Lab Tools - Merck

LabToolsTables for laboratory use

ContentsSAFETY IN THE LABORATORYPoisons information centres Proper conduct in the laboratory Notes on the handling of ethers and other peroxide-forming solvents Risk phrases Safety phrases Hazard symbols Incompatible chemicals p. p. p. p. p. p. p. 4 8 10 12 18 24 26

ORGANIC SOLVENTSOrganic solvents - Properties and drying Ethanol-water mixtures Drying agents Vapour pressure of water LiChrosolv - Solvents for chromatography p. p. p. p. p. 83 86 87 87 88

PHYSICAL METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ELEMENTS CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDSHardness scale according to MOHS Electrochemical series of the elements Table of elements Electrochemical series of some nonmetals Covalent single-bond radiuses p. p. p. p. p. 29 29 30 34 34 Flame photometry Wavelength and wave number Photometry: Transmission rate and absorbance Calculation of the standard deviation Direct-current polarography Cathode ray polarography p. p. p. p. p. p. 91 91 91 91 92 93

MASS AND WEIGHT SOLUTIONS - AQUEOUS SYSTEMSGeneral mixing formulas for liquids Conversion table for water hardness Mixture rule Preparation of dilute solutions Solubility of inorganic compounds in water in relation to temperature Solubility products of slightly soluble inorganic compounds Sample preparation Acids: Sulfuric acid Phosphoric acid Hydrochloric acid Nitric acid Sodium hydroxide solution Potassium hydroxide solution Ammonia Commercially available concentrations of some acids and alkalis p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. 37 38 38 39 40 48 51 52 54 55 56 57 59 61 Energy dimensions - conversion factors Pressure dimensions - conversion factors Decimal multiples and parts of units Concentration values Basic units Derived units American and English measures p. 95 p. 95 p. 96 p. 96 p. 96 p. 97 p. 102

OTHER USEFUL TABLESPhysical constants Establishment of constant humidity in closed vessels Greek alphabet Greek numerals / Roman numbers Freezing mixtures Extran Particle sizes NMR: Carbon (13 C) chemical shifts NMR: Proton chemical shifts Miscibility table Heating baths p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. 105 106 107 108 109 110 112 114 118 122 124

p. 63

INDICATORS AND BUFFERSPH indicators Acid-base indicators Redox indicators Substances for the preparation of buffer solutions Buffer solutions Chromatography DC p. p. p. p. p. p. p. 65 66 71 73 74 80 81

SAFETY IN THE LABORATORY

POISONS INFORMATION CENTRESSeveral cities of the Federal Republic of Germany have poisons information centres. These centres, open to anybody, are on call day and night to give information over the phone about countermeasures to be taken in intoxication accidents of any type.

France

Austria

Belgium

Bulgaria

Czech Republic

Denmark

Denmark

Finland

France

France

France

Vergiftungsinformationszentrale Allgemeines Krankenhaus Whringer Grtel 18-20 1090 Wien Telephone: (+43) (0)1 4 06 43 43 Languages: German, English, (French) Centre Antipoisons c/o Hpital Militaire Reine Astrid Rue Bruyn 1120 Bruxelles Telephone: (+32) (070) 24 52 45 Languages: French, Flemish, English, (German) National Center of Clinical Toxicology Emergency Medical Institute Pirogov 1606 Sofia Telephone: (+359) (0)2 5 15 32 34 / 34 09 / 35 46 Languages: Bulgarian, English, German, (French) Poison Information Centre Clinic for Occupational Diseases Vysehradska 49 12821 Prague 2 Telephone/Telefax: (+42) (0)2 29 38 68 Languages: Czech, English, German Poisons Information Centre Rigshospitalet, 7122 Tagensvej 20 2200 Copenhagen Telephone: (+45) 35 45 35 45 Telefax: (+45) 35 45 73 49 Languages: Danish, English, (German) Arbejdsmiljinstituttet Produktregistret Postbox 850 Lers Parkalle 105 2100 Copenhagen Telephone: (+45) 39 29 97 11 Telefax: (+45) 39 29 97 12 Languages: Danish Poison Information Centre Department of Clinical Pharmacology University Central Hospital Haartmaninkatu 4 00290 Helsinki Telephone: (+358) (0)9 41 43 92 (+358) (0)9 47 11/27 88 Telefax: (+358) (0)9 4 71 47 02 Languages: Finnish, Swedish, English Centre Anti-Poisons de Lille C.H.R. 5 Avenue Oscar Lambret 59037 Lille Cedex Telephone: (+33) 03 20 44 44 44 Telefax: (+33) 03 20 44 56 28 Languages: French Centre Anti-Poisons Service de Pharmaco Toxicovigilance et Centre Anti-Poisons Hpital Eduoard Herriot 5 Place dArsonval 69003 Lyon Telephone: (+33) (0)72 11 69 11 Telefax: (+33) (0)72 11 69 85 Languages: French Centre Anti-Poisons de Marseille Hpital Salvator 249, bd Ste-Marguerite 13009 Marseille Telephone: (+33) 91/75 25 25 Telefax: (+33) 91/74 41 68 Languages: French, English, (Italian), (Spanish)

Centre Anti-Poisons de Nancy Hpital Central 29 Avenue Marchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny 54035 Nancy Cedex Telephone: (+33) 83 85 20 28 Telefax: (+33) 83 85 20 15 Languages: French Poison Information Centre Childrens Hospital Aglaia Kyriakou 11527 Athens Telephone: (+30) (0)1 7 79 37 77 Telefax: (+30) (0)1 7 48 61 14 Languages: Greek, English Department of Clinical Toxicology Hospital Elizabeth Alsoerdosor 7 Budapest VII Telephone: (+36) (0)1 21 52 15 Telefax: (+36) (0)1 22 94 60 Languages: Hungarian, German, English Poisons Information Centre Royal Victoria Hospital Grosvenor Road Belfast BT 12 6BA Northern Ireland Telephone: (+44) (0) 12 32 24 05 03 Telefax: (+44) (0) 12 32 24 80 30 Languages: English Poisons Information Centre Beaumont Hospital P.O. Box 1297 Beaumont Road Dublin 9 Republic of Ireland Telephone: (+353) 0 10 35 31/8 37 99 64 Telefax: (+353) 0 10 35 31/8 37 69 82 Languages: English Centro Antiveleni Ospedale Niguarda Ca Grande Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3 20162 Milano Telephone: (+39) (02) 66 10 10 29 Telefax: (+39) (02) 64 44 27 68 Languages: Italian, (French), (English) Centro Antiveleni Universit di Floma Policlinico Umberto I Viale del Policlinico 155 00161 Roma Telephone: (+39) (06) 49 06 63 Telefax: (+39) (06) 49 97 06 98 Languages: Italian, French, English Centro Antiveleni Universit di Torino Corso A.M Dogliotti, 14 10126 Torino Telephone: (+39) (011) 6 63 76 37 Languages: Italian, French Nationaal Vergiftingen Informatie Centrum Rijksinstiuut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieuhygiene Antonie van Leewenhoeklaan 9 Postbus 1 3720 BA Blithoven Telephone: (+31) (0)30 2 54 15 11 Telefax: (+31) (0)30 2 74 88 88 Languages: Dutch, (French), (English), (German)

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Ireland

Italy

Italy

Italy

Netherlands

France

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Norway

Poland

Poland

Portugal

Rumania

Schweiz

Slovakian Republic

Spain

Spain

Giftinformasjonssentralen National Poison Information Centre P.O. Box 8189 Dep. 0034 Oslo 1 Telephone: (+47) (0)22 59 13 00 Telefax: (+47) (0)22 60 85 75 Languages: Norwegian, English National Poison Information Centre and Clinical Department of Toxicology Institute of Occupational Medicine ul. Sw. Teresy B, P.O. Box 199 90-950 Lodz Telephone: (+48) (0)42 57 99 00 (+48) (0)42 57 42 95/ (+48) (0)42 31 47 24/25/52/67 Telefax: (+48) (0)42 34 83 31/55 61 02 Languages: Polish, English, German Posion Centre of Warsaw PL Weteranas 4 03-401 Warszawa Telephone: (+48) (0)28 19 08 97 (+48) (0)28 19 66 54 Telefax: (+48) (0)28 19 69 43 Languages: Polish (24 h) English (24 h) (German) 8.00-14.00 h (French) 8.00-14.00 h Centro de Informacao Antivenenos Instituto Nacional de Emergencia Medica Rua Infante D. Pedro, 8 1799 Lisboa Cedex Telephone: (+351) (0)21 7 95 01 43 (+351) (0)21 7 95 01 44 )+351) (0)21 7 95 01 46 Telefax: (+351) (0)21 7 93 71 24 Languages: Portuguese, French, (English) Centre anti-Poisons National Institute of Legal Medicine: Sos. Vitan Birzesti 9, Sector 4 75669 Bucharest Telephone: (+40) (0)1 6 34 38 90/1 35 Telefax: (+40) (0)1 3 21 02 60 Languages: Rumanian, French, English, German Schweizerisches Toxikologisches Informationszentrum Freiestr. 16 CH-8028 Zrich Telephone: (+41) (0)1 2 51 66 66 Telefax: (+41) (0)1 2 52 88 33 Languages: German, (English) Poison Information Centre Clinic of Occupational Diseases and Toxicology Dumbierska 3 83101 Bratislava Telephone: (+42) (7) 37 41 66 Telefax: (+42) (7) 37 46 05 Languages: Slovakian, German, English Instituto Nacional de Toxicologia Servicio Nacional de Informacion Toxicoligica c/Merc, 1 08002 Barcelona Telephone: (+34) (3) 3 17 44 00 Telefax: (+34) (3) 3 18 25 30 Languages: Spanish Servicio Nacional de Informacion Toxicoligica Instituto Nacional de Toxicologia c/Luis Cabrera, 9 28002 Madrid Telephone: (+34) (1) 5 63 69 24 Languages: Spanish, English

Spain

Schweden

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

Instituto Nacional de Toxicologia Servicio de Informacion Toxicoligica ctra. San Jeronimo, Km 1,4 P.O. Box 863 41080 Sevilla Telephone: (+34) (5)/4 37 12 33 Telefax: (+34) (5)/4 37 02 62 Languages: Spanish Giftinformationscentralen Swedish Poisons Information Centre 17176 Stockholm Telephone: (+46) (0)8 7 38 03 84 Telefax: (+46) (0)8 32 75 84 Languages: Swedish, English, (German) England National Poisons Information Service West Midlands Poisons Unit City Hospital NHS Trust Dudley Road Birmingham B18 7QH Telephone: (+44) (0)1 21 5 07 55 88/9 Telefax: (+44) (0)1 21 5 07 55 80 Languages: English England Leeds Poisons Information Service Pharmacy Department The General Hospital Great George Street Leeds LS1 3EX Telephone: (+44) (0)1 13 2 43 07 15 Telefax: (+44) (0)1 13 2 44 58 49 Languages: English England National Poisons Information Service (L) Medical Toxicology Unit Avonley Road London SE14 5ER Telephone: (+44) (01 71) 6 35 91 91 Telefax: (+44) (01 71) 7 71 53 09 Languages: English England Regional Drugs and Therapeutics Centre Wolfson Unit Claremont Place Newcastle-upon-Tyne Telephone: (+44) (0)1 91 2 32 15 25 (direct line, normal office hours) (+44) (0)1 91 2 32 51 31 (24-hour service) Telefax: (+44) (0)1 91 2 61 57 33 Languages: English Scotland Scottish Poisons Information Bureau The Royal Infirmary Lauriston Place Edinburgh EH3 9YW Telephone: (+44) (0)1 31 5 36 22 98 Telefax: (+44) (0)1 31 5 36 23 04 Languages: English Wales Welsh National Poisons Unit Ward West 5 Llandough Hospital Penarth Cardiff CF6 1FF South Glamorgan Telephone: (+44) (0)12 22 70 99 01 Telefax: (+44) (0)12 22 70 43 57 Languages: English

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POISONS INFORMATION CENTRES

Chemistry is a fascinating thing for many beginners in related jobs. Handling chemicals is, however, not only fascinating, but also risky, especially if processes are not performed adequately due to insufficient knowledge of the properties of the substances used. It is, therefore, absolutely necessary to inform oneself prior to its first use about any possible hazards involved in the handling of a certain chemical. Every manufacurer of laboratory reagents is obliged to label these with the respective safety data. Should there be no reliable data on the toxicity of a preparation, Merck reagents are labeled with a corresponding warning note. Laboratory chemicals are neither intended nor approved for use in humans or animals! Specifically tested pharmaceutical chemicals are available for such purpose. The handling of hazardous chemicals demands special know-how, carefulness and adequate precautions. All tasks are to be performed such that hazardous gases, vapors or suspended particles are - as far as technically possible - not released. If necessary, measures are to be taken to assure their uptake at the point of discharge /origin. When reaching the MAC specified in TRGS 900, special safety measures become necessary such as safe and practical personal protective gear. The following rules apply to provide safety during the working process:

4. Thoroughly rinse chemically burned eyes under a gentle stream of water or with a special eye shower. Rinse with your eyes wide open and roll your eyes in all directions. Subsequently, an ophthalmologic examination must be performed. It is absolutely necessary to inform the ophthalmologist of the chemical used. It is also recommended to state its hazardous properties in order to decide on adequate treatment. 5. Take off immediately any clothing contaminated with chemicals. 6. In case of accidents or if you feel unwell, consult a doctor and state the cause of accident including the name of the chemical involved. 7. Do not smoke, eat and drink in laboratory rooms. What is a hazardous material? In accordance with the German Chemicals Act (ChemG) such substances and preparations are classified hazardous materials that have toxic (acute and/or chronic) and/or dangerous physical-chemical and /or environmentally harmful properties.

1. When working in the laboratory or warehouse wear safety glasses and, where necessary, gloves. 2. In any case, avoid contact with skin, eyes and mucous membranes.8/9


PROPER CONDUCT IN THE LABORATORY

3. Rinse off any splashes on the skin with plenty of cold water; in the case of lipophilic substances rinse off with polyglycol. Due to the danger of absorption, never use other organic solvents.

Ether peroxides are generally known to be hazardous. Some people still often underestimate the risk involved thus occasionally causing explosions when distilling off ethers. Such highly powerful explosions may also occur when containers filled with peroxidecontaining liquids are shaken or when upon opening of a bottle the peroxide contained in the bottle neck is ignited by the resultant friction. These hazards apply not only to ethers but also to other liquids tending to form peroxides such as unsaturated hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones and tetralin. In order to prevent accidents, such liquids should be tested regularly for peroxides.

Determination of peroxides 1.10011 Merckoquant Peroxide Test Box with 100 strips Ether peroxide can be easily and reliably detected and determined quantitatively with the test strips.

1.16206 Perex Test Information about the respective present peroxide content is the precondition for possibly quantitative and at the same time possibly economical elimination of peroxides. The methods described so far all have the same disadvantage of not being universally employable due to e. g. formation of 2 phases in aqueous reagents, no detection of polymeric peroxides, only qualitative results etc. The Perex Test provides a detection system for peroxides which fulfills the following demands: Detection of peroxides in aqueous and organic environments. Determination of peroxides in organic solvents in one phase. Detection of hydroperoxides and polymeric peroxides. Semiquantitative determination possible.

Not detectable: Dialkyl peroxides, dibenzoyl peroxides, peracid esters.

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NOTES ON HANDLING ETHERS AND OTHER PEROXIDE-FORMING SOLVENTS

RISK (R) PHRASES:R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R12 R14 R15 R16 R17 R18 R19 R20 R21 R22 R23 R24 R25 R26 R27 R28 R29 R30 R31 R32 R33 R34 R35 R36 R37 R38 R39 R40 R41 R42 R43 R44 R45 R46 R48 R49 R50 Explosive when dry. Risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ignition. Extreme risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ignition. Forms very sensitive explosive metallic compounds. Heating may cause an explosion. Explosive with or without air contact. May cause fire Contact with combustible material may cause fire. Explosive when mixed with combustible material. Flammable. Highly flammable. Extremely flammable. Reacts violently with water. Contact with water liberates extremely flammable gases. Explosive when mixed with oxidizing substances. Spontaneously flammable in air. In use, may form flammable/explosive vapour-air mixture. May form explosive peroxides. Harmful by inhalation. Harmful in contact with skin. Harmful if swallowed. Toxic by inhalation. Toxic in contact with skin. Toxic if swallowed. Very toxic by inhalation. Very toxic in contact with skin. Very toxic if swallowed. Contact with water liberates toxic gas. Can become highly flammable in use. Contact with acids liberates toxic gas. Contact with acids liberates very toxic gas. Danger of cumulative effects. Causes burns. Causes severe burns. Irritating to eyes. Irritating to respiratory system. Irritating to skin. Danger of very serious irreversible effects. Possible risk of irreversible effects. Risk of serious damage to eyes. May cause sensitization by inhalation. May cause sensitization by skin contact. Risk of explosion if heated under confinement. May cause cancer. May cause heritable genetic damage. Danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure. May cause cancer by inhalation. Very toxic to aquatic organisms. R51 R52 R53 R54 R55 R56 R57 R58 R59 R60 R61 R62 R63 R64 R65 R66 R67 R68 Toxic to aquatic organisms. Harmful to aquatic organisms. May cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. Toxic to flora. Toxic to fauna. Toxic to soil organisms. Toxic to bees. May cause long-term adverse effects in the environment. Dangerous for the ozone layer. May impair fertility. May cause harm to the unborn child. Possible risk of impaired fertility. Possible risk of harm to the unborn child. May cause harm to breastfed babies. Harmful: May cause lung damage if swallowed. Repeated exposure may cause skin dryness and dizziness. Vapours may cause tiredness and lightheadedness. Possible risks of irreversible effects.

COMBINATION OF RISK PHRASES:R14/15 R15/29 R20/21 R20/21/22 R20/22 R21/22 R23/24 R23/24/25 R23/25 R24/25 R26/27 R26/27/28 R26/28 R27/28 R36/37 R36/37/38 R36/38 R68/20 R68/20/21 R68/20/21/22 R68/20/22 R68/21 R68/21/22 R68/22 Reacts violently with water, liberating extremely flammable gases. Contact with water liberates toxic, highly flammable gas. Harmful by inhalation and in contact with skin. Harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Harmful by inhalation and if swallowed. Harmful in contact with skin and if swallowed. Toxic by inhalation and in contact with skin. Toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Toxic by inhalation and if swallowed. Toxic in contact with skin and if swallowed. Very toxic by inhalation and in contact with skin. Very toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Very toxic by inhalation and if swallowed. Very toxic in contact with skin and if swallowed. Irritating to eyes and respiratory system. Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. Irritating to eyes and skin. Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation. Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation and in contact with skin. Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation and if swallowed. Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects in contact with skin. Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects in contact with skin and if swallowed. Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects if swallowed.

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RISK (R) PHRASES:R37/38 R39/23 R39/23/24 R39/23/25 R39/23/ 24/25 R39/24 R39/24/25 R39/25 R39/26 R39/26/27 R39/26/ 27/28 R39/26/28 R39/27 R39/27/28 R39/28 R40/20 R40/20/21 R40/20/ 21/22 R40/20/22 R40/21 R40/21/22 R40/22 R42/43 R48/20 R48/20/21 R48/20/ 21/22 Irritating to respiratory system and skin. Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation. Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and in contact with skin. Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and if swallowed. Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects effects through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin. Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin and if swallowed. Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects if swallowed. Very toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation. Very toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and in contact with skin. Very toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Very toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and if swallowed. Very toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin. Very toxic: danger of very serious effects in contact with skin and if swallowed. Very toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects if swallowed. Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation. Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation and in contact with skin. Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation and if swallowed. Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects in contact with skin. Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects in contact with skin and if swallowed. Harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects if swallowed. May cause sensitization by inhalation and skin contact. Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation. Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation and in contact with skin. Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. R 48/20/22 R 48/21 R 48/21/22 Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation and if swallowed. Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure in contact with skin. Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure in contact with skin and if swallowed. Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure if swallowed. Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation. Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation and in contact with skin. Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation and if swallowed. Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure in contact with skin. Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure in contact with skin and if swallowed. Toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure if swallowed. Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. Harmful to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.

R 48/22 R 48/23 R 48/23/24

R 48/23/ 24/25 R 48/23/25

R 48/24 R 48/24/25

R 48/25 R 50/53

R 51/53 R 52/53

RISK PHRASES WITH SUPPLEMENTSR E20 R E20/21 R E20/21/22 R R R R R R R E20/22 E21 E21/22 E22 E23 E23/24 E23/24/25 Also harmful by inhalation. Also harmful by inhalation and in contact with skin. Also harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Also harmful by inhalation and if swallowed. Also harmful in contact with skin. Also harmful in contact with skin and if swallowed. Also harmful if swallowed. Also toxic by inhalation. Also toxic by inhalation and in contact with skin. Also toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed.

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RISK (R) PHRASES:R R R R R R R E23/25 E24 E24/25 E25 E26 E26/27 E26/27/28 Also toxic by inhalation and if swallowed. Also toxic in contact with skin. Also toxic in contact with skin and if swallowed. Also toxic if swallowed. Also very toxic by inhalation. Also very toxic by inhalation and in contact with skin. Also very toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Also very toxic by inhalation and if swallowed. Also very toxic in contact with skin. Also very toxic in contact with skin and if swallowed. R E28 Also very toxic if swallowed. Also toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation. Also toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and in contact with skin. Also toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Also toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and if swallowed. Also toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin. Also toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin and if swallowed. Also toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects if swallowed. Also very toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation. Also very toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and in contact with skin. Also very toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Also very toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and if swallowed. Also very toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin. Also very toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin and if swallowed. Also very toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects if swallowed. Also harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation and in contact with skin. R E40/20/ 21/22 R E40/20/22 R E40/21 R E40/21/22 R E40/22 R E42/43 R E48/20 R E48/20/21 Also harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Also harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation and if swallowed. Also harmful: possible risk of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin. Also harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects in contact with skin and if swallowed. Also harmful: possible risk of irreversible effects if swallowed. May cause sensitization by inhalation and skin contact. Also harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation. Also harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation and in contact with skin. Also harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Also harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation and if swallowed. Also harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure in contact with skin. Also harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure in contact with skin and if swallowed. Also harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure if swallowed. Also toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation. Also toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation and in contact with skin. Also toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Also toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation and if swallowed. Also toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure in contact with skin. Also harmful: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure in contact with skin and if swallowed. Also toxic: danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure if swallowed.

R E26/28 R E27 R E27/28 R E39/23 R E39/23/24 R E39/23/ 24/25 R E39/23/25 R E39/24 R E39/24/25 R E39/25 R E39/26 R E39/26/27 R E39/26/ 27/28 R E39/26/28 R E39/27 R E39/27/28 R E39/28 R E40/20/21

R E48/20/ 21/22 R E48/20/22

R E48/21 R E48/21/22

R E48/22 R E48/23 R E48/23/24

R E48/23/ 24/25 R E48/23/25

R E48/24 R E48/24/25

R E48/25

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SAFETY (S) PHRASES:S S S S S S S S S S S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.1 7 8 9 12 13 Keep locked up. Keep out of reach of children. Keep in a cool place. Keep away from living quarters. Keep contents under ... Keep contents under ... (inert gas to be specified by the manufacturer). Keep under nitrogen. Keep container tightly closed. Keep container dry. Keep container in a well-ventilated place. Do not keep the container sealed. Keep away from food, drink and animal feeding stuffs. Keep away from ... Keep away from reducing agents, heavy metal compounds, acids and alkalis. Keep away from acids, reducing agents and flammable material. Keep away from flammable material. Keep away from oxidizing and acidic substances as well as heavy metal compounds. Keep away from iron. Keep away from water and alkalis. Keep away from acids. Keep away from alkalis. Keep away from metals. Keep away from oxidizing and acidic substances. Keep away from flammable organic substances. Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Keep away from combustible material. Handle and open container with care. When using do not eat or drink. When using do not smoke. Do not breathe dust. Do not breathe gas/fumes/vapour/spray Do not breathe gas. Do not breathe vapour. Do not breathe spray.. Do not breathe fumes. Do not breathe fumes/spray. Avoid contact with skin. Avoid contact with eyes. In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of ... After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of water. S 28.2 S 28.3 After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of soap and water. After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of soap and water, if possible also with polyethylene glycol 400. After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of polyethylene glycol 300 and ethanol (2:1) followed by plenty of soap and water. After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of polyethylene glycol 400. After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of polyethylene glycol 400, then rinse with plenty of water. After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of water and acidic soap. Do not empty into drains. Never add water to this product. Take precautionary measures against static discharges. This material and its container must be disposed of in a safe way. Wear suitable protective clothing. Wear suitable gloves. In case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable respiratory equipment. Wear eye/face protection. To clean the floor and all objects contaminated by this material use ... (to be specified by the manufacturer). In case of fire and/or explosion do not breathe fumes. During fumigation/spraying with wear suitable respiratory equipment. In case of fire, use ... (indicate the precise type of fire-fighting equipment. If water increases risk, add -'Never use water'. In case of fire, use water. In case of fire, use water or powder extinguisher. In case of fire, use powder extinguisher. Never use water. In case of fire, use CO2 - never use water. In case of fire, use sand - never use water. In case of fire, use metal fire powder - never use water. In case of fire, use sand, CO2 or powder extinguisher, never use water. In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label where possible). If swallowed, seek medical advice immediately and show this container or label. Keep at temperature no exceeding ...C (to be specified by the manufacturer). Keep at temperature no exceeding 20C.

S 28.4

S 28.5 S 28.6 S 28.7 S S S S 29 30 33 35

S 14 S 14.1 S 14.10 S 14.11 S 14.2 S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 23 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 24 25 26

S 36 S 37 S 38 S 39 S 40 S 41 S 42 S 43

S 43.1 S 43.2 S 43.3 S S S S 43.4 43.6 43.7 43.8

S 45

S 46 S 47 S 47.1

S 27 S 28 S 28.1

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SAFETY (S) PHRASES:S 48 S S S S S 49 50 50.1 50.2 50.3 Keep wet with ... (appropriate material to be specified by the manufacturer). Keep only in the original container. Do not mix with ... (to be specified by the manufacturer). Do not mix with acids. Do not mix with alkalis. Do not mix with strong acids, strong bases, non-ferrous metals or their salts. Use only in well-ventilated areas. Not recommended for interior use on large surface areas. Avoid exposure - obtain special instructions before use. Restricted to professional users. Dispose of this material and its container at hazardous or special waste collection point. Use appropriate container to avoid environmental contamination! Refer to manufacturer/supplier for information on recovery/recycling. This material and its container must be disposed of as hazardous waste. Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions / Safety data sheet. If swallowed, do not induce vomiting. Seek medical advice immediately and show this container or label. In case of accident through inhalation: remove casually to fresh air and kept at rest. In case of swallowed, rinse mouth with water (only if the person is conscious). S 3/9/14.8 S 3/9/14/49 Keep in a cool, well-ventilated place away from oxidizing and acidic substances. Keep only in the original container in a cool, well-ventilated place away from ... (incompatible materials to be indicated by the manufacturer). Keep in the original container in a cool, well-ventilated place away from reducing agents, heavy metal compounds, acids and alkalis. Keep only in the original container in a cool, well-ventilated place away from oxidizing and acidic substances as well as heavy metal compounds. Keep only in the original container in a cool, well-ventilated place away from iron. Keep only in the original container in a cool, well-ventilated place away from water and alkalis. Keep only in the original container in a cool, well-ventilated place away from acids. Keep only in the original container in a cool, well-ventilated place away from alkalis. Keep only in the original container in a cool, well-ventilated place away from metals. Keep only in the original container in a cool, well-ventilated place away from oxidizing and acidic substances. Keep only in the original container in a cool, well-ventilated place. Keep in a cool place away from ... (incompatible materials to be indicated by the manufacturer). Keep in a cool place away from reducing agents, heavy metal compounds, acids and alkalis. Keep in a cool place away from oxidizing and acidic substances as well as heavy metal compounds. Keep in a cool place away from iron. Keep in a cool place away from water and alkalis. Keep in a cool place away from acids. Keep in a cool place away from alkalis. Keep in a cool place away from metals. Keep in a cool place away from oxidizing and acidic substances.

S 3/9/14.1/49

S 51 S 52 S 53 S 56 S 57 S 59 S 60 S 61 S 62 S 63 S 64

S 3/9/14.2/49

S 3/9/14.3/49 S 3/9/14.4/49 S 3/9/14.5/49 S 3/9/14.6/49 S 3/9/14.7/49 S 3/9/14.8/49

S 3/9/49 S 3/14 S 3/14.1 S 3/14.2

COMBINATION OF SAFETY PHRASESS S S S 1/2 3/7 3/9 3/9/14 Keep locked up and out of the reach of children. Keep container tightly closed in a cool place. Keep in a cool, well-ventilated place. Keep in a cool, well-ventilated place away from .... (incompatible substances are to be specified by the manufacturer). Keep in a cool, well-ventilated place away from reducing agents, heavy metal compounds, acids and alkalis. Keep in a cool, well-ventilated place away from oxidizing agents and acidic substances as well as heavy metal compounds. Keep in a cool, well-ventilated place away from iron. Keep in a cool, well-ventilated place away from water and alkalis. Keep in a cool, well-ventilated place away from acids. Keep in a cool, well-ventilated place away from alkalis. Keep in a cool, well-ventilated place away from metals.

S S S S S S

3/14.3 3/14.4 3/14.5 3/14.6 3/14.7 3/14.8

S 3/9/14.1

S 3/9/14.2

S 3/9/14.3 S 3/9/14.4 S 3/9/14.5 S 3/9/14.6 S 3/9/14.7

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SAFETY (S) PHRASES:S 7/8 S 7/9 S 7/47 S 20/21 S 24/25 S 27/28 Keep container tightly closed and dry. Keep container tightly closed and in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed and at temperature no exceeding ...C (to be specified by the manufacturer). When using do not eat, drink or smoke. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. After contact with skin, take off immediately all contaminated clothing and wash skin with plenty of ... (to be specified by the manufacturer). S 29/56 Do not empty into drains; dispose of this material and its container at hazardous or special waste collection point. Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves. Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection. Wear suitable protective clothing and eye/face protection. Wear suitable gloves and eye/face protection. Keep only in the original container at temperature no exceeding ...C (to be specified by the manufacturer).

S 36/37 S 36/37/39 S 36/39 S 37/39 S 47/49

Copyright 1999 [Merck KGaA]. All rights reserved. Last update: 18.05.01

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HAZARD SYMBOLSE: Explosive Criteria: Chemicals and preparations which may react exothermically without atmospheric oxygen and which under defined test conditions detonate, quickly deflagrate or upon heating explode when partially confined. Precaution: Avoid impact, knocks, friction, sparks, fire, and heat. F+: Extremely flammable. Criteria: Liquids with a flash point below 0 C and a boiling point of max. 35 C. Gases and gas mixtures which are flammable in air at normal pressure and average temperatures. Precaution: Keep away from naked flames, sparks, and sources of heat. C: Corrosive. Criteria: Total damage to living tissues or when this result can be predicted. Precaution: Take special measures to protect eyes, skin, and clothes. Do not inhale vapors! In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately. Xi: Irritating. Criteria: Without being corrosive, immediate, prolonged, or repeated contact with skin or mucous membranes may cause inflammations. Risk of sensitization by skin contact (classification with R43). Precaution: Avoid contact with eyes and skin, do not inhale vapors.

O: Oxidizing. Criteria: Organic peroxides which are combustible even if not in contact with combustible materials. Other chemicals and preparations which as a rule are not combustible themselves, but which in contact with combustible materials, mainly through oxygen evolution, considerably increase the fire hazard and the intensity of a fire. Precaution: Avoid all contact with combustible substances. Risk of ignition: The substance promotes fires once started and impedes fire fighting.

F: Highly flammable. Criteria: Liquids with a flash point below 21 C that are not extremely flammable. Solid substances and preparations which on brief exposure to a source of ignition may be easily inflamed and then continue to burn and smoulder. Precaution: Keep away from naked flames, sparks, and sources of heat.

T: Toxic. Criteria: Inhalation, swallowing, or absorption through the skin in small amounts can cause considerable damage to health, and may sometimes be lethal. In the event of serious evidence of severe, possibly irreversible damage to health by single, repeated, or prolonged absorption, especially carcinogenic, mutagenic, and reproductiontoxic effects. Precaution: All contact with the human body must be avoided. If you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately. Particular attention is drawn to the carcinogenic, teratogenic, or mutagenic risks associated with certain substances. Observe special regulations when handling these substances!

Xn: Harmful. Criteria: Inhalation, swallowing, or absorption through the skin can cause acute or chronic damage to health. In the event of evidence of severe, possibly irreversible damage to health by single, repeated, or prolonged absorption, especially in suspected carcinogenic, mutagenic, and reproductiontoxic effects. Risk of sensitization by inhalation (classification with R42). Precaution: All contact with the human body must be avoided. Particular attention is drawn to substances which are suspected to have a carcinogenic, mutagenic, or reproduction-toxic effect.

N: Dangerous for the environment. Criteria: Liberation into the aquatic and non-aquatic environments can have an immediate or delayed detrimental effect upon the ecosystem through alteration of the natural balance. Some substances or their conversion products may simultaneously affect various constituents of the ecosystem. Precaution: Depending on the risk potential do not allow to enter sewerage systems. Observe special disposal regulations!

T+: Very toxic. Criteria: Inhalation, swallowing, or absorption through the skin in very small amounts can cause considerable damage to health, and may sometimes be lethal. In the event of serious evidence of severe, possibly irreversible damage to health by single, repeated, or prolonged absorption. Criteria: All contact with the human body must be avoided. If you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately.

24/25


INCOMPATIBLE CHEMICALSThe chemicals listed below may react violently with one another. They must be kept apart and must never come into contact with one another. The objective of this list is to give information on how to avoid accidents in the laboratory. Due to the great number of hazardous materials, this list includes only the most important examples.Substance Acetylene Acetic acid Incompatible with Chlorine, bromine, fluorine, copper, silver, mercury Chromium (VI) oxide, nitric acid, alcohols, ethylene glycol, perchloric acid, peroxides, permanganates Calcium hypochlorite, oxidizing agents Water, carbon tetrachloride and other halogenated alkanes, carbon dioxide, halogens Water Mercury (e.g. in pressure gauges), chlorine, calcium hypochlorite, iodine, bromine, hydrogen fluoride Acids, powdered metals, flammable liquids, chlorates, nitrates, sulfur, fine-particulate organic or combustible materials Nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide See chlorine Hydrocarbon (butane, propane, benzene etc.) Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen peroxide Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, chromium (VI) oxide, sodium peroxide Ammonia (laboratory gas or solutions) Copper, chromium, iron, metals and metal salts, alcohols, acetone, organic substances, aniline, nitromethane, combustible substances (solid or liquid) Fuming nitric acid, oxidizing gases Acetylene, ammonia (laboratory gas or solutions) Acetylene, ammonia Acetic acid, aniline, chromium (VI) oxide, prussic acid, hydrogen sulfide, flammable liquids and gases Silver, mercury

Activated carbon Alkali metals Aluminum alkyls Ammonia (laboratory gas or solutions) Ammonium nitrate

Hydrogen sulfide Iodine Mercury Nitric acid (concentrated) Oxalic acid Perchloric acid

Aniline Bromine Chlorine

Ammonia, acetylene, butadiene, butane, methane, propane, hydrogen, petroleum benzine, benzene, powdered metals Chlorates Ammonium salts, acids, powdered metals, sulfur, fine-particulate organic or combustible substances Chromium (VI) oxide Acetic acid, naphthalene, camphor, glycerol, petroleum benzine, alcohols, flammable liquids Copper Acetylene, hydrogen peroxide Cumene hydroperoxide Acids, both organic and inorganic Cyanides Acids Flammable liquids Ammonium nitrate, chromium (VI) oxide, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, sodium peroxide, halogens Extremely aggressive; store separately!

Acetic anhydride, bismuth and its alloys, alcohols, paper, wood Phosphorus Sulfur, compounds containing oxygen, e.g. chlorates Potassium See alkali metals Potassium chlorate See chlorate Potassium perchlorate See chlorate Potassium Glycerol, ethylene glycol, benzaldehyde, sulfuric acid permanganate Silver Sodium Sodium peroxide Acetylene, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, ammonium compounds See alkali metals Methanol, ethanol, glacial acetic acid, acetic anhydride, benzaldehyde, carbon disulfide, glycerol, ethylene glycol, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, furfural Potassium chorate, potassium perchlorate, potassium permangangate 26/27

Sulfuric acid

Fluorine


HARDNESS SCALE ACC. TO MOHSHardness 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mineral Talcum Gypsum Calcite Fluorspar Apatite Feldspar Quartz Topaz Corundum Diamond Formula Mg3 [(OH)2 / Si4O10] CaSO4 2H2O CaCO3 CaF2 Ca5 [(F, CI, OH) / (PO4)3] KAISi3O8 SiO2 AI2 [F2 / SiO4] AI2O3 C

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES OF THE ELEMENTS (ACIDIC SOLUTION) under standard conditions [25 C, 105 Pa (1 bar)] measured against the hydrogen electrode as reference electrode

Red Ox +e Li Li+ + 1e

e (Volt) 3.045 2.98 2.92 2.92 2.90 2.89 2.866 2.713 2.36 1.85 1.66 1.18 0.763 0.744 0.74 0.53

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Sr Sr2+ + 2e Ca Ca2+ + 2e

K K+ + 1e Ba Ba2+ + 2e

Rb Rb+ + 1e Cs Cs+ + 1e

Red Ox +e Fe Fe2 + 2e Cd Cd2+ + 2e

e (Volt) 0.41 0.403 0.335 0.277 0.25 0.136 0.126 0.000 + 0.337 + 0.52 + 0.56 + 0.799 + 0.854 + 0.987 + 1.2 + 1.498

Tl Tl+ +1e Co Co2+ + 2e Ni Ni2+ + 2e Sn Sn2+ 2e

Be Be2+ + 2e AI Al3+ + 3e

Na Na+ + 1e Mg Mg2+ + 2e

Pb Pb2+ + 2e H 2H+ + 2e2

Cr Cr3+ + 3e Co Co3+ + 3e

Mn Mn2+ + 2e Zn Zn2+ + 2e

Ga Ga3+ + 3e

Hg Hg2+ + 2e Pd Pd2+ + 2e Pt Pt2+ + 2e Au Au3+ + 3e

Te Te4+ + 4e Ag Ag+ + 1e

Cu Cu2+ + 2e Cu Cu+ + 1e

28/29


TABLE OF ELEMENTSElement name Actinium Aluminium Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Barium Berkelium Beryllium Bismuth Boron Bromine Cadmium Cesium Calcium Californium Carbon Cerium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Curium Dysprosium Einsteinium Erbium Europium Fermium Fluorine Francium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium Iod Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lawrencium Lead Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Symbol Ac Al Am Sb Ar As At Ba Bk Be Bi B Br Cd Cs Ca Cf C Ce Cl Cr Co Cu Cm Dy Es Er Eu Fm F Fr Gd Ga Ge Au Hf He Ho H In I Ir Fe Kr La Lr Pb Li Lu Mg Mn Ordinalnumber 89 13 95 51 18 33 85 56 97 4 83 5 35 48 55 20 98 6 58 17 24 27 29 96 66 99 68 63 100 9 87 64 31 32 79 72 2 67 1 49 53 77 26 36 57 103 82 3 71 12 25 Atomic mass** 227.028 26.98154 (243) 121.76 39.948 74.9216 (210) 137.33 (247) 9.01218 208.9804 10.81 79.904 112.41 132.9054 40.078 (251) 12.011 140.115 35.4527 51.996 58. 9332 63.546 (247) 162.50 (254) 167.26 151.96 (257) 18.9984 (223) 157.25 69.723 72.61 196.966 178.49 4.00260 164.93 1.00794 114.82 126.9045 192.22 55.847 83.80 138.9055 (260) 207.2 6.941 174.967 24.305 54.93805 Density 20 D 4 10.1 2.70 11.7 6.68 *1.784 5.73 3.7 1.86 9.80 2.34 3.14 8.64 1.90 1.55 2.25 6.8 *3.214 7.19 8.83 8.93 8.54 9.05 5.26 *1.70 7.90 6.0 5.36 19.3 13.3 *0.178 8.80 *0.0899 7.31 4.94 22.6 7.86 *3.708 6.1 11.4 0.53 9.84 1.74 7.3 Meltingpoint [C] 1050 660.37 994 4 630.74 189.2 817 (28 bar) 302 725 1278 5 271.3 2300 7.2 320.9 28.40 0.01 839 2 ~ 3550 798 3 100.98 1857 20 1495 1083.4 0.2 1340 40 1409 1522 822 5 219.62 (27) 1311 1 29.78 937.4 1064.4 2227 20 272.2 1470 259.14 156.61 113.5 2410 1535 156.6 920 5 327.5 180.54 1656 5 648.8 0,5 1244 3 Occurrence of Atomic Ionic radiuses Boilingthe elements*** radiuses [pm] point [C] [%] [pm] 3200 300 2467 2607 1750 -185.7 613 (sub.) 337 1640 2970 (5 mm) 1560 5 2550 (sub.) 58.78 765 678.4 1484 4827 3257 34.6 2672 2870 2567 2335 2510 1597 188.14 (677) 3233 2403 2830 2807 4602 268.934 2720 252.87 2080 184.35 4130 2750 152(3) 3454 1740 1347 3315 1090 1962 8.1 0.0001 0.0005 0.025 0.0006 0.00002 0.0003 0.00016 0.000015 0.0007 3.6 0.03 0.0046 0.031 0.02 0.0023 0.007 0.00045 0.00025 0.00011 0.03 0.00064 0.0015 0.0007 0.00000005 0.00045 0.00000003 0.00012 0.14 0.00001 0.00003 0.00000001 5.0 0.0018 0.0016 0.0065 0.00008 0.21 0.1 143 145 191 125 217 112 155 97 119 149 262 196 77 182 107 125 125 128 71 144 145 46 136 124 175 152 160 118 118 (III) 51 (III) 107 (III), 92 (IV) 76 (III), 62 (V) 58 (III), 46 (V) 62 (VII) 134 (II) 35 (II) 96 (III), 74 (V) 23 (III) 196 (I), 47 (V), 39 (VII) 97 (II) 167 (I) 99 (II) 16 (IV) 107 (III), 94 (IV) 181 (I), 34 (V), 27 (VII) 63 (III), 52 (VI) 72 (II), 63 (III) 96 (I), 72 (II) 92 (III) 89 (III) 124 (II), 98 (III) 133 (I), 8 (VII) 180 (I) 97 (III) 62 (III) 73 (II), 53 (IV) 137 (I), 85 (III) 78 (IV) 91 (III) 154 (I) 81 (III) 220 (), 62 (V), 50 (VII) 68 (IV) 74 (II), 64 (III) 114 (III) 215 (II), 120 (II), 84 (IV) 68 (I) 85 (III) 66 (II) 80 (II), 66 (III), 60 (IV), 46 (VII) Electronegativity 1.00 1.47 ~ 1.2 1.82 2.20 1.96 0.97 ~ 1.2 1.47 1.67 2.01 2.74 1.46 0.86 1.04 ~ 1.2 2.50 1.06 2.83 1.56 1.70 1.75 ~ 1.2 1.10 ~ 1.2 1.11 1.01 ~ 1.2 4.10 0.86 1.11 1.82 2.02 1.42 1.23 1.10 2.20 1.49 2.21 1.55 1.64 1.08 1.55 0.97 1.14 1.23 1.60

* Gases in [g/ l] at C and normal pressure

30/31


** longest-lived isotope in brackets

*** Earth's crust

TABLE OF ELEMENTSElement name Mendelevium Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Neptunium Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorous, white Platinum Plutonium Polonium Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Rubidium Ruthenium Samarium Scandium Selenium Silver Silicium Sodium Strontium Sulphur Tantalum Technetium Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin Titanium Tungston Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirkonium Symbol Md Hg Mo Nd Ne Np Ni Nb N No Os O Pd P Pt Pu Po K Pr Pm Pa Ra Rn Re Rh Rb Ru Sm Sc Se Ag Si Na Sr S Ta Tc Te Tb Tl Th Tm Sn Ti W U V Xe Yb Y Zn Zr Ordinalnumber 101 80 42 60 10 93 28 41 7 102 76 8 46 15 78 94 84 19 59 61 91 88 86 75 45 37 44 62 21 34 47 14 11 38 16 73 43 52 65 81 90 69 50 22 74 92 23 54 70 39 30 40 Atomic mass** (258) 200.59 95.94 144.24 20.1797 237.0482 58.69 92.9064 14.0067 (259) 190.23 15.9994 106.42 30.97376 195.08 (244) (209) 39.0983 140.908 (145) 231.036 226.0254 (222) 186.207 102.905 85.4678 101.07 150.36 44.9559 78.96 107.8682 28.0855 22.98977 87.62 32.066 180.9479 (97) 127.60 158.92534 204.3833 232.0381 168.9342 118.71 47.88 183.84 238.029 50.9415 131.29 173.04 88.90585 65.39 91.224 Density Melting20 D point [C] 4 13.55 10.2 7.0 *0.90 19.5 8.90 8.5 *1.251 22.5 *1.429 12.0 1.83 21.45 19.7 9.32 0.86 6.7 ~6 *9.96 20.9 12.4 1.53 12.4 7.5 3.0 4.8 10.5 2.4 0.97 2.6 2.0 16.7 11.5 6.2 8.3 11.85 11.7 9.33 7.3 4.51 19.30 19.1 6.1 *5.89 6.5 4.5 7.2 6.5 38.87 2617 1010 248.7 6401 1453 2468 10 209.86 3045 30 218.4 1552 44.1 1.772 641 254 63.65 931 4 ~ 1080 < 1600 700 71 3180 1966 3 38.89 2310 1072 5 1539 217 961.93 1410 97.81 0.03 769 112.8 2996 2172 449.5 0.3 1360 4 303.5 1750 1545 15 231.9681 1660 10 3410 20 1132.30.8 1890 10 111.9 824 5 1523 8 419.58 1852 2 Occurrence of Atomic Ionic radiuses Boilingthe elements*** radiuses [pm] point [C] [%] [pm] 356.58 4612 3127 246.05 3902 2732 4742 195.8 5027100 182.962 3140 280 3827 3232 962 774 3212 1140 61.8 3727100 688 3000 1778 2832 684.91.0 2212 2355 882.9 1384 444.674 5425100 4877 989.83.8 3041 145710 ca. 4790 1727 2270 3287 5660 3818 3380 107.13 1193 3337 907 4377 0.00005 0.0015 0.0024 0.008 0.0024 0.0046 0.00000001 46.6 0.0000001 1.2 0.00000005 2.6 0.00055 0.00000001 0.00000001 0.03 0.00000001 0.00065 0.0005 0.000009 0.00001 27.7 2.8 0.03 0.05 0.00021 0.00000002 0.00009 0.00006 0.0012 0.00002 0.004 0.45 0.007 0.0004 0.015 0.00027 0.0028 0.013 0.022 150 124 71 65 138 231 243 144 117 186 104 140 136 138 133 110 (II) 70 (IV), 62 (VI) 104 (III) 110 (III), 95 (IV), 71 (VII) 69 (II) 74 (IV), 69 (VI) 16 (III), 13 (V) 67 (IV), 69 (VI) 132 (II), 10 (VI) 80 (II), 65 (IV) 44 (III), 35 (V) 80 (II), 65 (IV) 108 (III), 93 (IV) 133 (I) 106 (III), 92 (IV) 106 (III) 113 (III), 98 (IV), 89 (V) 143 (II) 72 (IV), 56 (VII) 68 (III) 147 (I) 67 (IV) 100 (III) 81 (III) 191 (II), 83 (III), 50 (IV), 42 (VI) 126 (I), 89 (II) 221 (IV), 42 (IV) 97 (I) 112 (II) 174 (II), 37 (IV), 30 (VI) 68 (V) 56 (VII) 211 (II), 70 (IV), 56 (VI) 93 (III), 89 (IV) 147 (I), 95 (III) 102 (IV) 87 (III) 294 (IV), 93 (II), 71 (IV) 80 (II), 76 (III), 68 (IV) 70 (IV), 62 (VI) 97 (IV), 80 (VI) 88 (II), 74 (III), 63 (IV), 59 (V) 86 (III) 92 (III) 74 (II) 79 (IV) Electronegativity ~ 1.2 1.44 1.30 1.07 1.22 1.75 1.23 3.07 1.52 3.50 1.35 2.06 1.44 1.22 1.76 0.91 1.07 1.07 1.14 0.97 1.46 1.45 0.89 1.42 1.07 1.20 2.48 1.42 1.74 1.01 0.99 2.44 1.33 1.36 2.01 1.10 1.44 1.11 1.11 1.72 1.32 1.40 1.22 1.45 1.06 1.11 1.66 1.22 32/33

* Gases in [g/ l] at C and normal pressure


** longest-lived isotope in brackets

*** Earth's crust

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES OF SOME NONMETALS (ALKALINE SOLUTION) Red Ox + e Te2 Te + 2e 2 Se + 2e Se S2 S + 2e e (Volt) 1.14 0.92 0.48 Red Ox + e 2 I I2 + 2e 2 Br Br2 + 2e 2 CI Cl + 2e 2 F F2 + 2e2

e (Volt) + 0.54 + 1.07 + 1.36 + 2.87

COVALENT SINGLE-BOND RADIUSES (IN PM)H* C Si Ge Sn N P As Sb 28 77 117 122 140 70 110 121 141 O S Se Te F CI Br I 66 104 117 137 64 99 114 133

* Determined from H-X bond distances

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GENERAL FORMULAS FOR MIXING LIQUIDSA=CB B= C (a c) ab C=B (a b) ac

With: A = weight of the original liquid B = weight of the diluent C = weight of the prepared mixture For water as diluent: b = 0 Example: 10 l of battery sulfuric acid with a density of 20 D 4 = 1.28. 1.28 is required. Available: concentrated 20 sulfuric acid with a density of D 4 = 1.84 (= 97.5 weight%). How much sulfuric acid and how much water are needed to prepare 10 l (= 12.8 kg) of battery sulfuric acid? Calculation: In the table 'Sulfuric acid' on page 52 we find: 20 D 4 = 1.28 equivalent to 37.36 weight%. C (a c) 12.80 (97.50 37.36) = = ab 97.50 0 a = its content in % by weight b = its content in % by weight c = its content in % by weight

B=

7.895 kg diluent (water)

SOLUTIONS AQUEOUS SYSTEMS

Consequently, 4.905 kg (= 2.666 l) of concentrated sulfuric acid with a 20 density of D 4 = 1.84 must be added to 7.895 kg (= l) of water to yield 20 10 l of battery acid with a density of D 4 = 1.28.

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SOLUTIONS - AQUEOUS SYSTEMS

CONVERSION TABLE FOR WATER HARDNESS UNITSAlkaline Alkaline earth ions earth ions mmol/l mval/l 1 mmol/l Alkaline earth ions 1 mval/l Alkaline earth ions 1 German degree 1 ppm CaCO3

PREPARATION OF DILUTE SOLUTIONSppm CaCO3

German degree d 5.60

English French degree degree e f 7.02 10.00

Slowly stir the stated quantity of concentrated solution or solid KOH or NaOH, respectively, into water.Caution: Strong development of heat may occur! Cool to room temperature, then make up to 1 liter with water. Store alkaline solutions in polyethylene bottles, because they attack glass. As a rule of thumb, more concentrated solutions can be prepared by taking a multiple of the stated quantity.

1.00

2.00

100.00

0.50 0.18 0.01 0.14 0.10

1.00 0.357 0.020 0.285 0.200

2.80 1.00 0.056 0.798 0.560

50.00 17.80 1.00 14.30 10.00

3.51 1.25 0.0702 1.00 0.702

5.00 1.78 0.10 1.43 1.00

1 English degree 1 French degree

Example:

MIXTURE RULEExample: Sulfuric acid with a density of D20 = 1.520 is to be prepared 4 from sulfuric acid with a density of D20 = 1.435 and sulfuric 4 20 acid of D 4 = 1.824. 1.435 1.824

6 mol/l HNO3 from 6/2 x 140 ml = 420 ml 65 % HNO3.

Solution to be prepared Weight% Acetic acid Nitric acid 12 12 7 9.5 3.5 10.5 7.5 Density mol/l 1.01 1.07 1.03 1.06 0.98 1.09 1.08 2 2 2 1 1 2 2

Original quantity to prepare 1 l of dilute solution Weight% ml 100 65 36 96 30 113 g solid KOH 80 g solid NaOH 115 140 165 56 115 (85%) (100%)

1.520

Hydrochloric acid Sulfuric acid

Calculation: The table 'Sulfuric acid' (p. 52) informs that sulfuric acid with a density of D20 = 1.435 = 54.00 weight% H2SO4 contains sulfuric acid with 4 20 a density of D = 1.824 = 92.00 weight% H2SO4 and that of 20 = 1.520 = 62.00 weight% H SO . D 4 2 4 From this, form the mixing cross:

Ammonia Potassium hydroxide solution Sodium hydroxide solution

54 92

862

30

i.e. 30 parts by weight of 54.00 % sulfuric acid must be mixed with 8 parts by weight of 92.00 % sulfuric acid to yield sulfuric acid of 62.00 weight% H2SO4, equivalent to D 20 = 1.520. 4

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SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN WATERCat. No. 1.01031 1.01084 1.01063 1.01047 1.01102 1.01125 1.01145 1.01126 1.01131 1.01207 1.01173 1.03792 1.01226 1.01188 1.01217 1.01213 1.07838 1.01704 1.01719 1.01737 1.01729 1.00163 1.00165 1.02019 1.02027 1.09325 1.02382 1.02121 1.02161 1.02038 1.02856 1.00229 8.02540 1.02539 1.02536 1.02556 1.02739 1.02733 1.02753 1.02790 1.02791 8.03945 1.03943 Name Aluminum ammonium sulfate dodecahydrate Aluminum chloride hexahydrate Aluminum nitrate nonahydrate Aluminum potassium sulfate dodecahydrate Aluminum sulfate octadecahydrate Ammonium bromide Ammonium chloride Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Ammonium hydrogen carbonate di-Ammonium hydrogen phosphate Ammonium iodide Ammonium iron(II) sulfate hexahydrate Ammonium monovanadate Ammonium nitrate Ammonium sulfate Ammonium thiocyanate Antimony(III) chloride Barium acetate Barium chloride dihydrate Barium hydroxide octahydrate Barium nitrate di-Boron trioxide Boric acid Cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate Cadmium sulfate hydrate Calcium acetate Calcium chloride dihydrate Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate Calcium sulfate dihydrate Cesium chloride Cesium nitrate Chromium(VI) oxide Cobalt chloride Cobalt chloride hexahydrate Cobalt nitrate hexahydrate Cobalt sulfate heptahydrate Copper(I) chloride Copper(II) chloride dihydrate Copper(II) nitrate trihydrate Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate Copper sulfate Iron(III) chloride Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate Formula

IN RELATION TO TEMPERATURESolubility in g/100 g H2O at C 0 AINH4(SO4)2 12 H2O AICI3 6H2O AI(NO3)3 9H2O AIK(SO4)2 12H2O AI2(SO4)3 18H2O NH4Br NH4CI NH4H2PO4 NH4HCO3 (NH4)2HPO4 NH4 I (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2 6H2O NH4VO3 NH4NO3 (NH4)2SO4 NH4SCN SbCI3 Ba(CH3COO)2 BaCI2 2H2O Ba(OH)2 8H2O Ba(NO3)2 B2O3 H3BO3 Cd(NO3)2 4H2O 3CdSO4 8H2O Ca(CH3COO)2 CaCI2 2H2O Ca(NO3)2 4H2O CaSO4 2H2O CsCI CsNO3 CrO3 CoCI2 CoCl2 6H2O Co(NO3)2 6H2O CoSO4 7H2O CuCl CuCl2 2H2O Cu(NO3)2 3H2O CuSO4 5H2O CuSO4 FeCl3 FeCl3 6H2O 2.6 44.9 61.0 2.96 31.2 60.6 29.7 22.7 11.9 57.5 154.2 17.8 118.5 70.4 115.0 601.6 58.0 30.7 1.5 5.0 1.1 2.7 75.5 37.4 101.0 0.18 161.0 9.3 163.0 74.5 41.9 70.65 14.8 25.5 25.5 83.5 20 6.6 45.6 75.4 6.01 36.4 75.5 37.6 36.8 21.2 68.6 172.3 26.9 4.8 187.7 75.4 163.0 931.5 72.0 35.7 3.5 9.1 2.2 5.04 153.0 76.7 34.7 129.4 0.20 187.0 23.0 166.7 91.9 62.35 53.6 1.5 (25 C) 77.0 20.8 36.2 36.3 100.0 40 12.4 46.3 89.0 13.6 45.6 91.1 46.0 56.7 36.6 81.8 60 21.1 47.7 108.0 33.3 58.0 107.8 55.3 82.9 59.2 97.6 80 35.2 47.7 72.0 73.0 126.7 65.6 120.7 109.2 (115.5) 228.8 72.0 610.0 94.1 74.0 52.5 27.2 9.5 23.6 84.6 33.5 147.0 0.19 250.0 134.0 189.0 525.1 99.2 208.0 53.6 70.0 100 109.2 (95 C) 109.0 (90 C) 89.0 145.6 77.3 174.0 355.0 250.3 1000.0 102.0 74.0 58.7 34.2 15.7 39.7 29.7 159.0 0.16 271.0 197.0 199.0 537.0 107.9 (257.0) 73.6 83.0 Content of the total solution at 20 C. in % 6.2 31.3 43.0 5.67 26.7 43.9 27.3 26.9 17.5 40.70 63.3 21.2 65.0 43.0 62.0 90.3 26.3 3.4 8.3 2.15 4.8 60.5 43.4 56.4 0.20 62.50 47.9 38.4 34.9 1,497 (25 C) 43.5 17.2 26.6 50.0 Density of the total solution at 20 C. in % 1.0459 (15.5 C) 1.053 1.308 1.075 1.07 1.3436 (14.5 C) 1.18 1.308 1.247 1.28 1.04 1.069 1.015 1.616 1.001 1.7100 (16.5 C) 1.52 1.49 1. 55 1.1965

190.5 208.9 38.5 53.4 13.2 283.0 415.0 81.2 87.4 235.0 347.0 1368.0 4531.0 79.0 74.0 40.8 46.4 8.2 21.0 14.4 20.3 4.0 6.2 8.7 14.8 199.0 79.3 82.0 33.2 32.7 128.1 136.8 196.0 0.21 0.20 208.0 230.0 47.2 83.8 171.0 176.0 68.6 69.5 83.8 160.0 29.0 48.0 49.9 126.0 78.3 91.2 179.0 39.1 60.0 169.5

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SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN WATERCat. No. 1.03861 1.03965 1.03967 8.07383 1.07398 1.05669 1.05680 1.05677 1.11652 8.18287 1.12230 1.05694 1.05833 1.05853 1.05886 1.05927 1.05934 1.05941 1.04421 1.04419 1.06717 1.06721 1.06727 1.04820 1.04912 1.04905 1.04928 1.04944 1.04936 1.04952 1.04967 1.04864 1.04873 1.05057 1.19238 1.04984 1.04973 1.04854 1.05099 1.05104 1.04885 1.05002 Name Iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate Iron(II) sulfate monohydrate Lead chloride Lead nitrate Lithium bromide Lithium carbonate Lithium chloride monohydrate Lithium hydroxide monohydrate Lithium iodide Lithium nitrate Lithium sulfate monohydrate Magnesium chloride hexahydrate Magnesium nitrate hexahydrate Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate Manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate Manganese(II) chloride dihydrate Manganese(II) sulfate monohydrate Mercury(II) bromide Mercury(II) chloride Nickel chloride hexahydrate Nickel nitrate hexahydrate Nickel sulfate hexahydrate Potassium acetate Potassium bromate Potassium bromide Potassium carbonate Potassium chlorate Potassium chloride Potassium chromate Potassium cyanide Potassium dichromate Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Potassium disulfite Potassium hexachloroplatinate(IV) Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) trihydrate Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) Potassium hydrogen carbonate di-Potassium hydrogen phosphate trihydrate di-Potassium hydrogen phosphate Potassium hydrogen sulfate Potassium hydroxide monohydrate Formula

IN RELATION TO TEMPERATURESolubility in g/100 g H2O at C 0 FeCl2 4H2O FeSO4 7H2O FeSO4 H2O PbCI2 Pb(NO3)2 LiBr Li2CO3 LiCl H2O LiOH H2O Lil LiNO3 LiSO4 H2O MgCl2 6H2O Mg(NO3)2 6H2O MgSO4 7H2O MnCl2 4H2O MnCl2 2H2O MnSO4 H2O HgBr2 HgCl2 NiCl2 6H2O Ni(NO3)2 6H2O Ni2SO4 6H2O KCH3COO KBrO3 KBr K2CO3 KClO3 KCl K2CrO4 KCN K2Cr2O7 KH2PO4 K2S2O5 K2 [Pt(Cl)6] K4 [Fe(CN)6] 3H2O K3 [Fe(CN)6] KHCO3 K2HPO4 3H2O K2HPO4 KHSO4 KOH H2O 15.6 0.67 36.4 143.0 12.0 151.0 48.0 36.2 52.8 63.9 63.6 4.29 51.7 79.2 217.0 3.1 54.0 106.0 3.3 28.2 59.0 (63.0) 4.7 14.3 27.5 0.74 15.0 29.9 22.6 36.3 0.99 52.2 177.0 1.3 82.8 12.4 165.0 76.0 34.8 54.6 70.1 35.6 73.6 0.62 (25 C) 6.6 55.3 94.1 256.0 6.8 65.8 110.0 7.3 34.2 63.7 71.6 (25 C) 12.5 22.7 44.9 1.1 28.9 46.0 33.3 159.0 51.4 26.6 20 40 60 80 100.0 43.8 2.6 107.5 245.0 113.0 14.9 31.5 65.9 110.5 45.5 2.8 24.2 33.9 95.3 140.0 39.7 51.0 75.1 (95.0) (75 C) 73.0 68.0 108.0 3.8 68.9 81.8 (75 C) 160.0 100 107.5 (31.6) 3.3 127.3 266.0 (127.5) 17.9 480.0 227.0 31.0 72.7 115.0 35.5 4.9 54.1 380.0 49.7 104.9 156.0 56.2 56.2 79.2 122.0 (103.3 C) 103.0 133.0 5.2 (82.7) 91.6 121.6 178.0 Content of the total solution at 20C. in % 21.0 0.98 34.3 1.31 45.3 11.0 25.6 35.3 41.2 26.25 42.4 0.62 (25 C) 6.2 35.6 48.5 6.4 39.7 6.8 25.5 38.9 41.73 (25 C) 11.1 18.5 30.99 22.4 31.5 24.98 61.4 33.95 Density of the total solution at 20 C. in % 1.225 1.007 1.40 1.29 1.23 1.331 1.388 (25 C) 1.31 1.499 1.052 1.46 1.048 1.370 1.042 1.174 1.378 1.077 1.16 1.18 1.18

(90.5) (56 C) 47.6 1.45 1.98 69.4 88.0 205.0 224.0 90.4 100.0 13.4 180.0 33.5 32.3 57.5 60.7 81.8 93.7 40.3 45.4 88.7 60.0 (0.96) 9.6 118.8 323.0 13.1 76.1 117.0 14.5 40.3 67.0 26.3 33.9 63.9 1.7 42.7 59.5 45.3 212.5 67.3 136.4 (106.0) (58.1C) 58.6 1.7 13.9 57.0 350.0 22.0 85.9 127.0 25.9 45.6 70.9 81.0 (50 C) 45.6 48.6 85.0 2.6 56.0 70.9 60.0 (50 C) 266.0 147.0

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SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN WATERCat. No. 1.05051 1.05043 1.05063 1.05073 1.05076 1.05079 1.05082 1.05091 1.05153 1.05125 1.07615 1.06267 1.06363 1.06391 1.06386 1.06392 1.06423 1.06404 1.06425 1.06427 1.06336 1.06345 1.06370 1.06591 1.06528 1.06449 1.06329 1.06579 1.06575 1.06580 1.06586 1.06466 1.06498 1.06525 1.06523 1.06537 1.06549 1.06564 1.06578 1.06648 1.06649 1.06638 1.06657 1.06310 1.06516 1.01512 1.01509 Name Potassium iodate Potassium iodide Potassium nitrate di-Potassium oxalate monohydrate Potassium perchlorate Potassium periodate Potassium permanganate Potassium peroxodisulfate Potassium sulfate Potassium thiocyanate Rubidium chloride Sodium acetate trihydrate Sodium bromide Sodium carbonate decahydrate Sodium carbonate monohydrate Sodium carbonate Sodium chlorate Sodium chloride Sodium chromate tetrahydrate Sodium chromate Sodium dichromate dihydrate Sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate Sodium dihydrogen phosphate tetra-Sodium diphosphate decahydrate Sodium disulfite Sodium fluoride Sodium hydrogen carbonate di-Sodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate di-Sodium hydrogen phosphate heptahydrate di-Sodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate di-Sodium hydrogen phosphate Sodium hydroxide monohydrate Sodium hydroxide Sodium iodate Sodium iodide Sodium nitrate Sodium nitrite Sodium perchlorate monohydrate tri-Sodium phosphate dodecahydrate Sodium sulfate decahydrate Sodium sulfate Sodium sulfide nonahydrate Sodium sulfite di-Sodium tetraborate Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate Silver nitrate Silver sulfate Formula

IN RELATION TO TEMPERATURESolubility in g/100 g H2O at C 0 KlO3 Kl KNO3 K2C2O4 H2O KClO4 KlO4 KMnO4 K2S2O8 K2SO4 KSCN RbCl NaCH3COO 3H2O NaBr Na2CO3 10H2O Na2CO3 H2O Na2CO3 NaClO3 NaCl Na2CrO4 4H2O Na2CrO4 Na2Cr2O7 2H2O NaH2PO4 2H2O NaH2PO4 Na4P2O7 10H2O Na2S2O5 NaF NaHCO3 Na2HPO4 12H2O Na2HPO4 7H2O Na2HPO4 2H2O Na2HPO4 NaOH H2O NaOH NalO3 Nal NaNO3 NaNO2 NaClO4 H2O Na3PO4 12H2O Na2SO4 10H2O Na2SO4 Na2S 9H2O Na2SO3 Na2B4O7 Na2S2O3 5H2O AgNO3 Ag2SO4 4.7 127.8 13.3 0.76 0.17 2.8 0.18 7.3 177.0 70.6 36.3 6.86 7.1 80.5 163.2 57.7 2.7 (3.6) 6.89 1.63 2.5 70.7 73.0 167.0 1.5 4.56 12.4 1.2 52.5 115.0 0.57 21.4 98.8 35.9 180.2 85.2 5.5 65.3 4.1 9.6 7.7 109.2 9.1 88.3 84.5 181.0 12.1 19.2 18.8 2.7 70.1 219.2 0.79 20 8.1 144.5 31.7 35.9 1.7 0.4 6.4 0.5 11.1 218.0 83.6 46.4 21.7 40 12.9 161.0 63.9 3.6 0.9 12.6 1.1 14.8 65.4 48.9 48.5 115.2 36.4 95.3 220.5 138.2 12.5 71.1 12.7 55.0 126.0 104.9 95.7 243.0 31.0 48.1 29.0 37.0 6.0 102.6 334.8 0.98 60 18.5 176.2 109.9 7.2 2.2 22.4 18.2 138.0 (58C) 118.0 46.2 46.5 (138.0) 37.1 115.1 283.0 179.3 21.9 79.9 16.0 83.0 178.0 23.0 124.7 112.3 55.0 45.3 33.2 20.3 471.0 1.15 80 24.8 191.5 169.0 13.4 4.4 21.3 118.3 44.5 45.8 (167.0) 38.1 124.0 385.0 207.3 30.0 88.7 19.7 92.4 313.7 27.0 295.0 148.0 135.5 81.0 43.1 29.0 31.5 652.0 1.3 100 32.3 208.0 245.2 22.2 7.9 24.1 128.0 121.2 44.5 45.5 204.0 39.2 125.9 284.4 40.3 (100.0) 23.6 104.1 341.0 32.8 303.0 176.0 163.0 108.0 42.3 26.6 52.5 1024.0 1.5 Content of the total solution at 20 C. in % 7.5 59.1 24.1 26.4 1.7 0.418 6.0 0.468 10.0 68.55 31.7 17.8 49.7 26.4 64.3 46.0 5.2 39.5 3.94 8.76 7.2 52.2 46.8 45.8 64.4 10.8 16.1 15.8 41.2 68.6 0.75 Density of the total solution at 20 C. in % 1.064 1.71 1.16 1.008 1.04 1.0807 1.42 1.17 1.1941 1.201 1.05 1.04 1.08 1.08 1.55 1.38 1.33 1.757 1.106 1.150 1.18 1.39 2.18

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SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN WATERCat. No. 1.07865 1.07876 1.07872 8.18150 1.08144 8.18631 1.08816 1.08836 1.08833 1.08883 1.08882 Name Strontiumchlorid-Hexahydrat Strontiumhydroxid-Octahydrat Strontiumnitrat Tin(II) chloride Thallium(I) nitrate Zinc bromide Zinc chloride Zinc nitrate hexahydrate Zinc nitrate tetrahydrate Zinc sulfate heptahydrate Zinc sulfate monohydrate Formula

IN RELATION TO TEMPERATURESolubility in g/100 g H2O at C 0 SrCl2 6H2O Sr(OH)2 8H2O Sr(NO3)2 SnCl2 TlNO3 ZnBr2 ZnCl2 Zn(NO3)2 6H2O Zn(NO3)2 4H2O ZnSO4 7H2O ZnSO4 H2O 44.1 0.35 83.9 3.81 390.0 92.7 41.6 20 53.9 0.7 269.8 (15C) 9.5 440.0 118.3 53.8 40 66.6 1.5 91.2 20.9 453.0 211.5 60 85.2 3.1 94.2 46.2 620.0 488.0 76.5 7.0 97.2 111.0 640.0 541.0 66.7 80 100 24.2 101.2 413.0 670.0 60.5 Content of the total solution at 20 C. in % 35.0 0.69 72.96 (15C) 8.7 54.2 35.0 Density of the total solution at 20 C. in % 1.39 2.07 1.67 1.47

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SOLUBILITY PRODUCTS OF SLIGHTLY SOLUBLE INORGANIC COMPOUNDSSubstance Aluminum hydroxide Formula Al(OH)3 Solubility product at given temperature, in [mol/l] 4.00 x 1013 1.50 x 1015 3.70 x 1015 4.00 x 1029 9

SOLUBILITY PRODUCTS OF SLIGHTLY SOLUBLE INORGANIC COMPOUNDSSubstance Copper(I) sulfide Copper(II) sulfide Copper(I) thiocyanate Iron(II) carbonate Iron(II) hydroxide Iron(III) hydroxide Lanthanum hydroxide Lead bromide Lead carbonate Lead chloride Lead chromate Lead fluoride Lead iodate Formula Cu2S CuS CuSCN FeCO3 Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)3 La(OH)3 PbBr2 PbCO3 PbCl2 PbCrO4 PbF2 Pb(IO3)2 Solubility product at given temperature, in [mol/l] 2.00 x 1047 8.00 x 1045 1.60 x 1011 2.50 x 1011 1.64 x 1014 1.10 x 1036 ~ 1020 3.90 x 105 3.30 x 1014 2.12 x 105 1.77 x 1014 2.70 x 108 3.20 x 108 5.30 x 1014 1.20 x 1013 2.60 x 1013 7.50 x 109 1.40 x 109 2.74 x 1011 1.06 x 108 3.40 x 1028 1.70 x 103 2.50 x 1013 2.60 x 105 7.10 x 109 1.20 x 1011 8.80 x 1010 7.00 x 1016 1.30 x 1021 2.00 x 1018 2.00 x 109 5.00 x 1040 1.20 x 1028 3.20 x 1029 1.60 x 1023 1.70 x 1026 (18) (18) (18) (20) (18) (18) (25) (25) (18) (25) (25) (9) (18) (9.2) (18) (25.8) (15) (25) (18) (18) (18) (25) (25) (12) (18) (18) (18) (18) (25) (25) (25) (25) (25) (25) (25) (25)

(15) (18) (25) (18) (16) (25) (18) (28) (10) (18) (18) (18) (25) (50) (25) (18) (25) (18) (25) (18) (18) (25) (18) (26) (18) (18) (25) (25) (10) (25) (25) (25) (20) (1820) (25) (1820) (25) (1820)

Arsenic(III) sulfide Barium carbonate Barium chromate Barium fluoride Barium oxalate Barium sulfate

As2S3 BaCO3 BaCrO4 BaF2 BaC2O4 2H2O BaSO4

7.00 x 10 8.10 x 109

1.60 x 1010 2.40 x 1010 1.60 x 106 1.70 x 106 1.20 x 107

8.70 x 1011 1.08 x 1010 1.98 x 1010 2.70 x 1019 4.30 x 1031 1.60 x 1031

Beryllium hydroxide Bismuth hydroxide Bismuth oxide chloride Bismuth sulfide Cadmium carbonate Cadmium oxalate Cadmium sulfide Calcium carbonate Calcium fluoride Calcium hydroxide Calcium oxalate Calcium phosphate Calcium sulfate Calcium tartrate Cobalt(II) carbonate Cobalt(II) sulfide Copper(I) bromide Copper(II) carbonate Copper(I) chloride Copper(II) hydroxide Copper(I) iodide

Be(OH)2 Bi(OH)3 BiOCl Bi2S3 CdCO3 CdC2O4 3H2O CdS CaCO3 CaF2 Ca(OH)2 CaC2O4 H2O Ca3(PO4)2 CaSO4 CaC4H4O6 2H2O CoCO3 CoS CuBr CuCO3 CuCI Cu(OH)2 Cul

1.60 x 1072 2.50 x 1014 1.53 x 108 3.60 x 1029

Lead iodide Lead oxalate Lead sulfate Lead sulfide Lithium carbonate Magnesium ammonium phosphate Magnesium carbonate Magnesium fluoride Magnesium hydroxide Manganese carbonate Manganese sulfide Mercury(I) bromide Mercury(I) chloride Mercury(I) chromate Mercury(I) cyanide Mercury(I) iodide Mercury(II) iodide Mercury(I) oxide Mercury(II) oxide

Pbl2 PbC2O4 PbSO4 PbS Li2CO3 MgNH4PO4 MgCO3 MgF2 Mg(OH)2 MnCO3 MnS Hg2Br2 Hg2Cl2 Hg2CrO4 Hg2(CN)2 Hg2I2 HgI2 Hg2O HgO

4.80 x 109 3.40 x 1011 3.95 x 1011 5.47 x 106 1.78 x 109 2.57 x 109 1.00 x 1025 6.10 x 10 2.45 x 105 7.70 x 107 1.00 x 1012 1.90 x 1027 4.15 x 108 1.37 x 1010 1.02 x 106 5.60 x 1020 5.06 x 10125

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SOLUBILITY PRODUCTS OF SLIGHTLY SOLUBLE INORGANIC COMPOUNDSSubstance Mercury(I) sulfide Mercury(II) sulfide Nickel(II) carbonate Nickel(II) hydroxide Nickel(II) sulfide Potassium hexachloroplatinate (IV) Potassium hydrogen tartrate Potassium perchlorate Silver arsenate Silver bromide Silver chloride Formula Hg2S HgS NiCO3 Ni(OH)2 NiS K2PtCl6 KHC4H4O6 KCIO4 Ag3AsO4 AgBr AgCl Solubility product at given temperature, in [mol/l] 1.00 x 1047 3.00 x 1054 1.35 x 107 1.60 x 1014

SAMPLE PREPARATIONThe more complicated the matrix, the more important the sample preparation! The better the sample preparation, the simpler the subsequent chromatographic separation!

(18) (18) (25) (25) (20) (18) (18) (25) (25) (18) (25) (4.7) (9.7) (25) (50) (100) (14.8) (25) (13) (25) (18) (18) (25) (25) (18) (18) (2.9) (17.4) (25) (25) (25) (25) (25) (25) (25) (25) (20) (25)

The consequence of these two statements is: Sample preparation is a must!

1.10 x 105 3.80 x 104 1.07 x 102 1.00 x 1019

Best performance with Merck products: Digestion systems and ultrapure digestion media for more 'difficult' dissolutions or processes to be performed in accordance with DIN* standards An extensive range of different reagents and solvents for improved precipitation, distribution and extraction The Extrelut product range a porous kieselguhr and corresponding prepacked columns provide not only quicker but also better results than the conventional liquid-liquid extraction of aqueous matrices in the separation funnel LiChroLut extraction columns for rapid, convenient and efficient extractions, enrichments and selective elutions LiChroCART range of precolumns, which are an excellent alternative for online sample preparation for HPLC Inorganic membrane filters avoiding clogging of your HPLC columns by particles Derivatization substances for gas chromatography, i.e. for samples which are volatile by definition Sample preparation with Merck for reliable performance!*DIN = Deutsches Institut fr Normung e.V.(German Institute of Standardization)

4.10 x 1013 7.70 x 1013 0.21 x 1010 0.37 x 1010 1.56 x 1010 13.2 x 1010 215 x 1010 1.20 x 1012 9.00 x 1012 0.32 x 1016 1.50 x 1016 1.60 x 1049

Silver chromate Silver iodide Silver sulfide Silver thiocyanate Strontium carbonate Strontium fluoride Strontium oxalate Strontium sulfate Thallium(I) bromide Thallium(I) chloride Thallium(I) iodide Thallium(III) hydroxide Thallium(II) sulfide Thallium(I) thiocyanate Zinc carbonate Zinc hydroxide Zinc sulfide, alpha Zinc sulfide, beta

Ag2CrO4 Agl Ag2S AgSCN SrCO3 SrF2 SrC2O4 SrSO4 TlBr TlCl Tll Tl(OH)3 Tl2S TlSCN ZnCO3 Zn(OH)2 ZnS ZnS

0.49 x 1012 1.16 x 1012 1.60 x 109 2.80 x 109 5.60 x 108 2.80 x 107 3.80 x 107 3.90 x 106 1.90 x 104 5.80 x 108 1.40 x 1053 9.00 x 1023 2.30 x 104 6.00 x 1011 1.00 x 1017 6.90 x 1026 1.10 x 1024

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SOLUTIONS

1.00 x 1026

- AQUEOUS SYSTEMS

SULFURIC ACID H2SO4 , M = 98.08 g/molDensity d 20/4 1.000 1.005 1.010 1.015 1.020 1.025 1.030 1.035 1.040 1.045 1.050 1.055 1.060 1.065 1.070 1.075 1.080 1.085 1.090 1.095 1.100 1.105 1.110 1.115 1.120 1.125 1.130 1.135 1.140 1.145 1.150 1.155 1.160 1.165 1.170 1.175 1.180 1.185 1.190 1.195 1.200 1.205 1.210 1.215 1.220 1.225 1.230 1.235 1.240 H2SO4 content weight% mol/l 0.2609 0.9855 1.731 2.485 3.242 4.000 4.746 5.493 6.237 6.956 7.704 8.415 9.129 9.843 10.56 11.26 11.96 12.66 13.36 14.04 14.73 15.41 16.08 16.76 17.43 18.09 18.76 19.42 20.08 20.73 21.38 22.03 22.67 23.31 23.95 24.58 25.21 25.84 26.47 27.10 27.72 28.33 28.95 29.57 30.18 30.79 31.40 32.01 32.61 0.0266 0.101 0.1783 0.2595 0.3372 0.4180 0.4983 0.5796 0.6613 0.7411 0.8250 0.9054 0.9865 1.066 1.152 1.235 1.317 1.401 1.484 1.567 1.652 1.735 1.820 1.905 1.990 2.075 2.161 2.247 2.334 2.420 2.507 2.594 2.681 2.768 2.857 2.945 3.033 3.122 3.211 3.302 3.302 3.481 3.572 3.663 3.754 3.846 3.938 4.031 4.123 Density d 20/4 1.245 1.250 1.255 1.260 1.265 1.270 1.275 1.280 1.285 1.290 1.295 1.300 1.305 1.310 1.315 1.320 1.325 1.330 1.335 1.340 1.345 1.350 1.355 1.360 1.365 1.370 1.375 1.380 1.385 1.390 1.395 1.400 1.405 1.410 1.415 1.420 1.425 1.430 1.435 1.440 1.445 1.450 1.455 1.460 1.465 1.470 1.475 1.480 1.485 H2SO4 content weight% mol/l 33.22 33.82 34.42 35.01 35.60 36.19 36.78 37.36 37.95 38.53 39.10 39.68 40.25 40.82 41.39 41.95 42.51 43.07 43.62 44.17 44.72 45.26 45.80 46.33 46.86 47.39 47.92 48.45 48.97 49.48 49.99 50.50 51.01 51.52 52.02 52.51 53.01 53.50 54.00 54.49 54.97 55.45 55.93 56.41 56.89 57.36 57.84 58.31 58.78 4.216 4.310 4.404 4.498 4.592 4.686 4.781 4.876 4.972 5.068 5.163 5.259 5.356 5.452 5.549 5.646 5.743 5.840 5.938 6.035 6.132 6.229 6.327 6.424 6.522 6.620 6.718 6.817 6.915 7.012 7.110 7.208 7.307 7.406 7.505 7.603 7.702 7.801 7.901 8.000 8.099 8.198 8.297 8.397 8.497 8.598 8.699 8.799 8.899

SULFURIC ACID H2SO4 , M = 98.08 g/molDensity d 20/4 1.490 1.495 1.500 1.505 1.510 1.515 1.520 1.525 1.530 1.535 1.540 1.545 1.550 1.555 1.560 1.565 1.570 1.575 1.580 1.585 1.590 1.595 1.600 1.605 1.610 1.615 1.620 1.625 1.630 1.635 1.640 1.645 1.650 1.655 1.660 1.665 1.670 1.675 1.680 1.685 1.690 1.695 1.700 1.705 1.710 1.715 1.720 1.725 1.730 H2SO4 content weight% mol/l 59.24 59.70 60.17 60.62 61.08 61.54 62.00 62.45 62.91 63.36 63.81 64.26 64.71 65.15 65.59 66.03 66.47 66.91 67.35 67.79 68.23 68.66 69.09 69.53 69.96 70.39 70.82 71.25 71.67 72.09 72.52 72.95 73.37 73.80 74.22 74.64 75.07 75.49 75.92 76.34 76.77 77.20 77.63 78.06 78.49 78.93 79.37 79.81 80.25 9.000 9.100 9.202 9.303 9.404 9.506 9.608 9.711 9.8136 9.916 10.02 10.12 10.23 10.33 10.43 10.54 10.64 10.74 10.85 10.96 11.06 11.16 11.27 11.38 11.48 11.59 11.70 11.80 11.91 12.02 12.13 12.24 12.43 12.45 12.56 12.67 12.78 12.89 13.00 13.12 13.23 13.34 13.46 13.57 13.69 13.80 13.92 14.04 14.16 Density d 20/4 1.735 1.740 1.745 1.750 1.755 1.760 1.765 1.770 1.775 1.780 1.785 1.790 1.795 1.800 1.805 1.810 1.815 1.820 1.821 1.822 1.823 1.824 1.825 1.826 1.827 1.828 1.829 1.830 1.831 1.832 1.833 H2SO4 content weight% mol/l 80.70 81.16 81.62 82.09 82.57 83.06 83.57 84.08 84.61 85.16 85.74 86.35 86.99 87.69 88.43 89.23 90.12 91.11 91.33 91.56 91.78 92.00 92.25 92.51 92.77 93.03 93.33 93.64 93.94 94.32 94.72 14.28 14.40 14.52 14.65 14.78 14.90 15.04 15.17 15.31 15.46 15.61 15.76 15.92 16.09 16.27 16.47 16.68 16.91 16.96 17.01 17.06 17.11 17.17 17.22 17.28 17.34 17.40 17.47 17.54 17.62 17.70

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PHOSPHORIC ACID H3PO4, M = 97.99/molDensity d 20/4 1.0038 1.0092 1.0146 1.0200 1.0255 1.0309 1.0365 1.0420 1.0476 1.0532 1.0590 1.0647 1.0705 1.0764 1.0824 1.0884 1.0946 1.1008 1.1071 1.1134 1.1199 1.1263 1.1329 1.1395 1.1462 1.1529 1.1597 1.1665 1.1735 1.1805 1.216 1.254 1.293 1.335 1.379 1.426 1.476 1.526 1.579 1.633 1.689 1.746 1.770 1.794 1.819 1.844 1.870 H3PO4 content weight% mol/l 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 92 94 96 98 100 0.102 0.206 0.312 0.416 0.523 0.631 0.740 0.851 0.962 1.074 1.189 1.304 1.420 1.538 1.657 1.777 1.899 2.021 2.147 2.272 2.400 2.529 2.659 2.791 2.924 3.059 3.195 3.333 3.473 3.614 4.333 5.118 5.938 6.811 7.740 8.731 9.784 10.90 12.08 13.33 14.65 16.03 16.61 17.20 17.82 18.44 19.08

HYDROCHLORIC ACID HCI, M = 36.47 g/molDensity d 20/4 1.000 1.005 1.010 1.015 1.020 1.025 1.030 1.035 1.040 1.045 1.050 1.055 1.060 1.065 1.070 1.075 1.080 1.085 1.090 1.095 1.100 1.105 1.110 1.115 1.120 1.125 1.130 1.135 1.140 1.145 1.150 1.155 1.160 1.165 1.170 1.175 1.180 1.185 1.190 1.195 1.198 HCI content weight% mol/l 0.3600 1.360 2.364 3.374 4.388 5.408 6.433 7.464 8.490 9.510 10.52 11.52 12.51 13.50 14.495 15.485 16.47 17.45 18.43 19.41 20.39 21.36 22.33 23.29 24.25 25.22 26.20 27.18 28.18 29.17 30.14 31.14 32.14 33.16 34.18 35.20 36.23 37.27 38.32 39.37 40.00 0.09872 0.3748 0.6547 0.9391 1.227 1.520 1.817 2.118 2.421 2.725 3.029 3.333 3.638 3.944 4.253 4.565 4.878 5.192 5.5095 5.829 6.150 6.472 6.796 7.122 7.449 7.782 8.118 8.459 8.809 9.159 9.505 9.863 10.225 10.595 10.97 11.34 11.73 12.11 12.50 12.90 13.14

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NITRIC ACID HNO3, M = 63.02 g/molDensity d 20/4 1.000 1.005 1.010 1.015 1.020 1.025 1.030 1.035 1.040 1.045 1.050 1.055 1.060 1.065 1.070 1.075 1.080 1.085 1.090 1.095 1.100 1.105 1.110 1.115 1.120 1.125 1.130 1.135 1.140 1.145 1.150 1.155 1.160 1.165 1.170 1.175 1.180 1.185 1.190 1.195 1.200 1.205 1.210 1.215 1.220 1.225 1.230 1.235 1.240 1.245 1.250 1.255 HNO3 content weight% mol/l 0.3333 1.255 2.164 3.073 3.982 4.883 5.784 6.661 7.530 8.398 9.259 10.12 10.97 11.81 12.65 13.48 14.31 15.13 15.95 16.76 17.58 18.39 19.19 20.00 20.79 21.59 22.38 23.16 23.94 24.71 25.48 26.24 27.00 27.76 28.51 29.25 30.00 30.74 31.47 32.21 32.94 33.68 34.41 35.16 35.93 36.70 37.48 38.25 39.02 39.80 40.58 41.36 0.05231 0.2001 0.3468 0.4950 0.6445 0.7943 0.9454 1.094 1.243 1.393 1.543 1.694 1.845 1.997 2.148 2.301 2.453 2.605 2.759 2.913 3.068 3.224 3.381 3.539 3.696 3.854 4.012 4.171 4.330 4.489 4.649 4.810 4.970 5.132 5.293 5.455 5.618 5.780 5.943 6.107 6.273 6.440 6.607 6.778 6.956 7.135 7.315 7.497 7.679 7.863 8.049 8.237 Density d 20/4 1.260 1.265 1.270 1.275 1.280 1.285 1.290 1.295 1.300 1.305 1.310 1.315 1.320 1.325 1.330 1.335 1.340 1.345 1.350 1.355 1.360 1.365 1.370 1.375 1.380 1.385 1.390 1.395 1.400 1.405 1.410 1.415 1.420 1.425 1.430 1.435 1.440 1.445 1.450 1.455 1.460 1.465 1.470 1.475 1.480 1.485 1.490 1.495 1.500 1.501 1.502 1.503 HNO3 content weight% mol/l 42.14 42.92 43.70 44.48 45.27 46.06 46.85 47.63 48.42 49.21 50.00 50.85 51.71 52.56 53.41 54.27 55.13 56.04 56.95 57.87 58.78 59.69 60.67 61.69 62.70 63.72 64.74 65.84 66.97 68.10 69.23 70.39 71.63 72.86 74.09 75.35 76.71 78.07 79.43 80.88 82.39 83.91 85.50 87.29 89.07 91.13 93.49 95.46 96.73 96.98 97.23 97.49 8.426 8.616 8.808 9.001 9.195 9.394 9.590 9.789 9.990 10.19 10.39 10.61 10.83 11.05 11.27 11.49 11.72 11.96 12.20 12.44 12.68 12.93 13.19 13.46 13.73 14.01 14.29 14.57 14.88 15.18 15.49 15.81 16.14 16.47 16.81 17.16 17.53 17.90 18.28 18.68 19.09 19.51 19.95 20.43 20.92 21.48 22.11 22.65 23.02 23.10 23.18 23.25

NITRIC ACID HNO3, M = 63.02 g/molDensity d 20/4 1.504 1.505 1.506 1.507 1.508 1.509 1.510 1.511 1.512 1.513 HNO3 content weight% mol/l 97.74 97.99 98.25 98.50 98.76 99.01 99.26 99.52 99.77 100.0 23.33 23.40 23.48 23.56 23.63 23.71 23.79 23.86 23.94 24.01

SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION NaOH, M = 40.01 g/molDensity d 20/4 1.000 1.005 1.010 1.015 1.020 1.025 1.030 1.035 1.040 1.045 1.050 1.055 1.060 1.065 1.070 1.075 1.080 1.085 1.090 1.095 1.100 NaOH content weight% mol/l 0.159 0.602 1.0455 1.49 1.94 2.39 2.84 3.29 3.745 4.20 4.655 5.11 5.56 6.02 6.47 6.93 7.38 7.83 8.28 8.74 9.19 0.0398 0.151 0.264 0.378 0.494 0.611 0.731 0.851 0.971 1.097 1.222 1.347 1.474 1.602 1.731 1.862 1.992 2.123 2.257 2.391 2.527 Density d 20/4 1.105 1.110 1.115 1.120 1.125 1.130 1.135 1.140 1.145 1.150 1.155 1.160 1.165 1.170 1.175 1.180 1.185 1.190 1.195 1.200 1.205 NaOH content weight% mol/l 9.64 10.10 5 10.55 11.01 5 11.46 11.92 12.37 12.83 13.28 13.73 14.18 14.64 15.09 15.54 15.99 16.44 16.89 17.34 17.805 18.25 18.71 5 2.664 2.802 2.942 3.082 3.224 3.367 3.510 3.655 3.801 3.947 4.095 4.244 4.395 4.545 4.697 4.850 5.004 5.160 5.317 5.476 5.636

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SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION NaOH, M = 40.01 g/molDensity d 20/4 1.210 1.215 1.220 1.225 1.230 1.235 1.240 1.245 1.250 1.255 1.260 1.265 1.270 1.275 1.280 1.285 1.290 1.295 1.300 1.305 1.310 1.315 1.320 1.325 1.330 1.335 1.340 1.345 1.350 1.355 1.360 1.365 NaOH content weight% mol/l 19.16 19.62 20.07 20.53 20.98 21.44 21.90 22.36 22.82 23.275 23.73 24.19 24.645 25.10 25.56 26.02 26.48 26.94 27.41 27.87 28.33 28.80 29.26 29.73 30.20 30.67 31.14 31.62 32.10 32.58 33.06 33.54 5.796 5.958 6.122 6.286 6.451 6.619 6.788 6.958 7.129 7.302 7.475 7.650 7.824 8.000 8.178 8.357 8.539 8.722 8.906 9.092 9.278 9.466 9.656 9.875 10.04 10.23 10.43 10.63 10.83 11.03 11.24 11.45 Density d 20/4 1.370 1.375 1.380 1.385 1.390 1.395 1.400 1.405 1.410 1.415 1.420 1.425 1.430 1.435 1.440 1.445 1.450 1.455 1.460 1.465 1.470 1.475 1.480 1.485 1.490 1.495 1.500 1.505 1.510 1.515 1.520 1.525 1.530 NaOH content weight% mol/l 34.03 34.52 35.01 35.505 36.00 36.495 36.99 37.49 37.99 38.49 38.99 39.495 40.00 40.515 41.03 41.55 42.07 42.59 43.12 43.64 44.17 44.695 45.22 45.75 46.27 46.80 47.33 47.85 48.38 48.905 49.44 49.97 50.50 11.65 11.86 12.08 12.29 12.51 12.73 12.95 13.17 13.39 13.61 13.84 14.07 14.30 14.53 14.77 15.01 15.25 15.49 15.74 15.98 16.23 16.48 16.73 16.98 17.23 17.49 17.75 18.00 18.26 18.52 18.78 19.05 19.31

Density d 20/4 1.000 1.005 1.010 1.015 1.020 1.025 1.030 1.035 1.040 1.045 1.050 1.055 1.060 1.065 1.070 1.075 1.080 1.085 1.090 1.095 1.100 1.105 1.110 1.115 1.120 1.125 1.130 1.135 1.140 1.145 1.150 1.155

KOH content weight% mol/l 0.197 0.743 1.295 1.84 2.38 2.93 3.48 4.03 4.58 5.12 5.66 6.20 6.74 7.28 7.82 8.36 8.89 9.43 9.96 10.49 11.03 11.56 12.08 12.61 13.14 13.66 14.19 14.705 15.22 15.74 16.26 16.78 0.0351 0.133 0.233 0.333 0.4355 0.536 0.6395 0.774 0.848 0.954 1.06 1.17 1.27 1.38 1.49 1.60 1.71 1.82 1.94 2.05 2.16 2.28 2.39 2.51 2.62 2.74 2.86 2.975 3.09 3.21 3.33 3.45

Density d 20/4 1.160 1.165 1.170 1.175 1.180 1.185 1.190 1.195 1.200 1.205 1.210 1.215 1.220 1.225 1.230 1.235 1.240 1.245 1.250 1.255 1.260 1.265 1.270 1.275 1.280 1.285 1.290 1.295 1.300 1.305 1.310 1.315

KOH content weight% mol/l 17.29 17.81 18.32 18.84 19.35 19.86 20.37 20.88 21.38 21.88 22.38 22.88 23.38 23.87 24.37 24.86 25.36 25.85 26.34 26.83 27.32 27.80 28.29 28.77 29.25 29.73 30.21 30.68 31.15 31.62 32.09 32.56 3.58 3.70 3.82 3.945 4.07 4.195 4.32 4.45 4.57 4.70 4.83 4.955 5.08 5.21 5.34 5.47 5.60 5.74 5.87 6.00 6.135 6.27 6.40 6.54 6.67 6.81 6.95 7.08 7.22 7.36 7.49 7.63

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POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION KOH, M = 56.11 g/mol

Ammonia NH3, M = 17.03 g/molDensity d 20/4 0.998 0.996 0.994 0.992 0.990 0.988 0.986 0.984 0.982 0.980 0.978 0.976 0.974 0.972 0.970 0.968 0.966 0.964 0.962 0.960 0.958 0.956 0.954 0.952 0.950 0.948 0.946 0.944 0.942 0.940 0.938 0.936 0.934 NH3 content weight% mol/l 0.0465 0.512 0.977 1.43 1.89 2.35 2.82 3.30 3.78 4.27 4.76 5.25 5.75 6.25 6.75 7.26 7.77 8.29 8.82 9.34 9.87 10.405 10.95 11.49 12.03 12.58 13.14 13.71 14.29 14.88 15.47 16.06 16.65 0.0273 0.299 0.570 0.834 1.10 1.365 1.635 1.91 2.18 2.46 2.73 3.01 3.29 3.57 3.84 4.12 4.41 4.69 4.98 5.27 5.55 5.84 6.13 6.42 6.71 7.00 7.29 7.60 7.91 8.21 8.52 8.83 9.13 Density d 20/4 0.932 0.930 0.928 0.926 0.924 0.922 0.920 0.918 0.916 0.914 0.912 0.910 0.908 0.906 0.904 0.902 0.900 0.898 0.896 0.894 0.892 0.890 0.888 0.886 0.884 0.882 0.880 NH3 content weight% mol/l 17.24 17.85 18.45 19.06 19.67 20.27 20.88 21.50 22.125 22.75 23.39 24.03 24.68 25.33 26.00 26.67 27.33 28.00 28.67 29.33 30.00 30.685 31.37 32.09 32.84 33.595 34.35 9.44 9.75 10.06 10.37 10.67 10.97 11.28 11.59 11.90 12.21 12.52 12.84 13.16 13.48 13.80 14.12 14.44 14.76 15.08 15.40 15.71 16.04 16.36 16.69 17.05 17.40 17.75 10.82 10.97 11.12 11.28 11.42 11.58 11.73 11.88 12.04 12.19 12.35 12.50 12.66 12.82 12.97 13.13 13.29 13.45 13.60 13.76 13.92 14.08

Density d 20/4 1.320 1.325 1.330 1.335 1.340 1.345 1.350 1.355 1.360 1.365 1.370 1.375 1.380 1.385 1.390 1.395 1.400 1.405 1.410 1.415 1.420

KOH content weight% mol/l 33.03 33.50 33.97 34.43 34.90 35.36 35.82 36.28 36.735 37.19 37.65 38.105 38.56 39.01 39.46 39.92 40.37 40.82 41.26 41.71 42.155 7.77 7.91 8.05 8.19 8.335 8.48 8.62 8.76 8.905 9.05 9.19 9.34 9.48 9.63 9.78 9.93 10.07 10.22 10.37 10.52 10.67

Density d 20/4 1.425 1.430 1.435 1.440 1.445 1.450 1.455 1.460 1.465 1.470 1.475 1.480 1.485 1.490 1.495 1.500 1.505 1.510 1.515 1.520 1.525 1.530

KOH content weight% mol/l 42.60 43.04 43.48 43.92 44.36 44.79 45.23 45.66 46.095 46.53 46.96 47.39 47.82 48.25 48.675 49.10 49.53 49.95 50.38 50.80 51.22 51.64

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POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION KOH, M = 56.11 g/mol

Name Acetic acid Acetic acid (glacial acetic acid) Acetic acid, dilute Ammonia solution Ammonia solution Ammonia solution Formic acid Hydriodic acid Hydrobromic acid Hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid, concentr. (1.16) Hydrochloric acid, concentr. (1.18) Hydrochloric acid, fuming Hydrofluoric acid Hydrofluoric acid Nitric acid, concentr. Nitric acid, fuming Perchloric acid Perchloric acid Phosphoric acid, concentr. (1.71) Phosphoric acid, concentr. (1.75) Potassium hydroxide solution Potassium hydroxide solution Sodium hydroxide solution Sulfuric acid, concentr. Sulfuric acid, dilute

Weight % 96 99 100 30 35 30 25 98 100 57 40 25 32 36 37 48 40 65 100 70 60 85 89 47 30 33 95 97 25

Density d 20 4 1.06 1.06 1.04 0.88 0.88 0.91 1.22 1.7 1.38 1.12 1.16 1.18 1.19 1.16 1.13 1.40 1.52 1.67 1.53 1.71 1.75 1.5 1.3 1.36 1.84 1.18

Density (mol/l*) 17 18 5 18 15.5 13.5 26 7.5 7 8 10 12 12.5 28 23 14 21 12 9 15 16 12.5 7 11 18 3

* rounded off

Baum degrees (B) and density

Be = 145

145 density

Example: Sodium hydroxide solution 40 % with a density of 1.430 g/cm3: 145 145 = 43.60 Be 1.43

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COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE CONCENTRATIONS OF SOME ACIDS AND ALKALIS

0 Malachite green oxalate Brilliant green Eosin Y Erythrosin B Methyl green Methyl violet Picric acid Cresol red Crystal violet Cresol purple Thymol blue Thymol blue sodium salt Xylenol blue 2,2',2'',4,4' Pentamethoxytriphenylcarbinol Eosin B Quinaldine red 2.4-Dinitrophenol 4-(Dimethylamino) azobenz

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Lab Tools - Merck