18
er 32 An Introduction to Animal Diversity t is an animal? Multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryote – ingestion Structural support from structural proteins – NOT cell walls Nervous tissue & muscle tissue for impulse conduction & movem Sexual reproduction with motile sperm swimming to non-motile

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Lab Unit Test Results. Average: 14 out of 20 Range: 5 – 20 L. Logs: Need 3.5 / 5 in order to complete test corrections  I checked #3, 6, 11, 13c, 14. Corrections due on THURSDAY. Important dates ahead…. Fri., April 11 OR Mon., April 14: Animal Test - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Lab Unit Test Results

Chapter 32 An Introduction to Animal Diversity1. What is an animal?

- Multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryote – ingestion- Structural support from structural proteins – NOT cell walls- Nervous tissue & muscle tissue for impulse conduction & movement- Sexual reproduction with motile sperm swimming to non-motile egg

Page 2: Lab Unit Test Results

Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form & Function1. What is an animal?2. How has exchange with the environment evolved?

- Simple diffusion from direct contact w/ environment- To internal exchange thru moist medium

Page 3: Lab Unit Test Results

Figure 40.3 Contact with the environment

Diffusion

(a) Single cell

Mouth

Gastrovascularcavity

Diffusion

Diffusion

(b) Two cell layers

Page 4: Lab Unit Test Results

Figure 40.4 Internal exchange surfaces of complex animals

External environment

Food CO2 O2

Mouth

Animalbody

Respiratorysystem

Circulatorysystem

Nutrients

Excretorysystem

Digestivesystem

Heart

Blood

Cells

Interstitialfluid

Anus

Unabsorbedmatter (feces)

Metabolic wasteproducts (urine)

The lining of the small intestine, a diges-tive organ, is elaborated with fingerlikeprojections that expand the surface areafor nutrient absorption (cross-section, SEM).

A microscopic view of the lung reveals that it is much more spongelike than balloonlike. This construction provides an expansive wet surface for gas exchange with the environment (SEM).

Inside a kidney is a mass of microscopic tubules that exhange chemicals with blood flowing through a web of tiny vessels called capillaries (SEM).

0.5 cm

10 µm

50 µ

m

Page 5: Lab Unit Test Results

Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form & Function1. What is an animal?2. How has exchange with the environment evolved?

- Simple diffusion from direct contact w/ environment- To internal exchange thru moist medium

3. Reminder…what is the hierarchy of biological organization?Atomsmoleculesorganellescellstissuesorgansorgan systems…

4. What is a tissue & what are the 4 types?- Group of cells in a matrix with a common structure & function - Epithelial

- Tightly packed sheets that cover the body, line organs & cavities w/in the body- Involved with secretion & absorption

- Connective- Binds & supports other tissues- 3 kinds - collagenous, elastic, reticular

- Muscular - Long cells made of contractile proteins (actin & myosin)- 3 kinds - skeletal, smooth, cardiac

- Nervous - Sense stimuli & transmits signals- Neuron – basic unit/cell

Page 6: Lab Unit Test Results

Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form & Function1. What is an animal?2. How has exchange with the environment evolved?3. Reminder…what is the hierarchy of biological organization?4. What is a tissue & what are the 4 types?5. What is metabolism?

- All of the chemical rxns within an organism- Catabolism – hydrolysis breaks bonds – releases energy – exergonic- Anabolism – dehydration rxns forms bonds – requires energy – endergonic

Page 7: Lab Unit Test Results

Figure 40.7 Bioenergetics of an animal: an overview

Organic moleculesin food

Digestion andabsorption

Nutrient moleculesin body cells

Cellularrespiration

Biosynthesis:growth,

storage, andreproduction

Cellularwork

Heat

Energylost infeces

Energylost inurine

Heat

Heat

Externalenvironment

Animalbody

Heat

Carbonskeletons

ATP

Page 8: Lab Unit Test Results

Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form & Function1. What is an animal?2. How has exchange with the environment evolved?3. Reminder…what is the hierarchy of biological organization?4. What is a tissue & what are the 4 types?5. What is metabolism?

- All of the chemical rxns within an organism- Catabolism – hydrolysis breaks bonds – releases energy – exergonic- Anabolism – dehydration rxns forms bonds – requires energy – endergonic

6. What is homeostasis & how is it achieved?- Steady state- Negative feedback

- the response is in the opposite direction of the stimulus

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Figure 40.11 A nonliving example of negative feedback: control of room temperature

Response

No heatproduced

Roomtemperaturedecreases

Heaterturnedoff

Set point

Toohot

Setpoint

Control center:thermostat

Roomtemperatureincreases

Heaterturnedon

Toocold

Response

Heatproduced

Setpoint

Set point is maintained

Page 10: Lab Unit Test Results

Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form & Function1. What is an animal?2. How has exchange with the environment evolved?3. Reminder…what is the hierarchy of biological organization?4. What is a tissue & what are the 4 types?5. What is metabolism?6. What is homeostasis & how is it achieved?

- Steady state- Negative feedback

- the response is in the opposite direction of the stimulus- Positive feedback

- Response & stimulus are in the same direction7. What are the 2 types of thermoregulation?

- Ectothermic – heat & metabolism based on environment- Endothermic – heat & metabolism regulated internally

Page 11: Lab Unit Test Results

Figure 40.12 The relationship between body temperature and environmental temperature in an aquatic endotherm and ectotherm

River otter (endotherm)

Largemouth bass (ectotherm)

Ambient (environmental) temperature (°C)

Bod

y te

mpe

ratu

re (

°C)

40

30

20

10

10 20 30 400

Page 12: Lab Unit Test Results

Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form & Function1. What is an animal?2. How has exchange with the environment evolved?3. Reminder…what is the hierarchy of biological organization?4. What is a tissue & what are the 4 types?5. What is metabolism?6. What is homeostasis & how is it achieved?7. What are the 2 types of thermoregulation?

Page 13: Lab Unit Test Results

Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form & Function1. What is an animal?2. How has exchange with the environment evolved?3. Reminder…what is the hierarchy of biological organization?4. What is a tissue & what are the 4 types?5. What is metabolism?6. What is homeostasis & how is it achieved?7. What are the 2 types of thermoregulation?8. How can organisms exchange heat within their bodies?

- Countercurrent heat exchange

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Figure 40.15 Countercurrent heat exchangersArteries carrying warm blood down thelegs of a goose or the flippers of a dolphinare in close contact with veins conveyingcool blood in the opposite direction, backtoward the trunk of the body. Thisarrangement facilitates heat transferfrom arteries to veins (blackarrows) along the entire lengthof the blood vessels.

Near the end of the leg or flipper, wherearterial blood has been cooled to far below the animal’s core temperature, the artery can still transfer heat to the even colderblood of an adjacent vein. The venous bloodcontinues to absorb heat as it passes warmer and warmer arterial blood traveling in the opposite direction.

As the venous blood approaches the center of the body, it is almost as warm as the body core, minimizing the heat lost as a result of supplying blood to body partsimmersed in cold water.

In the flippers of a dolphin, each artery issurrounded by several veins in acountercurrent arrangement, allowingefficient heat exchange between arterialand venous blood.

Canadagoose

Artery Vein

35°C

Blood flow

Vein

Artery

30º

20º

10º

33°

27º

18º

Pacific bottlenose dolphin

1

2

3

2

1 3

1

3

2

3

Page 15: Lab Unit Test Results

Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form & Function1. What is an animal?2. How has exchange with the environment evolved?3. Reminder…what is the hierarchy of biological organization?4. What is a tissue & what are the 4 types?5. What is metabolism?6. What is homeostasis & how is it achieved?7. What are the 2 types of thermoregulation?8. How can organisms exchange heat within their bodies?9. How do we achieve homeostasis for body temperature?

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Figure 40.21 The thermostat function of the hypothalamus in human thermoregulation Thermostat in

hypothalamusactivates coolingmechanisms.

Sweat glands secrete sweat that evaporates, cooling the body.

Blood vesselsin skin dilate:capillaries fillwith warm blood;heat radiates fromskin surface. Body temperature

decreases;thermostat

shuts off coolingmechanisms.

Increased bodytemperature (suchas when exercising

or in hotsurroundings)

Homeostasis:Internal body temperatureof approximately 36–38C

Body temperatureincreases;thermostat

shuts off warmingmechanisms.

Decreased bodytemperature

(such as whenin cold

surroundings)

Blood vessels in skinconstrict, diverting bloodfrom skin to deeper tissuesand reducing heat lossfrom skin surface.

Skeletal muscles rapidlycontract, causing shivering,which generates heat.

Thermostat inhypothalamusactivateswarmingmechanisms.

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Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form & Function1. What is an animal?2. How has exchange with the environment evolved?3. Reminder…what is the hierarchy of biological organization?4. What is a tissue & what are the 4 types?5. What is metabolism?6. What is homeostasis & how is it achieved?7. What are the 2 types of thermoregulation?8. How do organisms exchange heat with their environment?9. How do we achieve homeostasis for body temperature?10. How do animals thermoregulate in temperature extremes?

- Torpor – physiological state in which activity is low & metabolism is decreased- Hibernation – winter – bears, Belding’s ground squirrels- Estivation – summer – many reptiles, bees

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Figure 40.22 Body temperature and metabolism during hibernation in Belding’s ground squirrels

Additional metabolism that would benecessary to stay active in winter

Actualmetabolism

Bodytemperature

Arousals

Outsidetemperature Burrow

temperature

June August October December February April

Te

mp

era

ture

(°C

)M

eta

bo

lic r

ate

(kca

l pe

r d

ay)

200

100

0

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

-5

-10

-15