgks tg h` jgkmujt`m

ehrgem# senm r`qu`st wes drekt`m hy tf` R]N+

F` wrgt` e I@IGXEKMPI AGX ANC@ emmr`ss`m tg Is+ H`tty Dg)H`cigkt` H`cigkt` wntfjgpn`s aurknsf`m tg iìh`rs ga tf` hgerm ga mnr`jtgrs ga R]N `xpr`ssnkd fns s`ktni`kts

ehgut tf` wgrlnkd jgkmntngks nk tf` jgipeky+ F` us`m fersf wgrms# na kgt# jgkargktetngkec#

strendftagrwerm ekm serjestnj rìerls ehgut fns mnseppgnkti`kts ekm arustretngks nk fns

ogh ekm fns r`cetngk tg fns nii`mnet` sup`rvnsgr+

]f` iìgrekmui wes jgkstru`m hy tf` hgerm ga iìh`rs es r`sndketngk ga Ir+ Ec`dr`

argi fns ogh+ Zg# tf`y s`kt e r`pcy tg tf` cett`r purpgrtnkd tf` jgcc`jtnv` m`jnsngk ga tf`

hgerm nk ejj`ptnkd Ir+ Ec`dr`s r`sndketngk+

Gk fns r`pcy# Ir+ Ec`dr` `xpcenk`m tfet f` ns kgt r`sndknkd argi fns ogh ekm tfet tf`

iìgrekmui f` wrgt` wes oust suppgs`m tg h` ek `y`)gp`k`r tg tf` hgerm ehgut fns

wgrlnkd jgkmntngks+ F` cnl`wns` erdu`m tfet f` wes jgkstrujtnv`cy mnsinss`m wntfgut oust

jeus`+

CE m`jnm`m nk aevgur ga R]N ekm mnsinss`m Ec`dr`s jgipcenkt agr cejl ga i`rnt+ Gk tf` nts

m`jnsngk# nt jgrr`jtcy m`muj`m argi tf` cett`rs iìgrekmui ekm ett`kmekt ejtuetngks

tfet f` r`sndk`m+

]f` KCXJ r`v`rs`m tf` senm m`jnsngk ienktenknkd tfet Ec`dr` mnm kgt r`sndk es tf`r` wes

kg ejtuec ejt ga r`cnkqunsfi`kt tg jgkstntut` jgipc`t` ekm gp`retnv` r`sndketngk

&r`sndketngk es e (agriec r`kgukjì`kt gr r`cnkqunsfi`kt ga ek gaanj`.+

Nssu`? TGK wf`tf`r tf` Iìgrekmui agr Anc` ga X`spgkm`kt Ec`dr` emmr`ss`m tg R`tntngk`r

H`cigkt` jgkstntut`s e c`tt`r ga r`sndketngk+

ZJs M`jnsngk? ^`s

Jgurts ekm quesn)oumnjnec hgmn`s# nk tf` `x rjns` ga tf nr aukjtngks ekm nk ielnkdm`jnsngks# iust kgt h` tgg mgdietnj es tg r`strnjt tfìs`cv`s tg cnt`rec nkt`rpr`tetngks gawgrms# pfres`s ekm s`kt`kj`s+ E jgipc`t` ekm wfgcnstnj vn`w iust h` tel`k nk grm`r tgr`km`r e oust ekm `quntehc` oumdi`kt+


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]f` Jgurt ankms tfet tf` serjestnj rìerls ga Ir+ Ec`dr` k`det` tf` ecc`d`m m`snr` tgniprgv` fns r`cetngks wntf fns nii`mnet` sup`rvnsgr gr nk tf` wgrlpcej`+ Epprnsnkd fnsìpcgy`r &gr tgp)c`v`c iekedì`kt. ga fns arustretngks nk fns ogh ekm mnaa`r`kj`s wntffns nii`mnet` sup`rngr ns j`rtenkcy kgt mgk` nk ek ehresnv`# gaa`ksnv` ekm mnsr`sp`jtauciekk`r+ ]f` Jgurt tel`s oumnjnec kgtnj` ga tf` Ancnpnkg vecu`s ga pelnlnseie ekmpeddecekd wfnjf er` kgt gkcy pr`vec`kt eigkd iìh`rs ga e aeincy ekm jgiiuknty hutwntfnk grdeknzetngks es w`cc# nkjcumnkd wgrl snt`s+ Ek eddrn`v`m ìpcgy`` wfg wekts tgukhurm`k fnis`ca ga fns mnseppgnkti`kts ekm arustretngks nk fns ogh gr r`cetngks wntf fnsnii`mnet` sup`rngr wgucm kgrieccy epprgejf senm sup`rngr mnr`jtcy gr gtf`rwns` eslsgi` gtf`r gaanj`r pgssnhcy tg i`mnet` ekm mnsjuss tf` prghcì wntf tf` `km nk vn`w gas`ttcnkd tf`nr mnaa`r`kj`s wntfgut jeusnkd a`rgjngus jgkacnjts+ F`r`# r`spgkm`kt Ec`dr`wes ekytfnkd hut r`sp`jtauc ekm pgcnt`+ Fns iìgrekmui ns tgg eaargktnv`# jgihetnvèkm jgkargktetngkec+ Nt j`rtenkcy jeus`s r`s`kti`kt# `v`k wf`k rèm hy ek gho`jtnv`rèm`r+ Fns nkj`kmnery wgrms ekm serjestnj rìerls+

]f` Jgurt ecsg ankms tfet Ir+ Ec dr` wes e w`cc)`mujet`m ogurkecnst+

]rust ekm jgkanm`kj` fes h``k hrèjf`m hy Ir+ Ec`dr`s iìgrekmui+ Ec`dr` ns e

fndfcy jgkanm`ktnec ìpcgy`` wfg fgcms fns ogh et tf` pcèsur` ga fns ìpcgy`r gr#stet`m gtf`rwns`# agr es cgkd es f` `kogys tf` trust ekm jgkanm`kj` ga fns ìpcgy`r+ ]fùs` ga gaa`ksnv` cekdued` jek gkcy ièk `xpr`ssngk ga mnscgyecty ekm mnsr`sp`jt+ Ntr`km`rs tf` wrnt`r ukwgrtfy ga tf` trust ekm jgkanm`kj` mìekm`m hy fns pgsntngk+ Nt nsh`ygkm fuiek ketur` tg `xp`jt twg p`rsgks wntf ukm`rcynkd instrust nk èjf gtf`r tgjgktnku` tg wgrl tgd`tf`r àa`jtnv`cy# kgt tg sey# ferigknguscy+

Ekt`j`m`kt# Jgktìpgrek`gus ekm Zuhs`qu`kt Ejtngks EaanrinkdX`sndketngk? I`mnjec rèsgks agr cèv` ga ehs`kj` kgt prgv`m# Jcèr`m m`sl gap`rsgkec h`cgkdnkds `v`k hàgr` f` lk`w tf` ejj`ptekj` ga fns r`sndketngk#Mnm kgt r`pgrt hejl tg wgrl# Kgt m`prnv`m ga jfekj` tg r`turk tg wgrl# f``xpr`sscy iekna`st`m fns m`snr` tg r`sndk# essui`m ogh argi ekgtf`r gaanj`+

Kgt ? Nt f`cm tfet r`sndketngks# gkj` ejj`pt`m# iey kgt h` wntfmrewk wntfgut tf`jgks`kt ga tf` ìpcgy`r+ Na tf` ìpcgy`r ejj`pts tf` wntfmrewec# tf` ìpcgy`` r`tenksfns ogh+ Na tf` ìpcgy`r mg`s kgt# tf` ìpcgy`` jekkgt jceni ncc`dec mnsinssec+ ]g seytfet ek ìpcgy`` wfg fes r`sndk`m ns ncc`deccy mnsinss`m# ns tg `kjrgejf upgk tf`rndft ga ìpcgy`rs tg fnr` p`rsgks wfg wncc h` ga s`rvnj` tg tfì+ Ekìpcgyi`kt jgktrejt ns jgks`ksuec ekm vgcuktery+ F`kj`# na tf` ìpcgy`` (ankms)fnis`ca nk e sntuetngk wf`r` f` h`cn`v`s tfet p`rsgkec rèsgks jekkgt h` sejrnanj`m nkaevgr ga tf` `xnd`kjy ga tf` s`rvnj`# tf`k f` fes kg gtf`r jfgnj` hut tg mnsessgjnet`fnis`ca argi fns ìpcgyi`kt(+ Na ejj`pt`m hy tf` ìpcgy`r# tf` jgks`qu`kt àa`jt gar`sndketngk ns s`v`rekj` ga tf` jgktrejt ga ìpcgyi`kt+

Cews er` nkt`rpr`t`m ecweys nk tf` jgkt`xt ga tf` p`jucner aejtuec sntuetngk ga èjf jes`+

Z`rvnmem vs+ KCXJ# Nkkgmete Rfncs+ Nkj ekm ]gmm Zgcgigk# DX kg+ 586168

R`tntngk`r?Ogequnk Z`rvnmem# ìpcgy`m hy Nkkgmete es ME]E JGK]XGC JC@XL

X`spgkm`kt? Nkkgmete


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Zp`jnec jnvnc ejtngk hy wey ga j`rtngrern s``lnkd tg ekkuc tf` m`jnsngk ga KCXJ nk mnsinssnkd

tf` èrcn`r m`jnsngk hy tf` CE nk nts mnspgsntngk tf` Z`rvnmem wes ncc`deccy mnsinss`m+

Aejts

Z`rvnmem wes ìpcgy`m gk Iey ># >= es Mete Jgktrgc Jc`rl+ Eat`r wgrlnkd agr 1

igktfs f` wes iem` tg sndk e :)igktf prghetngkery ìpcgyi`kt wfnjf cet r

`xt`km`m tg ekgtf`r : igktfs dggm uktnc Iey ># >0+ F` wes dnv`k e retnkd ga >6+0%

hy Zgcgigk agr fns wgrl `vecuetngks+ Hut gk Iey ># >0# Z`rvnmem wes mnsinss`m

argi s`rvnj` gk tf` drgukm ga ecc`d`m t`rinketngk ga jgktrejt ga ìpcgyi`kt+

Nkkgmete jgkt`km`m tfet tf` jgktrejt h`tw``k p`tntngk`r wes agr e ANV@M ]@XI#

tf`ràgr` tf` cett`rs mnsinssec wes vecnm+

CE m`jnm`m nk aevgr ga Z`rvnmem# ewerm`m aucc hejlwed`s ekm r`nkstetì`kt

KCXJ) r`v`rs`m tf` CE m`jnsngk# nt aevgur`m Nkkgmetes jgkt`ktngk+

Nssu`? TGK KCXJ ejt`m wntf drev` ehus` ga mnsjr`tngk nk r`v`rsnkd tf` CE m`jnsngk ankmnkd

tfet tf` Z`rvnmem wes ncc`deccy mnsinss`m ekm emoumdnkd suho`jt jgktrejt ga ìpcgyi`kt ga

p`tntngk`r tg h` agr e mànknt` gr anx`m p`rngm+

ZJs M`jnsngk? R`tntngk ns nipr`ss`m wntf i`rnt+

]f` Jgktrejt ga ìpcgyi`kt jgktenks twg p`rngms# kei`cy? agr snx igktfs

t`rinkehc` et tf` gptngk ga prnvet` r`spgkm`kt# wfnc` tf` s`jgkm p`rngm

wes ecsg agr snx igktfs hut prghetngkery nk jferejt`r+ Nk hgtf jes`s# tf`

prnvet` r`spgkm`kt mnm kgt sp`jnay tf` jrnt`rne agr tf` t`rinketngk gr r`t`ktngk ga tf`

s`rvnj`s ga p`tntngk`r+ Zujf e wnm` c``wey agr tf` m`t`rinketngk ga tf` t`kur` ga ekìpcgy`` murnkd e gk` yèr p`rngm ga ìpcgyi`kt ns vngcetnv` ga tf` rndft ga tf`

ìpcgy`` edenkst ukwerrekt`m mnsinssec+

Ert 5:44 ga tf` KJJ# rèms? ]f` nkt`rpr`tetngk ga ghsjur` wgrms gr stnpucetngks nk

jgktrejt sfecc kgt aevgr tf` perty wfg jeus`m tf` ghsjurnty+

J`rtenkcy# aevgrehc` nkt`rpr`tetngk ga tf` jgktrejt nk tf` jes` ukm`r sjrutnky sfgucm

h` agr p`tntngk`r ekm kgt agr tf` prnvet` r`spgkm`kt wfnjf jeus`m tf` pr`peretngk ga

senm jgktrejt+

Na tf` jgktrejt wes rèccy agr e anx`m t`ri# tf` prnvet` r`spgkm`kt sfgucm kgt fev`h``k dnv`k tf` mnsjr`tngk tg mnsinss tf` p`tntngk`r murnkd tf` gk` yèr p`rngm ga

ìpcgyi`kt agr rèsgks gtf`r tfek tf` oust ekm eutfgrnz`m jeus`s ukm`r tf` Cehgr

Jgm`+ Z`ttc`m ns tf` ruc` tfet ek ìpcgy`r jek t`rinket` tf` s`rvnj`s ga ek

ìpcgy`` gkcy agr vecnm ekm oust jeus`s wfnjf iust h` sfgwk hy jc er ekm

jgkvnkjnkd `vnm`kj`

]f` cekdued` ga tf` jgktrejt nk mnsput` ns trucy e mguhc`)hcem`m sjfì` tg hcgjl tf`

ejqunsntngk ga tf` ìpcgy`` ga t`kurnec s`jurnty+ ]f`rùkm`r# prnvet` r`spgkm`kt


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fes twg gptngks+ Nt jek t`rinket` tf` ìpcgy`` hy rèsgk ga `xpnretngk ga

jgktrejt# gr nt iey us` (aencur` tg i``t wgrl stekmerms( es tf` drgukm agr

tf` ìpcgy` $s mnsinssec+ Nk `ntf`r jes`# tf` t`kgr ga tf` jgktrejt

o`gpermnz`s tf` rndft ga tf` wgrl`r tg s`jurnty ga t`kur` duerekt``m hy

tf` Jgkstntutngk+

Gk tf` ev`ri`kt tfet KCXJ drev`cy ehus`m nts mnsjr tngk nk ankmnkd tfet p`tntngk`r

aenc`m tg i``t tf` stekmerms ga tf` jgipeky# w` ankm agr p`tntngk`r+ ]f` m`jnsngk et

KCXJ gk tf` iett`r snipcy stet`m tfet tf` p`tntngk`r a`cc sfgrt ga tf` `xp`jtetngks ga

tf` jgipeky wntfgut sp`jnaynkd aejtuec hesns tf`ràgr`+ km``m# tf` KCXJ drev`cy

ehus`m nts mnsjr`tngk nk jgkstrunkd tf` jgktrejt su`m upgk es gk` wntf e anx`m t`ri+

]g upfgcm sujf e ankmnkd wgucm h` tg jgkj`m` tg tf` prnvet` r`spgkm`kt ek

emvekted` ernsnkd argi nts gwk instel`+

Relnstek Nkt`rketngkec Enrcnk`s Jgrp+ vs+ Gpc`# DX kg+ 150>=

R`tntngk`r? RNE# e agr`ndk jgrpgretngk cnj`ks`m tg mg husnk`ss nk tf` Rfncnppnk`s+

X`spgkm`kts? Gpc # es Inknst`r ga Cehgr# C`gdermg# es M`puty Inknst`r# @tf`cykk`

Aerrec`s ekm Ierne Ieiesnd# hgtf @@s ga RNE

Zp`jnec jnvnc ejtngk hy wey ga j`rtngrern s``lnkd tg s`t esnm` tf` m`jnsngk ga IGC@ nk

m`jnmnkd nk aevgr ga prnvet` r`spgkm`kts h`nkd ncc`deccy mnsinss`m hy RNE+

Aejts?

Aerrec`s ekm Ieiesnd w`r` ìpcgy`m hy RNE es acndft st`werm`ss hes`m gk Ieknce

ekm acynkd essndki`kts tg mnaa`r`kt perts ga Inmmc` @est ekm @P+ ]f`y w`r` iem` tg

sndk e jgktrejt ga ìpcgyi`kt nk wfnjf nt wes stnpucet`m tfet tf` muretngk ga tf`ìpcgyi`kt ns agr : yèrs jgii`kjnkd gk Oek+ ># 5>4> hut jek h` `xt`km`m hy tf`

iutuec jgks`kt ga tf` pertn`s &s`j0.+ Z`j1 tf`r`ga ecsg seys tfet RNE r`s`rv`s tf`

rndft tg t`rinket` tf` senm edr`ì`kt E] EK^ ]NI@ hy dnvnkd tf` @@ e kgtnj` nk

wrntnkd nk emvekj` gk` igktf hàgr` tf` nkt`km`m t`rinketngk gr nk cnù tf`r`ga# hy

peynkd tf` @@ wed`s `qunvec`kt tg gk` igktfs secery+ Nt wes ecsg stnpucet`m tfet

tf` senm edr`ì`kt sfecc h` jgkstru`m ekm dgv`rk`m ukm`r tf` cews ga Relnstek ekm

gkcy Jgurts ga Lerejfn tfet fes ournsmnjtngk tg jgksnm`r na eky mnsedr`ì`kts tfet wnc

erns` gut ga tf` jgktrejt &s`j52.+

5 yèr ekm = igktfs prngr tg tf` `xpnretngk ga tf` ìpcgyi`kt# RNE s`kt e c`tt`r tg

prnvet` r`spgkm`kts emvnsnkd tfet tf`nr s`rvnj`s wncc h` t`rinket`m et tf` `km ga tf`

p`rngm es prgvnm`m nk tf` ìpcgyi`kt jgktrejt+

Aerrec`s ekm Ieiesnd sgudft r`cnà edenkst RNE argi IGC@+ IGC@ grm`r`m tfet tf`

pertn`s suhint pgsntngk pep`r# RNE suhintt`m tf`nr pgsntngk pep`r hut kg `vnm`kj` tg

suppgrt tf`nr jceni+ XM @str`cce grm`r`m r`nkstetì`kt ga prnvet` r`spgkm`kt pcus

hejlwed`s+ Nt wes eaanri`m hy M`puty Inknst`r C`gdermg+


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Kgw# RNE ekjfgr`m nts jceni`m tfet prnvet` r`spgkm`kts w`r` fehntuec ehs`kt``s

tfet hgtf w`r` nk tf` fehnt ga hrnkdnkd nk argi ehrgem snzèhc` quektntn s ga

p`rsgkec àa`jts+ Nt ecsg jgkt`km`m XM# IGC@ fes kg ournsmnjtngk# tfet puhcnj

r`spgkm`kts vngcet`m tf`nr rndft tg prgj`murec mu` prgj`ss ekm tfet nt nkvgl`s Z`j0

ekm 1 ga tf` jgktrejt ga ìpcgyi`kt erdunkd tfet tf` r`cetngksfnp wntf tfì wes

dgv`rk`m hy tf` prgvnsngks ga tf` jgktrejt ekm kgt hy tf` d`k`rec prgvnsngk ga tf`CJ+

Nssu`? TGK puhcnj r`spgkm`kt ejt`m nk drev` ehus` ga mnsjr`tngk nk m`jnmnkd nk aevgur ga

tf` prnvet` r`spgkm`kt+

ZJs Xucnkd? Kg+

Ert+ 846 ga tf` Cehgr Jgm`# es nt tf`k `xnst`m# agrhem` tf` t`rinketngk ga tf`

s`rvnj`s ga ìpcgy``s wntf et cèst gk` &5. yèr ga s`rvnj` wntfgut prngr jcèrekj`

argi tf` M`perti`kt ga Cehgr ekm @ipcgyi`kt &Ert+ 846+ Insj`ccek`gus

Rrgvnsngks + + +&h. Tntf gr wntfgut e jgcc`jtnv` edr`ì`kt# kg ìpcgy`r iey sfut

mgwk fns `stehcnsfi`kt gr mnsinss gr t`rinket` tf` ìpcgyi`kt ga ìpcgy``s wntf

et cèst gk` yèr ga s`rvnj` murnkd tf` cest twg &8. yèrs# wf`tf`r sujf s`rvnj` ns

jgktnkugus gr hrgl`k# wntfgut prngr wrntt`k eutfgrnty nssu`m nk ejjgrmekj` wntf sujf

ruc`s ekm r`ducetngks es tf` Z`jr`tery iey prgiucdet`.

Xuc` VNQ# Hggl Kg+ 0 ga tf` Xuc`s ekm X`ducetngks Nipcì`ktnkd tf` Cehgr

Jgm`# iem` jcèr tfet nk jes` ga e t`rinketngk wntfgut tf` k`j`ssery jcèrekj`# tf`

X`dngkec Mnr jtgr wes eutfgrnz`m tg grm`r tf` r`nkstetì`kt ga tf` ìpcgy``

jgkj`rk`m ekm tf` peyi`kt ga hejlwed`s< k`j`sserncy# tf`r agr`# tf` X`dngkeMnr`jtgr iust fev` h``k dnv`k ournsmnjtngk gv`r sujf t`rinketngk jes`s + Z`j+ 8

Zfutmgwk gr mnsinssec wntfgut jcèrekj`+ Eky sfutmgwk gr mnsinssec

wntfgut prngr jc erekj` sfecc h` jgkjcusnv`cy pr`sui`m tg h` t`rinketngk ga

ìpcgyi`kt wntfgut e oust jeus`+ ]f` X`dngkec Mnr`jtgr sfecc# nk sujf jes` grm`r

tf` nii`mnet` r`nkstetì`kt ga tf` ìpcgy`` ekm tf` peyi`kt ga fns wed`s argi

tf` tni` ga tf` sfutmgwk gr mnsinssec uktnc tf` tni` ga r`nkstetì`kt+

RNE wes kgt m`kn`m ga nts rndft tg prgj`murec mu` prgj`ss+ Nk gtf`r wgrms# ukm`r tf`

tf`k eppcnjehc` ruc`# tf` X`dngkec Mnr`jtgr mnm kgt `v`k fev` tg r`qunr` suhinssngk

ga pgsntngk pep`rs hy tf` pertn`s nk vn`w ga tf` jgkjcusnv` &ourns `t m` our`. jferejt`r

ga tf` pr`suiptngk jrèt`m hy sujf eppcnjehc` cew ekm r`ducetngk+

Z`j0 ekm 1 sfgucm h` rèm tgd`tf`r+ ]f` prnkjnpc ga perty eutgkgiy nk

jgktrejts ns kgt# fgw`v`r# ek ehsgcut` prnkjnpc`+ ]f` ruc` nk Ertnjc` 5:21# ga gur

Jnvnc Jgm` ns tfet tf` jgktrejtnkd pertn`s iey `stehcnsf sujf stnpucetngks es tf`y

iey m`ì jgkv`kn kt# (prgvnm`m tf`y er` kgt jgktrery tg cew# igrecs# dggm

justgis# puhcnj grm`r gr puhcnj pgcnjy+ ]f` dgv`rknkd prnkjnpc` ns tfet pertn`s iey

kgt jgktrejt ewey eppcnjehc` prgvnsngks ga cew `sp`jneccy p`rìptgry prgvnsngks

mècnkd wntf iett`rs fèvncy nipr`ss`m wntf puhcnj nkt`r`st+ ]f` cew r`cetnkd tg


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1

cehgr ekm ìpcgyi`kt ns jcèrcy sujf ek erè ekm pertn`s er` kgt et cnh`rty tg

nksucet` tfìs cv`s ekm tf nr r`cetngksfnps argi tf` nipejt ga cehgr cews ekm

r`ducetngks hy snipcy jgktrejtnkd wntf èjf gtf`r+

@ipcgyi`kt agr e anx`m t`ri n+` wntf e p`rngm ns kgt k`j`sserncy ukcewauc+ Nt

h`jgi`s ukcewauc gkcy na nt ns nkt`km`m tg jnrjuiv`kt tf` ejqunsntngk ga t`kurnecs`jurnty hy tf` ìpcgy``+ Na tf` p`rngm ns anx`m nt iust h` edr``m upgk lkgwnkdcy

ekm vgcukterncy hy tf` pertn`s# wntfgut eky agrj`# mur`ss gr niprgp`r pr`ssur` h`nkd

hrgudft tg hèr upgk tf` ìpcgy`` ekm ehs`kt eky gtf`r jnrjuistekj`s vntnetnkd

fns jgks`kt# gr wf`r` nt setnsaejtgrncy eppèrs tfet tf` ìpcgy`r ekm ìpcgy`` mèct

wntf èjf gtf`r gk igr` gr c`ss `quec t`ris wntf kg igrec mginkekj` wfet`v`r

h`nkd `x`rjns`m hy tf` agri`r gv`r tf` cett`r+

F`r # peredrepfs 0 ekm 1 ga tf` edr`ì`kt f`r` nkvgcv`m ns tg r`km`r tf`

ìpcgyi`kt ga prnvet` r`spgkm`kts Aerrec`s ekm Ieiesnd hesnjeccy ìpcgyi`kt

et tf` pcèsur` ga p`tntngk`r RNE# tf` Jgurt jgksnm`rs tfet peredrepfs 0 ekm 1

w`r` nkt`km`m tg pr`v`kt eky s`jurnty ga t`kur` argi ejjrunkd nk aevgr ga prnvet`r`spgkm`kts `v`k murnkd tf` cnint`m p`rngm ga tfr`` &:. yèrs+

Rfncnppnk` cehgr cew ns jgktrgccnkd nk tfns jes`+ Jgktrejt wes `x`jut m f`r # prnvet`

r`spgkm`kts w`r` Rfncnppnk` jntnz`ks# RNE ns ejtueccy mgnkd husnk`ss f`r` kgtwntfstekmnkd

tfet nt ns e agr`ndk jgrpgretngk+

R]!] vs KCXJ# DX kg+ 556>46

R`tntngk`r? R]!]

X`spgkm`kt? KCXJ ekm Drej` m` Duziek

R`tntngk agr j`rtngrern s``lnkd agr tf` m`jnsngk ga tf` KCXJ h` s`t esnm`+

Aejts?

M` Duziek anc`m e jgipcenkt agr ncc`dec mnsinssec edenkt R]!]+ Zf` wes nkntneccy fnr`m es e

X@CN@Q@X es (Zup`rkui rery Rrgo`jt Tgrl`r#( agr e anx`m p`rngm+ Pkm`r tf` X`cn`v`r

Edr ì`kt wfnjf sf` sndk`m wntf R`tntngk`r Jgipeky# f`r ìpcgyi`kt wes tg h`

nii`mnet`cy t`rinket`m upgk `xpnretngk ga tf` edr``m p`rngm+

Zgi`tni` gk Z`ptìh`r 5>>5# sf` wes esl`m tg ognk R]!] es RXGHE]NGKEX^ @IRCG^@@

agr e p`rngm ga 502meys+ Nk f`r ogh eppcnjetngk sf` nkmnjet`m tfet sf` wes ZNKDC@ gk f`r

jnvnc stetus ectfgudf sf` jgktrejt`m ierrned` e a`w igktfs èrcn`r gk Iey 81# 5>>5+

R]!] s`kt iìgrekmui wf`r` sf` wes iem` tg `xpcenk tf` mnsjr`pekjy nk f`r ogh

eppcnjetngk cnl`wns` rìnkm`m ehgut tf` jgipekys pgcnjy ga kgt ejj`ptnkd ierrn`m

wgiek agr ìpcgyi`kt+


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4

M` Duziek r`pcn`m tfet sf` wes kgt ewer ga sujf pgcnjy ekm tfet sf` fem kgt

m`cnh`ret`cy fnmm`k f`r tru` jnvnc stetus+

Pksetnsan`m wntf f`r `xpceketngk# sf` wes mnsinss`m argi f`r ogh+ R]!] jceni`m tfet M`

Duzieks mnsfgk`stcy ekm aencur` tg rìnt tf` eigukt ga R8#:62+40 ga f`r jgcc`jtngk

h`jei` tf` hesns ga f`r mnsinssec+

CE) m`jnm`m nk aevgur ga M` Duziek# nt agukm tfet sf` wes denk`m tf` stetus es r`ducer

ìpcgy`` ekm tfet sf` fem h``k mnsjrninket`m edenkst gk ejjgukt ga f`r fevnkd

jgktrejt`m ierrned` nk vngcetngk ga jgipeky ruc`s+

KCXJ) eaanri`m tf` m`jnsngk ga tf` CE+

Nssu`? TGK m` Duziek wes ncc`deccy mnsinss`m gk ejjgukt ga f`r ierrned` jgktrery tg tf`

jgipekys pgcnjy+

ZJs M`jnsngk) ^@Z

Nk tf` Rfncnppnk` s`ttnkd# wgi`k fev` tremntngkeccy h``k jgksnm`r`m es aeccnkd wntfnk tf`vuck`rehc` drgups gr typ`s ga wgrl`rs wfg iust h` sea`duerm`m wntf pr`v`ktnv` ekmrì`mnec sgjnec c`dnscetngk edenkst mnsjrninketgry ekm `xpcgntetnv` prejtnj`s nk fnrnkdtrenknkd# h`kànts# prgigtngk ekm r`t`ktngk+

]fet ns wfy nk tf` Jgkstntutngk ns# jgdknzekt ga tf` mnspernty nk rndfts h`tw``k i`k ekm

wgi`k nk ecigst ecc pfes`s ga sgjnec ekm pgcntnjec cna`# prgvnm`s e deiut ga prgt`jtnv`

prgvnsngks+ @xeipc`? # Z`jtngk 5=# Ertnjc` NN# Z`jtngk : ga Ertnjc` VNNN# # Z`jtngk 5= ga Ertnjc`

VNNN+

Ejlkgwc`md`m es pereigukt nk tf` mu` prgj`ss sjfì` ns tf` jgkstntutngkec duerekt`` ga

prgt`jtngk tg cehgr ekm s`jurnty ga t`kur`+ ]fus# ek ìpcgy`r ns r`qunr`m# es e jgkmntngk

snk` que kgk prngr tg s`v`rekj` ga tf` ìpcgyi`kt tn`s ga ek nkmnvnmuec ukm`r fns ìpcgy#

tg jgkvnkjnkdcy `stehcnsf# tfrgudf suhstektnec `vnm`kj`# tf` `xnst`kj` ga e vecnm ekm oust

jeus` nk mnsp`ksnkd wntf tf` s`rvnj`s ga sujf ìpcgy``# gk`$s cehgr h`nkd r`derm`m es

jgkstntutngkeccy prgt`jt`m prgp`rty+

Gk tf` gtf`r fekm# nt ns r`jgdknz`m tfet r`ducetngk ga iekpgw`r hy tf` jgipeky aeccs

wntfnk tf` sg)jecc`m iekedì`kt pr rgdetnv`s# wfnjf pr`sjrnptngks `kjgipess tf`

iett`r ga fnrnkd# sup`rvnsngk ga wgrl`rs# wgrl essndki`kts# wgrlnkd i`tfgms ekm

essndki`kts# es w`cc es r`ducetngks gk tf` treksa`r ga ìpcgy``s# cey)gaa ga wgrl`rs# ekm

tf` mnsjnpcnk`# mnsinssec# ekm r`jecc ga ìpcgy``s+ Es put nk e jes`# ek ìpcgy`r nsar`` tg r`ducet`# ejjgrmnkd tg fns mnsjr`tngk ekm h`st husnk`ss oumdi`kt# ecc

esp`jts ga ìpcgyi`kt# (argi fnrnkd tg anrnkd#( `xj`pt nk jes`s ga ukcewauc

mnsjrninketngk gr tfgs` wfnjf iey h` prgvnm`m hy cew+

Nk tf` jes` et her# p`tntngk`r$s pgcnjy ga kgt ejj`ptnkd gr jgksnm`rnkd es

mnsquecnan`m argi wgrl eky wgiek wgrl`r wfg jgktrejts ierrned` ruks eaguc ga

tf` t`st ga# ekm tf` rndft edenkst# mnsjrninketngk# eaagrm`m ecc wgi`k wgrl`rs

hy gur cehgr cews ekm hy kg c`ss tfek tf` Jgkstntutngk+


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6

Jgktrery tg p`tntngk`r$s ess`rtngk tfet nt mnsinss`m prnvet` r`spgkm`kt argi

ìpcgyi`kt gk ejjgukt ga f`r mnsfgk`sty# tf` r`jgrm mnsjcgs`s jcèrcy tfet f`rtn`s wntf tf` jgipeky w`r` mnssgcv`m prnkjnpeccy h`jeus` ga tf` jgipeky$spgcnjy tfet ierrn`m wgi`k er` kgt quecnan`m agr ìpcgyi`kt nk R] ! ]# ekm kgti`r`cy h`jeus` ga f`r suppgs`m ejts ga mnsfgk`sty+

R`tntngk`r$s pgcnjy ns kgt gkcy nk m`rgdetngk ga tf` prgvnsngks ga Ertnjc` 5:1 ga tf` Cehgr

Jgm` gk tf` rndft ga e wgiek tg h` ar`` argi eky lnkm ga stnpucetngk edenkst ierrned` nk

jgkk`jtngk wntf f`r ìpcgyi`kt# hut nt cnl`wns` esseucts dggm igrecs ekm puhcnj pgcnjy#

t`kmnkd es nt mg`s tg m`prnv` e wgiek ga tf` ar``mgi tg jfggs` f`r stetus# e prnvnc`d`

tfet hy ecc ejjgukts nkf`r`s nk tf` nkmnvnmuec es ek nktekdnhc` ekm nkecn`kehc` rndft+

Esnek ]reksinssngk Jgrp+ vs+ JE `t+ ec# DX kg 5==11=

R`tntngk`r? E]J

X`spgkm`kt? JE# Hnsnd kd Esnek ]reksinssngk Cehgr Pkngk &HE]CP.

R`tntngk agr r`vn`w ukm`r Xuc` =0 ga tf` Xuc`s ga Jgurt s``lnkd tg kuccnay tf` m`jnsngk ga tf` JE+

Aejts

MGC@ nssu`m ek @VRCEKE]GX^ Hucc`tnk met`m Ierjf 55# >: jcernaynkd tfet ìpcgy``s er`

`ktntc`m tg 822% ga tf`nr hesnj wed` gk Eprnc ># 5>>:# wf`tf`r ukwgrl`m agr nt ns e mey

aeccnkd tg twg r`ducer fgcnmeys# kei`cy? Dggm Arnmey ekm Erew kd Ledntnkdek+ Zenm hucc`tnk

wes r`prgmuj`m wf`k Eprnc ># 5>>6 wes hgtf Ieukmy ]fursmey ekm Erew kd Ledntnkdek+

M`spnt` sujf hucc`tnkd# E]J gpt`m tg pey nts MENC^ wed` ìpcgy``s gkcy 522% gk Eprnc >#

5>>6+ ]fus# HE]CP prgt`st`m+

Nk ejjgrmekj` tg nts JHE# tf` jgktrgv`rsy wes suhintt`m agr vgcuktery erhntretngk wf`r`

tf` Gaanj` ga tf` Qgcuktery Erhntretgr r`km`r`m m`jnsngk mnr`jtnkd E]J tg pey nts mency wed`

ìpcgy``s 822% ekm kgt oust 522%+ Ejjgrmnkd tg tf` QE# Ertnjc` >= ga tf` Cehgr Jgm` es

ei`km`m hy @G 82: s`rn`s ga 5>>4 sfgucm kgt h` nkt`rpr`t`m es eutfgrnznkd e r`mujtngk tg

knk` tf` kuih`r ga penm r`ducer fgcnmeys (oust h`jeus` Eprnc > &Erew kd Ledntnkdek. nk

j`rtenk yèrs# cnl` 5>>: ekm 5>>6# ns ecsg Fgcy Arnmey gr Ieukmy ]fursmey+(

]f` QE m`jnsngk wes eaanri`m hy tf` JE+ Ejjgrmnkd tg tf` JE# tf` JHE ga tf` pertn`s

jcèrcy r`jgdknz`s tf`nr nkt`kt tg jgksnm`r Erew kd Ledntnkdek ekm Ieukmy ]fursmey# gk

wfet`v`r met tf`y iey aecc nk eky jec kmer yèr# es penm c`dec fgcnmeys murnkd tf`

àa`jtnvnty ga tf` JHE+ Aurtf`r# nt f`cm tfet ukm`r tf` cehgr jgm`# nt ns tf` hesnj ruc` tfet

eky mguht nk tf` nkt`rpr`tetngk ekm nipcì`ktetngk ga tf` Cehgr Jgm` prgvnsngks gk

fgcnmey pey iust h` r`sgcv`m nk aevgr ga cehgr+

Nssu`? TGK tf` E]Js mency wed` ìpcgy``s er` `ktntc` tg 822% ga tf`nr hesnj wed` agr Eprnc >#

5>>6 wfnjf aeccs gk mguhc` r`ducer fgcnmey+


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>

ZJs M`jnsngk? ^@Z

Fgcnmey pey ns e c`dnscet`m h`kànt `kejt`m es pert ga tf` Jgkstntutngkec nip`retnv` tfet tf`

Ztet` sfecc eaagrm prgt`jtngk tg cehgr+ Nts purpgs` ns kgt i`r cy (tg pr`v`kt

mninkutngk ga tf` igktfcy nkjgi` ga tf` wgrl`rs gk ejjgukt ga wgrl

nkt`rruptngks+ Nk gtf`r wgrms# ectfgudf tf` wgrl`r ns agrj`m tg tel` e r`st# f` èrks wfetf` sfgucm èrk# tfet ns# fns fgcnmey pey+( Nt ns ecsg nkt`km`m tg `kehc` tf` wgrl`r tg

pertnjnpet` nk tf` ketngkec j`c`hretngks f`cm murnkd tf` meys nm`ktnan`m es wntf

drèt fnstgrnjec ekm jucturec sndknanjekj`+

Nkm`p`km`kj` Mey# Erew kd Ledntnkdek# Ketngkec F`rg`s Mey# Hgknaejng Mey ekm

Xnzec Mey nkt`km`m es fgcnmey tg eaagrm Ancnpnkgs wntf r`jurrnkd gppgrtuknty tg

jgiiìgret` tf` f`rgnsi# ga tf` Ancnpnkg p`gpc`# prgigt` ketngkec nm`ktnty ekm m``p`k

tf` spnrnt ga petrngtnsi+

Cehgr Mey r`s`rv`m tg j c`hret` tf` jgktrnhutngks ga tf` wgrlnkd jcess tg tf`

m`v`cgpi`kt ga tf` ketngk+

X`cndngus Fgcnmeys eccgw tf` wgrl`r tg j`c`hret` aentf wntf fns aeincy+

Ert+ >= ga tf` Cehgr Jgm`# es ei`km`m# eaagrms e wgrl`r tf` `kogyi`kt ga t`k penm r`ducerfgcnmeys+ ]f` prgvnsngk ns iekmetgry# r`dermc`ss ga wf`tf`r ek ìpcgy`` ns penm gk eigktfcy gr mency hesns+Pkcnl` e hgkus# wfnjf ns e iekedì`kt pr`rgdetnv`# fgcnmeypey ns e stetutgry h`kànt mìekmehc` ukm`r tf` cew+ Znkj` e wgrl`r ns `ktntc`mtg tf` `kogyi`kt ga t`k penm r`ducer fgcnmeys# tf` aejt tfet twg fgcnmeys aecc gktf` sei` met` sfgucm kgt gp`ret` tg r`muj` tg knk` tf` t`k fgcnmey pey h`kàntse wgrl`r ns `ktntc`m tg r`j`nv`+

Nk eky `v`kt# Ert+ = ga tf` Cehgr Jgm` prgvnm`s tfet ecc mguhts nk tf` nipcì`ktetngk ekm

nkt`rpr`tetngk ga nts prgvnsngks# nkjcumnkd nts nipcì`ktnkd ruc`s ekm r`ducetngks# sfecc h`

r`sgcv`m nk aevgr ga cehgr+ Agr tf` wgrlnkd ieks w`caer` sfgucm h` tf` prnigrmnec

ekm pereigukt jgksnm`retngk+

Fekonk Fèvy Nkmustrn`s ekm Jgkstrujtngk Jg+ vs+ Nhek`z `t ec+# DX kg+ 542565

R`tntngk`r? Fekonk agr`ndk jgipeky mucy r`dnst`r`m wntf tf` Z@J tg `kded` nk tf`

jgkstrujtngk husnk`ss nk tf` Rfncnppnk`s+

X`spgkm`kts Nhek`z# Jergcnkg# Dejuce# Medgtmgt ekm Jecme ecc`d`mcy fnr`m hy Fekonk

es prgo`jt wgrl`rs

R`tntngk agr X`vn`w ukm`r Xuc` =0 ga tf` ruc`s ga jgurt+

Aejts

X`spgkm`kts anc`m e jes` agr ncc`dec mnsinssec hàgr` tf` KCXJ wntf e prey`r agr

r`nkstetì`kt ekm aucc hejl wed`s+ ]f`y w`r` fnr`m gk mnaa`r`kt met`s nktg mnaa`r`kt

pgsntngks# Nhek`z &tnrìek# 8222.# dejuce &jrek` gp`retgr# 5>>8.# medgtmgt &w`cm`r#

5>>0.# Jergcnkg &w`cm`r# 5>>=. ekm Jecme &wer fgusìek# 5>>1.+ X`spgkm`kts


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stet`m tfet tf`nr tesls w`r` usuec ekm k`j`ssery gr m`snrehc` nk tf` usuec husnk`ss

gr trem` ga Fekonk+

Fekonk# gk tf` gtf`r fekm# gppgs`m jceninkd tfet r`spgkm`kts w`r` fnr`m es

RXGO@J] @IRCG^@@Z agr tf` jgkstrujtngk ga CX]'IX] Cnk` 8 Rejled` 8

ekm : prgo jts+ ]fet tf`y `x`jut`m jgktrejts ga ìpcgyi`kt nk wfnjf nt wesjcèrcy stnpucet`m tfet r`spgkm`kts w`r` tg h` fnr`m es prgo`jt ìpcgy``s agr e

p`rngm ga :igktfs hut tf` jgktrejt iey h` r`k`w`m eutgietnjeccy nk tf` ehs`kj` ga

eky KG]NJ@ GA ]@XINKE]NGK argi tfì+ Nt wes ecsg stnpucet`m tfet et tf`

jgipc tngk ga tf` prgo`jt gr eky pertnjucer pfes`# tf` jgktrejt eutgietnjeccy

t`rinket`s+

Fekonk ecsg jceni`m tfet r`spgkm`kts w`r` mucy nkagri`m ga tf` ehgv`jnt`m pgcnjn`s

ekm tfet r`spgkm`kts w`r` eigkd tf` prgo`jt ìpcgy``s wfg w`r` cenm gaa h`jeus`

ga tf` jgipekys nkt`ktngk tg r`muj` nts iekpgw`r+ ]fet tf`y penm r`spgkm`kts

JGIRC@]NGK HPKGZ nk ejjgrmekj` wntf tf` usuec prejtnj` ga tf` jgkstrujtngk

nkmustry+ E UPN]JCENI wes ecsg iem` nktg àa`jt wfnjf agrieccy stet`s tfetr`spgkm`kts r`j`nv`m ecc wed`s ekm h`kànts mu` tg tfì+

CE) nk aevgur ga tf` r`spgkm`kts# ekm m`jcer`m tfet tf`y w`r` r`ducer ìpcgy``s+ Nt

ruc`m tfet r`spgkm`kts w`r` r`ducer ìpcgy``s wfg fem h``k ncc`deccy mnsinss`m

wntfgut oust jeus`s ekm wntfgut mu` prgj`ss+ Nt ruc`m tfet FEKONK$s ecc`detngk tfet

r`spgkm`kts w`r` prgo`jt ìpcgy``s wes k`det`m hy nts aencur` tg pr`s`kt prgga

tf`r`ga+

KCXJ) r`v`rs`m tf` m`jnsngk ga tf` CE+ Nt dev` prghetnv` vecu` tg tf` ]`rinketngk

X`pgrt suhintt`m hy Fekonk tg MGC@# tf` jgipc tngk hukns ekm tf` `x`jut m

Uuntjcenis+

JE r`v`rs`m tf` KCXJs m`jnsngk ekm upfgcm tf` m`jnsngk ga tf` CE `xj`pt tf`

ewerm ga meied`s ekm ettgrk`ys a``+ Nt ìpfesnz`m tfet nt ns tf` ìpcgy`r wfg fes

tf` hurm`k ga prgvnkd tf` c`decnty ga tf` mnsinssec wf`r` nk tfns jes` Fekonk aenc`m tg

prgv`+

Nssu`? TGK r`spgkm`kts w`r` r`ducer ìpcgy``s gr prgo`jt ìpcgy``s+

ZJs m`jnsngk+ ]f`y er` r`ducer ìpcgy``s+

]f` eppcnjehc` cew ns Ertnjc` 862 ga tf` CJ+

Nk e kuih`r ga jes`s# tf` Jgurt f`cm tfet tf` c`kdtf ga s`rvnj` gr tf` r`)fnrnkd ga

jgkstrujtngk wgrl`rs gk e prgo`jt)tg)prgo`jt hesns mg`s kgt jgka`r upgk tfì

r`ducer ìpcgyi`kt stetus# snkj` tf`nr r`)fnrnkd ns gkcy e keturec jgks`qu`kj` ga tf`

aejt tfet `xp`rn`kj`m jgkstrujtngk wgrl`rs er` prà`rr`m+


11/41


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@ipcgy``s wfg er` fnr m agr jerrynkd gut e s`peret` ogh# mnstnkjt argi tf` gtf`r

ukm`rtelnkds ga tf` jgipeky# tf` sjgp` ekm muretngk ga wfnjf fes h``k m`t`rink`m

ekm iem` lkgwk tg tf` ìpcgy``s et tf` tni` ga tf` ìpcgyi`kt #er` prgp`rcy trèt`m es prgo`jt ìpcgy``s ekm tf`nr s`rvnj`s iey h` cewauccy t`rinket`m

upgk tf` jgipc`tngk ga e prgo`jt+ Zfgucm tf` t`ris ga tf`nr ìpcgyi`kt aenc tg jgipcy wntftfns stekmerm# tf`y jekkgt h` jgksnm`r`m prgo`jt ìpcgy``s+

]f` prnkjnpec t`st agr m`t`rinknkd wf`tf`r ìpcgy``s er` (prgo`jt ìpcgy``s( gr (r`ducer

ìpcgy``s( ns wf`tf r tf`y er` essndk`m tg jerry gut e sp`jnanj prgo jt gr

ukm`rtelnkd# tf` muretngk ekm sjgp` ga wfnjf er` sp`jnan`m et tf` tni` tf`y er`

`kded`m agr tfet prgo`jt+ Zujf muretngk# es w`cc es tf` pertnjucer wgrl's`rvnj` tg h`

p`ragri`m# ns mànk`m nk ek ìpcgyi`kt edr`ì`kt ekm ns iem` jcèr tg tf`

ìpcgy``s et tf` tni` ga fnrnkd+

Nk tfns jes`# p`tntngk`rs mnm kgt fev` tfet lnkm ga edr`ì`kt wntf r`spgkm`kts+ K`ntf`r mnm

tf`y nkagri r`spgkm`kts ga tf` ketur` ga tf` cett`rs$ wgrl et tf` tni` ga fnrnkd+ F`kj`# agr

aencur` ga p`tntngk`rs tg suhstektnet` tf`nr jceni tfet r`spgkm`kts w`r` prgo`jt ìpcgy``s#

w` er` jgkstrenk`m tg m`jcer` tfì es r`ducer ìpcgy``s+

tf` Jgurt ierl`mcy str`ss`m tf` nipgrtekj` ga tf` ìpcgy``s$ lkgwnkd jgks`kt tg h`nkd

`kded`m es prgo jt ìpcgy``s wf`k nt jcernan`m tfet (tf`r` ns kg qu`stngk tfet stnpucetngk

gk ìpcgyi`kt jgktrejt prgvnmnkd agr e anx`m p`rngm ga ìpcgyi`kt sujf es bprgo`jt)tg)

prgo`jt$ jgktrejt ns vecnm prgvnm`m tf` p`rngm wes edr``m upgk lkgwnkdcy ekm

vgcukterncy hy tf` pertn`s# wntfgut eky agrj`# mur`ss gr niprgp`r pr`ssur` h`nkd

hrgudft tg hèr upgk tf` ìpcgy`` ekm ehs`kt eky gtf`r jnrjuistekj`s vntnetnkd

fns jgks`kt+

Ehs`kj` ga e wrntt`k jgktrejt mg`s kgt drekt r`ducer stetus# hut sujf jgktrejt ns

tf` h`st `vnm`kj` tfet r`spgkm`kts w`r` nkagri`m ga tf` muretngk ekm sjgp` ga

tf`nr wgrl ekm tf`nr stetus es prgo`jt ìpcgy``s+ Hut nk tfns jes`# Fekonk wes kgt

ehc` tg pr`s`kt tf` senm jgktrejt+ Nt tf`k agccgws tfet tf`y w`r` kgt prgp`rcy nkagri`m ga

tf`nr stetus es prgo jt ìpcgy``s# f`kj` tf`y er` trèt`m es r`ducer ìpcgy``s nk

ejjgrmekj` wntf Jceus` :+: &e. ga MG kg+ 5># s`rn`s ga 5>>:+ e . Rrgo`jt ìpcgy``s wfgsèddr`det` p`rngm ga jgktnkugus ìpcgyi`kt nk e jgkstrujtngk jgipeky ns et cèst gk` yèr sfecc h`

jgksnm`r`m r`ducer ìpcgy``s# nk tf` ehs`kj` ga e (mey j`rtenk( edr``m upgk hy tf` pertn`s agr tf`

t`rinketngk ga tf`nr r`cetngksfnp+ Rrgo`jt ìpcgy``s wfg fev` h`jgi` r`ducer sfecc h` `ktntc`m tg

s`peretngk pey+

Aurtf`r# tf` aencur` ga Fekonk tg anc` e ]`rinketngk X`pgrt wntf tf` MGC@ `v`ry tni` e

prgo`jt ga pfes` ns jgipc`t`m nkmnjet`s tfgs` r`spgkm`kts w`r` kgt prgo`jt ìpcgy``s+

Zujf prejtnj` ierls tfet ìpcgy``s er` ukoustcy pr`jcum`m argi ejqunrnkd s`jurnty ga

t`kur`# jgktrery tg puhcnj pgcnjy# igrecs ekm dggm justgis+

Gk tf` quntjceni tg h` vecnm nt iust h` tel`k nktg ejjgukt tfet tf` JGKZNM@XE]NGK

EJJ@R]@M H^ ]F@ X@ZRGKM@K]Z jgkstntut`s e rèsgkehc` s`ttcì`kt `qunvec`kt tg tf` auc

ièsur` ga tf`nr c`dec rndft+


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Nk tfns jes`# tf` Uuntjcenis sndk`m hy tf` r`spgkm`kts mg kgt eppèr tg fev` h``k iem`

agr vecuehc` jgksnm`retngk+ X`spgkm`kts# wfg er` r`ducer ìpcgy``s# er` `ktntc m tg

hejlwed`s ekm s`peretngk pey ekm# tf`ràgr`# tf` Uuntjcenis wfnjf tf`y sndk`m jekkgt

pr`v`kt tfì argi s``lnkd jcenis tg wfnjf tf`y er` `ktntc`m+

Qecneg vs+ JE# DX kg+ 5=1185

R`tntngk`r X`k` Qecneg eppgnkt`m hy TKJ es ZEG Mnr`jtgr# treksa`rr`m tg e Zteaa Rgsntngk

ekm m`sndket`m es X`jgrms Jfnà et tf` X`dnstrers Gaanj` ekm cet`r r`)essndk`m es typnst# cet`r

eppgnkt`m es Nkagrietngk Essnetekt ekm tf`k treksa`rr`m tg tf` Jgcc`d` ga Cnh`rec Erts es X`jgrm

@vecuetgr+

X`spgkm`kts? JE# T`st K`drgs Jgcc`d`

Aejts

Qecneg anc`m hàgr` tf` CE e jgipcenkt agr ncc`dec mnsinssec+ F` ecc`d`m tfet tf` tru`

nkt`ktngk ga tf` TKJ nk t`rinketnkd fns s`rvnj`s wes h`jeus` f` wes eigkd tfgsèppr`f`km`m nk e renm+ ]fet f` wes kgt ejjgrm`m mu` prgj`ss+

IKJ# gk tf` gtf`r fekm# jceni`m tfet Qecnegs mnsinssec wes hes`m gk fns termnk`ss

ekm fehntuec ehs`kt``nsi wfnjf wes auccy suppgrt`m hy mgjui`ktery `vnm`kj`+

]fet tf` p`tntngk`r wes ejjgrm`m mu` prgj`ss es s`v`rec iìgrekmuis wes s`kt tg

fni wntf tf` nkt`ktngk tfet f` `xpcenks fns snm` ga tf` stgry+ Nk aejt prngr tg tf` tni`

tfet f` wes put nktg e pr`v`ktnv` susp`ksngk tf`r` wes ek Nkv`stndetngk Jgiintt``

tfet wes grdeknz`m ekm e kgtnj` tf`r`ga wes mucy s`kt tg tf` p`tntngk`r+ Nt wes gkcy

eat`r tf` nkv`stndetngk prgj``mnkd tfet e kgtnj` ga t`rinketngk wes s`kt tg fni+

CE ) agukm kg oustnanehc` rèsgk tg pcej` tf` p`tntngk`r ukm`r pr`v`ktnv` susp`ksngk

es tf`r` wes kg s`rngus gr niink`kt tfrèt tg tf` cna` gr prgp`rty ga fns ìpcgy`r gr

jg)wgrl`rs+ Fgw`v`r# tf` Cehgr Erhnt r agukm tf` mnsinssec ga tf` p`tntngk`r argi

TKJ tg h` vecnm mu` tg ehs`kt``nsi ekm termnk`ss ekm eat`r f` wes ejjgrm`m tf`

prgj`murec mu` prgj`ss esp`jt ga tf` cew es ràc`jt`m nk tf` r`jgrms sfgwnkd tfet

tf` p`tntngk`r wes agrieccy nkv`stndet`m ekm dnv`k tf` gppgrtuknty tg ràut` tf`

ecc`d`m ankmnkds hy tf` iekedì`kt ga TKJ+

KCXJ eaanri`m tf` m`jnsngk ga tf` CE

JE f`cm tfet tf` p`tntngk`r wes vecnmcy mnsinss`m agr s`rngus insjgkmujt ekm drgss

fehntuec k`dc`jt ga mutn`s+

Nssu`? TGK p`tntngk`r wes vecnmcy mnsinss`m argi ìpcgyi`kt gk tf` drgukm ga s`rngus

insjgkmujt ekm drgss fehntuec k`dc`jt ga mutn`s# nkjcumnkd fehntuec termnk`ss ekm ehs`kt``nsi+

ZJs M`jnsngk ^@Z# p`tntngk`rs mnsinssec argi ìpcgyi`kt ns vecnm ekm oustnan`m+

Z`rngus insjgkmujt ekm fehntuec k`dc`jt ga mutn`s er` eigkd tf` oust jeus`s agr

t`rinketnkd ek ìpcgy`` ukm`r tf` Cehgr Jgm` ga tf` Rfncnppnk`s+ Drgss k`dcnd`kj`


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5:

jgkkgt`s wekt ga jer` nk tf` p`ragriekj` ga gk`s mutn`s+ Fehntuec k`dc`jt nipcn`s

r`pèt`m aencur` tg p`ragri gk`s mutn`s agr e p`rngm ga tni`# m`p`kmnkd upgk tf`

jnrjuistekj`s+

R`tntngk`rs r`pèt`m ejts ga ehs`kj`s wntfgut cèv` ekm fns ar`qu`kt termnk`ss ràc`jt fns

nkmnaa`r`kt ettntum` tg ekm cejl ga igtnvetngk nk fns wgrl+ Igr` nipgrtektcy# fns r`pèt`mekm fehntuec nkarejtngks# jgiintt`m m`spnt` s`v`rec werknkds# jgkstntut` drgss insjgkmujt

uk`xp`jt`m argi ek ìpcgy`` ga p`tntngk`rs stetur`+ ]fns Jgurt fes f`cm tfet fehntue

ehs`kt` nsi wntfgut cèv` jgkstntut` drgss k`dcnd`kj` ekm ns suaanjn kt tg oustnay

t`rinketngk ga ek ìpcgy``+

p`tntngk`r jcenis tfet f` wes mnsinss`m kgt agr fns termnk`ss gr ehs`kj`s hut agr fns err`st

es e susp`jt`m mrud us`r+ Fns jceni# fgw`v`r# ns i`r cy sp`jucetnv`+ T` ankm sujf

jgkt`ktngk m`vgnm ga hesns+ Nkm``m# `v`k wntfgut tf` err`st nkjnm`kt# TKJ fem igr` tfek

`kgudf hesns agr t`rinketnkd p`tntngk`r argi ìpcgyi`kt+ Nt hèrs str`ssnkd tfet

p`tntngk`rs ehs`kj`s ekm termnk`ss w`r` kgt nsgcet`m nkjnm`kts hut iekna`st`m e pett`rk

ga fehntuecnty+

K``mc`ss tg sey# sg nrr`spgksnhc` ek ìpcgy`` cnl` p`tntngk`r mg`s kgt m`s`rv` e pcej`

nk tf` wgrlpcej`# ekm nt ns wntfnk tf` iekedì`kts pr`rgdetnv` ga TKJ tg t`rinket` fns

ìpcgyi`kt+

@v`k es tf` cew ns sgcnjntgus ga tf` w`caer` ga ìpcgy``s# nt iust ecsg prgt`jt tf` rndfts ga

ek ìpcgy`r tg `x`rjns` wfet er` jcèrcy iekedì`kt pr`rgdetnv`s+ Es cgkd es tf`

jgipekys `x`rjns` ga tfgs` rndfts ekm pr`rgdetnv` ns nk dggm aentf tg emvekj`

nts nkt`r`st ekm kgt agr tf` purpgs` ga màètnkd gr jnrjuiv`ktnkd tf` rndfts ga

ìpcgy``s ukm`r tf` cews gr vecnm edr`ì`kts# sujf `x`rjns` wncc h` upf`cm+

Fgw`v`r# gk tf` nssu` gk puttnkd tf` p`tntngk`r nk e pr`v`ktnv` susp`ksngk# tf` Jgurt ankms

tg suaanjn`kt drgukm tg oustnay tfns ejt es fns jgktnku`m ìpcgyi`kt pgs`s e KG s`rngus

ekm niink`kt tfrèt tg cna` gr prgp`rty ga tf` ìpcgy`r gr ga fns jg)wgrl`rs+

IEKNCE FG]@C JGXR+ ekm IEKNCE FG]@C NK]C+ C]M+# vs+ KCXJ# D+X Kg+ 582244#

Gjtgh`r 5:# 8222

Aejts

R`tntngk agr j`rtngrern s``lnkd tg ekkuc tf` grm`rs ga KCXJ agr fevnkd h``k nssu`m wntfgut

gr wntf `xj`ss ournsmnjtngk ekm wntf drev` ehus` ga mnsjr`tngk+

Rrnvet` r`spgkm`kt Ierj`cg Zektgs wes ek gv`rsès wgrl`r ìpcgy`m es e prnkt r et tf`

Iezggk Rrnktnkd Rr`ss nk Giek+ Zgi`tni` nk Ouk` 5>66 f` wes mnr`jtcy fnr`m hy tf` Recej`

Fgt`c nk H`nonkd# Jfnke wfg cet`r t`rinket`m fns ìpcgyi`kt h`jeus` ga r`tr`kjfi`kt+

Zektgs wes mnr`jtcy fnr`m hy Recej` Fgt`c tfrgudf tf` r`jgii`kmetngk ga fns arn`km nk tf`

kei` ga K@Z]GX HP@KNG+


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5=

R`tntngk`rs ga tf` gtf`r fekm# IFJ wes e jgrpgretngk mucy grdeknz`m ekm `xnstnkd ukm`r

tf` cews ga tf` Rfncnppnk`s wfnc` IFNJC ns e jgrpgretngk mucy grdeknz`m ekm `xnstnkd ukm`r

tf` cews ga Fgkd Lgkd+ Hy vnrtu` ga e IEKED@I@K] EDX@@I@K] wntf tf` Recej` Fgt`c

p`tntngk`r trenk`m tf` p`rsgkk`c ekm steaa ga tf` agri`r et H`nonkd# Jfnke+

Zgi`tni` gk Eudust 5>6># Zektgs wes nkagri`m hy Recej` Fgt`c ehgut tf` t`rinketngk gafns ìpcgyi`kt+ Nk tf` c`tt`r# Recej` Fgt`c kgt`m tfet tf` rèsgk wfy tf`y er` t`rinketnkd

Zektgs wes h`jeus` ga tf` pgcntnjec upfèvec ga nk Jfnke &rà rrnkd tg ]nekkei`k Zquer`

nkjnm`kts. wfnjf eaa`jts tf`nr husnk`ss v`ry iujf+ F`kj`# tg r`muj` `xp`ks`s# tf`y wnc

kgt gp`k'gp`ret` prnktsfgp agr tf` tni` h`nkd+

Zektgs w`kt hejl tg tf` Rfncnppnk`s ekm anc`m e jes` agr ncc`dec mnsinssec wntf tf` prey`r ga

aucc jgip`ksetngk pursuekt tg tf` ìpcgyi`kt edr`ì`kt f` sndk`m+ ]f` jes` wes anc`

hàgr` tf` Erhntretngk Hrekjf# KJX# KCXJ+

Oumdi`kt wes r`km`r`m grm`rnkd tf` p`tntngk`rs tg pey Zektgs ognktcy ekm s`v`reccy+

R`tntngk`rs qu`stngk`m tf` senm m`jnsngk jceninkd tfet nt ns tf` RG@E ekm kgt tf` KCXJ

wfg fes ournsmnjtngk gv`r tf` jes`+

NZZP@? TGK KCXJ gv`r ournsmnjtngk gv`r tf` jes`+

ZJs XPCNKD? Kg# RG@E fes ournsmnjtngk+

X`spgkm`kt Zektgs wes fnr`m mnr`jtcy hy tf` Recej` Fgt`c# e agr`ndk ìpcgy`r# tfrgudf

jgrr`spgkm`kj` s`kt tg tf` Zucteket` ga Giek# wf r` r`spgkm`kt Zektgs wes tf`k

ìpcgy`m+ F` wes fnr`m wntfgut tf` nkt`rv`ktngk ga tf` RG@E gr eky eutfgrnz`m

r`jrunti`kt ed`kjy ga tf` dgv`rki`kt+

Pkm`r tf` ruc` gaagrui kgk jgkv`kn`ks# e Rfncnppnk` jgurt gr ed`kjy iey essuiòurnsmnjtngk gv`r tf` jes` na nt jfggs`s tg mg sgprgvnm`m? &5. tfet tf` Rfncnppnk` jgurt ns gk`tg wfnjf tf` pertn`s iey jgkv`kn`ktcy r`sgrt tg< &8. tfet tf` Rfncnppnk` jgurt ns nk epgsntngk tg iel` ek nkt`ccnd`kt m`jnsngk es tg tf` cew ekm tf` aejts< ekm &:. tfet tf`Rfncnppnk` jgurt fes gr ns cnl`cy tg fev` pgw`r tg `kagrj` nts m`jnsngk+ :4 ]f` jgkmntngks erùkevencnkd nk tf` jes` et her+

Kgt Jgkv`kn`kt+ T` aenc tg s`` fgw tf` KCXJ ns e jgkv`kn`kt agrui dnv`k tfet ecc tf`nkjnm`kts ga tf` jes` argi tf` tni` ga r`jrunti`kt# tg ìpcgyi`kt tg mnsinssec gjjurr`mgutsnm` tf` Rfncnppnk`s+ ]f` nkjgkv`kn`kj` ns jgipgukm`m hy tf` aejt tfet tf` prgp`rmà`kmekts# tf` Recej` Fgt`c ekm IFNJC er` kgt ketngkecs ga tf` Rfncnppnk`s+ K`ntf`r +er`tf`y (mgnkd husnk`ss nk tf` Rfncnppnk`s+( Cnl`wns`# tf` ienk wntk`ss`s# Ir+ Zfinmt ekm Ir+F`kl er` kgk)r`snm`kts ga tf` Rfncnppnk`s+

Kg pgw`r tg m`t`rink` tf` aejts+ K`ntf`r jek tf` KCXJ m`t`rink` tf` aejtssurrgukmnkd tf` ecc`d`m ncc`dec mnsinssec es ecc ejts jgipcenk`m ga tggl pcej` nk H`nonkd#R`gpc`$s X`puhcnj ga Jfnke+ ]f` KCXJ wes kgt nk e pgsntngk tg m`t`rink` wf`tf`r tf`
http://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2000/oct2000/gr_120077_2000.html#fnt37http://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2000/oct2000/gr_120077_2000.html#fnt37


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]nekkei`k Zquer` nkjnm`kt trucy emv`rs`cy eaa`jt`m gp`retngks ga tf` Recej` Fgt`c es tgoustnay r`spgkm`kt Zektgs$ r`tr`kjfi`kt+

Kg pgw`r tg m`t`rink` eppcnjehc` cew+ K`ntf`r jek ek nkt`ccnd`kt m`jnsngk h` iem` es tgtf` cew dgv`rknkd tf` ìpcgyi`kt jgktrejt es sujf wes p`ra`jt`m nk agr`ndk sgnc+ ]fnsjeccs tg agr` tf` eppcnjetngk ga tf`

prnkjnpc` ga c`x cgjn jgktrejtus &tf` cew ga tf`pcej` wf`r` tf` jgktrejt wes iem`.+

]f`r` wes kg `xnstnkd ìpcgy`r)ìpcgy`` r`cetngksfnp h`tw``k Zektgs ekm IFNJC+

IFNJC mnm kgt fev` ekm mnm kgt `x`rjns` eky ga tf` eagrì`ktngk`m pgw`rs+ Nt mnm kgts`c`jt r`spgkm`kt Zektgs es ek ìpcgy`` agr tf` Recej` Fgt`c+ F` wes rà`rr`m tg tf`Recej` Fgt`c hy fns arn`km# K`stgr Hu`kng+ IFNJC mnm kgt `kded` r`spgkm`kt Zektgs tgwgrl+ ]f` t`ris ga ìpcgyi`kt w`r` k`dgtnet`m ekm ankecnz`m tfrgudf jgrr`spgkm`kj`h tw``k r`spgkm`kt Zektgs# Ir+ Zjfinmt ekm Ir+ F`kl# wfg w r` gaanj rs ekmr`pr`s`ktetnv`s ga tf` Recej` Fgt`c ekm kgt IFNJC+

Kg Ournsmnjtngk# f`kj`# tf`r` ns drev` ehus` ga mnsjr`tngk ) ]f` ournsmnjtngk ga cehgr erhnt`rsekm tf` KCXJ ukm`r Ertnjc` 854 ga tf` Cehgr Jgm` ns cnint`m tg mnsput`s ernsnkd argi ekìpcgy`r)ìpcgy`` r`cetngksfnp wfnjf jek h` r`sgcv`m hy rà`r`kj` tg tf` Cehgr Jgm`# grgtf`r cehgr stetut`s# gr tf`nr jgcc`jtnv` herdenknkd edr`ì`kts

OG vs+ KCXJ# D+X+ Kg+ 585120# A`hruery 8# 8222

Aejts

R`tntngk agr j`rtngrern s``lnkd tg s`t esnm` tf` m`jnsngk ga tf` KCXJ nk m`kynkd p`tntngk`rs

igtngk agr r`jgksnm`retngk+

Rrnvet` r`spgkm`kt R`t`r Iònce wgrl`m es heh`r gk e pn`j` ret` hesns et Mnekes Herh`r

Zfgp+ Zenm heh`r sfgp wes sgcm tg R`tntngk`rs Rez ekm Iertnk Og sgi`tni` gk 5>42+ Ecc

ìpcgy``s# nkjcumnkd Iònce# w`r` ehsgrh`m hy tf` k`w gwk`rs+

]f` sjfì` wes sfernkd ga nk tf` èrknkds ga tf` herh`r sfgp# 8': agr tf` herh`rs wfnc`

5': tg tf` gwk`rs+

Zgi`tni` gk 5>44# p`tntngk`rs m`sndket`m Iònce es tf` jer`tel`r ga tf` sfgp+ Nk emmntngk

tg fns h`nkd e herh`r# f` wes tesl`m &es e jer`tel`r. agr tf` ienkt`kekj` ga tf` sfgp+ Agr

fns emmntngkec ogh# f` wes dnv`k ek fgkgrernui `qunvec`kt tg 5': ga tf` k`t nkjgi` gk tf`

sfgp+

Zgi`tni` nk 5>>8# I once fem ek ect`rjetngk wntf fns jg)herh`r# Ogrd` ]nkgy+ ]f`

hnjl`rnkds# jferejt`rnz`m hy jgkstekt `xjfekd` ga p`rsgkec nksucts murnkd wgrlnkd fgurs#

h`jei` s`rngus sg tfet prnvet` r`spgkm`kt r`pgrt`m tf` iett`r tg Etty+ Eccek Iejereye ga

tf` cehgr m`perti`kt+

Tf`k tf` i`mnetngk wes stncc gkdgnkd# I once jgktnku`m r`pgrtnkd agr wgrl et tf`

herhe`rsfgp+ Hut sgi`tni` nk Oekuery 5>>:# f` turk`m gv`r tf` mupcnjet` l`ys ga tf` sfgp


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tg tf` jesfn`r ekm tggl ewey ecc fns h`cgkdnkds tf`ràrgi+ + Gk Oekuery 6# 5>>:# f` h`dek

wgrlnkd es e r`ducer herh`r et tf` k`wcy gp`k`m Dgcmncgjls Herh`rsfgp ecsg nk Ncndek Jnty+

Cet`r gk# Iònce anc`m e jes` agr ncc`dec mnsinssec edenkst tf` p`tntngk`rs wntf prey`r agr

peyi`kt ga s`peretngk pey ekm gtf`r igk`tery h`kànts# ettys a`` ekm meied`s+

CE agukm tf` Iònce wes ek ìpcgy`` ga tf` p`tntngk`rs hut f` wes ncc`deccy mnsinss`m

nkstèm f` vgcukterncy càt fns ogh h`jeus` ga fns insukm`rstekmnkd wntf fns jg)wgrl`r w` ruc`m tfet tf` r`cetngksfnp h`tw``k

o``pk`y gwk`rs'gp`retgrs gk gk` fekm ekm o``pk`y mrnv`rs gk tf` gtf`r ukm`r tf`

hgukmery systì ns tfet ga ìpcgy`r)ìpcgy`` ekm kgt ga c`ssgr)c`ss``+ ]f` iekedì`kt

ga tf` husnk`ss ns nk tf` gwk`r$s fekms+ ]f` gwk`r es fgcm`r ga tf` j`rtnanjet` ga puhcnj

jgkv`kn`kj` iust s`` tg nt tfet tf` mrnv`r agccgws tf` rgut` pr`sjrnh`m hy tf` arekjfnsnkd

eutfgrnty ekm tf` ruc`s prgiucdet`m es r`derms nts gp`retngk+

Kgw# tf` aejt tfet tf` mrnv`rs mg kgt r`j`nv` anx`m wed`s hut d`t gkcy tfet nk `xj`ss ga tf`

sg)jecc`m (hgukmery( tf`y pey tg tf` gwk`r'gp`retgr ns kgt suaanjn`kt tg wntfmrew tf`

r`cetngksfnp h`tw``k tfì argi tfet ga ìpcgy`r ekm ìpcgy``+ T` fev` eppcn`m hy

ekecgdy tf` ehgv`stet`m mgjtrnk` tg tf` r`cetngksfnps h`tw``k hus gwk`r'gp`retgr ekm

hus jgkmujtgr#82 eutg)jec`se gwk`r'gp retgr ekm mrnv`r# ekm r`j`ktcy h`tw``k tex

gwk`rs'gp`retgrs ekm texn mrnv`rs+

F`kj`# t`rinketngk ga ìpcgyi`kt iust h` àa`jt`m nk ejjgrmekj` wntf cew+]f` oust ekm

eutfgrnz`m jeus`s agr t`rinketngk ga ìpcgyi`kt er` `kui`ret`m ukm`r Ertnjc`s 868# 86:

ekm 86= ga tf` Cehgr Jgm`+ ]f` r`qunrì`kt ga kgtnj` ekm fèrnkd ns s`t)gut nk

Ertnjc` 844 &h. ga tf` senm Jgm`+ F`kj`# p`tntngk`rs# h`nkd ìpcgy``s ga prnvet`r`spgkm`kt# jek h` mnsinss`m gkcy agr oust ekm eutfgrnz`m jeus`# ekm eat`r

eaagrmnkd tfì kgtnj` ekm fèrnkd prngr tg t`rinketngk+ Nk tf` nkstekt jes`#

prnvet` r`spgkm`kt fem kg vecnm jeus` tg t`rinket` tf` ìpcgyi`kt ga

p`tntngk`rs+ K`ntf`r w`r` tf`r` twg &8. wrntt`k kgtnj`s s`kt hy prnvet` r`spgkm`kt

nkagrinkd èjf ga tf` p`tntngk`rs tfet tf`y fem h``k mnsinss`m argi wgrl+

8km Nssu`? tf` s`jgkm igtngk agr r`jgksnm`retngk anc`m hy prnvet` r`spgkm`kt ns nkmuhntehcy e

prgfnhnt`m pcèmnkd


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Nk tfns jes` hàgr` us# prnvet` r`spgkm`kt `xfeust`m eminknstretnv` rì`my evencehc` tg nt

hy s``lnkd r`jgksnm`retngk ga puhcnj r`spgkm`kt$s m`jnsngk met`m Eprnc 86# 5>>=# wfnjf

puhcnj r`spgkm`kt m`kn`m+ Tntf tfns igtngk agr r`jgksnm`retngk# tf` cehgr trnhukec fem

eipc` gppgrtuknty tg r`jtnay `rrgrs gr instel`s nt iey fev` jgiintt`m hàgr` r`sgrt tg

jgurts ga oustnj` jek h` fem+ ]fus# wf`k prnvet` r`spgkm`kt anc`m e s`jgkm igtngk agr

r`jgksnm`retngk# puhcnj r`spgkm`kt sfgucm fev` agrtfwntf m`kn`m nt nk ejjgrmekj` wntf Xuc`4# Z`jtngk 5= ga nts K`w Xuc`s ga Rrgj`mur` wfnjf eccgws gkcy gk` igtngk agr

r`jgksnm`retngk argi tf` sei` perty# tfus?

Z`j+ 5=+ Igtngks agr X`jgksnm retngk+ Igtngks agr r`jgksnm retngk ga eky grm`r#

r`sgcutngk gr m`jnsngk ga tf` Jgiinssngk sfecc kgt h` `kt`rtenk`m `xj`pt wf`k hes`m gk

pecpehc` gr pet`kt `rrgrs# prgvnm`m tfet tf` igtngk ns ukm`r getf ekm anc`m wntfnk t`k &52.

jec`kmer meys argi r`j`npt ga tf` grm`r# r`sgcutngk gr m`jnsngk wntf prgga ga s`rvnj` tfet e

jgpy ga tf` sei` fes h``k aurknsf`m wntfnk tf` r`dcì`ktery p`rngm tf` emv`rs` perty

ekm prgvnm`m aurtf`r# tfet gkcy gk` sujf igtngk argi tf` sei` perty sfecc h` `kt`rtenk`m+

]f` retngkec` agr eccgwnkd gkcy gk` igtngk agr r`jgksnm`retngk argi tf` sei` perty ns tgessnst tf` pertn`s nk ghtenknkd ek `xp`mntngus ekm nk`xp`ksnv` s`ttc i`kt ga cehgr jes`s+

Agr ghvngus rèsgks# m`ceys jekkgt h` jgukt`kekj`m nk tf` r`sgcutngk ga cehgr mnsput`s+

]f` mnsput` iey nkvgcv` kg c`ss tfek tf` cnv`cnfggm ga ek ìpcgy`` ekm tfet ga fns cgv`m

gk`s wfg er` m`p`km`kt upgk fni agr aggm# sf`ct`r# jcgtfnkd# i`mnjnk`# ekm `mujetngk+ Nt

iey es w`cc nkvgcv` tf` survnvec ga e husnk`ss gr ek nkmustry+

Tntf r`derm tg tf` eigukt m`mujt`m mency hy prnvet` r`spgkm`kt argi p`tntngk`rs agr

wesfnkd ga tf` texn uknts# w` vn`w tf` sei` es kgt ncc`dec nk tf` jgkt`xt ga tf` cew+ Jer

wesfnkd eat`r e tgur ga muty ns nkm``m e prejtnj` nk tf` texn nkmustry ekm ns nk aejt mnjtet`m

hy aenr pcey+

Z^ vs+ Fgk+ JGPX] GA ERR@ECZ ekm OENI@ ZEFG]# D+X Kg+ 5=88>:# A`hruery 84# 822:

Aejts

R`tntngk`r agr r`vn`w preynkd agr tf` r`v`rsec ga tf` m`jnsngk ga tf` JE+

Rrnvet` r`spgkm`kt Oeni` Zefgt stert m wgrlnkd e trujl f`cp`r agr p`tntngk`rs aeincy)

gwk`m trujlnkd husnk`ss sgi`tni` gk 5>06+ Gk 5>1# f` h`jei` e trujl mrnv`r ga tf`

sei` aeincy husnk`ss uktnc 5>>=+

Zgi`tni` nk Eprnc 5>>=# Zefgt wes ecrèmy 0> yèrs gcm+ F` fem h``k nkjurrnkd ehs`kj`ses f` wes suaa`rnkd argi verngus enci`kts+ F` nkqunr`m ehgut fns i`mnjec ekm r`tnrì`kt

h`kànts wntf tf` Zgjnec Z`jurnty Zystì &ZZZ. gk Eprnc 80# 5>>=# hut mnsjgv`r`m tfet fns

prìnui peyi`kts fem kgt h``k rìntt`m hy fns ìpcgy`r+ ]fns prgipt`m fni tg anc` e

w``l)cgkd cèv`+ Et tf` `km ga fns w``l)cgkd ehs`kj`# f` eppcn`m agr `xt`ksngk+ Et tfns

tni`# p`tntngk`rs ecc`d`mcy tfrèt`k`m tg t`rinket` fns ìpcgyi`kt sfgucm tf` f` ràus`

tg dg hejl tg wgrl+ Znkj` fns wes kgt ehc` tg wgrl# f` wes mnsinss`m hy tf` p`tntngk`rs+

F`kj`# f` anc`m e jgipcenkt agr ncc`dec mnsinssec+ F` `km`m up snjl# oghc`ss ekm p`kknc`ss+


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R`tntngk`rs# gk tf` gtf`r fekm# jgkt`km`m tfet Zefgt wes kgt ncc`deccy mnsinss`m< tfet f`

wes kgt e mrnv`r# retf`r# f` wes ek NKMPZ]XNEC REX]K@X ekm tfet fns ràusec tg dg hejl tg

wgrl eat`r tf` `xpnretngk ga fns eutfgrnz`m cèv` ga ehs`kj`# f` sfgucm h` m`ì`m tg fev`

vgcukterncy X@ZNDK@M argi fns wgrl+

CE ) ruc`m tfet tf`r` wes kg ncc`dec mnsinssec nk Zefgts jes` ekm tfet f` fem aenc`m tgr`pgrt tg wgrl< nt ecsg ruc`m tfet Zefgt wes ek nkmustrnec pertk`r ga tf` p`tntngk`r ekm kgt

ek ìpcgy``+

KCXJ ruc m tfet Zefgt wes ek ìpcgy`` ekm f` mnm kgt ehekmgk fns ogh hut fns

ìpcgyi`kt wes t`rinket`m gk ejjgukt ga fns ncck`ss+ JE) eaanri`m tf` KCXJs m`jnsngk

NZZP@ ? TGK Zefgt wes ek ìpcgy`` ga tf` p`tntngk`r< TGK tf`r` wes ncc`dec mnsinssec06 tg 5>>=+

]ni` ekm edenk tfns Jgurt fes senm tfet (na mguht `xnsts h`tw``k tf` `vnm`kj` pr`s`kt`mhy tf` ìpcgy`r ekm tf` ìpcgy``# tf` sjec`s ga oustnj` iust h` tnct`m nk aevgr ga tf`cett`r+(

8km ^`s+ Zefgt wes ncc`deccy mnsinss`m+


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Nk t`rinketngk jes`s# tf` hurm`k ns upgk tf` ìpcgy`r tg sfgw hy suhstektnec `vnm`kj`tfet tf` t`rinketngk wes agr cewauc jeus` ekm vecnmcy iem`+86 Ertnjc` 844&h. ga tf` CehgrJgm` puts tf` hurm`k ga prgvnkd tfet tf` mnsinssec ga ek ìpcgy`` wes agr e vecnm greutfgrnz`m jeus` gk tf` ìpcgy`r# wntfgut mnstnkjtngk wf`tf`r tf` ìpcgy`r emints grmg`s kgt emint tf` mnsinssec+ Agr ek ìpcgy``s mnsinssec tg h` vecnm# &e. tf` mnsinsseciust h` agr e vecnm jeus` ekm &h. tf` ìpcgy`` iust h` eaagrm`m mu` prgj`ss+

]`rinketngk ukm`r Ertnjc` 86= ga tf` Cehgr Jgm`#nk grm`r tg h` vecnm iust jgipcy wntf tfàgccgwnkd r`qunsnt`? &s`` Hggl QN# Xuc` 5# Z`jtngk ga tf` NXX.

) ]f` ìpcgy`` ns suaa rnkd argi e mnsès`

) Fns jgktnku`m ìpcgyi`kt ns `ntf`r? RXGFNHN]@M H^ CET# RX@OPMNJNEC ]G FNZF@EC]F ekm ]G FNZ JG)@@s

) ]f`r` ns e j`rtnanjetngk hy e JGIR@]@K] RPHCNJ F@EC]F EP]FGXN]^ tfet tf`mnsès` ns ga sujf ketur` gr sujf sted` tfet nt jekkgt h` jur`m wntfnk e p`rngm gasnx igktfs `v`k wntf prgp`r i`mnjec trèti`kt

) KG]NJ@ GA ]@XINKE]NGK sfgucm h` s`rv`m hgtf tg tf` ìpcgy`` ekm tf` MGC@et cèst 5ig prngr tg tf` àa`jtnvnty ga tf` t`rinketngk

) Z`peretngk pey `qunvec`kt tg et cèst 5ig secery gr tg igktf secery agr `v`ryyèr ga s`rvnj`# wfnjf`v`r ns drèt`r # e arejtngk ga et cèst 1ig h`nkd jgksnm`r`mes gk` wfgc` yèr

Aurtf`r# tf` i`mnjec j`rtnanjet` ukm`r Ertnjc` 86= ga tf` Cehgr Jgm` jekkgt h` mnsp`ks`mwntf< gtf`rwns`# nt wgucm sekjtngk tf` ukncet`rec ekm erhntrery m`t`rinketngk hy tf`ìpcgy`r ga tf` drevnty gr `xt`kt ga tf` ìpcgy``s ncck`ss ekm tfus màèt tf` puhcnjpgcnjy nk tf` prgt`jtngk ga cehgr+

Nk tf` jes` et her# tf` ìpcgy`r jcèrcy mnm kgt jgipcy wntf tf` i`mnjec j`rtnanjet`r`qunrì`kt hàgr` Zefgts mnsinssec wes àa`jt`m+ Znkj` tf` hurm`k ga prgvnkd tf`vecnmnty ga tf` mnsinssec ga tf` ìpcgy`` r`sts gk tf` ìpcgy`r# tf` cett`r sfgucmcnl`wns` hèr tf` hurm`k ga sfgwnkd tfet tf` r`qunsnt`s agr e vecnm mnsinssec mu` tg emnsès` fev` h``k jgipcn`m wntf+ Nk tf` ehs`kj` ga tf` r`qunr`m j`rtnanjetngk hy ejgip`t kt puhcnj fèctf eutfgrnty# tfns Jgurt fes ruc m edenkst tf` vecnmnty ga tf`ìpcgy``s mnsinssec+ Nt ns tf`ràgr` nkjuih`kt upgk tf` prnvet` r`spgkm`kts tg prgv`hy tf` quektui ga `vnm`kj` r`qunr`m hy cew tfet p`tntngk`r wes kgt mnsinss`m# gr namnsinss`m# tfet tf` mnsinssec wes kgt ncc`dec< gtf`rwns`# tf` mnsinssec wgucm hùkoustnan`m+ ]fns Jgurt wncc kgt sekjtngk e mnsinssec prìns`m gk i`r` jgko`jtur`s ekm

suspnjngks# tf` `vnm`kj` iust h` suhstektnec ekm kgt erhntrery ekm iust h` agukm`m gkjcèrcy `stehcnsf`m aejts suaanjn`kt tg werrekt fns s`peretngk argi wgrl+

]EK vs+ CEDXEIE# D+X+ Kg+ 505886# EPDPZ] 50# 8228

AEJ]Z

R`tntngk agr r`vn`w gk j`rtngrern s``lnkd tg ekkuc tf` m`jnsngk ga tf` JE+


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88

Rrnvet` r`spgkm`kt C`gvndncmg Cedreie ns e penkt`r hy tf` Zuprì` ]fètr` JgrpgretngkF` ns `kded`m nk ielnkd hncchgerms ekm iurecs agr tf` igtngk pnjtur`s sfgwk nk tf`@ipr`ss# Zuprì`# ekm Jrgwk ]fèt`rs agr igr` tfek 52 yèrs+

R`tntngk`r Xgcekmg ]ek ns tf` pr`snm`kt ekm tf` d`k`rec ieked`r ga tf` Z]J+

Zgi`tni` nk Z`ptìh`r 5>>6# ]ek suiigk`m Cedreie wf`r` f` sjgcm`m tf` cett`r agrurnketnkd nksnm` tf` wgrl erè+

Cedreie m`kn`m tf` ecc`detngks ekm jceni`m tfet f` ns kgt tf` gkcy gk` wfg dg`s nksnm`tf` wgrl erè+ F` trn`m tg `xpcenk fns snm` hut p`tntngk`r mnm kgt cnst`k+ F` jceni`m tfet f`wes kgt eaagrm`m wntf mu` prgj`ss ekm wes ncc`deccy mnsinss`m argi fns ogh+ F`kj`# f` anc`me jgipcenkt agr ncc`dec mnsinssec edenkst tf` p`tntngk`r+

R`tntngk`r# gk tf` gtf`r fekm# erdu`m tfet Cedreie wes kgt ek ìpcgy``# nkstèm# f` wesek NKM@R@KM@K] JGK]XEJ]GX wfg mnm fns wgrl ejjgrmnkd tg fns gwk i`tfgm snkj` tf`p`tntngk r ns gkcy nkt`r`st`m es tg tf` gutjgi` tf`r`ga+ + F` jnt m tf` eminssngk gaCedreie murnkd tf` jgka`r`kj`s hàgr` tf` Cehgr Erhnt`r tfet f` wes penm gk e anx`mpn`j`)wgrl hesns# n+`+# tfet f` wes penm agr `v`ry penktnkd turk`m gut es em hncchgerm griurec agr tf` pnjtur`s sfgwk nk tf` tfr`` tfèt`rs# gk tf` hesns ga e (kg iurec'hncchgermmrewk# kg pey( pgcnjy+

CE) ruc`m tfet Cedreie wes ek ìpcgy`` ga tf` p`tntngk`r ekm tfet f` wes ncc deccymnsinss`m+

KCXJ r`v`rs`m tf` m`jnsngk ga tf` CE ekm ruc`m tfet Cedreie wes ek nkm`p`km`ktjgktrejtgr ga tf` p`tntngk`r+

JE ) agukm tfet p`tntngk`r `x`rjns`m jgktrgc gv`r Cedreie$s wgrl hy mnjtetnkd tf` tni`wf`k Cedreie sfgucm suhint fns hncchgerms ekm iurecs ekm s`ttnkd ruc`s gk tf` us` ga tf`wgrl erè ekm r`st rggi# nt r`nkstet`m tf` m`jnsngk ga tf` CE

NZZP@? TGK Cedreie wes ek ìpcgy`` ga tf` p`tntngk`r+

ZJs Xucnkd ? ^`s+

Nk m`t`rinknkd wf`tf`r tf`r` ns ek ìpcgy`r)ìpcgy`` r`cetngksfnp# w` fev` eppcn`m e(agur)agcm t`st#( tg wnt? &5. wf`tf`r tf` ecc`d`m ìpcgy`r fes tf` pgw`r ga s`c`jtngkekm `kdedì`kt ga ìpcgy``s< &8. wf`tf`r f` fes jgktrgc ga tf` ìpcgy`` wntf

r`sp`jt tg tf` ièks ekm i`tfgms hy wfnjf wgrl ns tg h` ejjgipcnsf`m< &:.wf`tf`r f` fes tf` pgw`r tg mnsinss< ekm &=. wf`tf`r tf` ìpcgy`` wes penmwed`s+ ]f`s` `cì`kts ga tf` ìpcgy`r)ìpcgy`` r`cetngksfnp er` pr`s`kt nk tfns jes`+

Anrst+ ]f` `xnst`kj` nk tfns jes` ga tf` anrst `cì`kt ns ukmnsput`m+ Nt wes p`tntngk`r wfg`kded`m tf` s`rvnj`s ga Cedreie wntfgut tf` nkt`rv`ktngk ga e tfnrm perty+

Z`jgkm# tf` jgktrgc t`st+ Jgiper`m tg ek ìpcgy``# ek nkm`p`km`kt jgktrejtgrns gk`wfg jerrn`s gk e mnstnkjt ekm nkm`p`km`kt husnk`ss ekm ukm`rtel`s tg p`ragri tf` ogh#wgrl# gr s`rvnj` gk nts gwk ejjgukt ekm ukm`r nts gwk r`spgksnhncnty ejjgrmnkd tg nts gwkiekk`r ekm i`tfgm# ar`` argi tf` jgktrgc ekm mnr`jtngk ga tf` prnkjnpec nk ecc iett`rs


23/41


8:

jgkk`jt`m wntf tf` p`ragriekj` ga tf` wgrl `xj`pt es tg tf` r`sucts tf`r`ga+ Gtf`rwns`stet`m# ek nkm`p`km`kt jgktrejtgr`kogys nkm`p`km`kj` ekm ar``mgi argi tf` jgktrgekm sup`rvnsngk ga fns prnkjnpec# ek ìpcgy`` ns suho`jt tg tf` ìpcgy`r$s pgw`r tgjgktrgc tf` ièks ekm i`tfgms hy wfnjf tf` ìpcgy``$s wgrl ns tg h`

p`ragri`m ekm ejjgipcnsf`m+

F`r`# tf` pn`j`s ga `vnm`kj` pr`s`kt`m hàgr` tf` Jgurt sfgws tfet Cedreie p`ragri`mfns wgrl es penkt`r ukm`r tf` sup`rvnsngk ekm jgktrgc ga p`tntngk`r+

Cedreie wgrl`m nk e m`sndket`m wgrl erè nksnm` tf` Jrgwk ]fèt`r ga p`tntngk`r# agr tfùs` ga wfnjf p`tntngk`r pr`sjrnh`m ruc`s+ ]f` ruc`s nkjcum`m tf` ghs`rvekj` ga jcèkcnk`ssekm fydn`k` ekm e prgfnhntngk edenkst urnketnkd nk tf` wgrl erè ekm eky pcej` gtf`r tfektf` tgnc`t gr tf` r`st rggis+> R`tntngk r$s jgktrgc gv`r Cedreie$s wgrl `xt`km`m kgt gkcytg tf` us` ga tf` wgrl erè# hut ecsg tg tf` r`suct ga Cedreie$s wgrl# ekm tf` iekk`r ekmièks hy wfnjf tf` wgrl wes tg h` ejjgipcnsf`m+ Igr`gv`r# nt wgucm eppèr tfetp`tntngk`r kgt gkcy prgvnm`m tf` wgrlpcej`# hut suppcn`m es w`cc tf` iet`rnecs us`m agr tf`penktnkds# h`jeus` f` emintt`m tfet f` penm Cedreie gkcy agr tf` cett`r$s s`rvnj`s+

]fnrm# peyi`kt ga wed`s+ Cedreie wgrl`m agr ]ek gk e anx`m pn`j`)wgrl hesns ns ga kgigi`kt+ Reyi`kt hy r`suct ns e i`tfgm ga jgip`ksetngk ekm mg`s kgt mànk` tf``ss`kj` ga tf` r`cetngk+ Nt ns e i`tfgm ga jgiputnkd jgip`ksetngk# kgt e hesns agrm`t`rinknkd tf` `xnst`kj` gr ehs`kj` ga ìpcgy`r)ìpcgy`` r`cetngksfnp+ Gk` iey h`penm gk tf` hesns ga r`sucts gr tni` `xp`km`m gk tf` wgrl# ekm iey gr iey kgt ejqunr` ekìpcgyi`kt stetus# m`p`kmnkd gk wf tf`r tf` `cì`kts ga ek ìpcgy`r)ìpcgy``r`cetngksfnp er` pr`s`kt gr kgt+

Aurtf`r# ]f` prniery stekmerm agr m`t rinknkd r`ducer ìpcgyi`kt ns tf` rèsgkehcjgkk`jtngk h`tw``k tf` pertnjucer ejtnvnty p`ragri`m hy tf` ìpcgy`` nk r`cetngk tg tfùsuec trem` gr husnk`ss ga tf` ìpcgy`r+ Nk tfns jes`# tf`r` ns sujf e jgkk`jtngk h`tw``k

tf` ogh ga Cedreie penktnkd hncchgerms ekm iurecs ekm tf` husnk`ss ga p`tntngk`r+ ]g c`t tf`p`gpc` lkgw wfet igvn wes tg h` sfgwk nk e igvn` tfèt`r r`qunr`s hncchgermsR`tntngk`r nk aejt emints tfet tf` hncchgerms er` nipgrtekt tg fns husnk`ss+

Nt ns jceni`m tfet Cedreie ehekmgk`m fns wgrl+ ]f`r` ns kg `vnm`kj` tg sfgw tfns+Ehekmgki`kt r`qunr`s twg `cì`kts? &5. tf` aencur` tg r`pgrt agr wgrl gr ehs`kj` wntfgutvecnm gr oustnanehc rèsgk# ekm &8. e jcèr nkt ktngk tg s`v`r tf` ìpcgy`r)ìpcgy``r`cetngksfnp# wntf tf` s`jgkm `cì`kt es tf` igr` m`t`rinketnv` aejtgr ekm h nkdiekna`st`m hy sgi` gv`rt ejts+80 I`r` ehs`kj` ns kgt suaanjn`kt+ Tfet ns igr`# tf`hurm`k ns gk tf` ìpcgy`r tg sfgw e m`cnh`ret` ekm ukoustnan`m ràusec gk tf` pert ga tf`ìpcgy`` tg r`sui` fns ìpcgyi`kt wntfgut eky nkt ktngk ga r`turknkd+ ]f r` ns kg

`vnm`kj` tfet Cedreie mnm urnket` nk e pcej` gtf`r tfek e r`st rggi nk tf` prìns`s ga fnswgrl+

Heutnste vs+ Fgk+ JE ekm Gaanjnecs ekm Hgerm ga Mnr`jtgrs ga tf` Lensefek et Lepetnrek kd ide

Iekddedewe et Lewekn se ITZZ Pkngk# D+X+ Kg+ 58::40# A`h+ 86# 8220

Aejts

LLIL)ITZZ ns e cehgr grdeknzetngk nk tf` ITZZ jrèt`m pursuekt tg @G 562+ E p`tntngk agr `c`jtngk

ga LLIL)ITZZ wes anc`m hy Hgknaejng m` Duziek hàgr` tf` Hurèu ga Cehgr X`cetngks+ ]f` sei`


24/41


8=

wes drekt m ekm mnr jt m tf` Cehgr Grdeknzetngk Mnvnsngk ga tf` senm Hurèu tg jgkmujt tf`

`c`jtngk+

R`tntngk`r# ek nkjuih`kt Rr`snm`kt ga tf` LLIL)ITZZ# qu`stngk`m tf` ournsmnjtngk ga tf` HCX tg

epprgv` tf` senm p`tntngk agr `c`jtngk es w`cc es nts eutfgrnty tg jgkmujt tf` sei`+

E tìpgrery r`strenknkd grm`r wes nssu`m grm`rnkd HCX kgt tg pursu` tf` `c`jtngk# fgw`h`r# tf`sei` aenc`m es tf` `c`jtngk w`kt tfrgudf gk 8M`j5>>:+

NZZP@? TGK HCX fev` ournsmnjtngk tg jecc agr ekm jgkmujt tf` `c`jtngk ga gaanj`rs ga ek ìpcgy``s

essgjnetngk nk tf` puhcnj s`jtgr+

ZJs XPCNKD? ^@Z+

Nk tf` jes` gaEssgjnetngk ga Jgurt ga Eppècs @ipcgy``s &EJE@. v+ A`rr`r)Jeccòe# tf` jgurt ruc`m

tfet tf` HCX fes ournsmnjtngk tg jecc agr ekm sup`rvns` tf` jgkmujt ga j`rtnanjetngk `c`jtngks nk tf`

puhcnj s`jtgr# vnz# x x x Nk tf` sei` wey tfet JZJ vecnmcy jgkmujts jgip`tntnv` `xeinketngks tgdrekt r`qunsnt` `cndnhncntn`s tg jgurt ìpcgy``s# w` s`` kg jgkstntutngkec gho`jtngk tg MGC@ fekmcnkd

tf` j`rtnanjetngk prgj`ss nk tf` Jgurt ga Eppècs# jgksnm`rnkd nts `xp`rtns`# iejfnk`ry# ekm

`xp`rn`kj` nk tfns pertnjucer ejtnvnty+ @x`jutnv` Grm`r Kg+ 562 r`qunr`s grdeknzetngks ga dgv`rki`kt

ìpcgy``s tg r`dnst`r wntf hgtf JZJ ekm MGC@+c[vvpfn5+k`t ]fns eihnvec`kj` kgtwntfstekmnkd# tf`

JZJ fes kg aejncntn`s# p`rsgkk`c# gr `xp`rn`kj` nk tf` jgkmujt ga j`rtnanjetngk `c`jtngks+ ]f` HCX fes

tg mg tf` ogh+ x x x

@x`jutnv` Grm`r Kg+ 562 stet`s tfet j`rtnanjet`s ga r`dnstretngk ga tf` c`dntniet` ìpcgy``

r`pr`s`ktetnv`s iust h` ognktcy epprgv`m hy tf` JZJ Jfenriek ekm tf` MGC@ Z`jr`tery+ @x`jutnv`

Grm`r Kg+ 562 ns kgt tgg f`cpauc nk m`t`rinknkd wfgs` gpnkngk sfecc pr`venc na tf` JZJ Jfenriek ekm

tf` MGC@ Z`jr`tery errnv` et mnaa`r`kt jgkjcusngks+ Et eky ret`# w` sfecc mèc wntf tfet prghcì

wf`k nt gjjurs+ Nksgaer es pgw`r tg jecc agr ekm sup`rvns` tf` jgkmujt ga j`rtnanjetngk `c`jtngks nsjgkj`rk`m# w` ruc` edenkst tf` p`tntngk`r+

]f` eutfgrnty ga tf` HCX nk essuinkd ournsmnjtngk gv`r e j`rtnanjetngk `c`jtngk# gr eky nkt`r)ukngk gr

nktre)ukngk jgkacnjts# ns agukm nk Ertnjc` 881 ga tf` Cehgr Jgm` ga tf` Rfncnppnk`s#

Ert+ 881+ HPX@EP GA CEHGX X@CE]NGKZ+ ]f` Hurèu ga Cehgr X`cetngks ekm tf` Cehgr

X cetngks Mnvnsngk nk tf` r`dngkec gaanj`s ga tf` M`perti`kt ga Cehgr sfecc fev` grndnkec ekm

`xjcusnv` eutfgrnty tg ejt# et tf`nr gwk nkntnetnv` gr upgk r`qu`st ga `ntf`r gr hgtf pertn`s# gk ecc

nkt r)ukngk ekm nktre)ukngk jgkacnjts# ekm ecc mnsput`s# drn`vekj`s gr prghcìs ernsnkd argi gr

eaa`jtnkd cehgr)iekedì`kt r`cetngks nk ecc wgrlpcej`s wf tf`r edrnjucturec gr kgkedrnjucturec

`xj`pt tfgs` ernsnkd argi tf` nipcì`ktetngk gr nkt`rpr`tetngk ga jgcc`jtnv` herdenknkd edr`ì`kts

wfnjf sfecc h` tf` suho`jt ga drn`vekj` prgj`mur` ekm'gr vgcuktery erhntretngk+

]f` Hurèu sfecc fev` anat``k &50. wgrlnkd meys tg ejt gk cehgr jes`s hàgr` nt# suho`jt tg `xt`ksngk

hy edr`ì`kt ga tf` pertn`s+

Nt ns qunt` jcèr argi tfns prgvnsngk tfet HCX fes tf` grndnkec ekm `xjcusnv` ournsmnjtngk gk ecc nkt`r)

ukngk ekm nktre)ukngk jgkacnjts+ Ek nktre)ukngk jgkacnjt wgucm rà`r tg e jgkacnjt wntfnk gr nksnm`

e cehgr ukngk# ekm ek nkt`r)ukngk jgktrgv`rsy gr mnsput`# gk` gjjurrnkd gr jerrn`m gk

h`tw``k gr eigkd ukngks+ ]f` suho`jt ga tf` jes` et her# wfnjf ns tf` `c`jtngk ga tf` gaanj`rs ekm


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iìh`rs ga tf` hgerm ga LILL)ITZZ# ns# jcèrcy# ek nktre)ukngk jgkacnjt# h`nkd wntfnk gr nksnm` e cehgr

ukngk+ Nt ns w`cc wntfnk tf` pgw`rs ga tf` HCX tg ejt upgk+

R`tntngk`r ns cnl`wns` `sptgpp`m snkj` f` ejtnv`cy pertnjnpet`m nk tf` `c`jtngk wf`r` f` derk`r`m

866 vgt`s+

Rfncnps Nkmustrnec M`v`cgpi`kt Nkj+ vs+ KCXJ ekm Rfncnps @ipcgy``s Grdeknzetngk &AAT.# D+X

Kg+ 66>04# Ouk` 80# 5>>8

Aejts

R`tntngk r ns e mgi`stnj jgrpgretngk `kded`m nk iekuaejturnkd ekm ierl`tnkd ga `c jtrgknj

prgmujts+ Znkj` 5>45# nt fem e tgtec ga 1 jgcc`jtnv` herdenknkd edr`ì`kts wntf AAT# e r`dnst`r`m

cehgr ukngk ekm j`rtnan`m herdenknkd ed`kt ga ecc tf` rekl ekm anc` @@s ga tf` agri`r+

Nk tf` anrst JHE nt `xpr`sscy `xjcum`m jgkanm`ktnec @@s# s`jurnty duerms# tìpgrery @@s ekm sec`s

r`ps nk tf` herdenknkd uknt+ Nk tf` s`jgkm tg anatf# sec`s agrj`# jgkanm`ktnec @@s# ieked`rnec @@s#tìpgrery @@s ekm s`jurnty duerms w`r` `xjcum`m ecsg+ Nk tf` snxtf JHE# nt wes edr``m upgk tfet

tf` suho`jt ga nkjcusngk ekm `xjcusngk ga s`rvnj` `kdnk``rs# sec`s p`rsgkk`c ekm jgkanm`ktnec @@s nk

tf` jgv`red` ga tf` JHE wncc h` suhintt`m agr erhntretngk+ ]f` sei` aenc`m# f`kj` nt wes suhintt`m

agr jgipucsgry erhntretngk pursuekt tg EX] 886 ga tf` CJ+

CE r`km`r`m m`jnsngk grm`rnkd p`tntngk`r tg jgkmujt e rà`r`kmui tg m`t`rink` tf` wncc ga tf`

s`rvnj` `kdrs+# sec`s r`ps+ es tg tf`nr nkjcusngk ekm `xjcusngk nk tf` JHE+ AAT eppèc`m

tfns m`jnsngk tg tf` KCXJ+

KCXJ s`t esnm` tf` m`jnsngk ga tf` CE< nt grm`r`m tfet jgipeky$s Z`rvnj` @kdnk``rs# Zec`s Agrj`#

mnvnsngk s`jr`tern`s# ecc Zteaa ga D`k`rec Iekedì`kt# R`rsgkk`c ekm Nkmustrnec X cetngks

M`perti`kt# Z`jr`tern`s ga Eumnt# @MR ekm Ankekjnec Zystìs er` nkjcum`m wntfnk tf` rekl ekm anc`herdenknkd uknt+

NZZP@? TGK KCXJ jgiintt`m drev` ehsus` ga mnsjr`tngk nk fgcmnkd tfet s`rvnj` `kdrs+# sec`s r`ps+# ekm

jgkanm`ktnec @@s er` UPECNAN@M tg h` pert ga tf` `xnstnkd herdenknkd uknt+

ZJs Xucnkd? ^`s# tf`r` ns drev` ehus` ga mnsjr`tngk gk tf` pert ga tf` KCXJ+

R`tntngk`r ns jgrr`jt nk seynkd tfet tf` nkjcusngk ga tf` drgup nk tf` `xnstnkd herdenknkd uknt wgucm

ruk jgukt`r tg tf` fnstgry ga tfns pertn`s JHE jgksnm`rnkd tfet nk tf` cest anv` JHE nt jgksnst`ktcy

`xjcum`m tfns drgup ga @@s argi tf` sjgp` ga tf` herdenknkd uknt+

]f` retngkec` agr sujf `xjcusngk ns tfet tf`s` ìpcgy``s fgcm pgsntngks wfnjf er` fndfcy s`ksntnv`jgkanm`ktnec ekm ga e fndfcy anmujnery ketur`< tg nkjcum` tfì nk tf` herdenknkd uknt iey suho`jt tf`

jgipeky tg hrèjf`s nk s`jurnty ekm tf` pgssnhc` r`v`cetngk ga fndfcy s`ksntnv` ekm jgkanm`ktne

iett`rs+

Hucc`tnk Ruhcnsfnkd Jg+# Nkj+ vs+ Fgk Eudustg Zekjf`z ? x x x]f` retngkec` agr tfns nkfnhntngk fes h``k stet`m

tg h`# h`jeus` na tf`s` ieked`rnec ìpcgy``s wgucm h`cgkd tg gr h` eaancnet`m wntf e Pkngk# tf` cett`r

indft kgt h` essur`m ga tf`nr cgyecty# tg tf` Pkngk nk vn`w ga `vnm`kt jgkacnjt ga nkt`r`sts+ ]f` Pkngk jek

ecsg h`jgi` jgipeky)mginket`m wntf tf` pr`s`kj` ga ieked`rnec ìpcgy``s nk Pkngk iìh`rsfnp+ x x x


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Es r`derms tf` sec`s r`pr`s`ktetnv`s ekm s`rvnj` `kdnk``rs# fgw`v`r# tf`r` ns kg mguht tfet tf`y

er` `ktntc`m tg ognk gr agri e ukngk# es tf`y er` kgt mnsquecnan`m hy cew argi mgnkd sg+ ]f` KCXJ

prejtnjeccy agrj`m tfì tg h`jgi` iìh`rs ga R@G)AAT gr tg h` suho`jt tg nts spf`r` ga

nkacu`kj`# nt h`nkd tf` j`rtnan`m herdenknkd ed`kt agr tf` suho`jt herdenknkd uknt+ ]fns

vngcet`s# ghstrujts# nipenrs ekm nip`m`s tf` s`rvnj` `kdnk``rs$ ekm tf` sec`s

r`pr`s`ktetnv`s$ jgkstntutngkec rndft tg agri ukngks gr essgjnetngks ekm tg s`ca)grdeknzetngk+

Ankeccy# tf` m`jnsngk tf`k ga tf` @x`jutnv` Cehgr Erhnt r nk i`r cy mnr jtnkd tf` fgcmnkd ga e

rà r`kmui (tg m`t`rink` tf` wncc ga tf` s`rvnj` `kdnk` rs# sec`s r`pr`s`ktetnv`s es tg tf`n

nkjcusngk gr `xjcusngk nk &snj. tf` herdenknkd uknt( ns tf` igst epprgprnet` prgj`mur` tfet jgkagris

wntf tf`nr rndft tg agri# essnst gr ognk nk cehgr ukngk gr grdeknzetngk+

I`trgceh Nkmustrn`s vs+ Fgk+ Kn`v`s Jgka`sgr# es Z`jr`tery ga tf` MGC@ ekm I`trg Mrud Jgrp

@ipcgy``s Essgjnetngk) A`m`retngk ga Ar`` Tgrl`rs# D+X+ kg+ 526600# A`h+ 86# 5>>1

Aejts

Rrnvet` r`spgkm`kt ns e cehgr grdeknzetngk r`pr`s`ktnkd tf` rekl ekm anc` @@s ga tf` p`tntngk`r+

Gk :5M`j5>>2# tf` JHE h`tw``k I`trgceh ekm tf` Pkngk `xpnr`m+ ]f` k`dgtnetngks agr e k`w JHE#

`km`m nk e mèmcgjl+

]f` Pkngk anc`m e KG]NJ@ ]G Z]XNL@ edenkst tf` p`tntngk`r+ ]f` pertn`s aenc m tg s`ttc`m tf`nr mnsput

m`spnt` tf` jgkjncnetngk e aagrts ga tf` Ketngkec Jgkjncnetngk ekm I`mnetngk Hgerm+

Zg# tf` Z`jr`tery ga Cehgr# Xuh`k ]grr`s# nssu`m ek essuiptngk grm`r tg evgnm `sjecetnkd tf`mnsput`+ Ek Grm`r wes nssu`m mnr`jtnkd tf` Pkngk tg jès` ekm m`snst argi jgiinttnkd eky ekm ecc

ejt tfet indft `xej`rhet` tf` sntuetngk+ Nt ecsg grm`r`m tfet tf` pertn`s wncc r`sgcv` tf` mnsput` ekm

tg `x`jut` e k`w JHE+ Hut tf` Pkngk anc`m ekm IX+

Et tf` p`km`kjy ga tf` Igtngk agr X`jgksnm`retngk# p`tntngk`r cenm gaa >= ga nts rekl ekm anc` @@s+ Zg#

Pkngk anc`m e Igtngk agr e jès` ekm m`snst grm`r tg `kognk tf` p`tntngk`r argi nipcì`ktnkd tf`

iess cey)gaa+ Ejjgrmnkd tg tf` p`tntngk`r tf` iess cey)gaa wes àa`jt`m gk tf` prìns` tfet tf`y er`

`x`rjnsnkd tf`nr rndft n+` iekedì`kt pr`rgdetnv` jgksnm`rnkd tfet tf` jgipeky ns cgsnkd inccngks ga

p`sgs+ ]f`rèat`r# nt r`jecc`m sgi` ga nts cenm)gaa @@s+

Gk Eprnc5=# 5>>8# EJ]NKD Z@JX@]EX^ KN@Q@Z JGKA@ZGX nssu`m e r`sgcutngk m`jcernkd tfet tf`

iess cey)gaa àa`jt`m hy tf` p`tntngk`r ns ncc`dec# f`kj`# nt m`jcer`m tfet tf` sei` wncc h` r`nkstet`mpcus aucc hejlwed`s+ ]f` pertn`s er` cnl`wns` `kognk`m tg jès` ekm m`snst argi jgiinttnkd eky ejt

wfnjf iey t`km tg jnrjuiv`kt tfns r`sgcutngk+

]f`rèat`r# tf` pertn`s ankeccy `kt`r`m nktg e k`w JHE+ R`tntngk`r anc`m e Rertnec Igtngk agr

X`jgksnm`retngk ecc`dnkd tfet tf` ceygaa mnm kgt eddrevet` tf` mnsput` snkj` kg uktgwerm nkjnm`kt

gjjurr`m es e r`suct tf`r`ga+ Nt# cnl`wns # anc`m e igtngk agr jcernanjetngk r`dermnkd tf` jgkstntutngk ga

tf` herdenknkd uknt jgv`r`m hy tf` JHE+

R`kmnkd r`sgcutngk ga tf` eagrjnt`m igtngk# p`tntngk`r cenm gaa 4: ga nts @@s gk drgukm ga r`mukmekjy+


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Z`j+ Jgka`sgr nssu`m e jès` ekm m`snst grm`r edenkst tf` p`tntngk`r+ Cehgr Z`jr`tery Jgka`sgr ecsg

ruc`m tfet `x`jutnv` s`jr`tern`s er` `xjcum`m argi tf` jcgs`m)sfgp prgvnsngk ga tf` JHE# kgt argi

tf` herdenknkd uknt+

Nssu`? TGK tf` Z`jr`tery Jgka`sgr jgiintt`m drev` ehus` ga mnsjr`tngk nk m`jcernkd tfet tf` tìpgrerycey)gaa ns ncc`dec+ TGK `x`jutnv` s`jr`tern`s er` pert ga tf` herdenknkd uknt ga tf` rekl ekm anc` @@s+

ZJs Xucnkd?

Anrst Nssu`? Kg drev` ehus` ga mnsjr`tngk+

]fns Jgurt r`jgdknz`s tf` `x`rjns` ga iekedì`kt pr`rgdetnv`s ekm gat`k m`jcnk`s tg nkt`ra r` wntf

tf` c`dntniet` husnk`ss m`jnsngks ga tf` ìpcgy`r+ Fgw`v`r# tfns prnvnc`d` ns kgt ehsgcut` hut

suho`jt tg cnintetngks nipgs`m hy cew wfnjf iust cnl`wns` h` x`rjns` wntfgut ehus` ga mnsjr`tngk+

]f` Z`jr`tery ga Cehgr ns `xpr`sscy dnv`k tf` pgw`r ukm`r tf` Cehgr Jgm` tg essui` ournsmnjtngk

ekm r`sgcv` cehgr mnsput`s nkvgcvnkd nkmustrn s nkmnsp`ksehc tg ketngkec nkt`r st+ ]f` mnsput`mnkoukjtngk ns suhsui`m ukm`r tfns sp`jnec drekt ga eutfgrnty+ Ert+ 81: &d. ga tf` Cehgr Jgm`+

R`tntngk`rs husnk`ss ns ga ketngkec nkt`r`st ns kgt mnsput`m jgksnm`rnkd tfet tf`y er` gk` ga tf`

cèmnkd iekuaejtur`r ekm suppcn`r ga i`mnjec ekm pferiejùtnjec prgmujts tg tf` jguktry

I`trgceh$s iekedì`kt pr`rgdetnv`s# tf`ràgr`# er` kgt h`nkd ukoustcy jurtenc`m hut mucy hecekj`m

wntf ekm tìp`r`m hy tf` cnintetngks s`t hy cew# telnkd nktg ejjgukt nts sp`jnec jferejt`r ekm tf`

pertnjucer jnrjuistekj`s nk tf` jes` et h`kjf+

Kgt`wgrtfy tfet murnkd tf` ceygaa# tf` pertn`s w`r` stncc nk tf` prgj`ss ga r`sgcvnkd tf`nr JHE

mèmcgjl+ Es e r`suct# tf` igtngks ekm gppgsntngks w`r` anc`m mnv rtnkd tf` pertn`s ett`ktngk

m`ceynkd r`sgcutngk ga tf` herdenknkd mèmcgjl ekm pgstpgknkd tf` sndknkd ga tf nr k`w JHE

tf`r`hy eddrevetnkd tf` wfgc` jgkacnjt+

Z`jgkm Nssu`? @x`jutnv` Z`jr`tern`s er` kgt pert ga tf` herdenknkd uknt# jgktrery tg tf` vn`w ga Z`jr`tery

Jgka`sgr+

Ectfgudf Ert 8=0 ga tf` Cehgr Jgm` cnints tf` nk`cndnhncnty tg ognk# agri ekm essnst eky cehgr

grdeknzetngk tg ieked`rnec @@s# ournsprum`kj` fes `xt`km`m tfns prgfnhntngk tg JGKANM@K]NEC @@s

gr tfgs` wfg hy rèsgk ga tf`nr pgsntngks gr ketur` ga wgrl er` r`qunr`m tg essnst gr ejt nk e

anmujnery iekk r tg ieked`rnec @@s ekm f`kj`# er` cnl`wns` prnvy tg s`ksntnv` ekm fndfcy

jgkanm`ktnec r`jgrms+

Pkngks essurekj`s aenc tg jgkvnkj` tf` Jgurt+ ]f` mekd`r sgudft tg h` pr`v`kt`m# pertnjucercy tf`

tfrèt ga jgkacnjt ga# nkt`r`st ekm `spngked` er` kgt cnint`m hy kgk) iìh`rsfnp ga I`trgceh$s`x`jutnv` s`jr`tern`s gr jgkanm`ktnec ìpcgy``s nk tf` Pkngk+ Agrinkd pert ga tf` herdenknkd uknt#

tf` `x`jutnv` s`jr`tern`s stekm tg h`kànt argi eky edr`ì`kt `x`jut`m h`tw``k tf` Pkngk ekm

I`trgceh+ Zujf e sj`kerng# tfus# dnv`s rns` tg e pgt`ktnec jgkacnjt h`tw``k p`rsgkec nkt`r`sts ekm

tf`nr muty es jgkanm`ktnec ìpcgy``s tg ejt agr ekm nk h`feca ga I`trgceh+ ]f`y mg kgt fev` tg h`

ukngk iìh`rs tg eaa`jt gr nkacu`kj` ntf`r snm`+

Ankeccy# jgkanm`ktnec ìpcgy``s jekkgt h` jcessnan`m es rekl ekm anc`+ ]f` ketur` ga ìpcgyi`kt ga

jgkanm`ktnec ìpcgy``s ns qunt` mnstnkjt argi tf` rekl ekm anc # tfus# werrektnkd e s`peret`


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jet`dgry+ @xjcumnkd jgkanm`ktnec ìpcgy``s argi tf` rekl ekm anc` herdenknkd uknt# tf`ràgr`# ns kgt

tekteigukt tg mnsjrninketngk+

Zek Indu`c Jgrp Zup`rvnsgrs ekm @xìpt Pkngk vs+ Fgk+ Cedu`sie# es Pkm`rs`jr`tery ga tf`

MGC@# Fgk+ X`ykekt` es I`m)Erhnt`r ekm ZEK INDP@C JGXR+ D+X+ Kg+ 552:>># Eudust 50# 5>>4

Aejts

R`tntngk`r anc`m hàgr` tf` MGC@ e Mnr`jt J`rtnanjetngk gr J`rtnanjetngk @c`jtngk eigkd sup`rvnsgrs

ekm `xìpt @@s ga tf` ZIJ Iedkgcne Rguctry Rrgmujts ga JEHPÊG# ZEK A@XKEKMG ekm G]NZ#

I`m)Erhnt`r X`ykekt` nssu`m ek Grm`r agr tf` jgkmujt ga j`rtnanjetngk `c`jtngk eigkd sup`rvnsgrs

ekm `xìpt @@s ga tf` ZIJ ga Jehuyeg# Zek A`rkekmg ekm Gtns es gk` herdenknkd uknt+ ]fns fes

h``k prgt`st`m hy ZIJ+ F`kj`# tf`y anc`m ek ERR@EC gk tf` drgukm tfet tf` sup`rvnsgrs c`v`c :

ehgv` wfgs` pgsntngk ns jgkanm`ktnec nk ketur`+ ]f` eppèc wes drekt`m hy tf` Pkm`rs`jr`tery em

rìekm`m tf` sei` tg tf` I`m)Erhnt`r agr tf` m`t`rinketngk ga tf` tru` jcessnanjetngk ga èjf ga tf`

@@s sgudft tg h` nkjcum`m nk tf` herdenknkd uknt+

Ppgk tf` p`tntngk rs igtngk# Pkm rs`jr`tery Cedu`sie grm r`m tfet e s`peret` j`rtnanjetngk`c`jtngks eigkd sup`rvnsgrs rekl`m es sup`rvnsgry c`v`cs 5)= ekm tf` `xìpt @@s nk èjf ga tf`

tfr`` pcekts+

ZIJ anc`m e Igtngk agr X`jgksnm`retngk wntf Igtngk tg Zusp`km Rrgj``mnkd+ ]fns w`r` drekt`m

agccgwnkd tf` mgjtrnk` nk tf` jes` ga Rfncnps Nkmustrnec M`v`cgpi`kt# Nkj+ v+ KCXJ< Jgkanm`ktnec

ìpcgy``s# cnl` ieked`rnec ìpcgy``s# er` kgt eccgw`m tg agri# ognk gr essnst e cehgr ukngk agr purpgs`s

ga jgcc`jtnv` herdenknkd+

NZZP@? TGK sup`rvnsgry @@s :ekm = er` `xìpt @@s ga tf` jgipeky jgksnm`r`m es jgkanm`ktnec @@s+ TGK

tf` @@s ga tf` tfr`` pcekts jgkstntut` ek epprgprnet snkdc` herdenknkd uknt+

ZJs Xucnkd

Anrst Nssu`? Kg# tf`y er` kgt jgkanm`ktnec @@s

Jgkanm`ktnec ìpcgy``s er` tfgs` wfg &5. essnst gr ejt nk e jgkanm`ktnec jepejnty# &8. tg

p`rsgks wfg agriucet`# m`t`rink`# ekm àa`jtuet` iekedì`kt pgcnjn`s nk tf` an`cm ga

cehgr r`cetngks+ ]f` twg jrnt`rne er` juiucetnv`# ekm hgtf iust h` i`t na ek ìpcgy`` ns tg h`

jgksnm`r`m e jgkanm`ktnec ìpcgy`` tfet ns# tf` jgkanm`ktnec r`cetngksfnp iust `xnst h`tw``k tf`

ìpcgy`` ekm fns sup rvnsgr# ekm tf` sup rvnsgr iust fekmc` tf` pr`sjrnh`m r`spgksnhncntn`s

r`cetnkd tg cehgr r`cetngks+

]f` `xjcusngk argi herdenknkd uknts ga ìpcgy``s wfg# nk tf` kgriec jgurs` ga tf`nr mutn`s

h`jgi` ewer` ga iekedì`kt pgcnjn`s r`cetnkd tg cehgr r`cetngks ns e prnkjnpec gho`jtnv` sgudft tgh` ejjgipcnsf`m hy tf` $$jgkanm`ktnec ìpcgy`` ruc`+( ]f` hrgem retngkec` h`fnkm tfns ruc` ns tfet

ìpcgy``s sfgucm kgt h` pcej`m nk e pgsntngk nkvgcvnkd e pgt`ktnec jgkacnjt ga nkt`r`sts+

Drektnkd erdu`kmg tfet ek ìpcgy`` fes ejj`ss tg jgkanm`ktnec cehgr r`cetngks nkagrietngk hut sujf

ns i`r`cy nkjnm`ktec tg fns mutn`s ekm lkgwc`md` tf`r`ga ns kgt k`j`ssery nk tf` p`ragriekj` ga

sujf mutn`s# senm ejj`ss mg`s kgt r`km`r tf` ipcgy`` e jgkanm`ktnec ipcgy``+

Nt iust h` hgrk` nk inkm tfet Z`jtngk : ga Ertnjc` VNNN ga tf` 5>64 Jgkstntutngk iekmet`s tf` Ztet`

tg duerekt`` tg (ecc( wgrl`rs tf` rndft tg s`ca)grdeknzetngk+ F`kj`# jgkanm`ktnec ìpcgy``s wfg iey


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8>

h` `xjcum`m argi herdenknkd uknt iust h` strnjtcy mànk`m sg es kgt tg k``mc`sscy m`prnv` ieky

ìpcgy``s ga tf`nr rndft tg herdenk jgcc`jtnv cy tfrgudf r`pr`s`ktetnv`s ga tf`nr jfggsnkd+

Nk tf` jes` et her# sup`rvnsgrs : ekm ehgv` iey kgt h` jgksnm`r`m jgkanm`ktnec ìpcgy``s i`r`cy

h`jeus` tf`y fekmc` (jgkanm`ktnec mete( es sujf iust anrst h` strnjtcy jcessnan`m es p`rtenknkd tg

cehgr r`cetngks agr tfì tg aecc ukm`r senm r`strnjtngks+ ]f` nkagrietngk tf`y fekmc` er` prgp`rcy

jcessnanehc` es t`jfknjec ekm nkt`rkec husnk`ss gp`retngks mete wfnjf# tg gur inkm# fes kg r`c`vekj`

tg k`dgtnetngks ekm s`ttcì`kt ga drn`vekj`s wf`r nk tf` nkt`r`sts ga e ukngk ekm tf` iekedì`kt

er` nkvernehcy emv`rsernec+

Znkj` tf` ìpcgy``s er` kgt jcessnanehc` ukm`r tf` jgkanm`ktnec typ`# tfns Jgurt ruc`s tfet tf`y iey

epprgprnet`cy agri e herdenknkd uknt agr purpgs`s ga jgcc`jtnv` herdenknkd+ Aurtf`rigr`# `v`k

essuinkd tfet tf`y er` jgkanm`ktnec ìpcgy``s# ournsprum`kj` fes `stehcnsf`m tfet tf`r` ns kg c`de

prgfnhntngk edenkst jgkanm`ktnec ìpcgy``s wfg er` kgt p`ragrinkd ieked`rnec aukjtngks tg agri

ekm ognk e ukngk+

Z`jgkm Nssu`? ^`s# nt ns epprgprnet` tg nkjcum` tfì nktg e snkdc` herdenknkd uknt+

Ek epprgprnet` herdenknkd uknt iey h` mànk`m es (e drgup ga ìpcgy``s ga e dnv`k

ìpcgy`r# jgiprns`m ga ecc gr c`ss tfek ecc ga tf` `ktnr` hgmy ga ìpcgy``s# wfnjf tf`

jgcc`jtnv` nkt`r`st ga ecc tf` ìpcgy``s# jgksnst`kt wntf `qunty tg tf` ìpcgy`r# nkmnjet`

tg h` h`st sunt`m tg s`rv` tf` r`jnprgjec rndfts ekm mutn`s ga tf` pertn`s ukm`r tf`

jgcc`jtnv` herdenknkd prgvnsngks ga tf` cew+

E uknt tg h` epprgprnet` iust àa jt e drgupnkd ga ìpcgy``s wfg fev` suhstektnec# iutue

nkt`r`sts nk wed`s# fgurs# wgrlnkd jgkmntngks ekm gtf`r suho`jts ga jgcc`jtnv` herdenknkd+

Nt ns ukmnsput`m tfet tf`y ecc h`cgkd tg tf` Iedkgcne Rguctry Mnvnsngk ga Zek Indu`c Jgrpgretngk+ ]fns

ièks tfet# ectfgudf tf`y h`cgkd tg tfr`` mnaa`r`kt pcekts# tf`y p`ragri wgrl ga tf` sei` ketur`#

r`j`nv` tf` sei` wed`s ekm jgip`ksetngk# ekm igst nipgrtektcy# sfer` e jgiigk stel` nkjgkj`rt`m ejtnvntn`s+

D`gdrepfnjec cgjetngk jek h` jgipc`t`cy mnsr`derm`m na tf` jgiiukec gr iutuec nkt`r`sts ga tf`

ìpcgy``s er` kgt sejrnanj`m+ ]f` mnstekj` eigkd tf` tfr`` pcekts ns kgt prgmujtnv` ga

nksuriguktehc` mnaanjuctn`s nk tf` eminknstretngk ga ukngk eaaenrs+ K`ntf r er` tf r` r`dngke

mnaa`r`kj`s tfet er` cnl`cy tg nip`m` tf` gp`retngks ga e snkdc` herdenknkd r`pr`s`ktetnv`+

LNGL CG^# mgnkd husnk`ss nk tf` kei` ekm styc` ga ZT@M@K NJ@ JX@EI RCEK] vs+ KCXJ EKM

REIHEKZEKD LNCPZEK KD REDDET &LNCPZEK.# D+X+ Kg+ C)0=::=# Oekuery 88# 5>61

Aejts

Rrnvet` r`spgkm`kt LNCPZEK wgk nk e j`rtnanjetngk `c jtngk# suhs`qu`ktcy nt wes j`rtnan`m es

c`dntniet` cehgr a`m`retngk hy tf` Hurèu ga Cehgr X`cetngks es tf` sgc` ekm `xjcusnv` herdenknkd

ed`kt ga tf` rek)ekm)anc @@s ga tf` p`tntngk`r)jgipeky+ ]f` Jgipeky gppgs`m+

Lncusek aurknsf`m tg tf` Jgipeky jgpn`s ga nts prgpgs`m jgcc`jtnv` herdenknkd edr`ì`kt# et tf`

sei` tni`# nt r`qu`st`m tf` cett`r agr nts jgukt`r)prgpgsec+ Z`v`rec aagrts w`r` iem` hy tf` Lncusek

hut tf` Jgipeky mnm kgt r`spgks`+ F`kj`# Lncusek anc`m e KG]NJ@ ]G Z]XNL@ wntf tf` HCX gk tf`

drgukm ga ukr`sgcv`m jgkginj nssu`s nk tf` jgcc`jtnv` herdenknkd+


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:2

Ettìpts tgwerms einjehc` s`ttcì`kt aenc`m# prgiptnkd tf` HCX tg j`rtnay tf` jes` tg tf` KCXJ agr

jgipucsgry erhntretngk pursuekt tg RM 68:+ E fèrnkd wes sjf`muc`m hy tf` CE hut wes jekj`cc`m

agr aencur` ga tf` pertn`s tg suhint tf`nr pgsntngk pep`rs+ ]f` jes` wes aurtf`r r`s`t mu` tg tf`

wntfmrewec ga tf` Jgipekys jgus`c ga r`jgrm+ E igtngk agr pgstpgkì`kt wes iem` hy tf`

Jgipeky tfrgudf nts k`w jguks`c ecc`d`mcy agr tf` purpgs` ga ejquenktnkd fnis`ca wntf tf` jes`+

Ankeccy gk Ouk` =# 5>4> tf` jes` wes jecc`m agr e fèrnkd hut tf` r`pr`s`ktetnv` ga tf` Jgipekyaenc`m tg eppèr+ Zg ekgtf`r r`qu`st agr pgstpgkì`kt wes iem` hy tf` Jgipeky+ ]fns tni`# nt wes

m`kn`m+ F`kj`# tf` CE ruc`m tfet tf` Jgipeky fes wenv`m nts rndft tg pr`s`kt aurtf`r `vnm`kj`# ekm

jgksnm`r`m tf` jes` agr r`sgcutngk+

CE) m`jcer`m tfet tf` Jgipeky duncty ga ukoustnan`m ràusec tg herdenk nk vngcetngk ga Z`jtngk &d. Ert

8=6 &kgw Ert8=>. ga tf` cehgr jgm`+ KCXJ emintt`m tf` r`pgrt ga tf` CE+

NZZP@? TGK tf` KCXJ jgiintt`m drev` ehus` ga mnsjr`tngk wf`k nt m`jcer`m tfet tf` Jgipeky ns duncty ga

ukoustnan`m ràusec tg herdenk wfnjf ns kgt suppgrt`m hy cew ekm `vnm`kj`< TGK tf` Jgipekys rndft tg

prgj`murec mu` prgj`ss ns vngcet`m+

ZJs Xucnkd? ]f` m`jnsngk ga tf` KCXJ ns prgp`r ekm oustnan`m+ Kg vngcetngk ga tf` rndft tg mu` prgj`ss+

Jgcc`jtnv` herdenknkd wfnjf ns mànk`m es k`dgtnetngks tgwerms e jgcc`jtnv` edr`ì`kt# ns gk` ga

tf` mìgjretnj arei`wgrls ukm`r tf` K`w Cehgr Jgm`# m`sndk`m tg stehncnz` tf` r`cetngk h`tw``k

cehgr ekm iekedì`kt ekm tg jrèt` e jcniet` ga sgukm ekm stehc` nkmustrnec pèj`+ E iutue

r`spgksnhncnty ga tf` @X ekm tf` Pkngk es jferejt`rnz`m e c`dec ghcndetngk+

Zg iujf sg tfet Ertnjc` 8=># per+ &d. ga tf` Cehgr Jgm` iel`s nt ek ukaenr cehgr prejtnj` agr ek

ìpcgy`r tg ràus` (tg i``t ekm jgkv`k` prgiptcy ekm `xp`mntnguscy nk dggm aentf agr tf` purpgs`

ga k`dgtnetnkd ek edr ì`kt wntf r`sp`jt tg wed`s# fgurs ga wgrl# ekm ecc gtf`r t`ris ekm

jgkmntngks ga ìpcgyi`kt nkjcumnkd prgpgsecs agr emoustnkd eky drn`vekj` gr qu`stngk ernsnkd ukm`r

sujf ek edr`ì`kt ekm `x`jutnkd e jgktrejt nkjgrpgretnkd sujf edr`ì`kt# na r`qu`st`m hy `ntf`r

perty+

]f` i`jfeknjs ga jgcc`jtnv` herdenknkd ns s`t nk igtngk gkcy wf`k tf` agccgwnkd ournsmnjtngke

pr`jgkmntngks er` pr`s`kt# kei`cy?

&5. pgss`ssngk ga tf` stetus ga ieogrnty r`pr`s`ktetngk ga tf` ìpcgy``s$ r`pr`s`ktetnv` nk

ejjgrmekj` wntf eky ga tf` ièks ga s`c`jtngk gr m`sndketngk prgvnm`m agr hy tf` Cehgr Jgm`228# Eprnc 58# 8222

Aejts

R`tntngk`r Pknv`rsnty

X`spgkm`kt jgipgs`m ga X@DPCEX KGK)EJEM@INJ XEKL EKM ANC@ @@s

Rertn`s `kt`r`m nktg e JHE agr e p`rngm ga tfr`` yèrs+ Murnkd tf` AX@@MGI R@XNGM &12meys hàgr`

tf` met` ga `xpnretngk ga tf` JHE. Pkngk k`dgtnet` tg tf` Pknv`rsnty agr e k`w JHE# hut turk`m tg h`

uksujj`ssauc+ F`kj`# tf`y anc`m e Kgtnj` ]g Ztrnl` wntf tf` Ketngkec Jgkjncnetngk ekm I`mnetngk

Hgerm+ Eat`r s`v`rec jgkjncnetngk)i`mnetngk i``tnkds# gkcy 0 gut ga 55 nssu`s rens`m w`r` r`sgcv`m#

f`kj`# tf`r` ns gkcy REX]NEC JHE+ Rertn`s eppgnkt`m Hu`kev`kture Iedsecnk es tf` Qgcuktery

Erhntretgr+

5st Nssu`? Zjgp` ga tf` Herdenknkd Pknt+

Pkngk Jgiput`r Gp`retgrs ekm MNZJNRCNK@ GAANJ@XZ er` kgt jgksnm`r`m es Jgkanm`ktnec @@s#f`kj`# tf`y jek ognk nk tf` herdenknkd uknt+

Pknv`snty tf`y er` jgkanm`ktnec @@s hy tf` rèsgk ga tf` ketur` ga tf`nr wgrl# tf`y er` cnl`wns`

@VJCPM@M es xpr`sscy edr``m upgk nk tf` pr`vngus JHE+

QE) tf`y er` kgt jgkanm`ktnec @@s es er` pr`s`ktcy mgnkd jc`rnjec ekm rgutnkery wgrl ekm fem kgtfnkd

tg mg wntf tf` s`ttnkd ga iekedì`kt pgcnjn`s agr tf` Pknv`rsnty+ Tntf r`sp`jt tg tf` ìpcgy``s ga

tf` Jgcc`d` ga Zt+ H`kncm`# tf` vgcuktery erhntretgr agukm tfet tf` Jgcc`d` ga Zt+ H`kncm` fes e

p`rsgkecnty s`peret` ekm mnstnkjt argi tf` Pknv`rsnty ekm tfus# f`cm (+ + + tfet tf` ìpcgy``s

tf`r`nk er` gutsnm` tf` herdenknkd uknt ga tf` Pknv`rsnty$s rekl)ekm)anc` ìpcgy``s+(

8km Nssu`? Nkjcusngk ga Pkngk Zfgp Jceus` nk tf` JHE+

Pkngk nkjcum` tf` ukngk sfgp jceus` nk tf` JHE es kg c`ss tfek tf` Cehgr Jgm` eaanri`m tf` sei`+

&ert8=6.

Pknv`rsnty nkjcusngk ga tf` ukngk sfgp jceus` ns ukoust ekm gppr`ssnv` snkj` nt ev`rs tf` spnrnt ga

tf` `x`rjns` ga tf` jgkstntutngkec rndft tg s`ca)grdeknzetngk tfet `v`ry nkmnvnmuec sfgucm h` ehc` tg ar``cy

jfggs` wf`tf`r tg ognk e Pkngk gr kgt+


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:8

QE nkjcusngk ns vecnm snkj` nt ns kgt e r`strnjtngk gk tf` ìpcgy``$s rndft ga ar``mgi ga essgjnetngk

hut retf`r e vecnm agri ga ukngk s`jurnty wfnc tf` JHE ns nk agrj` ekm nk ejjgrmekj` wntf tf`

Jgkstntutngkec pgcnjy tg prgigt` ukngknsi ekm jgcc jtnv` herdenknkd ekm k`dgtnetngks+ ]f` pertn`s

tf`ràgr` sfgucm nkjgrpgret` sujf ukngk sfgp jceus` nk tf`nr JHE+

:rm Nssu` Ps` ga Cest)Nk)Anrst)Gut I`tfgm

Pkngk) kgt e c`dntniet` `x`rjns` ga idt pr`rgdetnv`< tfns ns tf` i`tfgm tfet tf`y wekt tg h`

agccgw`m hy tf` Pknv`rsnty

Pknv`rsnty c`dntniet` `x`rjns` ga idt pr`rgdetnv`< tf`y fev` tf` rndft tg jgktrgc tf` eaaenrs ga tf`nr

husnk`ss

QE m`kn`m tf` Pkngks prgpgsec< rndft ekm pr`rgdetnv` ga tf` iekedì`kt ga tf` Pknv`rsnty tg

s`c`jt ekm'gr jfggs` nts ipcgy``s# e rndft queccy r`jgdknz`m hy tf` Jgkstntutngk ekm tf` cew+

=tf Nssu`? Zecery Nkjrès`

Pkngk)

Pknv`rsnty

QE m`kn`m Pkngks jceni gk tf` drgukm tfet tf` prgpgs`m humd`tga tf` Pknv`rsnty agr Z^ 5>>8)>:

jgucm kgt suaanjn`ktcy jgp` up wntf tf` mìekm agr nkjrès`s hy tf` Pkngk+

0tf Nssu`? Mìekm agr X`mujtngk ga tf` Tgrlcgem ga tf` Pkngk Rr`snm`kt# Zp`jnec Cèv` H`kànts ekm

Nkmànknt` Pkngk Cèv` wntf pey+

Pkngk)

Pknv`rsnty)

QE m`kn`m tf` Pkngks jceni< kg vecnm rèsgk agr tf` r`mujtngk ga tf` wgrlcgem ga nts Rr`snm`kt#( 85

ekm tfet tf`r` ns (+ + + kg suaanjn`kt oustnanjetngk tg drekt ek nkmànknt` cèv`+

1tf Nssu`) Muretngk ga tf` JHE

Nssu`? TGK tf` QE jgiintt`m drev` ehus` ga mnsjr`tngk wf`k f` r`km`r`m tf` senm m`jnsngk+

ZJs Xucnkd? pertneccy drekt`m# pertneccy igmnan`m

5st Nssu`? Jgiput`r Gp`retgrs ekm Mnsjnpcnk` Gaanj`rs er` kgt jgksnm`r`m tg h` jgkanm`ktnec @@s+

]f` Jgurt edr``s wntf tf` Zgcnjntgr D`k`rec tfet tf` `xpr`ss `xjcusngk ga tf` jgiput`r

gp`retgrs ekm mnsjnpcnk` gaanj`rs argi tf` herdenknkd uknt ga rekl)ekm)anc` ìpcgy``s nk tf` 5>61

jgcc`jtnv` herdenknkd edr`ì`kt mg`s kgt her eky r`)k`dgtnetngk agr tf` autur` nkjcusngk

ga tf` senm ìpcgy``s nk tf` herdenknkd uknt+ Murnkd tf` ar``mgi p`rngm# tf` pertn`s iey

kgt gkcy r`k`w tf` `xnstnkd jgcc`jtnv` herdenknkd edr`ì`kt hut iey ecsg prgpgs` ekm mnsjuss

igmnanjetngks gr ei`kmi`kts tf`r`tg+

]f` Jgurt ecsg eaanris tf` ankmnkds ga tf` vgcuktery erhntretgr tfet tf` ìpcgy``s ga tf` Jgcc`d`

ga Zt+ H`kncm` sfgucm h` `xjcum`m argi tf` herdenknkd uknt ga tf` rekl)ekm)anc


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::

`ipcgy``s ga M`ce Zecc` Pknv`rsnty# h`jeus` tf` twg `mujetngkec nkstntutngks fev`

tf`nr gwk s`peret` ournmnjec p`rsgkecnty ekm kg suaanjn`kt `vnm`kj` wes sfgwk tg

oustnay tf` pn`rjnkd ga tf` v`nc ga jgrpgret` anjtngk+

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