La lengua española

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BFZMX^CA 6

CF CNKL^F NRZFÖACF

Kfhf nrbfzf f cf cn} ~kmyntrfc hn cf nyac~bmak0 km cf efxntmf#

km cf ymhf# km cf bakbmnkbmf# km cfr ftxnr# km cf nrxt~bx~tf rabmfc+++ km

nc cnkl~f`n+ Xaha nk cf ymhf nr bfedma efr a enkar cnkxa znta

rmneztn bfedma+ Cfr efr hn >+::: cnkl~fr v~n rn ofdcfk fbx~fc%

enkxn nk nc e~kha /raca ~kf emkatmf hn nccfr xmnkn nrbtmx~tf- zta%

bnhnk hn ~kfr zabfr cnkl~fr atmlmkfcnr /nc goamræk hnc r~t hn Fitm%bf# bak ~kf fkxml~nhfh hn efr hn 6::+::: föar# nr ~kf hn nccfr-#

hn cfr v~n rn hnrlf`ftak axtfr dfrmbfr /karxtæxmbf# fentmkhmf+++-+

K~nrxtf cnkl~f of nyac~bmakfha hnrhn cf karxtfxmbf /ofbn ~kar

6>+::: föar- zfrfkha zat cf mkhan~taznf /ofbn ~kar 9+::: föar- }

cf cfxmkf+

Nc ?:. hn car ofdmxfkxnr hnc e~kha rn nkxmnkhn bak raca >

cnkl~fr+ Car mhmaefr efr ofdcfhar rak0 nc bomka } r~r hmfcnbxar

/v~n rak eakarmcfdmbar } ka ztabnhnk hnc mkhan~tazna- bak efr

hn 6+::: emccaknr hn ofdcfkxnr# nc mklcnr /mhmaef lntefkmba hntm%

yfha hnc mkhan~tazna- bak bfrm >>: emccaknr# nc omkhm } r~r hmfcnb%

xar /hntmyfhar hnc rækrbtmxa } nrxn hnc mkhan~tazna- bak ~kar >::

emccaknr } nc nrzföac /mhmaef taefkbn hn tfmp mkhan~taznf- bak

8>: emccaknr+ K~nrxtf cnkl~f nr# z~nr# ~kf hn cfr efr nxnkhmhfr }



yf f tniatpft r~ zarmbmak hn ztmymcnlma rnl~k cf ztarznbxmyf hnea%

ltfimbf hn car zfmrnr hakhn rn ofdcf+ Cf hmtnbxatf hnc Mkrxmx~xa

Bntyfkxnr# Bftenk Bfiiftnc# ztnrnkxa nk 4::= ~k nrx~hma v~nztnyn v~n ofdtf >>: emccaknr hn omrzfkaofdcfkxnr nk 4:>:+

Nc mhmaef nrzföac xmnkn ~kf hnkrf omrxatmf nyac~xmyf } ~k

ztaenxnhat i~x~ta nyac~xmya+ Cf ztazmf fbfhnemf nrzföacf xmnkn

nk b~nkxf nrf nyac~bmak bakxmk~f } }f hnbmf nk nc ztacala hn cf

fkxntmat atxaltfimf hn 6===# ACN==# v~n §car bfedmar v~n nzntm%

enkxn cf cnkl~f nrzföacf nk r~ bakrxfkxn fhfzxfbmak f cfr knbnrm%

hfhnr hn car ofdcfkxnr+++·+ ] efr fhncfkxn bakxmk~fdf0 §Cf TFN ka fdhmbf hnc nrzmtmx~ ztaltnrmyfenkxn tniatemrxf v~n fcnkxa nk

nccf hnrhn r~r baemnkpar } ka tnk~kbmf f kfhf v~n z~nhf tnh~khft

nk dnknimbma hn k~nrxtf bae~k cnkl~f nrzföacf+++·+ Nc imcacala }

fbfhnemba Efk~nc Rnba nk r~ Hmbbmakftma hn h~hfr } hmimb~cxfhnrhn cf cnkl~f nrzföacf hmbn v~n §cf cnkl~f nr ~k nkxn nk bakrxfkxn

nyac~bmak W+++U+ Ca v~n oa} kar zftnbn ymbmara# eföfkf z~nhn rnt

zntinbxfenkxn katefc·+

6+6 Dtnyn omrxatmf

F bakxmk~fbmak rn ofbn ~k nrdapa hn cf nyac~bmak hn k~nrxtf

cnkl~f+ Mkhta Eakxfknccm nk r~ Omrxatmf hn Taef hmbn# ofdcfkha

hn car taefkar# v~n §cf r~}f ntf cnkl~f hn rmkxfmr rnyntf znta hn

zabar yabfdcar } rmk efxmbnr# v~n rn ztnrxfdf efr f cf baezmcf%

bmak hn cn}nr } hn bahmlar v~n f cfr kayncfr } f cf zanrmf·+ Hnonboa nc ztment xnxa hn omrxatmf taefkf# nc hn V~mkxa Ifdma Zmb%

xat nk nc xfthma föa hn 4:4 fnb# nrxfdf nrbtmxa nk ltmnla# cnkl~f

e~boa efr tmbf# efxmpfhf } icnmdcn f hnbmt hn Eakxfknccm+ Ka nr

hn nxtföft# z~nr# v~n nk ~kfr b~fkxfr bnkx~tmfr nc cfxmk §hnlnkn%

tftf· nk cnkl~fr taefkbnr+ Cfr hmrxmkxfr cnkl~fr cfr of mha bak%

iatefkha hn efkntf kfx~tfc } nk f~rnkbmf hn katefr nc z~ndca



radntfka# cfr efr hn cfr ynbnr fkfcifdnxa zatv~n nk r~r atmlnknr

bfrm kfhmn rfdmf nrbtmdmt+ Zat nra nk xahfr nccfr car yntdar efr

mttnl~cftnr# v~n rak car efr fkxml~ar# rak car efr ~rfhar nk cfymhf battmnkxn+

Nk Omrzfkmf ka rn ofdcfdf nc cfxmk bcfrmba a b~cxa rmka ~k cfxmk

t~rxmba v~n rn hmintnkbmfdf i~khfenkxfcenkxn hn fv~nc zat xnknt

~kf rmkxfmr enkar baezcmbfhf /cfr hnbcmkfbmaknr hnbf}ntak nk

ifyat hn cfr ztnzarmbmaknr- } zat ~rft yabnr } nztnrmaknr k~nyfr+

B~fkha car ymrmlahar mkyfhmntak cf znkmkr~cf adrntyftak v~n rn

ofdcfdf ~k cfxmk omrzfkmpfha bak lmtar ltmnlar } eahmrear tnlma%kfcnr+

Nk r~r atmlnknr nc cfxmk raca ntf ofdcfha zat ~kfr b~fkxfr

xtmd~r v~n ymymfk nk cfr bacmkfr bntbfkfr fc tma Xmdnt znta r~ hnrf%

ttacca i~n iatemhfdcn bak cf nzfkrmak hnc Mezntma taefka ccnlfk%

ha f ofdcftrn ofrxf r~r emrefr itakxntfr+ Nc cfxmk rn ccnya f car

z~ndcar bakv~mrxfhar enhmfkxn nc n`ntbmxa } cf fhemkmrxtfbmak

z~dcmbf+ Xnknear bakrxfkbmf hn <?: nrbtmxatnr cfxmkar znta raca ofccnlfha ofrxf k~nrxtar hmfr zftxn hn cf adtf hn 68: hn nccar+ Nk cf

Nhfh Enhmf } nc Tnkfbmemnkxa nc cfxmk i~n cf cnkl~f itfkbf hn cf

b~cx~tf nk car zfmrnr n~taznar nk xahfr cfr hmrbmzcmkfr hnc rfdnt

/car f~xatnr nrbtmdmfk r~r cmdtar } rn bftxnfdfk nk cfxmk-# hndmha

radtn xaha f v~n i~n fhazxfha zat cf Mlcnrmf bfxacmbf+ R~ efmea

nrzcnkhat x~ya c~lft ofbmf nc rmlca M fnb# nzabf nk cf v~n nrbtmdmn%

tak car ztmkbmzfcnr f~xatnr+ F nrxn cfxmk b~cxa } tnimkfha rn cn ccfefcfxmk bcfrmba+

Nc cfxmk b~cxa ntf nezcnfha zat cf bcfrn rabmfc fcxf } nk nc ~ra

aimbmfc } cmxntftma } rn efkx~ya e~} zftnbmha nk xahfr zftxnr+ Znta

nc cfxmk v~n ofdcfdf nc z~ndca ccfka ntf nc cfxmk y~clft# ka r~`nxa f

katefr nrxtmbxfr# zat ca v~n ka xftha nk nzntmenkxft bfedmar nk

car hmrxmkxar xnttmxatmar# nrznbmfcenkxn bak cf hnrenedtfbmak hnc



Mezntma+ Xtfr cfr mkyfrmaknr dftdftfr nrxn cfxmk y~clft zntefknbma

nk car xnttmxatmar efr taefkmpfhar /Mxfcmf# Nrzföf# Zatx~lfc# Itfk%

bmf# T~efkmf- znta ka nk car hnefr /N~tazf Bnkxtfc n mrcfr dtmxf%kmbfr-+ Nk cf zftxn atmnkxfc hnc Mezntma ka ccnla f mezakntrn nc

cfxmk hndmha fc ltfk ztnrxmlma b~cx~tfc hnc ltmnla+

Cf fzftmbmak hn cfr cnkl~fr taefkbnr z~nhn rmx~ftrn ofbmf

imkfcnr hnc rmlca YMMM } baemnkpar hnc M_+ Nc cfxmk nr nc nrcfdak

nkxtn nc fkxml~a mkhan~tazna } cfr cnkl~fr taefkbnr /bfrxnccfka#

lfccnla# bfxfcfk# yfcnkbmfka# zatx~l~nr# itfkbnr# mxfcmfka# t~efka#

hfcefxmba# tnxattaefkmba# rftha# ztaynkpfc+++-# v~n ka rak efr v~n~k cfxmk nyac~bmakfha nk hmintnkxnr hmtnbbmaknr+ Hn xahfr nccfr nc

itfkbnr nr cf cnkl~f v~n efr rn of rnzftfha hnc cfxmk+

Fkxnr hn cf taefkmpfbmak hn Nrzföf rn ofdcfdfk yftmfr cnk%

l~fr nk cf znkmkr~cf0 f- cnkl~fr bncxmbfr# hn atmlnk mkhan~tazna#

v~n ztnrxftak fcl~kfr zfcfdtfr fc cfxmk# d- cnkl~fr mdntfr# ka mkha%

n~taznfr# ztaynkmnkxnr hnc katxn hn Fitmbf } b- nc yfrba a n~rgntf#

hn atmlnk hnrbakabmha+ Cf taefkmpfbmak hn cf znkmkr~cf neznpank nc föa 46? fnb } i~n tfzmhf } ztai~khf nbnzxa nk nc eakxföara

katxn# ca v~n zntemxma cf zntymynkbmf hnc n~rgntf+ Fv~nccfr mkhaem%

xfr xtmd~r katxnöfr zcfkxftak bftf f Taef } adcmlftak f Abxfyma#

v~n zntrakfcenkxn v~mra frmrxmt f nrxf l~nttf h~tfkxn fcl~k xmne%

za# f hnrzcfpft f aboa cnlmaknr } k~entarfr xtazfr f~mcmftnr# bak

~k xaxfc hn <:+::: rachfhar efkhfhar zat nc lnkntfc Fltmzf# v~mnk

nk nc föa 6= fnb# xtfr ~kf bakxmnkhf hn 6: föar# calta haemkftcar+Car ymrmlahar# bakyntxmhar fc btmrxmfkmrea# fhazxftak baea cnkl~f

aimbmfc cf hn cf Mlcnrmf# nr hnbmt# nc cfxmk+

Nk nc rmlca _ rn ofdcfdfk cfr rml~mnkxnr cnkl~fr nk cf znkmkr~%

cf0

nk nc katxn nc n~rgntf# nc frx~t%cnaknr } nc lfccnla

nk Bfrxmccf nc bfrxnccfka



nk Kfyfttf } Ftflak nc kfyftta%ftflaknr

nk Bfxfc~öf nc bfxfcfk

nk nc r~t hmrxmkxfr cnkl~fr eapftfdnr

Nc bfrxnccfka kfbma nk nc fkxml~a bakhfha hn Bfrxmccf# i~khfha

nk xnttmxatma hn mkic~nkbmf yfrbf# } neznpa f efkminrxftrn zat nr%

btmxa nk hmzcaefr kaxftmfcnr } dtnynr lcarfr tnhfbxfhar nk nc rmlca

_+ Nc b~ntza hnc nrbtmxa nrxfdf nk cfxmk } zftf f}~hft f r~ bae%

ztnkrmak rn tnhfbxfdfk kaxfr nrbtmxfr nk cnkl~f y~clft nk car eft%

lnknr+ Nc ztment hab~enkxa nk v~n fzftnbn cf cnkl~f taefkbn bak

bmntxf nxnkrmak n mezatxfkbmf rak cfr Lcarfr Nemcmfknkrnr# nrbtm%xfr zat nc fefk~nkrn E~öa nk nc eakfrxntma dnknhmbxmka hn Rfk

Emccfk hn cf Balaccf nk Cf Tma`f+ Nk nccfr rn mkbc~}nk xfedmnk har

lcarfr nk n~rgntf+ Nk nc rmlca _M rn mkbatzatftak e~boar lfcmbmr%

ear hndmha f cf ltfk fic~nkbmf hn zntnltmkar itfkbnrnr f Rfkxmfla

hn Baezarxncf# e~boar hn car b~fcnr rn v~nhftak baea bacakar f

ca cftla hnc bfemka+

Nc ztment eak~enkxa cmxntftma bfrxnccfka bakrntyfha# nc Bfk%xft hn Ema Bmh # zntxnknbn fc rmlca _MM znta nrxn xmza hn zanef

nzmba icatnbmf dfrxfkxn fkxnr nk Bfrxmccf ofdmnkha lfkfha }f cf

cnkl~f cf ifef hn rakatmhfh v~n hnrz~nr bakrntyò rmneztn /mcca%t~e cmkl~f tnrakfx v~frm x}ezfka x~df ‟r~ cnkl~f tnr~nkf baea

cf xtaeznxf bak nc xfedat” rnl~k hmbn nc zanef hn cf bakv~mrxf hn

Fcentmf ofbmf nc föa 66>:-+ Nc iaknxmrxf r~nba I \~cii# ztai~kha

bakabnhat hn e~bofr cnkl~fr n~taznfr# nk r~ Tnb~nmc ztírnkxí êL+ Zftmr# 6??= hnbmf v~n §nc cnkl~f`n bfrxnccfka nr fbfra# f em

zftnbnt# nc efr rakata# nc efr ofteakmara# nc efr ncnlfkxn# nc efr

nztnrmya hn xahar car hmfcnbxar taefkmbar } ka bnhn km f~k fc

emrea mxfcmfka·+

Hnrhn cf xtfh~bbmak hnc I~nta @~pla# efkhfhf ofbnt nk bfrxn%

ccfka nk 642: zat nc tn} Intkfkha MMM# cf cnkl~f bfrxnccfkf fhv~mtma



ltfk hnrfttacca bak ynkxf`f radtn cfr hnefr cnkl~fr znkmkr~cftnr

zatv~n bakxa bak nc ifyat aimbmfc+ Hnrz~nr Fciakra _ nc Rfdma

ompa nztnrft nk bfrxnccfka cfr ztmkbmzfcnr bmnkbmfr } ftxnr# hn cfxm%kar } atmnkxfcnr# haxfkha f cf cnkl~f taefkbn hn ~kf rntmn nkbm%

bcaznhmbf hn adtfr ynthfhntfenkxn r~zntmat f r~ xmneza+ Nc bfrxn%

ccfka enhmnyfc xnkmf yftmar iaknefr v~n oa} ofk hnrfzftnbmha+ Nk

68=4 Kndtm`f# ztainrat hn cfxmk nk Rfcfefkbf# z~dcmbf cf ztmentf

Ltfefxmbf hn cf cnkl~f bfrxnccfkf hnrnfkha im`ft nc mhmaef §zftf

v~n ca v~n flatf } hn fv~m fhncfkxn nk íc rn nrbtmymntn z~nhf v~n%

hft nk ~k xnkat } nrxnkhntrn nk xahf cf h~tfbmak hn car xmnezar v~nnrxfk zat ynkmt·+ Nc hnimkmxmya mez~cra hn cf cnkl~f nrzföacf x~ya

c~lft nk 6>29 b~fkha Bftcar Y cf fhazxa baea cnkl~f ~kmyntrfc

hn cf zacmxmbf nk ~k zftcfenkxa bncndtfha fkxn nc zfzf Zf~ca MMM# nk

nc b~fc taezma f ofdcft nk nrzföac zftf fb~rft ltfynenkxn fc tn}

hn Itfkbmf } b~fkha nc admrza hn Efbòk rn v~n`fdf hn ka nkxnkhnt

cf cnkl~f# nc nezntfhat cn tnrzakhma0 §Rnöat admrza# nkxmnkhfen

rm v~mntn } ka nrzntn hn em axtfr zfcfdtfr v~n hn em cnkl~f nrzf%öacf# cf b~fc nr xfk kadcn v~n entnbn rnt rfdmhf } nkxnkhmhf hn

xahf cf lnkxn botmrxmfkf·+

Nk car rmlcar _YM } _YMM nc nrzföac n`ntbma nk N~tazf cf

onlneakmf cmxntftmf } i~n cf cnkl~f hmzcaefxmbf ofrxf cf ztmentf

emxfh hnc rmlca _YMMM+ Nk Mxfcmf } Itfkbmf i~n nkxakbnr nc nrzföac

cf cnkl~f hn eahf nkxtn cf lnkxn b~cxf } ncnlfkxn } ztnrxò k~enta%

rar omrzfkmrear fc itfkbnr } fc mxfcmfka+ Nk nrxf nzabf nc nrzföacrn nktmv~nbma bak Nc V~màxn# adtf b~edtn hn cf cmxntfx~tf ~kmynt%

rfc# v~n eftba nc mkmbma hn cf kayncf eahntkf+ Nk nccf rn tnicn`f cf

ymhf nk r~ emref nrnkbmf zatv~n# baea hmbn nc nrbtmxat Nh~ftha

Enkhapf# nr cf omrxatmf hnc §hnrnkbfkxa hn ~k oaedtn v~n of

btnmha nk xaha } rn of hfha b~nkxf hn v~n xaha nr ~k nklföa·+ Nc

icatnbmemnkxa hn cf cmxntfx~tf nk bfrxnccfka bamkbmhma bak nc hnbcmyn



hn cf cmxntfx~tf nk cfr axtfr cnkl~fr nrzföacfr# hfkharn fhnefr cf

bmtb~krxfkbmf hn v~n cf cnkl~f bfrxnccfkf rn nzfkhma zat bfrm

xahfr cfr tnlmaknr hn Nrzföf+F cf im`fbmak hnc mhmaef bakxtmd~}ò e~boa cf TFN /i~khfhf

nk 6<62- bak r~ ltfk Hmbbmakftma hn f~xatmhfhnr /6<49%2=-# r~

Atxaltfimf /6<86- } r~ Ltfefxmbf /6<<6-+ Car zfmrnr hn Fentmbf

xtfr r~ nefkbmzfbmak hn Nrzföf xtfdf`ftak# bak fcl~kf nbnzbmak

xnezatfc v~n efr fhncfkxn yntnear# nk nc b~cxmya hnc cnkl~f`n

bae~k hfkha c~lft fc mhmaef ~kmyntrfc v~n foatf hmrit~xfear+

Cf ztak~kbmfbmak eahntkf hnc nrzföac hmimntn hn cf fkxml~f#ofrxf nc rmlca _YM# nk fcl~kar z~kxar /ynfrn cf xfdcf rnl~khf hnc

fzftxfha >+6-0

Nc bfrxnccfka fkxml~a xnkmf ~kf r rakatf } axtf rathf /rr#

ml~fc f k~nrxtf r fbx~fchn efkntf v~n rn hmrxmkl~mfk nk cf

ztak~kbmfbmak zfcfdtfr v~n oa} rak oaeòiakfr+

Fkxml~fenkxn rn hmrxmkl~mf ~kf ì rathf /fkfcalf f k~nrxtf

p- } ~kf p rakatf+ Rn hmrxmkl~mf xfedmnk cf itmbfxmyf ztnzfcfxfc rathf /ml~fc

f cf fbx~fc itfkbnrf bo- } axtfr rakatfr ` } l /fkfcalfr f cf

itfkbnrf `-# hmintnkbmfkharn yabnr v~n oa} rak oaeaia%

kfr+

Cf ztak~kbmfbmak hn cf d /abc~rmyf- } hn cf y /itmbfxmyf-

ntfk hmrxmkxfr nkxtn rm+

Cf o v~n tnezcfpfdf f cf i cfxmkf mkmbmfc hn zfcfdtf rn zta%k~kbmfdf cnynenkxn frzmtfhf+ Zat nra oa} ifcxf ~kf rmcfdf

nk fcl~kar yntrar hn cfr baezarmbmaknr enxtmbfr hnc Rmlca

hn Ata+ Xahfymf nk nc rmlca _YM rn frzmtfdf cf o nk Bfrxm%

ccf+



6+4 Cmemxnr xnttmxatmfcnr bak cfr axtfr cnkl~fr nrzföacfrCfr axtfr cnkl~fr ofdcfhfr nk Nrzföf xmnknk har atmlnknr

e~} hmrxmkxar+ Zat ~k cfha nrxf cf cnkl~f yfrbf# a n~rgntf# } zataxta cfha yftmfr cnkl~fr taefkbnr /bfxfcfk# yfcnkbmfka# lfccnla-#

ztabnhnkxnr hnc cfxmk+ Zftf hmintnkbmft cf ~kmyntrfcenkxn bakabmhf

baea cnkl~f nrzföacf hn nrxfr axtfr cnkl~fr nrzföacfr# hnkxta hn

Nrzföf nr efr ztazma hnkaemkftcf cnkl~f bfrxnccfkf+ Car cmemxnr

hnc n~rgntf bak cfr cnkl~fr taefkbnr v~n ca tahnfk rak dt~rbar

hndmha f r~ ltfk hmintnkbmf cmkl~mrxmbf+ Zat nc bakxtftma } ztabn%

hmnkha hn ~k xtakba bae~k# car cmemxnr nkxtn cfr tnrxfkxnr cnkl~frtaefkbnr rak e~} hmi~rar+ Ka adrxfkxn of} ~k tfrla bcftfenkxn

hmintnkbmfhat nkxtn nc bfrxnccfka } nc lfccnla zat cf zftxn abbmhnk%

xfc } nkxtn nc bfrxnccfka } nc bfxfcfk } yfcnkbmfka zat cf zftxn atmnk%

xfc+ ] nr v~n cf a xakmbf /fbnkx~fhf- cfxmkf nk nc bfrxnccfka rn hmz%

xaklf nk ~n znta ka nk lfccnla km nk bfxfcfk km nk yfcnkbmfka /bfr%

xnccfka0 z~ntxf# b~ntza7 lfccnla# bfxfcfk } yfcnkbmfka0 zatxf# bat%

za-+Car cmemxnr nkxtn nc bfrxnccfka } cfr axtfr cnkl~fr ofk mha

zaba f zaba fbntbfkharn f cfr barxfr } fcn`fkharn hnc bnkxta hn cf

znkmkr~cf# mkyfhmnkha nc bfrxnccfka cnkxfenkxn car xnttmxatmar hn cfr

axtfr cnkl~fr ztmkbmzfcenkxn zat ofdnt lapfha hnc ifyat hnc zahnt

zacmxmba bnkxtfc v~n nk hnxntemkfhar zntmahar ccnla mkbc~ra f

ztaomdmt cfr hnefr+ Oa} emrea nc ftxmb~ca 2 hn cf Bakrxmx~bmak

nrzföacf nrxfdcnbn v~n nc bfrxnccfka nr cf cnkl~f nrzföacf aimbmfchnc Nrxfha# hfkhacn frm ztnnemknkbmf radtn cfr axtfr# f cfr v~n ka

rn of xnkmha nc xfbxa hn hftcnr nc emrea tfkla baea ab~ttn nk

axtar zfmrnr nk v~n banmrxnk yftmfr cnkl~fr nk zmn hn ml~fchfh /nk

R~mpf b~fxta# nk Dnclmbf xtnr# nk Bfkfhf har+++-+ Nk nrxar zfmrnr nc

Nrxfha nr e~cxmcmkl~n } cfr tnlmaknr eakacmkl~nr# emnkxtfr v~n nk

Nrzföf nc Nrxfha nr eakacmkl~n } cfr tnlmaknr dmcmkl~nr+ Nrxa of



abfrmakfha } rml~n abfrmakfkha ztadcnefr zacmxmbar nkxtn cfr ba%

e~kmhfhnr f~xakaefr } nc zahnt bnkxtfc# radtn xaha nk ca tnintnk%

xn f cf nh~bfbmak+ Ka nr hmimbmc baeztnkhnt v~n zftf b~fcv~mntzntrakf r~ cnkl~f efxntkf rnf cf efr mezatxfkxn+ Zftf car lfccn%

lar# car yfrbar# car bfxfcfknr } car yfcnkbmfkar cf cnkl~f efr me%

zatxfkxn nr nc lfccnla# nc n~rgntf# nc bfxfcfk } nc yfcnkbmfka tnrznb%

xmyfenkxn } nk ~k rnl~kha c~lft v~nhf nc bfrxnccfka+ Zat nra ka nr

calmba v~n nrxf cnkl~f xnklf efr tfkla v~n fv~nccfr nk r~r bae~%

kmhfhnr f~xakaefr+ Ca kfx~tfc nr v~n nk bfhf bae~kmhfh rn ofdcn

r~ cnkl~f ztazmf } v~n ka rn nm`f ofdcft bfrxnccfka+Baea ab~ttn nk axtar zfmrnr# nc Nrxfha nrzföac hndmntf rnt

e~cxmcmkl~n } cfr tnlmaknr raca eakacmkl~nr+ ] nrxa ka rmlkmimbf

kmkl~k zncmlta zftf nc bfrxnccfka zatv~n0 f- nc lt~nra hn r~r

ofdcfkxnr nrxf i~ntf hn nrxfr tnlmaknr nrznbmfcenkxn nk Fentmbf }

d- zatv~n car ofdmxfkxnr hn nrxfr# nk r~ ztazma ztaynboa# rak car

ztmentar mkxntnrfhar nk ofdcft bfrxnccfka zat r~ ltfk zta}nbbmak

mkxntkfbmakfc+ Frm z~nr# ca kfx~tfc nk cfr bae~kmhfhnr f~xakaefrnrzföacfr# baea frm nrxf ab~ttmnkha# nr ofdcft car har mhmaefr rmk

knbnrmhfh hn v~n rnf mez~nrxa aimbmfcenkxn nc bfrxnccfka+ Nc v~n

cfr tnlmaknr i~ntfk eakacmkl~nr cmeftmf frzntnpfr } r~fympftmf cfr

tncfbmaknr nkxtn nrzföacnr zatv~n kfhmn yntmf fxtaznccfha r~ hntn%

boa i~khfenkxfc hn ~rft r~ ztazmf cnkl~f nk r~ xnttmxatma+ Nc bfrxn%

ccfka nr bakabmha } ofdcfha zat car ofdmxfkxnr hn xahfr cfr tnlma%

knr nrzföacfr } ka knbnrmxf rnt ztaxnlmha+ Cfr axtfr cnkl~fr rå zatv~n nc bfrxnccfka cnr rml~n baemnkha xnttnka+

Em zfxtmf nr em cnkl~f# hmà Lanxon+ Xfk nr frm v~n nk cfr

bae~kmhfhnr f~xakaefr nrzföacfr /r~r tnlmaknr- car lt~zar v~n

zmhnk cf mkhnznkhnkbmf zacmxmbf ca ofbnk bak xfkxf efr nkntlmf

b~fkxa efr hmrxmkxf nr r~ cnkl~f tnrznbxa hn cf bfrxnccfkf0 yfrbar#

bfxfcfknr# yfcnkbmfkar# lfccnlar+ Fbx~fcenkxn nc Rnkfha nrzföac



}f zntemxn nk r~r rnrmaknr } nk r~r atlfkar v~n rn z~nhf ofdcft nk

cfr bmkba cnkl~fr nrzföacfr /ofrxf ofbn zaba raca rn zahmf ofdcft

nk bfrxnccfka-+@~fk Bftcar Eatnka Bfdtntf# bfxnhtfxmba hn cmkl~mrxmbf nk cf

^kmyntrmhfh F~xakaef hn Efhtmh # z~dcmba nc 62 eftpa 4::> ~k

ftxmb~ca nk nc zntmahmba Nc Zfmr nk nc v~n hnbmf v~n §nr fkaefca

v~n nk nc Bakltnra nrzföac car hmz~xfhar ka z~nhfk mkxntynkmt nk

bfxfcfk# n~rgntf a lfccnla· z~nr §~k Bakltnra nrxtmbxfenkxn ea%

kacmkl~n ka tnicn`f fhnb~fhfenkxn cf kfx~tfcnpf cmkl~mrxmbf aimbmfc

hn car bm~hfhfkar tnztnrnkxfhar } zat xfkxa ofbn mkymrmdcn ~kftnfcmhfh cmkl~mrxmbf f cf v~n ka nr hnrnfdcn nk ftfr hn cf d~nkf

bakymynkbmf v~n rmlfear hfkha cf nrzfchf h~tfkxn efr xmneza·+

6+2 Fzatxfbmaknr hn axtfr cnkl~frNc lt~nra hnc címba bfrxnccfka ztaymnkn hnc cfxmk ofdmnkha

rmha nktmv~nbmha zat ~k mezatxfkxn ncnkba hn zfcfdtfr hn axtfr

cnkl~fr hfhf cf yftmnhfh hn z~ndcar v~n ofk ofdmxfha cf znkmkr~cf+Cf cnkl~f ymrmlaxmbf ka fzatxa e~bofr zfcfdtfr cmemxfkharn f

car kaedtnr ztazmar baea Fciakra# Fcyfta# Ncymtf# Intkfkha#Lakpfca# Tfemta# Tahtmla# Tarnkha+ Hn axtar raca of v~nhfha nc

zfxtakmemba0 Dnte~hnp# L~xmnttnp# R~ftnp+Hn nzabf fkxntmat f cf mkyfrmak ymrmlahf of} zfcfdtfr hn atm%

lnk lntefkmba v~n rn mkbatzatftak hmtnbxfenkxn fc cfxmk xtfr car

cftlar föar hn bakymynkbmf hn fedar z~ndcar nk cfr itakxntfr hncTomk } nc Hfk~dma# baea flfrf`ft# fcdntl~n# ftzf# ftnkv~n# frzf#dcfkba# darv~n# dt~rba# baimf# hfkpft# hftha# hnref}ft# nedf`f%hf# nrbfkbmft# nrzmf# nrz~ncf# nrv~mcft# ifchf# in~ha# itfed~nrf#

itfkba# itnrba# lfkft# lfr# ltarnccf# l~fkxn# l~fthft# l~nttf# l~m%rft# ontfcha# `fdak# cmrxa# cak`f# car b~fxta z~kxar bfthmkfcnr # e~r%la# k~bf# atl~cca# zfttf# tmnc# tmba# tadft# tabmk# t~nbf# rfcf# rf~%



ba# xmtft# xabft# xaeft# xtnl~f# }ncea+ Car aboa rmlcar hn bakymynkbmf bak car ftfdnr hn`ftak ~kf

mezatxfkxn o~nccf# fc ofdnt rmha fhnefr nk lnkntfc cf b~cx~tf ftfdnr~zntmat f cf btmrxmfkf+ Nk cfr fkbofr pakfr cmemxtainr rn ofdcfdfk

fedfr cnkl~fr+ Rn bfcb~cf v~n ~k ?. hn zfcfdtfr hn cf cnkl~f

bfrxnccfkf ztabnhnk hnc ftfdn+ On fv~m ~kfr zabfr yabnr hn r~

mkic~nkbmf0 fbnmxn# fbnemcf# fbnv~mf# fhfcmh# fhftlf# fhncif# fha%dn# fh~fkf# f`nhtnp# fcfbnkf# fcfedmv~n# fcfthn# fcftmin# fcfpfk#fcdfbnf# fcdfömc# fcdfthnta# fcdftmbav~n# fcdf}fchn# fcdntbf# fc%

dataxa# fcdtmbmfr# fcbfchn# fcbfkbmf# fcbfkiat# fcbfkxftmccf# fcbf% pfdf# fcbfpft# fcbadf# fcbaoac# fcbacnf# fchnf# fcifàt# fcifkln#fciftnta# fcinmpft# fcintnp# fcimc# fcimcnt# fciaedtf# fclftfdmf# fclf%tfhf# fclfttadf# fclndtf# fclahak# fcl~fbmc# fcoftfbf# fcmbfxfha#fc`mdn# fcefbnk# fcefkfv~n# fcemtfkxn# fcemtnp# fceaofhf# fcea%knhf# fce~h# fczftlfxf# fcznbomk# fcv~mcnt# fcv~memf# fcxtfe~p#fc~dmf# fkfv~nc# Fkhfc~bmf# fkhfema# fkxmeakma# fömbar# ftfkbnc#

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l~ftmrea# l~mxf# ofbomr# ofcflft# oftflfk# oftnk# ofrxf# ofpföf# `fv~n# `ftbof# `fttf# `fpemk# `nv~n# `nxf# `mknxn# `mtfif# àtadf# àxf# `~hmf# cfbf# cfxak# cf~h# cmef# cmeak# efbfdta# efefttfboa#efeacf# efttfr# efpeattf# enklfka# env~nxtnin# enpv~mka#eaemf# kfhmt# katmf# k~bf# a`fcf# acn# zftfmra# v~mcfxn# v~mkxfc#v~marba# tfdfc# tfbof# tnonk# tnref# tmkbak# takbnta# takhf# rfk%hmf# rfttfbnka# rntfimk# rmtaba# ratdnxn# r~cxfk# xfdmv~n# xfmif# xfc%



ba# xfedat# xftf# xftnf# xftmif# xftmef# xfpf# pfima# pflf# pflfc# pfl~fk# pfmka# pfcfenta# pfefb~ba# pfkfoatmf# paba# pav~nxn+

Nk cf znkmkr~cf mdntmbf of} e~bomrmear xazakmear ftfdnr#zat n`nezca Fcdfbnxn ‟cf ccfk~tf”# Fcdfcfx ‟nc bfemka”# Fcbfcf ‟nc

bfrxmcca”# Fcbfkxftf ‟nc z~nkxn”# Fcbfpft ‟nc zfcfbma”# Fclft ‟cfb~nyf”# Fclftyn ‟nc zakmnkxn”# Fcefhnk ‟cf emkf”# Fcentmf ‟nc

emtfhat”# Fceahayft ‟xattn tnhakhf”# Fkhfc~bmf# Dfcfpaxn ‟bfem%

ka hn R~i ”# Dnkmbfrme ‟omà hn Bfrme”# Bfcfxf}~h ‟bfrxmcca hn

F}~d”# L~fhfcf`ftf ‟tma hn zmnhtfr”# L~fhfcnk ‟tma hn cf i~nkxn”#

L~fhfcv~mymt ‟tma ltfkhn”# L~fhfc~zn ‟tma hnc cada” /zfcfdtf ftf%dn%taefkbn-# Cf Efkbof ‟cf enrnxf”# Efhtmh ‟efkfkxmfc”# Enhmkf

‟bm~hfh”# Enhmkfbncm ‟bm~hfh hn Rfcme”# Bfcfxtfyf ‟bfrxmcca hn

Tfdfo”# Xfcfyntf ‟z~ndca hn Yntf”+++ ] xfedmnk nk car kaedtnr }

fznccmhar0 Fcbfcf# Fceahayft # Fce~hnkf ‟cf bm~hfh”# Dat`f ‟xattn”# Enhmkf# Adh~cmf ‟rntymhatf hn Hmar”+++ E~boar ftfdmrear ofk

hnrfzftnbmha zatv~n xtfr cf Tnbakv~mrxf xaxfc hn cf znkmkr~cf }

radtn xaha xtfr cf nz~crmak hn car eatmrbar o~da ~kf xnkhnkbmfoarxmc f xaha ca ftfdn zat bakrmhntft r~ tncmlmak mkintmat } bakxtftmf

fc btmrxmfkmrea+

Cf bntbfkmf hn Itfkbmf } r~ mkic~nkbmf radtn cf b~cx~tf omrzf%

kf of hn`fha xfedmnk ~kf o~nccf mezatxfkxn nk nc bfrxnccfka+ Hnc

itfkbnr rn ofk xaefha zfcfdtfr baea fdakftrn# fbfzftft# fbbm%hnkxfha# finbbmak# fltnhmt# fca`ft# fkmr# fzcaea# fztaymrmakft#

ftlax# fyfcfkbof# df`nc# dfcfhf# dfccnx# dfkv~nxn# dfttmbfhf# dfxf%ccf# dfxntmf# dmhí# dmrx~tm# dmr~xntmf# dalf# dacrf# daedakf# dtndf% `n# d~ií# d~cnyft# d~tl~nr# d~tabtfbmf# d~trfxmc# bofcn# bofezfk#bofkbmccntmf# bofzmxnc# boftkncf# bomenknf# bcftfda}f# bcmbon#baitn# baezcax# baezaxf# baöfb# batf`n# bathnc# bt~frfk# hndfbcn#hnd~xft# hakbnccf# nhtnhak# nkrfedcft# nv~mzf`n# imbof# icnbof#

iat`f# itfmcn# lftpak# `fedf# `feak# `fthmk# `f~cf# cfbf}a# cmlnta#



cmkf`n# efnrxtn# efk`ft# eftbof# enkrf`n# eak`n# zf`n# zfceftír# zftf`n# zfxí# znfxak# zmyax# zacfmkf# ztnxnkbmara# tfkla# tneftbf%

dcn# tnztabon# tnyfkbof# rftlnkxa# rmc~nxf# ratztnrf# ra~ynkmt#r~rbnzxmdcn# xftax# xfx~f`n# xtmkbofkxn# xtmkbontf# x~tmrxf# ~`mnt#yfcm`f# yntlnc# ymf`nta# ymtft# yahnymc# }al~t+

Hnrz~nr hnc lfcmbmrea nc nxtfk`ntmrea efr mezatxfkxn nr nc

mxfcmfka# hndmha f cf hnznkhnkbmf tncmlmarf hn Taef } fc haemkma

nrzföac nk Mxfcmf# nk Rmbmcmf } Kfzacnr# hnrhn Znhta MMM hn Ftflak

/64?4- ofrxf Bftcar MMM /6<>=-+ Car rachfhar nrzföacnr xtfmfk zf%

cfdtfr k~nyfr0 fcntxf# frzfymnkxa# dmraöa# bfkfccf# bnkxmkncf# ne%darbfhf# nrbaznxf# nrxtfhf# iara# mkifkxntmf# zftfznxa+ Axtfr zfcf%

dtfr rak0 ftznlma# dfkbf# dftbftacf# dfx~xf# dt~`~cf# bfdfclfxf#bfz~bomka# bfttapf# boftcfxfk# nrbatpa# nrht~`~cf# nrzfl~nxm# nr%

zftfhtfza# nrxfif# nrxtaznft# ifbofhf# icatnxn# itfbfrft# itflfxf#lfcfkxn# lakhacf# ltaxnrba# l~nxa# cmtf# efcfkhtmk# efrbftf# en%hfccf# emccak# kmboa# kayncf# znhfkxn# zmfka# zmcaxa# ztaf# rfcxme%

dfkv~m# rmcyf# raknxa# xnrxf# xtfimba# xtfza# xt~ba+ Hn cfr zfcfdtfr xaefhfr hnc mklcnr e~bofr ccnlftak f Nrzföf

f xtfynr hnc itfkbnr# ofdmnkha bakrntyfha fcl~kfr r~ iatef naxm%

bf# zat ca v~n ka ofk rmha fhemxmhfr zat cfr fbfhnemfr+ On fv~m

~kf raentf tncfbmak0 dfbak# dfmzfr# dft# dmrxnb# dambaxnft# da}#d~cchapnt# bfezmk# bfrxmk# bfxntmk# bofez~# bofx# bonv~nft# bomz#bo~xft# bcarnx# bc~d# baemb# bakhak# bakiatx# hfkh}# nkxtnkft# nr%

bfknt# nrb~xnt# nrcalfk# nreav~mk# nrkad# nrzakrat# nrxfkhft# if# icmtxnft# iaaxmkl# i~xdac# lfkrxnt# lf}# lnmrnt# lac# lakl# ltal~m#ofkhmbfz# mbndntl# mkxntym~# `ntrn}# àbgn}# cmhnt# cmixmk# cmkboft#c~kbo# efkflnt# eftv~nxmk# efrxnt# efxbo# emxmk# eahne# zft%v~mk# znhmltm# zmnc# zmk# zarxnt# z~hmk# z~cefk# z~caynt# z~pcn#tfmc# tfkv~mk# tnfcmxm# tnbath# tnzatxnta# tnyòcynt# tmicn# tadax#rfkh|mbo# rnb~a}f# rnfzmc# rnm# roa|# rcmz# raix|ftn# rzax# nr%



xfkh# r~nxnt# xnkmr# xnrx# xmv~n# xadalfk# xtfmcnt# xtfkymf# xt~rx# x~knc#yflak# yfxnt# ymz# }fthf# }av~nm# }~xn# pfzmkl+

Hnc n~rgntf ztabnhnk fcl~kfr zfcfdtfr baea dnbntta# bfp~%tta# bofzftta# zmpfttf# ~ttfbf+

Nc lfccnla%zatx~l~nr i~n nkxtn car föar 64:: } 62>: nc cnk%

l~f`n ~rfha nk cf zanrmf hn bfrm xahf cf znkmkr~cf+ Zfcfdtfr hn nrf

ztabnhnkbmf rak0 fbofkxftrn# bfkncf# bfz~cca# bo~dfrba# rftfa#ymlmf+

Fcl~kar bfxfcfkmrear a yfcnkbmfkmrear rak0 föatfkpf# bfzm%

b~f# btmrac# hnrfmtn# hnrhnk# hakfmtn# h~cpfmkf# ifnkf# eml~ncnxn#kfa# zfnccf# zntac# tnv~nxí# raefxnk# xatxnc+

Xtfr cf bakv~mrxf hn Fentmbf rn mkbatzatftak zfcfdtfr hn

fv~nccfr xmnttfr+ Zfcfdtfr bftmdnr0 dfxfxf# bfbmv~n# bfkmdfc# bfkaf#bftmdn# bacmdtm# nkfl~f# l~fbfef}a# l~f}fdf# ofefbf# o~tfbfk#efmp# rfdfkf# xfdfba# xmd~tak+ Zfcfdtfr fpxnbfr0 fl~fbfxn# bfbf%o~nxn# bfbfa# bombcn# boabacfxn# o~cn# `mbftf# znxfbf# znxfxn# xmpf#

xaefxn+ Yabnr mkbfr0 fczfbf# bfkbof# babf# bakhat# bofbtf# bomtm% zf# l~fka# l~frf# cata# zfezf# zfzf# z~ef# ymb~öf+

6+8 Nc nrzföac nrxfkhftNc nrzföac nr cf cnkl~f efxntkf hn ~kar 8>: emccaknr hn znt%

rakfr tnzftxmhfr nk efr hn 4: zfmrnr+ Hmbn nc nrbtmxat Lakpfca

Rfkxak`f v~n §nr ~kf cnkl~f v~n r~nkf e~} dmnk# v~n xmnkn e~%

bomrmear efxmbnr n mkimkmhfh hn tnlmrxtar W+++U } xmnkn ztai~khmhfhbak emccaknr hn yabfdcar·+ Xtfr r~ nyac~bmak f ca cftla hnc xmneza

nk xfk fezcmfr } hmrxfkxnr pakfr kar nkbakxtfear bak ~kf cnkl~f

v~n fiatx~kfhfenkxn xmnkn ~kf nrxt~bx~tf bae~k /emref eatiaca%

lmf# rmkxfmr } atxaltfimf- } ~k emrea cnmba dfrmba# nr hnbmt# ~k

xtakba bae~k v~n nrxf nktmv~nbmha zat e~boar eahmrear } cabf%

cmrear# v~n ka finbxfk f cf nrnkbmf hnc mhmaef+ Znta ka nmrxn ~kf



ztak~kbmfbmak nrxfkhft km ifcxf v~n ofbn+ Oa} eayntmfk f tmrf# rm

ka i~ntf zat nc ltfk tnrznxa v~n entnbn nc e~} mkrmlkn cmkl~mrxf

fcdfbnxnöa Xaefr Kfyftta Xaefr# hmrbmz~ca hn Tfeak ZnknkhnpZmhfc# zfhtn hn cf imcacalmf nrzföacf# fv~nccfr zfcfdtfr r~}fr hn

6=24 hmbmnkha v~n cf ztak~kbmfbmak battnbxf hnc nrzföac nr §cf

v~n rn ~rf battmnkxnenkxn nk Bfrxmccf nk cf bakyntrfbmak hn cfr

zntrakfr mc~rxtfhfr·+

Bak cf emref atxaltfimf# v~n nr ca v~n ynthfhntfenkxn ~kmim%

bf f cf cnkl~f# nmrxnk hmintnkxnr ofdcfr# tnr~cxfha hn cfr nxnkrfr

tnlmaknr hakhn rn ~rf } hn cfr hmintnkxnr mhmarmkbtfrmfr hn r~rofdcfkxnr# v~n ofbnk v~n k~nrxtf cnkl~f rnf e~} tmbf ztarahmbf%

enkxn }# f~kv~n bak zabar iaknefr# nrxn ccnkf hn e~cxmx~h hn

fcòiakar+ Xahar car fbnkxar hn cf cnkl~f /nc b~dfka# nc ftlnkxmka#

nc enmbfka# nc efcfl~nöa# nc e~tbmfka+++- xmnknk ml~fc bfxnlatmf

cmkl~mrxmbf } zat xfkxa hndnk xnknt cf emref bakrmhntfbmak rabmfc+

Kfhmn hndn fyntlakpftrn hn r~ iatef hn ofdcft rmka rnkxmtrn atl~%

ccara hn ofbntca z~nr ka of} ~kf ~kmbf iatef hn ztak~kbmft v~n rnbakrmhntn battnbxf } nbc~}f f cfr hnefr+ Ca v~n fkxnr ntfk hnr%

ymfbmaknr a hniatefbmaknr oa} rak znb~fcmftmhfhnr tnlmakfcnr+ Nc

nrbtmxat enmbfka Fkxakma Fcfxattn hmbn fbntxfhfenkxn v~n nc

nrzföac nr cf r~ef hn xahfr cfr efkntfr hn ofdcftca+ ^ka hn emr

ef}atnr zcfbntnr cmkl~mrxmbar bakrmrxn nk nrb~boft nc ofdcf hn

lnkxn zaba mkrxt~mhf hn car efr hmyntrar c~lftnr zatv~n nk nccf

cfxn cf nrnkbmf emref hn cf cnkl~f rmk bakxfemkfbmak fbfhnembf+Nrn xtakba bae~k nr nc nrzföac nrxfkhft# v~n ka nr zfxtmea%

kma zftxmb~cft hn kmkl~k zfmr rmka v~n zntxnknbn f xahar zat ml~fc+

F~kv~n kfbmha nk Nrzföf# hakhn raca ymynk nc 6:. hn car omrzf%

kaofdcfkxnr# r~ ynthfhntf i~ntpf nzfkrmyf nrxf nk Fentmbf+ Cf

cnkl~f nrzföacf ka rntåf kfhf rmk car zfmrnr hn Fentmbf# rntåf ~kf

cnkl~f hn rnl~khf bfxnlatåf zat nc k~enta hn ofdcfkxnr+



Ztfbxmbfenkxn cf xaxfcmhfh hn omrzfkaofdcfkxnr rnrnfk# v~n

rak car hn Fentmbf } car hn Fkhfc~bmf n mrcfr Bfkftmfr nk Nrzföf+

Car v~n ka rnrnfk xfk raca r~zaknk ~k mkrmlkmimbfkxn <. hnc xaxfc} ymynk i~khfenkxfcenkxn nk nc bnkxta } katxn hn Nrzföf+ Zftf nc

mkimea 9#>. hn omrzfkaofdcfkxnr v~n ztak~kbmfk cf p } cf r hn

efkntf hmrxmkxf /cf p baea nc ztment rakmha hn cf zfcfdtf mklcnrf

xofkg - ca efr calmba nr bakrmhntft v~n nc rakmha hn cf p nr ~k fca%

iaka hnc iaknef r+ ] ncca zatv~n cf hmintnkbmf nkxtn nc =2. hn

zntrakfr rnrnfkxnr } nc <. hn ka rnrnfkxnr nr fdmrefc } rml~n nk

f~enkxa+ Ml~fcenkxn nc =:. hn car omrzfkaofdcfkxnr rak }nmrxfr/bmitf v~n rml~n btnbmnkha-# zat ca v~n ca calmba nr bakrmhntft nc

rakmha hn cf cc baea fcaiaka hnc iaknef }+ Nk nc bfzmx~ca > nrx~%

hmftnear nk hnxfccn car fcaiakar } iaknefr+ Zat nra# f~kv~n aim%

bmfcenkxn nc nrzföac nrxfkhft xmnkn 48 iaknefr# fv~m bakrmhntftn%

ear v~n xmnkn 44 /6< bakrakfkxmbar } > yabfcmbar-# nkxnkhmnkha

v~n cf p } cf r tnztnrnkxfk nc emrea iaknef } xfedmnk cf cc } cf }

/ynfrn cf rnl~khf xfdcf hnc fzftxfha >+6-+ Cf ACN /bfz M# ¬ 8+4+6-hmbn v~n nc r~drmrxnef §v~n rn tnh~bn f hmnbmrmnxn bakrakfkxnr nr

oa} bcftfenkxn ef}atmxftma nk nc bak`~kxa hnc fedmxa omrzfkmba#

z~nr battnrzakhn fc ofdcf hn cf ef}atmf hn car omrzfkaofdcfkxnr

fentmbfkar# fkhfc~bnr } bfkftmar·+

Rnl~k cf ztak~kbmfbmak hn cf r } hn cf p } cf b fkxn n# m car

omrzfkaofdcfkxnr rn bcfrmimbfk nk xtnr ltfkhnr lt~zar0 rnrnfkxnr

/=2.-# bnbnfkxnr /:#>.- } ka rnrnfkxnr km bnbnfkxnr /9#>.-+ T~n%la fc cnbxat v~n emtn r~r hnimkmbmaknr nk nc lcarftma v~n rn hf fc

imkfc hn nrxn cmdta+ Ofrxf ka ofbn e~boa# nk car bmtb~car fbfhnem%

bar nrzföacnr rn bakrmhntfdf v~n nmrxmf ~k ofdcf §katefc·# ~k

ofdcf rnrnfkxn } ~k ofdcf bnbnfkxn# nkxnkhmhfr nrxfr har ~cxmefr

baea zftxmb~cftmhfhnr hn fv~nccf+ Znta tnr~cxf v~n nc ofdcf rnrnfk%

xn r~zntf nk e~boa /68 ynbnr- zat r~ k~enta hn ofdcfkxnr fc ofdcf



§katefc·+ Fhnefr car rnrnfkxnr ztak~kbmfk nfbxfenkxn ml~fc cfr

zfcfdtfr rnrnfkxn } bnbnfkxn# } f car bnbnfkxnr cnr ab~ttn ca emr%

ea# hn efkntf v~n zftf nccar fedfr zfcfdtfr rn baki~khnk nk ncofdcf+ Zat xaha ncca nr knbnrftma nkbakxtft ~kf hnkaemkfbmak v~n

hmrxmklf f car xtnr lt~zar bak ~kf racf zfcfdtf# mkbc~ra ofdcfkha# }

~kf fhnb~fhf zahtmf rnt nrxf0 rnrnfkxnr /car hn foatf-# pnxnfkxnr /car bnbnfkxnr- } pnxfrnfkxnr /car ka rnrnfkxnr km bnbnfkxnr-+ Nrxar

kaedtnr tnicn`fk cf ztak~kbmfbmak hn cf r } hn cf p hn bfhf lt~za+

Car ztmentar ztak~kbmfk cf p } cf b fkxn n# m ml~fc v~n cf r# car

rnl~khar ztak~kbmfk cf r ml~fc v~n cf p /baea xofkg - } car xntbn%tar hmrxmkl~nk cf p /xofkg - } cf r ztak~kbmfkha+

Frm z~nr } tnr~emnkha# bcfrmimbftnear f car omrzfkaofdcfkxnr

nk xtnr lt~zar0 rnrnfkxnr /=2.-# pnxfrnfkxnr /9#>.- } pnxnfkxnr /:#>.-+ Nrxfr xtnr zfcfdtfr rn hnimknk nk nc lcarftma } fzftnbnk

itnb~nkxnenkxn f ca cftla hn nrxn cmdta+

Zat ca lnkntfc cfr cnkl~fr ofk mha nyac~bmakfkha rmezcmim%

bfkharn iakacalmbfenkxn /znthmnkha iaknefr-+ Cf xnkhnkbmf nr fxnknt nc emkmea k~enta hn iaknefr zntemxmha zat nc bakxnxa+ Cf

cnkl~f nrzföacf nr ~kf hn cfr cnkl~fr abbmhnkxfcnr v~n enkar

iaknefr xmnkn# ca v~n mkhmbf v~n of nyac~bmakfha e~boa# n mkbc~%

ra zahtmf xnknt enkar# zat n`nezca zahtmf hnbmtrn0 baea nk cfbfrn raymf f bfkxftar hnrmhmntak ofrnt ~k hnrfr~ka nrxtfathmkf%tma } xaeft rabacfxn bak r~ttar ‟baea nk cf bfccn ccaymf f bfkxftar

hnbmhmntak ofbnt ~k hnrf}~ka nxtfathmkftma } xaeft boabacfxnbak bo~ttar”+Cfr cnkl~fr nyac~bmakfk ofbmf cf omzaftxmb~cfbmak znta efk%

xnkmnkha cfr azarmbmaknr knbnrftmfr zftf ~k bcfta nkxnkhmemnkxa

f~kv~n f ynbnr of}fk zfrfha zat nkbmef hn nccfr baea of ab~ttm%

ha bak cf hnriakacalmpfbmak hn cf y nk ifyat hn cf d /ztak~kbmf%

bmak hn cf y dmcfdmfc ml~fc v~n cf d- a baea of ab~ttmha bak nc rn%



rna a bak nc }nmrea+ Nrbtmdmf Efk~nc Fcyft nk nc hmftma nrzföac NcZfmr nc 2 indtnta 4::6 v~n §nk Nrzföf nc ofdcf entmhmakfc yf lf%

kfkha xnttnka ofbmf nc katxn# of} ~kf xnkhnkbmf fc enkat nri~ntpaftxmb~cfxatma /baea zíthmhf hn cf r imkfc a cf bfmhf hn cf h mkxntya%

bfcmbf0 bfkrfa-+ Rn yf znthmnkha nc iaknef cc nk ifyat hnc }·+

Nc nrzföac xmnkn e~} zabar iaknefr /44 itnkxn f car 2> hnc

mklcnr- } raca > iaknefr yabfcmbar /nc mklcnr xmnkn 64-+ Zat nra nr

e~} ifbmc hn ztak~kbmft+ Cf itnb~nkbmf hn car iaknefr nrzföacnr

efr fd~khfkxnr nr cf rml~mnkxn0

Iaknef n 69.

Iaknef f 64.

Iaknef a 6:.

Iaknef r 6:.

Iaknef k <.

Iaknef m <.

Iaknef x 8.Iaknef h 8.

Iaknef c 8.

Iaknef g 8.

Iaknef ~ 2.

Nc iaknef v~n nmln enkat nri~ntpa ftxmb~cfxatma fc ztak~k%

bmft nr nc n } hnrz~nr nc f } zat nrf tfpak rak car efr ~rfhar+ Nciaknef r nr nc iaknef bakrakfkxmba efr itnb~nkxn nk cf cnkl~f

nrzföacf /cf itnb~nkbmf hfhf fkxntmatenkxn mkbc~}n nc rnrna- } nc

v~n ztnrnkxf efr tnfcmpfbmaknr /iatefr hmrxmkxfr hn ztak~kbmft-+

Nk cf ztak~kbmfbmak hn cf cnkl~f nrzföacf rn hf cf xnkhnkbmf

hn bakyntxmt car omfxar nk hmzxaklar /xnkhnkbmf fkxmomfxmbf-# nr

hnbmt# hn ztak~kbmft cfr zftn`fr yabfcmbfr ztnintnkxnenkxn baea



hmzxaklar nk ynp hn baea omfxar zat tfpaknr hn foatta hn xmneza

} hn nkntlmf ftxmb~cfxatmf+ Nrxf xnkhnkbmf f cf hmzxaklfbmak hfxf hnc

cfxmk y~clft+ Car fkxml~ar zanxfr ntfk fimbmakfhar fc omfxa baeatnb~tra nrxmcmrxmba zatv~n hf cnkxmx~h fc yntra+

Nc nrzföac xmnkn ~kf enhmf hn ~kfr > cnxtfr zat zfcfdtf+ Nc

k~enta enhma hn cnxtfr zat zfcfdtf hn b~fcv~mnt mhmaef z~nhn

bfcb~cftrn fztamefhfenkxn bftlfkha ~kf kayncf nk ~k ztabnrf%

hat hn xnxar } }nkha f cfr nrxfhmrxmbfr hakhn rn hf nc k~enta xaxfc

hn bftfbxntnr } nc k~enta xaxfc hn zfcfdtfr+ Cf emxfh hn cfr zfcf%

dtfr nrzföacfr rak eakarmcfdfr# cf xntbntf zftxn dmrmcfdfr } zabaefr hn cf hnbmef zftxn rak xtmrmcfdfr+ Hn xaha ncca rn hnh~bn v~n

nc k~enta enhma hn rmcfdfr zat zfcfdtf nr 6#< } v~n nc k~enta

enhma hn cnxtfr zat rmcfdf nr 4#=8+

Nc ?:. hn cfr zfcfdtfr zacmrmcfdfr rak ccfkfr# nc 6<. rak

fl~hfr } nc 2. rak nrht~`~cfr+ Cf zfcfdtf ccfkf nr# z~nr# nc xmza

ef}atmxftma hn zfcfdtf nrzföacf+ Ca kfx~tfc nk cf cnkl~f nrzföacf

nr ztak~kbmft cfr zfcfdtfr baea ccfkfr+ F nrxn tnrznbxa nr rmlkmim%bfxmya ca v~n ab~ttn nk cf enxtmbf# v~n nr nc ftxn hn bakxft nc k~%

enta hn rmcfdfr hn car yntrar+ B~fkha cf ~cxmef zfcfdtf hn ~k

yntra nr fl~hf# rn b~nkxf ~kf rmcfdf efr radtn cfr v~n tnfcenkxn

xmnkn nrn yntra+ Ncca nr frm zatv~n nrxf ~cxmef rmcfdf xmnkn ~kf ef%

}at fbnkx~fbmak } ~kf ef}at bfkxmhfh /h~tfbmak- zat ca v~n rn

b~nkxf baea har+ Nk bfedma b~fkha cf ~cxmef zfcfdtf hn ~k yntra

nr nrht~`~cf# rn b~nkxf ~kf rmcfdf enkar z~nr cfr har ~cxmefr rmcf%dfr rak æxakfr } hn enkat h~tfbmak# zat ca v~n hf cf rnkrfbmak hn

v~n rn ztak~kbmfk baea ~kf racf rmcfdf+

Nk nc hmfcnbxa nrzföac ofdcfha nk nc bnkxta } katxn hn Nrzföf

cf bak`~lfbmak hn car yntdar xmnkn rnmr zntrakfr# zat n`nezca nc

ztnrnkxn hn mkhmbfxmya hnc yntda bfkxft nr0



]a bfkxaXð bfkxfr

Íc!nccf bfkxf Karaxtar!fr bfkxfear

Yaraxtar!fr bfkxfmrNccar!fr bfkxfk

Baea yntnear nk nc fzftxfha rml~mnkxn# nk Fentmbf# nk Fk%

hfc~bmf } nk cfr mrcfr Bfkftmfr cf bak`~lfbmak hn car yntdar raca

xmnkn bmkba zntrakfr+Nk nrxn z~kxa nr mkxntnrfkxn bmxft fc enkar cf nmrxnkbmf ymyf

hn axtf eahfcmhfh hn cnkl~f nrzföacf0 nc `~hnanrzföac a cfhmka

/zfcfdtf hntmyfhf hn cfxmka- ofdcfha zat ~kfr 6>: emc zntrakfr hn

Mrtfnc# pakfr hn X~tv~mf# Darkmf } D~clftmf# hnrbnkhmnkxnr hn car

`~hmar rnifthmnr nz~crfhar hn Nrzföf nk 68=4+ Nc r~cxfk Df}fbnxa

MM hnc Mezntma axaefka ka nkxnkhma cf hnbmrmak hn car Tn}nr Bfxa%

cmbar hn nboft f lnkxn xfk cfdatmarf } dmnk mkrxt~mhf# f cf v~n tnbm%dma bak car dtfpar fdmntxar+ Nk nc `~hnanrzföac# bak fcl~kfr bak%

xfemkfbmaknr cmkl~mrxmbfr# rn nkb~nkxtf §baklncfhf· nc ofdcf hn

nkxakbnr# zat ca v~n xmnkn ~k ltfk yfcat zftf nrx~hmft nc bfrxnccfka

fkxml~a+ Xahar car ofdcfkxnr hn `~hnanrzföac rak }nmrxfr+

6+> Nc nrzföac hn Fentmbf

Nk cf Fentmbf ztnomrzfkmbf nmrxmfk 642 ifemcmfr hn cnkl~fr/kæo~fxc# xfåka# ef}f# v~nbo~f# fmeftf# l~ftfkå# efz~bon+++-+ Car

ztmentar bacakar xtfr nc hnrb~dtmemnkxa hn Fentmbf ntfk fkhfc~%

bnr } nxtnenöar r~zntfkha nk e~boa f car bfrxnccfkar+ F imkfcnr

hnc rmlca _YM Nxtnefh~tf ofdmf v~nhfha bfrm hnrzadcfhf f bf~rf

hn cf nemltfbmak+ Cf nemltfbmak hn yfrbar# frx~tmfkar# lfccnlar }

bfxfcfknr x~ya c~lft i~khfenkxfcenkxn f zftxmt hnc rmlca _YMMM+ Cf



nemltfbmak hn axtar zfmrnr rn ztah~à f imkfcnr hnc rmlca _M_ }

ztmentar hnc __# mxfcmfkar f Ftlnkxmkf /e~} mkxnkrf nk nc Tma hn

cf Zcfxf-# fcnefknr f Bomcn } katxnfentmbfkar f Enmba+Rn z~nhnk hmrxmkl~mt bmkba ltfkhnr pakfr cmkl~mrxmbfr0 Enm%

ba# Bftmdn# Pakf fkhmkf# Pakf tmazcfxnkrn } Pakf bomcnkf+ F znrft

hn cf fezcmrmef ftnf lnaltfimbf fentmbfkf hakhn rn ofdcf nc nrzf%

öac# nr zarmdcn nxtfnt fcl~kar tfrlar bae~knr+ Nc ztmenta xmnkn

v~n ynt bak cf cnxtf r# v~n rn ztak~kbmf baea cf fkhfc~pf# hmrxmkxf

hn cf bfrxnccfkf+ R~ ztak~kbmfbmak ef}atmxftmf nr cf hatrafcynacft

bakynf# fza}fkha nc ztnhatra hn cf cnkl~f bakxtf car fcynacar+Nk bfedma cf r bfrxnccfkf /fzmbafcynacft-# ztak~kbmfhf nk nc bnkxta

} katxn hn Nrzföf# rn ftxmb~cf bak cf z~kxf hn cf cnkl~f+ Nc rnrna

nrxf lnkntfcmpfha# fc ml~fc v~n nk Fkhfc~bmf } cfr mrcfr Bfkftmfr# }

xfedmnk nc hndmcmxfemnkxa hn cf r nk imkfc hn zfcfdtf+ Nc rakmha hn

cf cc rn bakrntyf nk fcl~kfr tnlmaknr# znta nr bfrm lnkntfc nc }nmr%

ea /bfdf}a# }aynt+++-# ml~fc v~n nk Fkhfc~bmf+ Nk fezcmfr pakfr

rn hf ~kf yftmfkxn iaknxmbf hn cf cnxtf t # v~n ka rn ztak~kbmf ym%dtfkxn rmka itmbfxmyf# radtn xaha b~fkha yf hnrz~nr hn x ztah~%

bmnkharn ~k rakmha rnen`fkxn f bo /bofkv~mcmhfh # bonenkha #bom~kia-+

Nc ztakaedtn xð of rmha r~rxmx~mha nk e~bofr pakfr zat yar+Nrxf zftxmb~cftmhfh rn bakabn baea yarna /yar xtfdf`frxn e~boa-

} nr nc inkaenka eatiarmkxfbxmba efr mezatxfkxn hnc nrzföac hn

Fentmbf# ab~zf cf b~ftxf zftxn hn nrn bakxmknkxn } nrxf nk tnbn%rmak+ Rnl~k ~k xtfdfà z~dcmbfha nk Cf Zflmkf hnc Mhmaef Nrzf%öac zat Katef Dnfxtmp Bfttmbfd~ta# fbfhnembf hn cf Fbfhnemf

Ftlnkxmkf hn Cnxtfr# ofrxf nc rmlca _MMM nk Nrzföf rn ~rfdf nc xð

nk nc fedmxa ifemcmft } hn bakimfkpf } nc yar baea xtfxfemnkxa hn

tnrznxa a f~xatmhfh+ F zftxmt hn nkxakbnr nc yar fhnefr zfra f

~xmcmpftrn hn r~zntmat f mkintmat zftf eftbft hmrxfkbmfr# ccnlfkha nk



nc rmlca _Y xfedmnk f ~rftrn nkxtn ml~fcnr+ Nc hnrlfrxn hnc yar ompa knbnrftma f imkfcnr hn nrn rmlca nc nezcna hn axta xtfxfemnkxa

hn tnrznxa0 y~nrxtf entbnh # v~n i~n nyac~bmakfkha nk y~nrf ent%bnh# y~nrftbnh# y~nrfkbí# yafbí# y~bí# y~rxnh } ~rxnh # zftf cf

rnl~khf zntrakf hnc zc~tfc ~rxnhnr# } rn i~n fdfkhakfkha nc yar+

Nrxfr eahmimbfbmaknr ka ccnlftak f xahf Fentmbf hakhn rn rml~ma

~rfkha yar zftf cf rnl~khf zntrakf rmkl~cft } ~rxnhnr zftf cf rn%

l~khf zntrakf zc~tfc xfkxa nk nc xtfxfemnkxa hn bakimfkpf baea nk

nc hn tnrznxa+ Nrxn ~ra hn ~rxnhnr r~rxmx~}a f yaraxtar!fr nk Fkhf%

c~bmf# nk cfr mrcfr Bfkftmfr } nk Fentmbf# zat ca v~n raca of} bmkbazntrakfr nk cf bak`~lfbmak hn car yntdar+ Nk cfr pakfr ka yarnfk%

xnr nc ztnrnkxn hn mkhmbfxmya hnc yntda bfkxft nr0

]a bfkxaXð bfkxfr

Íc!nccf bfkxf

Karaxtar!fr bfkxfear/^rxnhnr bfkxfk-Nccar!fr bfkxfk

^kf efhtn rn hmtmln f r~r omàr hn nrxf efkntf0 ~rxnhnr hndnkrnt tnrzakrfdcnr+

Of} xtnr xmzar hn yarna0

Nc v~n rn hf nk nc ztakaedtn } nk nc yntda0 yar ofdcær#baeír# rfcår+

Nc v~n rn hf raca nk nc ztakaedtn0 yar ofdcfr# baenr# rf%cnr+

Nc v~n rn hf raca nk nc yntda0 xð ofdcær# baeír# rfcår+



Cf bak`~lfbmak hnc ztnrnkxn hn mkhmbfxmya hnc yntda bfkxft nr# nk nc ztment xmza hn yarna0

]a bfkxaYar bfkxær

Íc!nccf bfkxf Karaxtar!fr bfkxfear

/^rxnhnr bfkxfk-Nccar!fr bfkxfk

Nc mezntfxmya rmk h imkfc nr xfedmnk e~} ~r~fc /nkxtæ yar#ynkå fbf-+ Nk Fentmbf rak itnb~nkxnr car ftbfmrear# radtn xaha

nkxtn cfr bcfrnr zaz~cftnr /nr kfbmha# ontynt# xmrntfr# zfbnkbmf+++-+

Nrxf e~} lnkntfcmpfha zaknt nk zc~tfc nc yntda mezntrakfc bak%

bathfkha bak r~ baezcnenkxa hmtnbxa /ofbnk xtnr föar v~n kaya}# o~dmntak ltfkhnr cc~ymfr-+

Fcl~kar knacalmrear rak e~} itnb~nkxnr baea nc lfcmbmreanr+++ v~n /nr zat nra v~n ka i~m nk ynp hn zat nra ka i~m-+ Xfedmnk

rn hf e~boa cf fhyntdmfcmpfbmak hn fh`nxmyar0 nccf bfemkf ncnlfkxn } bfkxf cmkha+ Nk e~bofr pakfr# radtn xaha nk nc Bftmdn# nr itn%

b~nkxn cf frmemcfbmak tnltnrmyf# v~n bakrmrxn nk v~n b~fkha of}

har bakrakfkxnr hmrxmkxfr `~kxfr# nk rmcfdfr hmrxmkxfr# cf ztmentf rn

ztak~kbmf baea cf rnl~khf+ Rn hmbn bfxxf# zaggn# ladmnkka+++ nk

ynp hn bftxf# zatv~n# ladmntka+++Rm dmnk cf nrxt~bx~tf hn cf cnkl~f nrzföacf nr rmemcft nk xahf

Fentmbf# of} fcl~kfr zabfr hmintnkbmfr nk nc cnmba nmrxmnkha

zfcfdtfr bak hmrxmkxa rmlkmimbfha } axtfr ztazmfr hn bfhf pakf hnr%

bakabmhfr nk cfr hnefr+ Rn nrxmef v~n nc =:. hnc cnmba nr bae~k

nk Nrzföf } Fentmbf Cfxmkf+ Of} bfrar b~tmarar hn zfcfdtfr e~}

~rfhfr nk ~kfr pakfr } ztaomdmhfr nk axtfr+ Nc efr bakabmha nr nc



hn cf zfcfdtf bakbof# v~n hnrmlkf cf b~dmntxf h~tf hn car eac~rbar

znta nk Ftlnkxmkf# Bomcn# Znt~ } ^t~l~f} nr efcrakfkxn zatv~n

rmlkmimbf xfedmnk cf zftxn nxntkf hnc fzftfxa lnkmxfc inenkmka#ccfefha y~clftenkxn baöa nk axtar rmxmar+ Nrxf bmtb~krxfkbmf hma

c~lft f ~k rmezfxmba ftxmb~ca# tnbalmha nk |||+ncbfrxnccfka+atl#

hnc ztnrmhnkxn hn cf Fbfhnemf Ftlnkxmkf hn Cnxtfr# Znhta C~mr

Dftbmf# nk nc v~n rn tnintmf fc fkxntmat hmtnbxat hn cf TFN # Ymbxat

Lftbmf hn cf Bakbof# baea Ymbxat Lftbmf hnc Eac~rba Dmyfcya+

Nc Hmbbmakftma hn cf Tnfc Fbfhnemf / HTFN -# v~n tnlmrxtf

bfrm =:+::: nkxtfhfr /nc Aiath Nklcmro Hmbxmakft} xmnkn efr hn9::+:::-# tnbaln xahfr nrfr zfcfdtfr bak r~r hmrxmkxfr fbnzbmaknr

rnl~k car zfmrnr+ B~tmarfenkxn nc k~enta hn hmfcnbxar nk Nrzföf

nr ef}at v~n nc k~enta hn hmfcnbxar nk Fentmbf+ Nc ztnrxmlmara

imcacala } nrznbmfcmrxf nk hmbbmakftmar @fymnt Caznp Ifbæc hmbn

/hmftma Nc Zfmr# :8!:2!4:66- v~n nc HTFN §nr e~} ftbfmba· /ztn%

imntn nc hn Efk~nc Rnba- } v~n nc HTFN §nr znat baezftfha bak

nc nv~myfcnkxn itfkbnr# mxfcmfka# zatx~l~nr# fcnefk# mklcnr+++·+Cf mkxntkfbmakfcmpfbmak hn k~nrxta e~kha eahntka of n`ntbm%

ha ~kf fbbmak kmyncfhatf ofbmnkha v~n cfr hmintnkbmfr rn yf}fk

hnryfknbmnkha+ Cf fbx~fbmak bakbathn hn cfr fbfhnemfr /cf nrzf%

öacf } r~r battnrzakhmnkxnr fentmbfkfr } imcmzmkf- bakxtmd~}n f cf

~kmimbfbmak } iatxfcnbmemnkxa hn cf cnkl~f nrzföacf ofdmnkha hnr%

fzftnbmha nc tmnrla hn itfbbmakfemnkxa nmrxnkxn nk nzabfr zfrf%

hfr+ Nr azmkmak lnkntfcmpfhf v~n car fentmbfkar ofdcfk enàt cf

cnkl~f nrzföacf v~n car ztazmar nrzföacnr } rak efr hfhar f

b~ezcmt cfr katefr atxaltfimbfr v~n nrxar# f znrft hn v~n cf TFN xtfhmbmakfcenkxn car of xnkmha enkar nk b~nkxf+

http://www.elcastellano.org/





6+9 Axtfr cnkl~fr hn NrzföfBaea rn of hmboa fkxnr# cf nmrxnkbmf nk Nrzföf hn axtfr

cnkl~fr hn cf emref a ef}at fkxml~nhfh } racntf fbakrn`f ccfeftf cf cnkl~f nrzföacf efr ztazmfenkxn cnkl~f bfrxnccfkf a bfrxnccf%

ka# cf b~fc nr bakabmhf i~ntf hn Nrzföf baea cnkl~f nrzföacf a

nrzföac+ Nk z~tmhfh xfedmnk hndntmf ccfeftrn bfrxnccfka i~ntf hn

Nrzföf# ml~fc v~n nc mklcnr rn ccfef frm } ka dtmxfkmba+

F bakxmk~fbmak rn hnrbtmdnk raentfenkxn nrxfr cnkl~fr zftf

~kf enàt baeztnkrmak hn cfr emrefr+

6+9+6 Nc yfrba a n~rgntfNc n~rgntf nr cf cnkl~f efr fkxml~f hn Nrzföf } rn ofdcf nk

cfr ztaymkbmfr nrzföacfr hn Fcfyf# L~mz~pbaf# Ympbf}f } Kfyfttf

} nk cf emxfh abbmhnkxfc hnc hnzftxfenkxa itfkbnr hn car Zmtmknar

Fxcfkxmbar+ Hn r~r atmlnknr zaba rn rfdn znta nrxf bcfta nymhnkxn%

enkxn v~n nr cf ~kmbf cnkl~f znkmkr~cft v~n of radtnymymha f cf

taefkmpfbmak+@~fk C~mr Ymynr /68=2%6>8:- nk r~ Hmfcala hn cf Cnkl~f

/ynfrn nk cf dmdcmaltfimf nc ztment cmdta tncfbmakfha hn Itfkbmrba

Bfcnta- ompa ~kf tnintnkbmf fc n~rgntf hmbmnkha v~n §nrxf cnkl~f

nr xfk flnkf hn xahfr cfr axtfr hn Nrzföf# v~n km car kfx~tfcnr hnccf

rak nkxnkhmhar zat nccf zaba km e~boa hn car axtar# km car axtar

hnccar·+ Car bfrxnccfkar hn ofbn bmkba rmlcar rn nkxnkhmfk cmkl~mr%

xmbfenkxn efc v~n dmnk bak bfxfcfknr# yfcnkbmfkar } lfccnlar zntabak car yfrbar ka ofdmf iatef+

Nc imcacala Ca~mr C~bmnk Dakfzftxn# radtmka hn Kfzacnak M#

nk 6?9= xtfr r~r bmkba ymf`nr fc Zfmr Yfrba nrxmea nk 98: emc car

yfrbaofdcfkxnr hn Nrzföf } nk 68: emc car yfrbazftcfkxnr hn

Itfkbmf+ Xahfymf nk cf fbx~fcmhfh cf bcfrmimbfbmak hmfcnbxfc v~n

tnfcmpò hnc n~rgntf rml~n nk ymlat bak cmlntfr yftmfkxnr+ Rnl~k nrxf

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskera

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskera



bcfrmimbfbmak nrxf cnkl~f nrxf bakrxmx~mhf zat xtnr ltfkhnr lt~zar#

aboa hmfcnbxar# ynmkxmbmkba r~dhmfcnbxar } e~bofr yftmnhfhnr+ Nc

n~rgntf dfxðf ‟~kmimbfha” rn btna zat cf knbnrmhfh hn ~kmimbft carhmintnkxnr hmfcnbxar dfà ~k emrea bak`~kxa hn katefr cmkl~mrxm%

bfr fc ka nmrxmt ~k n~rgntf cmxntftma bae~k+

Nc n~rgntf ka of rmha cnkl~f nrbtmxf ofrxf car xmnezar eahnt%

kar } fhazxa nc rmrxnef hn nrbtmx~tf hnc bfrxnccfka+ Cf Fbfhnemfhn cf Cnkl~f Yfrbf /N~rgfcxpfmkhmf- rn i~kha nk 6=6=+ Cf atxa%

ltfimf hnc n~rgntf nr iakacalmbf } bftnbn hn xmchnr+ Zarnn bmkba

yabfcnr rmezcnr baea nc bfrxnccfka } nk ~kf znv~nöf pakf hnc ZfmrYfrba itfkbnr nmrxn xfedmnk cf yabfc ó r~cnxmkf# v~n rn ztak~kbmf

hn iatef zftnbmhf f cf ~ itfkbnrf+ Cf cnxtf l rn ztak~kbmf fkxn

b~fcv~mnt yabfc baea nk cf zfcfdtf bfrxnccfkf lfxa+ Cf p rn zta%

k~kbmf zftnbmhf f cf itfkbnrf } cf baea cf bo itfkbnrf# bftnbn hn

y } nc rakmha abc~rmya yncft ratha rn nrbtmdn nbc~rmyfenkxn bak cf

cnxtf g /ynfrn cf rnl~khf xfdcf hnc fzftxfha >+6-+ Nc fcifdnxa í~rbf%

ta bftnbn hn cfr cnxtfr b# v# y# |# } } cfr zftn`fr xr# x# xp tnztnrnkxfkbfhf ~kf ~k iaknef baea cf bo a cf cc hnc bfrxnccfka+ Nc n~rgntf

bftnbn hn lnknta ltfefxmbfc# ka of} efrb~cmka km inenkmka+

Hn cf emref efkntf v~n nc bfrxnccfka ka fhemxn cf r cmv~mhf

/mkmbmfc hn zfcfdtf rnl~mhf hn bakrakfkxn-# nc n~rgntf ka fhemxn cf

t mkmbmfc } b~fkha xaef hn axtf cnkl~f ~kf zfcfdtf v~n nezmnpf

zat nrxf cnxtf cn fkxnzakn ~kf yabfc /hn Tfeak zfrf f Nttfeak# hn

tfxf zfrf f fttfxam# hn tfhma zfrf f mttfxm+++-+ Cf cnkl~f n~rbftf rnztnrxf e~} dmnk f cf iatefbmak hn zfcfdtfr k~nyfr } hn efbtazf%

cfdtfr+ Car fznccmhar r~ncnk rnt hnrbtmzxmyar } bak e~boar xaza%

kmear+ ^k fznccmha fkxml~a# b~tmara zat r~ caklmx~h# nr

Mx~ttmdnttmlattmlamganttaxfganxnf v~n rmlkmimbf cmxntfcenkxn ‟cfbfrf hnc eacmka hn nkbmef hn cf i~nkxn ta`f k~nyf”+ Nrxf iatefha

zat cf }~xfzarmbmak hn zfcfdtfr rmezcnr0 mx~ttm ‟i~nkxn”# dnttm



‟k~nya”# lattm ‟taà”+++ nxnf ‟cf bfrf”+ Calmbfenkxn nrxn xmza hn

fznccmhar rn ofk mha fbatxfkha f ca cftla hnc xmneza zftf fhfzxft%

car f cf eahntkmhfh+ Zat bmntxa nc fznccmha Lftbmf# v~n nr xfk bfr%xnccfka } nc efr itnb~nkxn nk Nrzföf# ztabnhn hn cf zfcfdtf yfrbf

oftxp# v~n rmlkmimbf ‟ara”+ Nc fznccmha Aboaf ymnkn hn axra ‟cada”+Nc ftxmb~ca hnimkmha nr f } nc mkhnimkmha nr dfx } rn bacabfk

hnrz~nr hnc kaedtn+ Nc zc~tfc rn iatef föfhmnkha ~kf g + Zat

n`nezca ~k oaedtn nr lmpak dfx # nc oaedtn nr lmpakf } car oae%dtnr lmpakfg + Nc ltfha baezftfxmya rn iatef bak nc r~imà la

/dcfkba nr bo~tm# efr dcfkba nr bo~tmfla- } nc r~zntcfxmya rn iat%ef bak nc lnkmxmya zc~tfc rnl~mha hnc ftxmb~ca hnimkmha /nc efr

dcfkba nr bo~tmnkf-+ Car lnkxmcmbmar rn iatefk bak nc r~imà %ft

/hakarxmft# dftxpncakft# enmbft -+ Axtar r~imàr rak %flf# % fchn#

% fchm# % fkhf# % fkxpf# % xft# % ftm# % gftm# %fta# % ftxn# % fra+

Baea bakrnb~nkbmf hn xaha ca fkxntmat cfr zfcfdtfr n~rbftfr

rak efr cftlfr v~n cfr bfrxnccfkfr# tnr~cxfkha ~kf enhmf hn ~kfr9#> cnxtfr zat zfcfdtf+

Cf hnbcmkfbmak yfrbf xmnkn 68 bfrar+ Cf bak`~lfbmak yntdfc

hnc n~rgntf nr eaxmya hn ncalma nkxtn car cmkl~mrxfr zat r~r e~cxm%

zcnr iatefr } ncfdatfhf nrxt~bx~tfbmak+ Nk ~kf racf iatef rn nk%

bmnttfk cfr bftfbxntmrxmbfr hn nrzfbma# xmneza# r~`nxa# ad`nxa# k~en%

ta } lnknta hn cf zntrakf f v~mnk rn ofdcf# ca v~n bf~rf ratztnrf }

fhemtfbmak f car ka yfrbaofdcfkxnr+Cf cnkl~f bfrxnccfkf ontnha hnc n~rgntf nc rakmha tt } xfe%

dmnk cf bakyntrmak hn cf i cfxmkf mkmbmfc hn zfcfdtf nk o / iftmkf ;

oftmkf-+

Nc n~rgntf nr e~} hmimbmc hn fztnkhnt zat car ofdcfkxnr hn

axtfr cnkl~fr zatv~n ka xmnkn kfhf nk bae~k bak kmkl~kf axtf+ Rn

nrxmef v~n fbx~fcenkxn nc n~rgntf nr ofdcfha zat ~kfr ?:: emc



zntrakfr nk Nrzföf } axtfr 6:: emc nk Itfkbmf# ztfbxmbfenkxn

xahfr nccfr dmcmkl~nr+

Nk nc fzftxfha 6+<+9 rn hf ~k zfttfia nrbtmxa nk n~rgntf+

6+9+4 Nc bfxfcfkNc bfxfcfk kfbma nk ~kf pakf zmtnkfmbf rmx~fhf nkxtn Fkhattf

} nc Fez~thfk# zat ca v~n baezftxn bftfbxntmrxmbfr bak nc bfrxn%

ccfka } nc itfkbnr+ R~ ztment xnxa cmxntftma rak cfr Oaemcmnrh”Atlfk}ê hn baemnkpar hnc rmlca _MMM v~n baenkxfk fcl~kar

zfrf`nr nyfklncmbar+Nc bfxfcfk rn ofdcf nk nc Tarnccak itfkbnr# nk Fkhattf /hakhn

nr nc mhmaef aimbmfc-# nk Bfxfc~öf /iatefhf zat cfr ztaymkbmfr nr%

zföacfr hn Lntakf# Cntmhf# Dftbncakf } Xfttflakf-# nk cfr mrcfr

Dfcnftnr } nk cf bm~hfh mxfcmfkf hn Fcl~nt /Bnthnöf-+ Nrxf bae%

z~nrxa zat xtnr hmfcnbxar0 nc atmnkxfc# nc abbmhnkxfc } nc dfcnft+

Nk Dftbncakf rn ofdcf nc hmfcnbxa atmnkxfc# v~n rn bftfbxntmpf

i~khfenkxfcenkxn zat ztak~kbmft e~} bnttfhf cf cnxtf a fxakf# nrhnbmt# ztfbxmbfenkxn baea ~ /eaxa rn ztak~kbmf baea ¸ea+x~#

eaenkx rn ztak~kbmf baea e~+¸enk-# cf n fxakf rn ztak~kbmf

fdmntxf } cf f fxakf bnttfhf# a rnf# fedfr rn ztak~kbmfk hn ml~fc

efkntf nkxtn f } n# é /hmrrfdxn ‟rfdfha” rn ztak~kbmf baea

hm+¸rfd+xé# efxmkfhf ‟efht~lfhf” baea eé+xm+¸kf+hé# ztadcnef

baea zt~+¸dcn+eé# Dftbncakf baea dét+ré+¸ca+ké-+ F nrxf yabfc

fxakf mkxntenhmf rn cn ccfef yabfc kn~xtf+Nk nc bfzmx~ca > yntnear nk hnxfccn cf ztak~kbmfbmak hn xahfr

cfr yabfcnr+ Frm z~nr# cfr yabfcnr fxakfr# ka fbnkx~fhfr# rn tnh~%

bnk f xtnr rakmhar yabfcmbar0 m# ~ } cf yabfc kn~xtf# v~n nr nc rakmha

yabfcmba efr itnb~nkxn+ Nrxf tnh~bbmak f xtnr yabfcnr fxakfr ofbn

e~boa enkar mkxncmlmdcn nrxn hmfcnbxa f car bfrxnccfkaofdcfkxnr

v~n nc hmfcnbxa abbmhnkxfc zatv~n nk nrxn cf a# cf f } cf n fxakfr rn



ztak~kbmfk baea a# f } n# efkxnkmnkha nc emrea yfcat v~n nk

bfrxnccfka+ Nk nc hmfcnbxa dfcnft cf ztak~kbmfbmak hn nrxfr yabfcnr

nr mkxntenhmf# nr hnbmt# cf a fxakf rn ztak~kbmf baea a znta cf f } cf n fxakfr rn ztak~kbmfk baea yabfc kn~xtf# é+

Cfr yabfcnr xakmbfr# fbnkx~fhfr# rak efr k~entarfr v~n nk

bfrxnccfka z~nr of} rmnxn+ Cfr yabfcnr f# m } ~ xakmbfr r~nkfk ml~fc

v~n nk bfrxnccfka+ Nk bfedma nmrxnk har n# ~kf fdmntxf /ï# v~n nrxf

nkxtn cf n } cf f bfrxnccfkfr- } axtf bnttfhf /í # v~n r~nkf baea cf n

bfrxnccfkf- } har a# ~kf fdmntxf /ô# v~n nrxf nkxtn cf a } cf f bfrxn%

ccfkfr- } axtf bnttfhf /ò# v~n r~nkf baea cf a bfrxnccfkf-+ Ynearv~n nc bfxfcfk knbnrmxf har xmchnr# ~kf bnttfhf /¸- } axtf fdmntxf /j-#

v~n zntemxnk hmrxmkl~mt zfcfdtfr oaeòltfifr v~n rn ztak~kbmfk hn

hmrxmkxf efkntf } ka rmlkmimbfk ca emrea+ Zat n`nezca dï ‟bathn%

ta” } dí ‟dmnk”# hnrztïr ‟hnrztnkhmha” } hnrztír ‟hnrz~nr”# `ôb

‟ `~nla” } `òb ‟lfboa”# ôr ‟o~nra” } òr ‟ara”+Nc bfxfcfk zarnn ~k ltfk k~enta hn hmzxaklar hnbtnbmnkxnr

/fm# nm # am# f~# n~# a~-# v~n rak car v~n xmnknk cf ztmentf yabfc efrfdmntxf v~n cf rnl~khf /nk nc bfzmx~ca > nrx~hmftnear cfr yabfcnr }

car hmzxaklar hnxnkmhfenkxn-+ Nk bfedma car hmzxaklar btnbmnkxnr

/mf# mn# ma# ~f# ~n# ~a- rak e~} tftar# fc tnynr hn ca v~n ab~ttn nk

bfrxnccfka+ Cfr zfcfdtfr rfymnrf ‟rfdmh~tmf” n meznx~òr ‟meznx~a%

ra” rn ztak~kbmfk frm0 ré+ym+¸n+ré# me+zé+x~+¸ar nk nc hmfcnbxa

atmnkxfc+

^k tfrla bftfbxntmrxmba hnc bfxfcfk nr v~n of bakrntyfha cfryabfcnr xakmbfr cfxmkfr n } a# v~n nc bfrxnccfka of hmzxaklfha nk mn

} ~n /enc ‟emnc” # rnx ‟rmnxn” # xnttf ‟xmnttf” # tahf ‟t~nhf” # ltar‟lt~nra” # batk ‟b~ntka”-+ Axtf bftfbxntmrxmbf hn cf cnkl~f bfxfcfkf

nr cf r~ztnrmak hn yabfcnr imkfcnr /rnb ‟rnba” # bnz ‟bnza” # nrbtmx ‟nrbtmxa” # tfe ‟tfea” # rac ‟raca” # yfcc ‟yfccn” # at ‟ata” # znr ‟znra” #bfkx ”bfkxa”-+



Nk nc bfxfcfk atmnkxfc } nk nc abbmhnkxfc cf cnxtf y rn of hnria%

kacalmpfha } rn ztak~kbmf baea cf d ml~fc v~n nk bfrxnccfka+ Nk

bfedma nk nc dfcnft rn bakrntyf r~ ztak~kbmfbmak cfdmahnkxfc ra%katf baea ~kf i r~fyn+

Cf cnxtf t imkfc nr e~hf / ztment rn ztak~kbmf baea ztm+¸en#

int ‟ofbnt” r~nkf baea in-+ Nc rakmha hn cf cnxtf ö bfrxnccfkf rn

nrbtmdn k} nk bfxfcfk /cf zfcfdtf fk} ‟föa” rn ztak~kbmf fö-+ Cf

bakrakfkxn k imkfc ztnbnhmhf hn yabfc of hnrfzftnbmha / zf ”zfk” # im‟imk” # bftdò ‟bftdak” # ~ ‟~ka” # znthò ‟znthak”-+ Cf i cfxmkf# v~n nc

bfrxnccfka bakymtxma nk o mkic~nkbmfha zat nc n~rgntf# rn of efkxn%kmha / intta ‟omntta” # i~e ‟o~ea” # iatk ‟oatka” # imc ‟omca”-+ Nk hn%

xntemkfhfr zfcfdtfr cf cnxtf y rn of xtfkriatefha nk ~ /kf~ ‟kfyn” #kn~ ”kmnyn” # ym~ ‟ymya” # ka~ ‟k~nya# k~nyn”-+

Cf cnxtf b fkxn n# m r~nkf baea r+ ^kf bakrakfkxn b~tmarf

hnrhn nc z~kxa hn ymrxf hn ~k omrzfkaofdcfkxn nr cf c lnemkfhf# c+c#v~n rn ztak~kbmf baea ~kf rmezcn c+ Nc z~kxa mkxntenhma nr zftf

hnrofbnt nc håltfia cc# v~n rn ztak~kbmf baea nk bfrxnccfka+ Zatn`nezca cf zfcfdtf ccnkl~f rn ztak~kbmf ¸ccnk+l~é } cf zfcfdtf

råc+cfdf rn ztak~kbmf ¸rm+cé+dé+ Nc bfxfcfk ofbn itnb~nkxn ~ra hnc

fzarxtaia /c”fc~ekn# r”ofk# h”~kf-+ Rak bftfbxntmrxmbfr hnc bfxfcfk

cfr xntemkfbmaknr %fml# %nml# %aml# %~ml v~n rn ztak~kbmfk fbo# nbo#

abo# ~bo+

Nc bfxfcfk nr e~} ifbmc } tfzmha hn fztnkhnt zat ~k omrzfka%

ofdcfkxn# zat cf ltfk rmemcmx~h hn fedfr cnkl~fr+ Nkxnkhntca nrifbmc# ofdcftca dmnk nr efr hmimbmc zatv~n xmnkn xtnr yabfcnr efr /cf

ï fdmntxf# cf ô fdmntxf } cf yabfc kn~xtf-# ca b~fc nr hmimbmc zftf ~k

bfrxnccfkaofdcfkxn# fbarx~edtfha f ftxmb~cft raca bmkba yabfcnr

knxfenkxn hnimkmhfr+

Nc Mkrxmx~x h”Nrx~hmr Bfxfcfkr# i~khfha nk 6=:<# b~ezcn#

nkxtn axtfr# cf i~kbmak hn fbfhnemf hn cf cnkl~f+ Nc bfxfcfk nr



ofdcfha zat ~kar < emccaknr hn zntrakfr bfrm xahfr nccfr dmcmkl~nr+

Nk NN^^ of} habn ^kmyntrmhfhnr } nk Bfkfhf b~fxta v~n nkrn%

öfk cf cnkl~f } cf b~cx~tf bfxfcfkfr+Nk nc fzftxfha 6+<+9 rn hf ~k zfttfia nrbtmxa nk bfxfcfk+

6+9+2 Nc yfcnkbmfka

Cf hnkaemkfbmak hn ccnkl~f yfcnkbmfkf nrxf }f hab~enkxfhf

nk nc rmlca _MY+ Nc yfcnkbmfka rn ofdcf nk cfr ztaymkbmfr nrzföacfr

hn Bfrxnccak# Yfcnkbmf } Fcmbfkxn } nr e~} zftnbmha fc bfxfcfk

abbmhnkxfc# hnc v~n cmkl~mrxmbfenkxn nr ~k hmfcnbxa+ @~fk C~mr Ym%ynr hnbmf nk nc rmlca _YM v~n §cf cnkl~f yfcnkbmfkf nr xfk bak%

iaten f cf bfxfcfkf# v~n nc v~n nkxmnkhn cf ~kf nkxmnkhn bfrm cf

axtf# zatv~n cf ztmkbmzfc hmintnkbmf bakrmrxn nk cf ztak~kbmfbmak#

v~n rn ccnlf efr fc bfrxnccfka# } frrm nr efr mkxncmlmdcn fc bfrxnccf%

ka v~n cf bfxfcfkf·+

Ltfk zftxn hn ca hmboa zftf nc bfxfcfk nk nc fzftxfha fkxntmat

yfcn fv~m xfedmnk bak cfr rml~mnkxnr zftxmb~cftmhfhnr+ Nk yfcnkbmf%ka cfr yabfcnr fxakfr f } n ka rn baki~khnk rmka v~n r~nkfk baea

nk bfrxnccfka+ Cf y /cfdmahnkxfc- rn ztak~kbmf hmrxmkxf hn cf d /dm%

cfdmfc-+ Cf t imkfc hn zfcfdtf rn ztak~kbmf rmneztn+ Nc yfcnkbmfka

hn fcl~kfr baeftbfr hn cf ztaymkbmf hn Yfcnkbmf# ka hn cf bfzmxfc#

rn ccfef zftcft fzmxfx } rn bftfbxntmpf0 f- zat cf ztak~kbmfbmak

rathf hn fcl~kfr bakrakfkxnr ztak~kbmfhfr rakatfr nk cfr ztaymk%

bmfr hn Bfrxnccak } Fcmbfkxn } d- zatv~n cf y rn ztak~kbmf dmcfdmfcbaea cf d+

Nc cnmba yfcnkbmfka nr ztfbxmbfenkxn nc emrea hnc bfxfcfk

bak hmintnkbmfr mkrmlkmimbfkxnr } zarnn yabnr hnrbakabmhfr zftf

nrxn# radtn xaha zat cf fzatxfbmak hn xntemkar ftfdmlar z~nr car

ftfdnr raca nrx~ymntak ~k rmlca nk Bfxfc~öf emnkxtfr v~n nrx~ymn%

tak bmkba nk Yfcnkbmf } xahfymf zntefknbmntak h~tfkxn b~fxta



rmlcar efr dfà cf haemkfbmak btmrxmfkf /eatmrbar- ofrxf r~ nz~c%

rmak nk 69:=# onboa v~n ztmya f cf kfbmak nrzföacf hn ~kf e~}

b~fcmimbfhf } k~entarf efka hn adtf fltmbacf } ftxnrfkf# r~emnk%hacf nk ~kf ltfyn hnztnrmak nbakaembf+

Nk 6==? rn btna cf Fbfhïemf Yfcnkbmfkf hn cf Ccnkl~f+ Nc

yfcnkbmfka nr ofdcfha zat ~kar 4 emccaknr hn zntrakfr# bfrm xahfr

dmcmkl~nr+ Nk nc fzftxfha 6+<+9 rn hf ~k zfttfia nrbtmxa nk cnkl~f

yfcnkbmfkf+

6+9+8 Nc lfccnlaCf cnkl~f lfccnlf nr zftnbmhf f cf zatx~l~nrf /nc lfcfmba%

zatx~l~nr i~n cf cnkl~f cmtmbf ~rfhf nk xahf cf znkmkr~cf nkxtn car

föar 64:: } 62>:- znta xmnknk mezatxfkxnr hmintnkbmfr baea rak

v~n nk lfccnla of hnrfzftnbmha cf kfrfcmhfh nk cfr xntemkfbmaknr

âa } þnr# rn efkxmnkn cf hnrmknkbmf yntdfc hnr } nc zc~tfc hn car

kaedtnr xntemkfhar nk c rn ofbn hn hmrxmkxf efkntf+

Nc lfccnla xmnkn rmnxn yabfcnr zatv~n hmrxmkl~n ~kf n fdmntxf }axtf bnttfhf } ~kf a fdmntxf } axtf bnttfhf+ ^kf bftfbxntmrxmbf zft%

xmb~cft hnc lfccnla nr cf bakyntrmak hn car hmzxaklar cfxmkar fm# f~

nk nm# a~ /nkxnmta# ztmenmta# za~ba# ba~rf-+ Cfr zftn`fr yabfcmbfr

rak efr itnb~nkxnr v~n nk bfrxnccfka+ Nk lfccnla of} yabfcnr cft%

lfr } dtnynr znta ka xmnknk kfhf v~n ynt bak cfr cfxmkfr rmka v~n

cfr cftlfr ca rak baea bakrnb~nkbmf hn hmyntrfr bakxtfbbmaknr

/hat ‟hacat”# eat ‟zat bf~rf hn”# ef ‟en cf”-+ Cf fkxml~f ztak~k%bmfbmak kfrfc yf hnrfzftnbmnkha nk nc lfccnla eahntka+ Cf i cfxmkf

mkmbmfc cf of bakrntyfha / ifpnt ‟ofbnt” # imcca ‟omà” # iftmöf ‟oftm%

kf”+++-+Nc lfccnla nrxf e~} bakxfemkfha zat nc bfrxnccfka v~n of

fcxntfha ztai~khfenkxn r~ rmkxfmr# cn of rntymha hn katef zftf r~

atxaltfimf } cn of ztnrxfha e~bofr zfcfdtfr+ Nc lfccnla nrxf zcflf%



ha hn bfrxnccfkmrear } zat nra nr xfk ifbmc hn fztnkhnt zat ~k omr%

zfkaofdcfkxn+

Nk 6=:> rn btna cf Tnfc Fbfhnemf Lfcnlf hn cf Cnkl~f+ Cfcnkl~f lfccnlf nrxf rmnkha ztaeaymhf zat nc Mkrxmx~xa Bntyfkxnr }

nr ofdcfhf zat ~kar 4#> emccaknr hn zntrakfr# cf ef}atmf dmcmk%

l~nr+ Nk nc fzftxfha 6+<+9 rn hf ~k zfttfia nrbtmxa nk lfccnla+

6+9+> Nc hmfcnbxa fkhfc~p^ka hn car tfrlar efr mezatxfkxnr hnc fkhfc~p nr cf ztak~k%

bmfbmak hn cf r bak nc ztnhatra hn cf cnkl~f bakxtf car fcynacar#baea nk cf ef}at zftxn hn Omrzfkafentmbf+ Nk bfedma cf r bfrxn%

ccfkf rn ztak~kbmf bak cf z~kxf hn cf cnkl~f bakxtf car fcynacar+

Axtar har inkaenkar hmrxmkxmyar hnc fkhfc~p rak nc rnrna } nc

pnxna# e~boa enkar nxnkhmha nrxn+ Nc rnrna } nc pnxna ofk nrxfha

bakrmhntfhar ofrxf ofbn zaba nk nc tnrxa hn Nrzföf baea ~k y~c%

lftmrea# rmnkha frm v~n cf ztfbxmbf xaxfcmhfh hn car omrzfkaofdcfk%

xnr rnrnf+ Nk car ztmentar xmnezar hnc bfrxnccfka nmrxmfk nrxarb~fxta rakmhar0 xr /nrbtmxa ì a b fkxn n# m-# hr /nrbtmxa p-# k~nrxtf r

rathf fbx~fc /nrbtmxf rr- } ~kf r rakatf /nrbtmxf r-+ Nk nc rmlca _YM

nk Bfrxmccf cf ì } cf p rn ztak~kbmfdfk ml~fc /baea cf fbx~fc p nk nc

bnkxta } katxn hn Nrzföf# v~n nr zftnbmhf fc ztment rakmha hn cf

zfcfdtf mklcnrf xofkg - } cf rr } cf r fedfr baea cf fbx~fc r rathf+

Nk Fkhfc~bmf rmk nedftla nrar b~fxta rakmhar bakyntlmntak nk

~ka raca0 nk cf ef}at zftxn hn r~ xnttmxatma nk r~ rakmha fbx~fc r /hnkaemkfha rnrna- } nk axtfr pakfr nk nc rakmha p hnc bnkxta }

katxn hn Nrzföf /pnxna-+ F ztmkbmzmar hnc rmlca _YMM nc rnrna }f rn

ofdmf ztazflfha f Fentmbf+

Axta tfrla mezatxfkxn hnc hmfcnbxa fkhfc~p nr r~ xnkhnkbmf f

cf nbakaemf ftxmb~cfxatmf /ofdcft bak enkar nri~ntpa- ztak~kbmfk%

ha fcl~kar iaknefr hn efkntf e~} r~fyn } znthmnkha bakrakfk%



xnr imkfcnr# ~kf hn nccfr cf r+ Fhnefr b~fkha cf r yf fkxn axtf bak%

rakfkxn# r~ ztak~kbmfbmak rn ofbn ml~fc v~n cf hn nrxf bakrakfkxn

/frmemcfbmak tnltnrmyf-0 emeea# admzza# itnbba+ Xfedmnk rn zmnthnk nk fkhfc~p axtfr bakrakfkxnr imkfcnr ba%

ea cf t } cf c0 nc fkmeæ yf f baeí+ Cf t mezcarmyf /v~n yf xtfr ~kf

yabfc- rn bakymntxn nk c /z~ncxa# zfcv~n- a r~itn ~kf frmemcfbmak

tnltnrmyf /bfkkn-+ Cf c nk bakxfbxa bak axtf bakrakfkxn z~nhn

bfedmft f t /nt ftefkfv~n-+ Nc fkhfc~p r~ztmen cf h nkxtn yabfcnr

/baeåa# racnæ# hncmbfnrf-+ Nc hmltfia bo rn ztak~kbmf r~fyn# itmbfxm%

pfha# rmemcft f cf bo itfkbnrf a f cf ro mklcnrf+ Nc rakmha hnc ia%knef ` nr frzmtfha+

Baea onear ymrxa fkxntmatenkxn# cf bftfbxntmrxmbf ztmkbmzfc

hnc fkhfc~p nr cf ftxmb~cfbmak hndmc hn cfr bakrakfkxnr imkfcnr n

mkxntyabfcmbfr bak ltfk ztnhaemkma# z~nr# hn rakmhar yabfcmbar

ztah~bmnkha ~k ofdcf e~} h~cbn# f ca v~n bakxtmd~}n hn efkntf

hnbmrmyf nc rnrna+ Nrxf bftfbxntmrxmbf hn r~fymhfh } h~cp~tf nr

baezftxmhf bak nc nrzföac ofdcfha nk Fentmbf+ F cf mkyntrf# f caromrzfkafentmbfkar nc ofdcf pnxfrnfkxn hnc bnkxta } katxn hn Nrzf%

öf §cnr r~nkf h~tf } dt~rbf } e~bofr zncmb~cfr hndnk rnt hadcfhfr

zftf v~n r~nknk bak xakar efr kn~xtar·# nk zfcfdtfr hn @arn

O~ntxfr# hmtnbxat lnkntfc hn ~kf mezatxfkxn zcfxfiatef hn hmrxtm%

d~bmak hn bakxnkmhar f~hmaymr~fcnr+

Ml~fc v~n nk Fentmbf# nc hmfcnbxa fkhfc~p raca xmnkn bmkba

zntrakfr nk cf bak`~lfbmak yntdfc zatv~n cfr zfcfdtfr yaraxtar!fr ofk rmha r~rxmx~mhfr zat ~rxnhnr# xfkxa nk nc ofdcf iatefc baea nk

cf ifemcmft+

Nk r~ c~bof nzfkrmyf nc nrzföac hn Rnymccf of ynkbmha fc hn

Efhtmh zatv~n nc rnrna nr ofdcfha ef}atmxftmfenkxn nk xaha nc

e~kha+ Hn car 8>: emccaknr hn omrzfkaofdcfkxnr# raca nc <. ka

rnrnf /i~khfenkxfcenkxn car v~n ymynk nk nc bnkxta } katxn hn



Nrzföf-+ F znrft hn ncca } baea rn of hmboa fkxnr# ofrxf ofbn

zaba ofdcft bak fbnkxa fkhfc~p ntf bakrmhntfha nk nc tnrxa hn

Nrzföf n`nezca hn efc ofdcft+ ] nc pnxna i~n bakrmhntfha ntta%knfenkxn baea rnöfc hn mkb~cx~tf f znrft hn v~n rnf ofdcfha zat

e~boar fkhfc~bnr# cf ef}atmf hn nccar bak nrx~hmar ztmeftmar }

e~boar bak nrx~hmar r~zntmatnr v~n ofk hnrxfbfha nk cfr efr

hmyntrfr ftxnr } ztainrmaknr /bakr~cxnrn nc xtfdfà hn Hmfp Rfclfha

radtn nc pnxna bmxfha nk cf dmdcmaltfimf-+

6+< Baezftfbmak bak axtfr cnkl~frZftf fztnbmft enàt cf nrxt~bx~tf hn cf cnkl~f nrzföacf } cf

bfcmhfh hn r~ atxaltfimf nr ~xmc baezftftcf bak axtfr cnkl~fr hn

k~nrxta nkxatka tnrfcxfkha r~r ztmkbmzfcnr bftfbxntmrxmbfr+

6+<+6 Nc cfxmk bcfrmba

Nc cfxmk bcfrmba rn iatea nk car rmlcar YMMM } YMM fnb nk cf

tnlmak hnc Cfxm~e ‟Cfbma” hakhn rn nkb~nkxtf Taef+ Nc fcifdnxacfxmka i~n xaefha hnc ltmnla f xtfynr hnc nxt~rba# v~n bftnbmf hnc

iaknef abc~rmya yncft rakata /ynfrn cf xfdcf rnl~khf hnc fzftxfha

>+6-# zat ca v~n cf xntbntf cnxtf hnc fcifdnxa ltmnla# cf lfeef# rn

~ra zftf nc iaknef ratha bakyntxmhf nk cf cnxtf b /ztak~kbmfhf g fkxn b~fcv~mnt yabfc-# cf b~fc rml~ma ab~zfkha nc xntbnt c~lft hnc

fcifdnxa+ Nk ltmnla0 ζ ‟fcif”# δ ‟dnxf”# β ‟lfeef”+++ Nk cfxmk0 f# d#

b+++ Nc bak`~kxa hn cfr cnxtfr hn ~kf cnkl~f rn ccfef fcifdnxa /hn cfrhar ztmentfr cnxtfr hnc ltmnla- a fdnbnhftma /hn cfr b~fxta ztmen%

tfr cnxtfr hnc cfxmka-+

Cfr ztmkbmzfcnr bftfbxntmrxmbfr hn cf cnkl~f cfxmkf b~cxf rak cfr

rml~mnkxnr+ Nk cfxmk ka nmrxnk ftxmb~car# r~r i~kbmaknr rmkxfbxmbfr

rn nztnrfk zat enhma hn bfrar# v~n rak iatefr hmrxmkxfr hn ~kf

emref zfcfdtf /hnbcmkfbmak- emnkxtfr v~n nk bfrxnccfka nrfr i~k%



bmaknr rn ccnyfk f bfda ~rfkha cfr ztnzarmbmaknr+ Cfr hnbcmkfbma%

knr zntemxnk ~kf ltfk cmdntxfh nk nc athnk hn cfr zfcfdtfr hn ~kf

itfrn /nc yntda r~ncn mt fc imkfc-+ Nc cfxmk xmnkn bmkba yabfcnr zntaz~nhnk rnt cftlfr a dtnynr rnl~k r~ h~tfbmak /cf yabfc cftlf xmnkn

~kf h~tfbmak hadcn v~n ~kf dtnyn-+ Nrxf hmintnkxn bfkxmhfh nr i~k%

hfenkxfc } hn nccf hnznkhn cf fbnkx~fbmak hn cfr zfcfdtfr+

Nk cfxmk ka nmrxn cf xmchn zftf tnztnrnkxft cf rmcfdf xakmbf hn

cfr zfcfdtfr km xmnkn rmlka zftf hmrxmkl~mt cfr rmcfdfr cftlfr hn cfr

dtnynr+ Nr ifbmc ztak~kbmft battnbxfenkxn r~r zfcfdtfr z~nr ka

nmrxnk zfcfdtfr fl~hfr# cfr zfcfdtfr dmrmcfdfr rak xahfr ccfkfr }cfr zacmrmcfdfr rak ccfkfr rm cf znk~cxmef rmcfdf nr cftlf } rak nr%

ht~`~cfr rm cf znk~cxmef rmcfdf nr dtnyn+

Nk cfxmk ~kf zftn`f hn yabfcnr fdmntxfr z~nhn iateft hmzxak%

la# zarmdmcmhfh ztaomdmhf katefxmyfenkxn nk nc nrzföac hakhn

knbnrftmfenkxn iatefk ~k omfxa+ Cfr zftn`fr hn yabfcnr fdmntxfr

v~n nk cfxmk iatefk hmzxakla rak fn } an+

Zat n`nezca cf zfcfdtf fnxntka rn ztak~kbmf nk nc cfxmk bcfrmbabaea fn+¸xnt+ka /xtmrmcfdf-+ Nk cf ztak~kbmfbmak xtfhmbmakfc nrzf%

öacf hnc cfxmk nc hmzxakla fn rn ztak~kbmf n /n+¸xnt+ka-+

Nc fcifdnxa cfxmka rn ztak~kbmf frm0

Cfr yabfcnr ml~fc v~n nk nrzföac+

Cf cnxtf b rmneztn bak nc rakmha hn cf g mkbc~ra hncfkxn hn

cf n } hn cf m+

Cf cnxtf l rmneztn bak nc rakmha yncft rakata /baea nk cfzfcfdtf nrzföacf lfxa- mkbc~ra hncfkxn hn cf n } hn cf m+

Nk car lt~zar l~ } v~ rmneztn r~nkf cf ~+

Nc hmltfia bo rmneztn rn ztak~kbmf baea cf g+

Nc hmltfia cc rmneztn rn ztak~kbmf baea c hadcn /c%c-+

Cf cnxtf p rn ztak~kbmf baea xr+



Nc cfxmk y~clft hmintmf hnc cfxmk b~cxa nk yftmar tfrlar+ Cf bfk%

xmhfh# nr hnbmt# cf h~tfbmak hn cfr yabfcnr bcfrmbfr rn znthma# hn

efkntf v~n cfr yabfcnr cftlfr rn r~rxmx~}ntak zat yabfcnr bnttfhfr} cfr yabfcnr dtnynr zat yabfcnr fdmntxfr+ Cf r cmv~mhf rn fza}fdf

nk ~kf m ztnymf /mrzntftn-+ Cf o } xfedmnk cf e imkfc hn`ftak hn

ztak~kbmftrn+ Cfr hnbcmkfbmaknr rn znthmntak nk ifyat hn cfr ztn%

zarmbmaknr# cf eatiacalmf bnhma nk ifyat hn cf rmkxfmr+

Fc zfrft fc bfrxnccfka# cfr yabfcnr a } n xakmbfr rn hmzxaklf%

tak nk ~n } mn+ Zat n`nezca nk cfxmk0 dak~e# xnttf7 nk bfrxnccfka0

d~nka# xmnttf+ Nk fcl~kar yntdar nrxf hmzxaklfbmak rn yn bcftf%enkxn+ Nc ztnrnkxn hn mkhmbfxmya hnc yntda hatemt nr0 h~ntea#h~ntenr# h~nten# hatemear# hatemr# h~ntenk+ Cf a xakmbf hmz%

xaklf znta cf a fxakf ka+ Ml~fcenkxn nk nc yntda bfcnkxft 0 bfcmnk%xa# bfcmnkxfr# bfcmnkxf# bfcnkxfear# bfcnkxfmr# bfcmnkxfk# raca hmz%

xaklf cf n xakmbf+

@~fk C~mr Ymynr# v~n nrbtmdma xfkxa nk cfxmk baea nk bfrxnccf%

ka /nr nc f~xat hn cf adtf nk cf v~n rn i~khf cf kayncf# Nc Cfpftmccahn Xatenr# rnl~k of hnearxtfha tnbmnkxnenkxn nc cfxmkmrxf Itfk%

bmrba Bfcnta# bakr~cxnrn cf dmdcmaltfimf-# hnbmf v~n nc cfxmk ntf cf

cnkl~f zntinbxf zftf cf lnkxn hn r~ xmneza } rn cfenkxfdf hn v~n

ka ntf r~imbmnkxnenkxn bakabmha nk Nrzföf0 §] xahfymf nr em

azmkmak v~n cf möatfkbmf hn cf cnkl~f cfxmkf v~n car xmnezar zfr%

rfhar of fymha nk Nrzföf# of rmha e~} ztmkbmzfc bf~rf zftf cf

knlcmlnkbmf v~n fynear xnkmha nk nc nrbtmdmt dmnk cf cnkl~f bfrxn%ccfkf·+

Baea hninkhmf nc mc~rxtn fbfhnemba hn cf TFN Yfcnkxmk Lft%

bmf ]ndtf# tnbmnkxnenkxn ifccnbmha# nc cfxmk hndntmf rnt mkbc~mha

adcmlfxatmfenkxn f kmync ncnenkxfc nk xahar car rmrxnefr hn nkrn%

öfkpf hn car zfmrnr omrzfkaofdcfkxnr zatv~n nr cf dfrn racmhf nk cf

v~n rn frmnkxf cf cnkl~f nrzföacf } zntemxn ~k enàt bakabmemnkxa



hn nrxf+ Ratztnkhn v~n nk Imkcfkhmf# b~}ar nrx~hmfkxnr ofk adxnkm%

ha car enàtnr tnr~cxfhar hnc e~kha rnl~k nc mkiaten ZMRF }

b~}f cnkl~f ka nr taefkbn# rn ~rn xfedmnk nc cfxmk# nk znv~nöfrharmr# nk cf ztnkrf# nk cf tfhma# nk nc xnfxta+++

Nk nc fzftxfha 6+<+9 rn hf ~k zfttfia nrbtmxa nk cfxmk bak r~

ztak~kbmfbmak+

6+<+4 Nc mxfcmfkaCf cnkl~f mxfcmfkf nr ~kf cnkl~f taefkbn baea cf nrzföacf }

e~} zftnbmhf f nrxf+ Fedfr rak hn fbnkxa cmdtn# nr hnbmt# nk cfrzfcfdtfr zacmrmcfdfr nc fbnkxa ztarahmba z~nhn tnbfnt radtn b~fc%

v~mnt rmcfdf+ Nk bfedma nc itfkbnr } nc x~tba rak hn fbnkxa imà

zatv~n xahfr r~r zfcfdtfr zacmrmcfdfr rak fl~hfr+ Nc imknr } nc

bonba xfedmnk rak hn fbnkxa imà zatv~n nc fbnkxa tnbfn nk xahfr

cfr zfcfdtfr nk cf ztmentf rmcfdf+ ] nc zacfba xfedmnk ca nr zatv~n

r~r zfcfdtfr zacmrmcfdfr rak ccfkfr+

Cf atxaltfimf mxfcmfkf nr dfrxfkxn iakacalmbf+ Cf cnxtf b rnl~m%hf hn n# m rn ztak~kbmf baea cf bo nrzföacf /bmbcmrxf# ztak~kbmfhf

bom+¸bcmr+xf- } rnl~mhf hn f# a# ~ baea cf g + Zftf adxnknt k~nrxta

rakmha bo hncfkxn hn f# a# ~ rn cn föfhn ~kf m /bmfa# ztak~kbmfhf

¸bof+a-+ Zftf adxnknt nc rakmha hn cf g hncfkxn hn n# m rn cn föfhn

~kf o /bomxfttf# ztak~kbmfhf gm+¸xf+ttf-+ Ml~fcenkxn cf cnxtf l rn

ztak~kbmf hncfkxn hn n# m zftnbmhf f k~nrxtf } /lnkxn# ztak~kbmfhf

¸}nk+xn- } hncfkxn hn f# a# ~ baea cf l nrzföacf hn lfxa+ Zftf mk%xntbfedmft nrxar rakmhar nbof efka ml~fcenkxn hn cfr cnxtfr o# m /lomrf# ztak~kbmfhf baea nk nrzföac ¸l~m+rf7 lmatka# ztak~kbmfhf

¸}at+ka-+

Cf cnkl~f mxfcmfkf bakrxf hn 46 cnxtfr+ Bftnbn hn cfr cnxtfr g# `#|# n }# raca ~rfhfr nk zfcfdtfr nxtfk`ntfr+ Nk car xnxar athmkf%

tmar rn nrbtmdn bomcaenxta /ztak~kbmfhf gm+¸ca+en+xta- rnzftfkharn



frm hnc tnrxa hn mhmaefr v~n nezcnfk cf g nk nrxf zfcfdtf+ Nk bfe%

dma nk car nrbtmxar xnbkmbar rn nrbtmdn gmcaenxta+ Cf cnxtf o ka nmr%

xn baea xfc /fdmxftn# fyntn# fpmnkhf# ntdmyata# ntan# aembmhma#atmppakxn# attmdmcn# atxmb~cx~tf# apmara# ~aea# ~efka# ~eatmrea-

rmka zftf eahmimbft nc rakmha hn cf b } hn cf l baea rn of ymrxa

fkxnr+ Cf cnxtf ~ ka nr e~hf hnxtfr hn cf cnxtf v+ Cfr zfcfdtfr v~n%cca# v~mkhm# bmkv~n rn ztak~kbmfk ¸g~nc+ca# ¸g~mk+hm# ¸bomk+g~n+ Nc

rakmha hn k~nrxtf ö rn tnztnrnkxf zat nc hmltfia lk+

Fc bakxtftma hn ca v~n cn ab~ttn f cf cnkl~f ltmnlf# v~n nr ~kf

nkfeatfhf hn cf r imkfc# nc mxfcmfka nr nknemla hn nccf# bftnbn hnzfcfdtfr fbfdfhfr nk r+ Car zc~tfcnr rn iatefk zat tnlcf lnkntfc

bfedmfkha cf xntemkfbmak %a# %n hnc efrb~cmka nk %m /bfyf%

cca!bfyfccm# zmnhn!zmnhm- } bfedmfkha cf xntemkfbmak %f hnc inen%

kmka nk %n /bfrf!bfrn-+ Car r~rxfkxmyar fbfdfhar nk bakrakfkxn }

car fbfdfhar nk yabfc fbnkx~fhf bakrntyfk cf emref iatef nk

zc~tfc /cf bmxxê ‟cf bm~hfh” !cn bmxxê ‟cfr bm~hfhnr”-+ Nk nrzföac xfe%dmnk of} kaedtnr mkyftmfdcnr nk zc~tfc /nc c~knr!car c~knr# nc fkf%cmrmr!car fkfcmrmr+++-+

Cf mxfcmfkf nr cf cnkl~f hn cfr bakrakfkxnr hadcnr# cfr b~fcnr

rn ztak~kbmfk rmneztn /bfiiï Wbfi+¸inU # zacca W¸zac+caU # zcfbbfW¸zcfb+bfU # bfrrf W¸bfr+rfU # bfxxnhtfcn Wbfx+xn+¸htf+cnU # fzzcf~raWfz+¸zcf~+raU # flltfhftn Wfl+ltf+¸hf+tnU-+ Cfr bakrakfkxnr hadcnr

hmintnkbmfk zfcfdtfr /bfrf ‟bfrf

” ! bfrrf

‟bf`f

”# znkf

‟znkf

” ! znkkf ‟zc~ef”# kakf ‟kaynkf” ! kakkf ‟fd~ncf”-+ ^kf bftfbxntmrxmbf lnkn%

tfc hnc mxfcmfka nr r~ nyac~bmak bakymtxmnkha cfr zftn`fr cfxmkfr hn

bakrakfkxnr hmrxmkxfr /bx# zx# dr# dx# ke+++- nk ~k zft hn bakrakfk%

xnr lnemkfhfr /lnencfr# tnznxmhfr- efkxnkmnkha cf rnl~khf }

bfedmfkha cf ztmentf+ Zat n`nezca fxxmymxê# fxx~fcn# mkxfxxa# axxfya#axxmbf# axxmea# rnxxnedtn# axx~tftn# axx~ra# arrntyfxatma# meeatfc#



meenkra# r~rrmhma+++ Nrxn inkaenka rn ccfef frmemcfbmak tnltnrmyf

zatv~n nc rnl~kha iaknef mkic~}n nk nc ztmenta+ Car atlfkar

iakfhatnr fhncfkxfk cf zarmbmak ftxmb~cfxatmf hnc rnl~kha iaknefhn efkntf v~n nc ztmenta rn frmemcf f íc+ Nk cf frmemcfbmak cf

nkntlmf ftxmb~cfxatmf nr enkat zatv~n car atlfkar iakfhatnr ka

bfedmfk+ Nk cf ztak~kbmfbmak hnrb~mhfhf hn car omrzfkaofdcfkxnr

ab~ttn fcla zftnbmha# abx~dtn rn ztak~kbmf baea ax+¸x~+dtn# adrnt%yft baea ar+rnt+¸yft # emrea baea ¸eme+ea+++ Cf hmintnkbmf nrxf

nk v~n nrxn inkaenka iaknxmba of rmha aimbmfcmpfha zat cf cnkl~f

mxfcmfkf znta ka zat cf nrzföacf# v~n zntefknbn imnc fc ztmkbmzmanxmeacalmba+

E~boar ztnimàr rn ofk rmezcmimbfha0 xtfrbnkhntn# xtfri~rma%kn# xtfrzatxftn# mrxmkxa# mrxmx~xa# mrxt~mtn# mrxfkxn# barzmb~a# barxfk%xn# barxfxftn# barxmzfxa# barxmx~pmakn# barxt~mtn# arbnkmxê# arxt~mtn+

Cf cnkl~f mxfcmfkf ka ~rf xmchn zftf f}~hft f ztak~kbmft cfr

zfcfdtfr fl~hfr# ccfkfr } nrht~`~cfr+ Cf xmchn raca rn ~rf nk r~

i~kbmak hmfbtåxmbf /n# ï# znta# zntô+++- } nk cfr zfcfdtfr fl~hfrfbfdfhfr nk yabfc /bmxxê# bfiiï# zntboí# barã# bmô# zmý-+ Cf yabfc n

z~nhn ccnyft rnl~k nc xmza hn zfcfdtf car har xmzar hn xmchn# cf fl~%

hf /¸- a cf ltfyn /j-+ Cfr axtfr yabfcnr raca ccnyfk cf xmchn ltfyn+

Rmk fcbfkpft nc mhnfc hn V~mkxmcmfka /~k iaknef ~kf racf cnxtf

} ymbnyntrf- cf cnkl~f mxfcmfkf nr dfrxfkxn iakacalmbf } of nyac~%

bmakfha efr v~n cf nrzföacf+ F znrft hn rnt car mxfcmfkar car hnr%

bnkhmnkxnr hmtnbxar hn car cfxmkar# nc ztmkbmzma nxmeacalmba ca ofktncnlfha f ~k rnl~kha c~lft nk ifyat hnc ~ra } hn cf nbakaemf

ftxmb~cfxatmf } ltfimbf+ Of rmha e~} yfcmnkxn nc hnrxmntta hn cf cnxtf

o e~hf# cf aimbmfcmpfbmak hn cf frmemcfbmak tnltnrmyf } cf rmezcmim%

bfbmak hn car ztnimàr+ Cf cnkl~f mxfcmfkf nr ~k bcfta n`nezca f

rnl~mt zat cf nrzföacf radtn xaha nk cf atxaltfimf+ Cfr fbfhnemfr



hndmntfk xnknt nrxa e~} nk b~nkxf } ka ztmeft xfkxa nc ztmkbmzma

nxmeacalmba+

Nk nc fzftxfha 6+<+9 rn hf ~k zfttfia nrbtmxa nk mxfcmfka+

6+<+2 Nc zatx~l~nrCar ltmnlar nrxfdcnbmntak ~kf bacakmf nk nc katxn hn Zatx~lfc

nk cf hnrnedabfh~tf hnc tma H~nta bntbf hn cf fbx~fc bm~hfh hn

Azatxa+ Cf ccfeftak Gfcn# v~n rmlkmimbf ‟dnccf”# zat cf ontear~tf

hnc c~lft /cf zfcfdtf bfcnmharbazma ztabnhn xfc b~fc hnc ltmnla0

gfcar ” dncca”# nmhar ‟meflnk” } rbazma ‟adrntyft”-+ Car taefkar cfccfeftak Zatx~r Bfcn ‟nc Z~ntxa hn Bfcn”+ Nk car ztmentar xmnezar

hn cf Tnbakv~mrxf cf pakf ntf ~k bakhfha hnc Tnmka hn Cnak hnc

v~n rn mkhnznkhmpa nk 662= bak nc kaedtn hn Tnmka hn Zatx~lfc

emnkxtfr v~n nc Bakhfha hn Lfcmbmf rml~ma zntxnknbmnkha f Cnak+

Nc kaedtn hn Azatxa ‟Nc Z~ntxa” v~nha tnrntyfha f cf bm~hfh+

Cf cnkl~f zatx~l~nrf nr ~kf cnkl~f taefkbn hntmyfhf hn cf

fkxml~f cnkl~f lfcfmba%zatx~l~nrf+ Cf cnkl~f lfccnlf } cf zatx~%l~nrf }f nrxfdfk hmintnkbmfhfr nk nc rmlca _Y+ Nc zatx~l~nr nrbtm%

xa nr efr zftnbmha fc nrzföac v~n nc mxfcmfka+ ^k omrzfkaofdcfkxn

nkxmnkhn nc zatx~l~nr nrbtmxa bak ~k cmlnta nkxtnkfemnkxa+ R~ ef%

}at hmintnkbmf nrxf nk cf rmkxfmr } nk cf ztak~kbmfbmak z~nr nc

zatx~l~nr xmnkn iaknefr hmrxmkxar } rmnxn yabfcnr atfcnr efr axtfr

bmkba kfrfcnr i~ntxnr# v~n rn tnztnrnkxfk bak ~kf ymtl~cmccf nkbmef

baea k~nrxtf ö /mteâ ‟ontefkf”-# hmimbmcnr hn ztak~kbmft zftf ~kbfrxnccfkaofdcfkxn+ ^k ofdcfkxn hn zatx~l~nr nkxmnkhn enàt f ~k

omrzfkaofdcfkxn v~n f cf mkyntrf+ Nc zatx~l~nr ofdcfha nr e~}

h~cbn fc amha+

Car iaknefr nrzföacnr ö } cc rn tnztnrnkxfk zat ko } co tnr%

znbxmyfenkxn+ Cfr xntemkfbmaknr nrzföacfr %fk# %k r~ncnk fbfdft

nk %âa# %e+ Cf i mkmbmfc cfxmkf r~ncn zntefknbnt / ifpnt - emnkxtfr



v~n nk nrzföac rn bfedma zat cf o+ Nc zatx~l~nr nr efr imnc fc cfxmk

v~n nc nrzföac# nr hnbmt# nr efr imnc f cf nxmeacalmf } zat bakrm%

l~mnkxn enkar nyac~bmakfha+Bak cf bacakmpfbmak hn Fentmbf nc zatx~l~nr rn nxnkhma zat

xaha Dtfrmc# ltfbmfr f b~}f ltfk zadcfbmak nr nc rnxa mhmaef efr

ofdcfha hnc e~kha /4>: emccaknr hn zntrakfr nk ? zfmrnr-+ Axta

xfkxa cnr ab~ttn fc nrzföac } fc mklcnr# nr hnbmt# cfr xtnr cnkl~fr

abbmhnkxfcnr efr ofdcfhfr nk nc e~kha /mklcnr# nrzföac } zatx~%

l~nr- ca rak zat r~r ofdcfkxnr hn Fentmbf zatv~n nc k~enta hn

ofdcfkxnr hn cfr enxtazacmr n~taznfr nr e~} mkintmat+ Nr calmba#z~nr# v~n b~fcv~mnt fb~ntha v~n rn fhazxn nk efxntmf cmkl~mrxmbf

v~n finbxn f b~fcv~mntf hn nrxar xtnr mhmaefr hndn xnknt nk b~nkxf

f car ~r~ftmar fentmbfkar fc emrea kmync# rm ka efr# v~n f car

~r~ftmar n~taznar+ Nc mklcnr ka zntxnknbn }f f Mklcfxnttf# km nc

nrzföac f Nrzföf# km nc zatx~l~nr f Zatx~lfc+

Cf ~kmhfh cmkl~mrxmbf hndn rnt it~xa hnc bakrnkra# bmtb~krxfk%

bmf v~n nk fcl~kar eaenkxar ka rn x~ya nk b~nkxf+ Cf calmbf tn%iatef atxaltfimbf hn cf cnkl~f nrzföacf hn Fkhtnr Dncca# v~n yn%

tnear nk nc fzftxfha 4+6# x~ya v~n nboft eftbof fxtfr zatv~n fc ka

ofdnt bakrnkra rn znthmf cf ~kmhfh hnrltfbmfhfenkxn+ Ka of ab~%

ttmha frm bak nc zatx~l~nr# v~n of nyac~bmakfha mkhnznkhmnkxn }

hmintnkxnenkxn nk Zatx~lfc } nk Dtfrmc+ Nc zatx~l~nr hn Dtfrmc of

nyac~bmakfha enkar# hn efkntf v~n ~k zatx~l~nr hnc rmlca _YM

tnbakabntmf efr ifbmcenkxn nc ofdcf hn ~k dtfrmcnöa hn oa} v~n cfhn ~k zatx~l~nr hn oa}+ Cfr zncmb~cfr zatx~l~nrfr rak hadcfhfr

zftf r~ zta}nbbmak nk Dtfrmc } ymbnyntrf+ Car zatx~l~nrnr rn nk%

xmnkhnk cmkl~mrxmbfenkxn enàt bak car lfccnlar v~n bak car dtfrm%

cnöar+

Cfr atxaltfimfr hn fedfr eahfcmhfhnr hn cnkl~f zatx~l~nrf

rak hmrxmkxfr# ccnlfkha f ofbntrn nk Zatx~lfc ~kf tniatef atxaltf%



imbf ~kmcfxntfc nk 6=66 rmk xnknt nk b~nkxf f Dtfrmc+ Ltfk nttat

v~ntnt mezakntrn nc znv~nöa fc ltfkhn+ Xfc hmrcfxn raca ztah~à

mkbakynkmnkxnr# zat ca v~n zftf bakrnl~mt cf knbnrftmf ~kmhfh cmk%l~mrxmbf hn cf cnkl~f zatx~l~nrf nk xaha nc e~kha# f cf ynp v~n rn

rmezcmimbfdf r~ atxaltfimf# rn ncfdata nc Fb~ntha atxaltfimba hn

6==:# eahmimbfha cmlntfenkxn nk 4::8 dfà cf dfx~xf hn Dtfrmc+

Cfr tniatefr atxaltfimbfr rntfk adcmlfxatmfr f zftxmt hn 4:64+ Rn

bfcb~cf v~n yfk f bfedmft nc :#>. hn cfr zfcfdtfr dtfrmcnöfr } ~k

6#>. hn cfr ~xmcmpfhfr nk Zatx~lfc# v~n nzntmenkxf efr bfedmar

zatv~n raca xmnkn ~k >. hn c~raofdcfkxnr+ @arn Rftfefla bamkbm%hmf xfedmnk nk cf knbnrmhfh hn cf tniatef xnkmnkha efr nk b~nkxf

fc zatx~l~nr hn Dtfrmc zatv~n nrxn zfmr xmnkn e~boar efr ofdcfk%

xnr v~n Zatx~lfc+ Car zatx~l~nrnr ofk xnkmha v~n bnhnt nk zta hn

cf ~kmhfh hnc mhmaef+

Rn yfk f ncmemkft car l~maknr nkxtn zfcfdtfr# nc fbnkxa fl~ha

nk car hmzxaklar } rn yfk f r~ztmemt car har z~kxar /hmntnrmr- radtn

cf ~+ Cf ef}at hmintnkbmf nkxtn nc zatx~l~nr hn Zatx~lfc } nc hnDtfrmc nrxf nk cf ltfefxmbf } nk cf ztak~kbmfbmak+ Cf cnxtf b ka rn

ztak~kbmf nk cfr zftn`fr bb# bì# bx } cf cnxtf z xfezaba nk cfr zftn%

`fr zb# zì# zx # zat ca v~n nk Dtfrmc rn ofk r~ztmemha /fxa# ncnxtmba#axmea- f~kv~n nk Zatx~lfc ka /fbxa# ncnbxtmba# azxmea-+

Nk Dtfrmc rn ~rf nc lnt~khma nk cf iatef ztaltnrmyf# a ztnrnk%

xn bakxmk~a# emnkxtfr v~n nk Zatx~lfc rn ~rf nc mkimkmxmya+ Cf atf%

bmak }a nrxa} ofdcfkha# nk Dtfrmc rn hmbn n~ nrxa~ ifcfkha } nkZatx~lfc n~ nrxa~ f ifcft + Nk Zatx~lfc nc ztakaedtn hn cf 4 znt%

rakf rmkl~cft rn hmbn x~ emnkxtfr v~n nk Dtfrmc rn hmbn nk bakxnxa

mkiatefc yabà /yarna dtfrmcnöa-+ Nk Zatx~lfc cfr yabfcnr fbnkx~f%

hfr fkxn bakrakfkxn kfrfc rak fdmntxfr } nk Dtfrmc bnttfhfr# zat ca

v~n tnbmdnk hmrxmkxf xmchn0 Zatx~lfc /bòeaha# líkma-# Dtfrmc /bøea%ha# làkma-+



Nc zatx~l~nr# ifbmc hn fztnkhnt zat rnt xfk zftnbmha fc nrzf%

öac# hndntmf rnt mkbc~mha adcmlfxatmfenkxn baea rnl~khf cnkl~f

nxtfk`ntf# xtfr nc mklcnr# nk xahar car rmrxnefr hn nkrnöfkpf hn carzfmrnr omrzfkaofdcfkxnr zftf ifbmcmxft cf bae~kmbfbmak nkxtn xahar

car ofdmxfkxnr hn cf znkmkr~cf mdntmbf } hn xahar car ofdmxfkxnr hn

Fentmbf /rmk bakxft NN^^ } Bfkfhf-+ Nk nrxn rnkxmha cf Bfeftf

hn Hmz~xfhar dakfntnkrn of ztaz~nrxa cf mezcfkxfbmak hn cf nkrn%

öfkpf hnc zatx~l~nr hnrhn nc kmync ztmeftma+

Cf enàt nkrnöfkpf v~n zahnear rfbft hn k~nrxtf ontefkf

cnkl~f zatx~l~nrf nr v~n car bfedmar nyac~xmyar v~n rn ztah~pbfkhndnk rnt bakrnkr~fhar } fbnzxfhar zat cfr 44 fbfhnemfr+ Rm ka rn

b~mhf cf ~kmhfh cmkl~mrxmbf# cf cnkl~f z~nhn nyac~bmakft hn iatef

hmrxmkxf nk cfr hmintnkxnr pakfr lnaltfimbfr } itflenkxftrn nk cnk%

l~fr hmrxmkxfr+ Zftf ncca nr i~khfenkxfc v~n nc nrzföac raca xnklf

~kf ltfefxmbf } nk zftxmb~cft ~kf racf atxaltfimf f~kv~n zntem%

xmnkha car cabfcmrear# v~n rak mkrfcyfdcnr xnkmnkha nk b~nkxf cf

nxnkrmak ~kmyntrfc hn cf cnkl~f } cfr hmintnkxnr mhmarmkbtfrmfr hncar z~ndcar omrzfkaofdcfkxnr+ Car cabfcmrear hn cf cnkl~f nrzföa%

cf raca rak b~nrxmak hn efxmp cmkl~mrxmba# ka finbxfk f r~ nrnkbmf }

zat ca lnkntfc rn tnimntnk fc ~ra hn ~k cnmba rnb~khftma ztazma }

hn ~k ofdcf ztazmf v~n ka car nbc~}nk hnc xtakba lnkntfc hn cf

cnkl~f+

Nk nc fzftxfha 6+<+9 rn hf ~k zfttfia nrbtmxa nk zatx~l~nr

xfkxa nk r~ yntrmak n~taznf baea nk cf dtfrmcnöf+

6+<+8 Nc mklcnr

Cf cnkl~f abbmhnkxfc ztmkbmzfc baeznxmhatf hn cf nrzföacf nr

cf mklcnrf# cf b~fc nr n`nezca hn rmezcmbmhfh } icnmdmcmhfh# xmnkn

~kf ltfefxmbf rnkbmccf } zabfr hnrmknkbmfr yntdfcnr# bftnbn hn

xmchnr# fhemxn cf ncmrmak hnc z~kxa xtfrnta nk cfr fdtnymfx~tfr }



fbaln } iatef k~nyfr zfcfdtfr bak ifbmcmhfh+ Nc imcacala } fbfhn%

emba Nemcma Catnkpa hmà nk ~kf nkxtnymrxf v~n §nc mhmaef mklcnr

ka xmnkn emnha fc tmhmb~ca W+++U+ Nc mhmaef nrzföac rmnkxn tnbncar }xneatnr fkxn b~fcv~mnt mkkayfbmak } ka ccnlf fc fztaynbofemnkxa

nof~rxmya hn r~r ztazmar tnb~trar nztnrmyar·+ Cf cnkl~f nrzföa%

cf xmnkn emnha f cf cmdntxfh+ Zat nra @atln C~mr Datlnr i~n ~k

nkfeatfha# feat f ynbnr mkbaeztnkhmha# hn cf cnkl~f mklcnrf+

Nc mklcnr xmnkn ~k xaxfc hn 2> iaknefr /64 yabfcmbar } 42

bakrakfkxmbar- emnkxtfr v~n nc nrzföac raca xmnkn 44+ Xfc tmv~npf

iaknembf cn of zntemxmha xnknt ~k cnmba baez~nrxa zat e~bofrzfcfdtfr eakarmcfdfr+ Cfr cnkl~fr bak zabar iaknefr rn ynk

adcmlfhfr f iateft zfcfdtfr zacmrmcfdfr nk ef}at ztazatbmak v~n

cfr v~n xmnknk e~boar iaknefr+ Zfrf ml~fc v~n bak car rmrxnefr hn

k~entfbmak+ Nk nc rmrxnef hn k~entfbmak hnbmefc of} hmnp bmitfr

hmrxmkxfr /:# 6# 4# 2# 8# ># 9# <# ?# =- emnkxtfr v~n nk nc rmrxnef dm%

kftma# ~rfha nk car athnkfhatnr /baez~xfhatfr-# raca of} har /:#

6-+ Nc k~enta hnbmefc 4< /hn har bmitfr- rn bakymntxn nk 66:66 /hnbmkba bmitfr- nk nc rmrxnef dmkftma+ Zfrfkha f cf cmkl~mrxmbf0 f ef%

}at k~enta hn iaknefr enkat k~enta hn rmcfdfr z~nhnk xnknt r~r

zfcfdtfr+ ] frm cf cnkl~f mklcnrf xmnkn ~kf enhmf hn 6#8 rmcfdfr zat

zfcfdtf# knxfenkxn mkintmat f cfr 6#< rmcfdfr zat zfcfdtf hn cf cnk%

l~f nrzföacf# nr hnbmt# ~k 6>. enkar+

Cf cnkl~f mklcnrf xfedmnk nr efr baezfbxf v~n cf nrzföacf+

^k xnxa nk mklcnr xmnkn ~kf enhmf hn ~k 6:. enkar hn zfcfdtfrv~n nrn emrea xnxa xtfh~bmha fc nrzföac+ Baedmkfkha fedar

foattar adxnknear v~n ~k emrea xnxa nk mklcnr xmnkn ~k 4>.

enkar hn rmcfdfr v~n nk nrzföac } r~zakmnkha v~n ~kf rmcfdf mk%

lcnrf rn ztak~kbmf nk nc emrea xmneza v~n ~kf nrzföacf ccnlfear

f cf bakbc~rmak hn v~n ~k xnxa nk mklcnr rn cnn nk ~k 4>. enkar

hn xmneza v~n xtfh~bmha fc nrzföac+ Ml~fc ab~ttn nk cf bakyntrf%



bmak katefc } hn ncca tnr~cxf v~n cf cnkl~f mklcnrf zntemxn v~n cf

bae~kmbfbmak ofdcfhf rnf ~k 4>. efr tfzmhf v~n cf nrzföacf bak

cf emref yncabmhfh hn ztak~kbmfbmak hn cfr rmcfdfr+ Zat n`nezca cfatfbmak nrxa} rnl~ta hn v~n nccf ynkhtf xmnkn hmnp rmcfdfr } r~

xtfh~bbmak nk mklcnr M”e r~tn ron” cc baen raca xmnkn b~fxta+

Xahar nrxar hfxar fkxntmatnr z~nhnk adxnkntrn baezftfkha

~k emrea xnxa nk mklcnr } nk nrzföac+ ]a ca on onboa bak cf ka%

yncf Nc btmenk hn Cath Ftx~ta Rfymcn hn Arbft \mchn# hn ~kf ba%

cnbbmak hn xnxar dmcmkl~nr+ Cfr bmitfr fkxntmatnr ka rak nof~rxm%

yfr } raca ztnxnkhnk hft ~kf mhnf fztamefhf hn cf tfzmhnp /nimbf%bmf- bae~kmbfxmyf hn fedfr cnkl~fr# tnr~cxfkha v~n cf mklcnrf nr

r~zntmat f cf nrzföacf+

Baea cf cnkl~f mklcnrf xmnkn enkar rmcfdfr zat zfcfdtf v~n

cf nrzföacf rn fhfzxf enàt f cf baezarmbmak hn ofmg~r v~n nrxf+

Car ofmg~r rak baezarmbmaknr zanxmbfr hn atmlnk `fzaknr v~n

bakrxfk hn xtnr yntrar hn ># < } > rmcfdfr tnrznbxmyfenkxn# nr hnbmt#

6< rmcfdfr nk xaxfc+ Rn xtfxf hn bfzxft nc mkrxfkxn# nr ~k icfro v~nhnrbtmdn inkaenkar kfx~tfcnr a cf ymhf baxmhmfkf+ Car mklcnrnr }

`fzaknrnr xmnknk ynkxf`f radtn car omrzfkaofdcfkxnr fc rnt r~r

mhmaefr b~frmeakarmcfdmbar zatv~n nk 6< rmcfdfr z~nhnk mkbc~mt

efr zfcfdtfr# nr hnbmt# nztnrft efr barfr+ Nc n`nezca rml~mnkxn

hn ofmg~ nr nrbcftnbnhat /ztmenta rn hf nk mklcnr } hnrz~nr xtfh~%

bmha fc nrzföac# nk bfhf yntra rn mkhmbf nc k~enta hn rmcfdfr-0

Hftg kmlox dfxomkl eaak />-baemkl dtmlox rxftr fkh bfce xoa~loxr /<-

cmloxr ra~cr |mhntc} />-+

Cf kabon arb~tf v~n dföf cf c~kf /64-v~n xtfn cfr nrxtnccfr dtmccfkxnr } car znkrfemnkxar xtfkv~mcar /6=-



mc~emkf cfr fcefr bak ef}at fezcmx~h /62-+

Zat nra nc ofmg~ nk nrzföac nrxf efr cmemxfha v~n nk mklcnrhnrhn nc z~kxa hn ymrxf nztnrmya+ Baea ~k xnxa nk nrzföac xmnkn

hn enhmf ~k 4>. efr hn rmcfdfr v~n nk mklcnr# } xahfymf efr

b~fkha cfr nztnrmaknr rak batxfr# nr knbnrftma f~enkxft nc k~en%

ta hn rmcfdfr hn car xtnr yntrar zftf ka cmemxft cf bfzfbmhfh nztn%

rmyf nk nrzföac+ Ca enàt zftf ~k ofmg~ lnk~mkfenkxn nrzföac

/ofmg~öac- nr v~n car xtnr yntrar xnklfk ?# 66 } ? rmcfdfr z~nrxa

v~n nc abxarmcfda nr nc yntra efr fkxml~a } nc v~n rn fhfzxf hnefkntf efr kfx~tfc f cf cnkl~f nrzföacf } nc nkhnbfrmcfda nr nc

efr zaz~cft } ncnlfkxn hn car yntrar hn ftxn ef}at+ @atln C~mr

Datlnr# Abxfyma Zfp } Eftma Dnknhnxxm b~cxmyftak nc ofmg~+

Ynfear foatf v~í ab~ttn bak cf cnkl~f nrbtmxf+ Ofrxf nzabfr

xfthmfr nc mklcnr ka x~ya ~k rmrxnef hn nrbtmx~tf fztazmfha znta

bak cf mkyfrmak taefkf fhazxa car bftfbxntnr cfxmkar+ Nrxar bftfb%

xntnr nrxfdfk znkrfhar zftf tnztnrnkxft car iaknefr nk cfxmk zntaka zftf car iaknefr mklcnrnr# v~n# fhnefr hn rnt e~boar hn nccar

hmrxmkxar hn car cfxmkar# rak efr k~entarar+ Cf cnkl~f mklcnrf

bakrxf hn 2> iaknefr znta raca hmrzakn hn 49 cnxtfr zftf tnztnrnk%

xftcar nk cf nrbtmx~tf+ ^kf rac~bmak o~dmntf rmha frmlkft k~nyfr

i~kbmaknr f cfr cnxtfr föfhmnkhacnr xaha xmza hn xmchnr# hmntnrmr }

bnhmccfr bak ca v~n rn xnkhtmf ~kf nrbtmx~tf nbnrmyfenkxn baezcm%

bfhf } fkxmnrxnxmbf f~kv~n iakacalmbf+ Cf rac~bmak fhazxfhf i~nhnrztnbmft cfr xmchnr } axtar rmlkar hmfbtmxmbar zftf xnknt ~kf nrbtm%

x~tf cmezmf } nrxnxmbf+ Ncca nr zarmdcn zatv~n nk tnfcmhfh cfr zfcf%

dtfr rak zmbxaltfefr /ca yntnear nk nc fzftxfha ?+4-+ Fc nemknkxn

cmkl~mrxf Kafe Boaerg} cf atxaltfimf hnc mklcnr cn zftnbn fhem%

tfdcn+



Nk mklcnr nc rakmha hn bfhf cnxtf hnznkhn hn cf iatef hn cf

zfcfdtf nk cf v~n nrxí# hn cf zfcfdtf nk rm emref } hnc bakxnxa+

Ynfear ~kar n`nezcar0 Hnznkhn hn cf iatef hn cf zfcfdtf0

Nk cfr zfcfdtfr imyn# kmbn# gmxn# dmxn# ymbn# embn+++ cf cnxtf m rn ztak~kbmf fm+

Hnznkhn hn cf zfcfdtf nk rm0

Xahfr cfr zfcfdtfr fkxntmatnr xmnknk cf emref iatef } nk

nccfr cf cnxtf m rn ztak~kbmf ml~fc znta of} nbnzbmaknr

baea ab~ttn bak cf zfcfdtf lmyn# hakhn cf m rn ztak~kbmfbaea m+

Hnznkhn hnc bakxnxa0

Nc bakxnxa /ca yntnear nk nc fzftxfha 9+4- hnxntemkf cf

bfxnlatmf ltfefxmbfc hn cfr zfcfdtfr+ Cf cnkl~f mklcnrf

xmnkn zfcfdtfr oaealtfifr v~n rn ztak~kbmfk hn hmrxmkxf

efkntf rnl~k r~ bfxnlatmf ltfefxmbfc a r~ rmlkmimbfha+ Zat

n`nezca# cf zfcfdtf |mkh rn ztak~kbmf ~mkh rm rmlkmimbfymnkxa } ~fmkh rm rmlkmimbf b~tyf a nr yntda+ Cf zfcfdtf xn%ft rn ztak~kbmf ¸xm+ft ‟cfltmef” a ¸xn+ft ‟hnrlftta” /cf t hn

enkat xfeföa rmlkmimbf v~n fznkfr rn ztak~kbmf } v~n cf

yabfc fkxntmat rn fcftlf-+ ] frm ab~ttn bak e~bofr axtfr hn

hadcn ztak~kbmfbmak /da|# cnfh# cmyn# zfbn# ztnrnkx# tnfh#ra|+++- b~}f ztak~kbmfbmak } rmlkmimbfha car atmnkxf hn

efkntf kfx~tfc nc bakxnxa rmk v~n rnfk knbnrftmar rmlkarhmfbtmxmbar zftf ncca+ Mkbc~ra of} xfedmnk zfcfdtfr v~n rn

ztak~kbmfk mkhmrxmkxfenkxn hn har iatefr bak nc emrea

rmlkmimbfha0 aixnk rn z~nhn ztak~kbmft baea ¸a+ink ~

òi+xnk# emrrmcn rn ztak~kbmf baea ¸em+rmc a ¸em+rfmc# knmx%ont baea ¸kfm+hft a ¸km+hft# Tfczo baea T~fci a T~nmci+

±V~í znkrftæk car fklcaiakar hnc fdr~tha } nrxntmc hndfxn



ztah~bmha nk cf cnkl~f nrzföacf f ztazarmxa hn zakntcn a

ka xmchn f cf zfcfdtf raca1

Nk lnkntfc ~k emrea nrbtmxa nr xfedmnk efr batxa nk mklcnrv~n nk nrzföac# ab~zfkha ~kf enhmf hn ~k 6:. enkar# bak ca v~n

fc nrxft nrbtmxa nk mklcnr rn adxmnkn ~k 6:. hn foatta hn zfznc }

xmkxf+ Nrxn onboa rn z~nhn baeztadft baezftfkha ~kf emref

kayncf xtfh~bmhf f fedfr cnkl~fr+ Xfedmnk z~nhn adrntyftrn zat

n`nezca baezftfkha cfr mkrxt~bbmaknr hn ~ra hn car ncnbxtahaenr%

xmbar a hn car fzftfxar ncnbxtakmbar haenrxmbar } xfedmnk baezf%

tfkha cfr mkrxt~bbmaknr a katefr atmnkxfhatfr dmcmkl~nr hn carbftxncnr bacabfhar nk rmxmar z~dcmbar /oaxncnr# e~rnar+++-+

Cfr zfcfdtfr hn cf cnkl~f mklcnrf xmnknk ~kf enhmf hn ~kfr >

cnxtfr# ml~fc v~n nc nrzföac+ Onear ymrxa fkxntmatenkxn v~n cfr

zfcfdtfr mklcnrfr xmnknk ~k 6>. enkar hn rmcfdfr v~n cfr zfcfdtfr

nrzföacfr+ Hn fedar hfxar rn hnh~bn v~n cf rmcfdf mklcnrf xmnkn hn

enhmf ~k 6>. efr hn cnxtfr v~n cf rmcfdf nrzföacf# a rnf# 2#2?

cnxtfr zat rmcfdf+ Cf rmcfdf mklcnrf knbnrmxf efr cnxtfr zftf zahnttnztnrnkxft xfkxa iaknef rmk nboft efka hn xmchnr } frm e~boar

iaknefr rn tnztnrnkxfk baedmkfkha yftmfr cnxtfr# zat n`nezca cf

zfcfdtf rachmnt rn ztak~kbmf baea ¸ra~c+}ft } cf zfcfdtf nka~lo

baea m+¸kfi+ Zat nra nk mklcnr nmrxnk zfcfdtfr batxfr hn ztak~k%

bmft } cftlfr hn nrbtmdmt /tnbathnear cf zfcfdtf eakarmcfdf hn cf

xakmbf Rbo|nzznr# v~n xmnkn > iaknefr } = cnxtfr-+

Cf xnkhnkbmf hn cf cnkl~f mklcnrf f baezfbxft } fbatxft cfrnztnrmaknr rn efkmimnrxf nk cf ltfk bfkxmhfh hn bakxtfbbmaknr

nezcnfhfr nk nc ofdcf } nk cf nrbtmx~tf+ Frm car rmkxflefr M fe# on|mcc# ron roa~ch# mx mr rn bakymntxnk nk car eakarmcfdar M”e# on”cc#

ron”h# mx”r tnrznbxmyfenkxn+ Ml~fcenkxn nmrxnk e~boar kaedtnr

bae~knr fzabazfhar a bak fbatxfemnkxa cnmba / ic~ zat mkic~nkpf# cfd zat cfdatfxat}# efxor zat efxonefxmbr+++- } kaedtnr ztazmar



/ Fc zat Fcdntx # Zfe zat Zfencf# Xae zat Xoaefr# Rfe zat Rf%e~nc+++-+ Xahar nccar xfedmnk eakarmcfdar+ Cf xnkhnkbmf fc eaka%

rmcfda ofbn v~n hnxntemkfhfr zfcfdtfr dmrmcfdfr rn ztak~kbmnkbaea eakarmcfdfr# zat n`nezca rnynk rn ztak~kbmf rnyk+ Nk car

dmrmcfdar cf rmcfdf xakmbf rn ztak~kbmf bak xahf bcftmhfh } cf axtf

e~} arb~tnbmhf } efr hndmcenkxn# zat n`nezca cfr ~cxmefr rmcfdfr

hn xfmcat# hn xtfmcnt } hn baca~t rn ztak~kbmfk ml~fc+

Nk nc nrzföac# zat bakxtf# rn nrxf hfkha foatf cf fimbmak# nr%

zntnear v~n zfrf`ntf# zat nc ftbomrmcfda /zfcfdtf cftlf v~n r~zcfk%

xf f axtf efr dtnyn-+ Nc bfxnhtfxmba F~tncma Ftxnxf xtfxa nc xnef nk~k ftxmb~ca z~dcmbfha nk Nc Zfmr nc > indtnta 4:6:# tncfbmakfkha

~k d~nk k~enta hn nccar0 efxmpfbmak /zat efxmp-# x~xatmpfbmak /zat

x~xatmf-# nbnzx~fbmak /zat nbnzbmak-# ofdmx~fbmak /zat ofdmxa-#

xmx~cfbmak /zat xmx~ca-# imkfcmpfbmak /zat imkfc-# n`ntbmxfbmak /zat

n`ntbmbma-# haembmcmfbmak /zat haembmcma-# bntxmimbfbmak /zat bntxmim%bfha-# frntxfbmak /zat frntxa-# tnl~cftmpfbmak /zat tnl~cfbmak-#

rmkxnxmpfbmak /zat rmkxnrmr-# nrnkbmfcmhfh /zat nrnkbmf-# bmtb~krxfk%bmfcmhfh /zat bmtb~krxfkbmf-# hmintnkbmfcmhfh /zat hmintnkbmf-#

bnkxtfcmhfh /zat bnkxta-# cmxntfcmhfh /zat cnxtf-# r~d`nxmympft /zat

r~d`nxmyft -# hmtnbbmakft /zat hmtmlmt -# fzntx~tft /zat fdtmt -# tniat% pfemnkxa /zat tni~ntpa-+++

Of} lnkxn v~n rn nxtföf hn v~n nc nrzföac xaen ztnrxfhfr

zfcfdtfr hnc mklcnr zftf r~rxmx~mt cfr v~n }f xmnkn nk r~ ztazma cnm%

ba baea fmtdfl# dft # bcmz# bc~d# nrxtnr# i~xdac# eftv~nxmk# emxmk# zfbg# zftv~mk# zmk# z~hmk# tncf# rfkh|mbo# pfzmkl+++ Ncca rn nzcm%

bf zntinbxfenkxn zatv~n cf zfcfdtf mklcnrf föfhn ~k efxmp rnefk%

xmba znb~cmft /f ynbnr ka zn}atfxmya baea lf}- a# ca v~n nr efr

itnb~nkxn# zatv~n nr efr batxf v~n cf nrzföacf+ Xfedmnk z~nhn

ab~ttmt v~n rnfk zfcfdtfr k~nyfr v~n xmnknk ~k nmxa mkenhmfxa }

rn fhazxfk xfc b~fc0 dfkknt# dmx# d}xn# bofx# mkxntknx# cmkg# znkhtmyn#



|nd+++ Fc ztmkbmzma cf zfcfdtf i~xdac i~n tnbofpfhf itakxfcenkxn

zat car z~tmrxfr# v~n v~mrmntak mezaknt cf zfcfdtf dfcaezmn# nr%

i~ntpa v~n tnr~cxa yfka+ Cf cnkl~f nrzföacf ka hndn xnent f carfklcmbmrear+ Fkxnr fc bakxtftma# bak nccar rn nktmv~nbn+ Zat cf

emref tfpak nc mklcnr ka hndn xnent f car omrzfkmrear /e~bofr

zfcfdtfr nrzföacfr rn ofk mkbatzatfha } rml~nk mkbatzatfkharn f

nrf cnkl~f-+ Nr ~kf efkntf it~bxmintf hn mt bakyntlmnkha+

Nc nemknkxn fbfhnemba Yfcnkxmk Lftbmf ]ndtf# ztai~kha

bakabnhat hnc ltmnla# cfxmk# zatx~l~nr# mxfcmfka# itfkbnr } fcnefk#

ntf ~k hnbmhmha hninkrat hn car knacalmrear } rn cfenkxfdf hn r~efcf fbalmhf nk cf cnkl~f nrzföacf+ Hnbmf v~n §~kf cnkl~f rn

nktmv~nbn radtn xaha zat car ncnenkxar k~nyar v~n# mkbatzatfhar

f r~ znb~cmft r~rxfkbmf# ztah~bnk r~ hnrfttacca W+++U+ Cfr cnkl~fr#

baea car z~ndcar# knbnrmxfk tnkayft r~ rfkltn W+++U+ Rmk car knaca%

lmrear cf cnkl~f rn hndmcmxftmf ofrxf r~ hnzf~zntfbmak·+

Cf cnkl~f mklcnrf of nyac~bmakfha iatefkha zfcfdtfr eaka%

rmcfdfr bak r~ef ifbmcmhfh+ Hmrxmkxar eakarmcfdar z~nhnk iateft%rn föfhmnkha rmezcnenkxn ~kf bakrakfkxn# zat n`nezca ra# rak#rakl# raklr+ Xfedmnk bfedmfkha ~kf racf yabfc0 rmkl# rfkl# r~kl#rakl a htmkg# htfkg# ht~kg + Znta fv~m ka xntemkfk cfr zarmdmcmhf%

hnr baedmkfxatmfr zftf iateft eakarmcfdar z~nr fhnefr hn cfr

yabfcnr rmezcnr rn tnb~ttn f car hmzxaklar# v~n rak e~} fd~khfk%

xnr /ha|k# oa~rn# v~mbg # v~mnx # ra~c# |fmx # |mkn+++-+ ] fv~m ka fbfdf

xaha zatv~n f e~boar hn nrar eakarmcfdar rn cnr z~nhn föfhmt~kf r cmv~mhf mkmbmfc# v~n ofbn v~n cf zfcfdtf rmlf rmnkha eakarm%

cfdf /bfd!rbfd# bfk!rbfk# bft!rbft# batn!rbatn# gmcc!rgmcc# cf}!rcf}#cmlox!rcmlox# ca|!rca|# emcn!remcn# kfmc!rkfmc# zfmk!Rzfmk# zax!rzax#

ztmkx!rztmkx# xnfe!rxnfe# xaz!rxaz+++-+ Cf zfcfdtf nrbcfya nr eaka%

rmcfdf nk mklcnr /rcfyn-+



Nc mklcnr# f hmintnkbmf hnc nrzföac# nr ~kf cnkl~f nk b~}fr

atfbmaknr fznkfr rn hf cf tnh~khfkbmf+ Zat n`nezca nk cf itfrn nc

oaedtn d~nka nrxfear mkiatefkha hn v~n rn xtfxf hnc lnkntaefrb~cmka nk bfhf ~kf hn nrfr xtnr zfcfdtfr /cfr xtnr zfcfdtfr rak

efrb~cmkfr-+ Of} tnh~khfkbmf a nbnra hn mkiatefbmak+ Nrxf

emref itfrn nk mklcnr nr xon laah efk# nk cf b~fc xfk raca cf ~cxm%

ef zfcfdtf ofbn tnintnkbmf fc efrb~cmka zatv~n cfr zfcfdtfr xon }

laah yfcnk zftf car har lnkntar+ Ca emrea ab~ttn nk cf itfrn ka%raxtar `~lfdfear nk cf v~n fedfr zfcfdtfr rn nrxfk tnimtmnkha f cf

ztmentf zntrakf hnc zc~tfc } zat ncca rn z~nhn ztnrbmkhmt hnc zta%kaedtn rmk znthmhf hn mkiatefbmak+ ] nra nr ca v~n zat tnlcf ln%

kntfc ofbnear car omrzfkaofdcfkxnr# v~n r~ztmemear nc ztakae%

dtn bak e~bof itnb~nkbmf+ Nrf itfrn xtfh~bmhf fc mklcnr nr |n zcf% }nh znta fv~m cf mkiatefbmak hn cf ztmentf zntrakf hnc zc~tfc raca

cf hf cf zfcfdtf |n ‟karaxtar”# z~nr cf zfcfdtf zcf}nh rn ~rf xfe%

dmnk zftf cfr tnrxfkxnr zntrakfr xfkxa hnc rmkl~cft baea hnc zc~tfc+

Nk mklcnr nr# z~nr# meztnrbmkhmdcn bacabft nc ztakaedtn `~kxa fcyntda+

Fc rnt nc nrzföac ~kf cnkl~f bak tnh~khfkbmfr nr efr mkxncm%

lmdcn v~n nc mklcnr b~fkha cf bae~kmbfbmak ofdcfhf rn ztah~bn nk

fedmnkxnr t~mharar a nrxf hmrxatrmakfhf zatv~n cf mkiatefbmak

znthmhf nk fcl~kfr zfcfdtfr z~nhn adxnkntrn hn axtfr+ Cf ifcxf hn

tnh~khfkbmfr nk mklcnr ofbn v~n r~r zfcfdtfr rnfk efr rnkbmccfr#

bak enkar eatinefr# mkyftmfkxnr nk lnknta# k~enta }# nk caryntdar# nk zntrakf+ Nr ~kf cnkl~f flc~xmkfkxn } zaba icnmyf / M |mcc la ‟}a mtn”# cmxxcn oa~rn ‟bfrmxf”-+ Cfr rml~mnkxnr atfbmaknr0

Nc oaedtn d~nka tnpfdf+ Cf e~`nt d~nkf tnpfdf+

Car oaedtnr d~nkar tnpfdfk+



Cfr e~`ntnr d~nkfr tnpfdfk+

xtfh~bmhfr fc mklcnr rak tnrznbxmyfenkxn0

Xon laah efk ztf}nh+Xon laah |aefk ztf}nh+

Xon laah enk ztf}nh+Xon laah |aenk ztf}nh+

Adrntynrn v~n nk nrzföac bfedmfk xahfr cfr zfcfdtfr } nkmklcnr raca bfedmf nc kaedtn+

Cfr ztnzarmbmaknr } fhyntdmar rn ~rfk fd~khfkxnenkxn zftf

eahmimbft nc rmlkmimbfha hn car yntdar# zat n`nezca lnx fda~x ‟rfcmt

e~boa” # lnx fbtarr ‟rnt baeztnkhmha” # lnx fcakl ‟mtrn”# lnx fta~kh ‟xnknt xmneza”# lnx fx ‟ccnlft f”# lnx f|f} ‟v~mxft”# lnx dfbg ‟tnltn%

rft”# lnx dnomkh ‟v~nhftrn fxtfr”# lnx d} ‟fttnlcftrncfr”# lnx ha|k

‟hnrfkmeft”# lnx mk ‟adxnknt”# lnx mkxa ‟caltft nkxtft”# lnx aii ‟v~m%xftrn”# lnx ak ‟bakxmk~ft”# lnx a~x ‟ofbnt rfcmt”# lnx aynt ‟xntemkft”#lnx ta~kh xa ‟nkbakxtft xmneza”# lnx xota~lo ‟bakrnl~mt zfrft zat”#lnx xalnxont ‟ `~kxft”# lnx ~khnt ‟zfrft zat hndfà”# lnx ~z ‟cnyfk%

xftrn”+ Nk nrzföac zfrf fcla zftnbmha znta nk e~bof enkat bfkxm%

hfh nezcnfkha ztnimàr0 bakrnl~mt# zntrnl~mt# ztarnl~mt7 bakrnk%xmt# hmrnkxmt# ztnrnkxmt# tnrnkxmt7 baezaknt# mezaknt# zarzaknt#

tnzaknt# radtnzaknt# xtfrzaknt7 bakxnknt# hnxnknt# efkxnknt#tnxnknt# rarxnknt +++Nk mklcnr nc fh`nxmya rn fkxnzakn fc kaedtn+ Nc rmkxflef nc

oaedtn d~nka nr xon laah efk nk mklcnr+ Nrxf znb~cmftmhfh of

mkic~mha nk nrzföac nk fcl~kfr zabfr bakrxt~bbmaknr zftf hftcnr ~k

efxmp zftxmb~cft0 nk car nv~mzar hn i~xdac / Cf Tnfc Rabmnhfh# I~x%



dac Bc~d Dftbncakf+++- } nk cfr neztnrfr / Fcxar Oatkar hn Ympbf% }f# Mkh~rxtmfc Ncnbxtakmbf+++-+

Cf cnkl~f mklcnrf# bakxtftmfenkxn f e~bofr axtfr mkbc~mhf cfnrzföacf /ynfrn nc fzftxfha ?+62-# ka nr rnmrxf zatv~n cf ef}atmf

hn r~r zfcfdtfr yfcnk zftf fedar lnkntar+ Cf nztnrmak v~ntmharfemlar } v~ntmhfr femlfr nk mklcnr rn hmbn rmezcnenkxn hnft

itmnkhr+ Zat axtf zftxn nc lnknta nk nrzföac zntemxn bfedmft nc

rmlkmimbfha hn fcl~kfr zfcfdtfr /bnzf!bnza# b~öf!b~öa# nc athnk!cfathnk# nc nhmxatmfc!cf nhmxatmfc+++-+ ^kf bftfbxntmrxmbf ynkxfàrf hnc

mklcnr nr v~n e~boar hn r~r r~rxfkxmyar hnrneznöfk xfedmnk cfi~kbmak hn mkimkmxmya yntdfc+ Zat n`nezca0 xon |fxnt ‟nc fl~f”# xa|fxnt ‟tnlft”7 xon oa~rn ‟cf bfrf”# xa oa~rn ‟oarznhft”+

Nc mklcnr xmnkn e~bofr zfcfdtfr akaefxazn}mbfr baea bcfz#btfro# ba~lo# gkabg# rknnpn# rzcfro+++ } of xaefha e~cxmzcnr zfcf%

dtfr hnc cfxmk# fcl~kfr hn cfr b~fcnr bakymynk bak cfr hn ztabnhnk%

bmf lntefkmbf /cmdntx}!itnnhae# racft!r~k# c~kft!eaak# ta%

}fc!gmkl+++-+ Ka acymhnear v~n cf b~ftxf zftxn hn cfr zfcfdtfr mk%lcnrfr rak hn atmlnk itfkbnr# cnkl~f nrxf hntmyfhf hnc cfxmk+ Tnbat%

hnear v~n nc rmedaca ) /fezntrfkh - v~n zftnbn xfk mklcnr ka nr

rmka ~kf i~rmak ftxmrxmbf hn cfr har cnxtfr hn cf zfcfdtf cfxmkf nx #bak r~ emrea rmlkmimbfha# ‟}”+

Baea onear ymrxa fkxntmatenkxn# nc yntda nr e~boa efr

rnkbmcca nk mklcnr v~n nk nrzföac+ Raca of} ~kf bak`~lfbmak } nk

car yntdar tnl~cftnr hnkxta hn bfhf xmneza ka of} yftmfbmak zftfcfr rnmr zntrakfr nbnzxa zftf cf xntbntf zntrakf rmkl~cft hnc ztn%

rnkxn hn mkhmbfxmya# v~n fbfdf nk r+ Nk tnfcmhfh cf bak`~lfbmak

mklcnrf raca xmnkn bmkba zntrakfr zatv~n xð } yaraxtar!fr rn nztn%

rfk bak cf emref zfcfdtf# }a~+ Nc mezntfxmya nr ml~fc v~n nc mkimkm%

xmya /xa rmkl ‟bfkxft”# rmkl f rakl ‟bfkxf xð ~kf bfkbmak”-+ Nc ln%

t~khma rn iatef föfhmnkha mkl fc mkimkmxmya nk xahar car yntdar+ Nk



car yntdar tnl~cftnr nc zftxmbmzma } car ztnxntmxar rn iatefk föf%

hmnkha h a nh fc mkimkmxmya+ Nc i~x~ta rn iatef# nk r~ iatef bakxtf%

bxf# rmezcnenkxn föfhmnkha ~kf cc fc ztakaedtn zntrakfc / M d~} ‟}a baezta”# M”cc d~} ‟}a baeztftí”- } nc bakhmbmakfc föfhmnkha

~kf h / M”h d~} ‟}a baeztftmf”-+ Cf iatefbmak hn car k~entar athm%

kfcnr nr e~} rmezcn } tfbmakfc# fc bakxtftma hn ca v~n ab~ttn nk

nrzföac+ Xfk nr frm v~n nk k~nrxtf cnkl~f nr bae~k } fbnzxfha

r~rxmx~mt car athmkfcnr zat r~r bfthmkfcnr tnrznbxmyar f zftxmt hnc

ymlnrmea+

Cfr cnxtfr d } y tnztnrnkxfk iaknefr hmrxmkxar } rn ztak~kbmfkhn hmrxmkxf efkntf# fv~nccf dmcfdmfc } nrxf cfdmahnkxfc+ Zat tnlcf

lnkntfc nc rakmha hn cf t fkxn yabfc rn ztak~kbmf mkxntbfcfkha ~kf

~ /tmbo rn ztak~kbmf t~mbo# tfk rn ztak~kbmf t~fk# xtnn rn ztak~k%

bmf xt~m-+ Cf t imkfc hn rmcfdf ofbn v~n cf yabfc v~n cn ztnbnhn rnf

cftlf } ka rn ztak~kbmn /nk nc Tnmka ^kmha- a rn ztak~kbmn e~}

r~fynenkxn /nk NN^^-+

Xahfr nrxfr bftfbxntmrxmbfr ofbnk v~n nc mklcnr rnf ~kf cnkl~fe~} rnkbmccf znta v~n knbnrmxn efr hnc bakxnxa /fzftxfha 9+4-

v~n nc nrzföac+ Nc rmlkmimbfha } cf bfxnlatmf ltfefxmbfc hn e~bofr

hn r~r zfcfdtfr xmnkn v~n hftcfr knbnrftmfenkxn nc bakxnxa+

]f rn hmà fkxntmatenkxn v~n nc rakmha hn bfhf cnxtf hnznkhn

hn cf zfcfdtf nk cf v~n rn nkb~nkxtn+ Zfcfdtfr bak ml~fc iatef rn

ztak~kbmfk hn efkntf rmemcft znta of} nbnzbmaknr+ Zat nra fkxn

~kf zfcfdtf nrbtmxf k~nyf car ofdcfkxnr hn mklcnr ka xmnknk fdrac~%xf bntxnpf hn bòea rn ztak~kbmf+ ] f cf mkyntrf# fkxn ~kf zfcfdtf

ofdcfhf k~nyf ka xmnknk cf baezcnxf rnl~tmhfh hn bòea rn nrbtmdn+

Zat ncca car hmbbmakftmar mklcnrnr mkbc~}nk cf ztak~kbmfbmak hn cfr

zfcfdtfr rnl~k nc fcifdnxa iaknxmba mkxntkfbmakfc } hn xfthn nk

xfthn nr knbnrftma nc hncnxtna hn zfcfdtfr nk cf bae~kmbfbmak atfc

nk mklcnr+



Ynfear f bakxmk~fbmak f eaha hn rmezcn e~nrxtf fcl~kfr

zfcfdtfr nk cfr v~n hnxntemkfhfr cnxtfr rn ztak~kbmfk hn hmrxmkxf

efkntf# bmtb~krxfkbmf ofdmx~fc nk nc mklcnr+ Cf cnxtf f ka rn zta%k~kbmf ml~fc nk cfr zfcfdtfr xfgn# fk}# fcra# bofkbn# efk# hftn+ Cf

cnxtf n rn ztak~kbmf hn hmrxmkxf efkntf nk dn# |fkxnh# dnh# ont#bcntg# ontn# xon# xfdcn+ Mhne bak cf cnxtf m nk imkh# lmyn# imtrx# omtn+

Mhne bak cf cnxtf a nk fcakn# ha# baen# rxaz# |ath# hmtnbxat# akn#|aenk+ N ml~fc bak cf ~ nk ~rn# d~x# z~x# x~ti# d~r}# d~t}# rfx~thf}+

Baea }f onear ymrxa# nk mklcnr cfr yabfcnr ka fbnkx~fhfr rn zta%

k~kbmfk hndmcenkxn+Cfr zftn`fr yabfcmbfr hadcnr xfedmnk rn ztak~kbmfk hn hmrxmk%

xf efkntf rnl~k cf zfcfdtf hakhn nrxnk+ Zat n`nezca cf zfcfdtf

iaah rn ztak~kbmf i~h# cf zfcfdtf icaat rn ztak~kbmf ¸ica+at } cf

zfcfdtf dcaah rn ztak~kbmf dcfh+

Bak cfr bakrakfkxnr ab~ttn axta xfkxa+ Cf cnxtf b rn ztak~kbmf

hn hmrxmkxf efkntf nk cfr zfcfdtfr bmx}# fbmh# rznbmfc# bfz+ ] cf h nk

cfr zfcfdtfr hal# rfh# rachmnt + Cf i nk itae# ai + Cf l nk lach# lmfkx#rmlkfc+ Cf o nk ofe# oa~t# |o}+ Cf g nk gmrr# gknn+ Cf c nk cftln# zfce# bacakncc+ Cf r nk rmrxnt# r~lft# mrcn+ Cf x nk xaz# kfx~tn# kf%xmak# aixnk+ Cf nk rfaiak# da# nfbx + Cf p nk btfp}# lcfpmnt + Nc

hmltfia bo rn ztak~kbmf hn hmrxmkxf efkntf nk tmbo# efbomkn# rboa%ac+ Nc hmltfia lo nk loarx# nka~lo# ombba~lo+ Nc zo nk zo}rmb#knzon|# ronzonh + ] nc xo nk xomkl# xomr# Xofenr+

Nr hnbmt# nk cf cnkl~f mklcnrf f cf oatf hn ztak~kbmft fznkfrb~nkxfk cfr cnxtfr mkhmymh~fcnr km cfr rmcfdfr+ Ca v~n tnfcenkxn

b~nkxf nr cf iatef hn cf zfcfdtf# nc zmbxaltfef /fzftxfha ?+4-+ Cf

zfcfdtf mklcnrf boamt rn ztak~kbmf g~fmft# eakarmcfdf bak nc fbnk%

xa ztarahmba nk cf ztmentf f+ Zat nra car kmöar b~fkha fztnkhnt f

cnnt nk mklcnr ka z~nhnk ofbntca rmcfdnfkha baea ofbnear car



omrzfkaofdcfkxnr+ Xmnknk v~n ofbntca knbnrftmfenkxn ztak~kbmfk%

ha cfr zfcfdtfr nkxntfr rmk hnrbaezarmbmak+

Xaha ca fkxntmatenkxn ymrxa ofrxf foatf z~nhn zftnbnt ~khnrztazarmxa } ~k eftneflk~e mknxtmbfdcn hn cf cnkl~f mklcnrf f

cfr zntrakfr v~n ka cf bakabnk znta nk cf ztfbxmbf xaha nr e~}

rnkbmcca+ Meztnrmakf cf bfzfbmhfh hnc bntndta zftf adymft nrar

mkbakynkmnkxnr } cf ynthfh nr v~n bak xfk raca ~kar enrnr hn nr%

x~hma ~ka rn fbarx~edtf tfzmhfenkxn f cnnt } f nrbtmdmt nk mklcnr+

Nr e~} hn fhemtft bòea nrxf cnkl~f of bakrnl~mha bak ~kf nrbtm%

x~tf rmezcn# nrxnxmbf# rmk xmchnr } rmk kmkl~k axta rmlka hmfbtmxmbatnztnrnkxft bak raca 49 cnxtfr r~r 2> iaknefr+

Cf cnkl~f mklcnrf nr e~} rnkbmccf } icnmdcn } ltfbmfr f ncca

rn of bakyntxmha# baea ofbn rmlcar ca i~n nc cfxmk# nk cf cnkl~f

itfkbf ~kmyntrfc# fhnefr hn zat ofdnt rmha cf cnkl~f hn cfr zaxnk%

bmfr haemkfkxnr nk car ~cxmear rmlcar /Tnmka ^kmha nk nc rmlca

_M_ } NN^^ nk nc __-+ ] hndn rnt ~k n`nezca zftf cf cnkl~f

nrzföacf radtn xaha nk ca tncfxmya f cf cmdntxfh cmkl~mrxmbf+ Cf nr%zföacf nr e~} tmlmhf } xmeatfxf } bakrmhntf ontn`mf bakhnkfdcn

xaha fv~ncca v~n tndfrn ~k zaba car cmemxnr hn r~ inttnf hmrbmzcmkf+

Fom nrxf nk nc cfha az~nrxa cf ztmentf cnkl~f abbmhnkxfc# nc mklcnr#

rmk xmchnr# bak cnxtfr tnztnrnkxfkha bfhf ~kf yftmar iaknefr# bak

zfcfdtfr oaealtfifr v~n rn ztak~kbmfk hn hmrxmkxf efkntf# nxb#

v~n tnrzmtf icnmdmcmhfh } cmdntxfh zat car b~fxta barxfhar+

Cf cnkl~f ab~zf ~k c~lft e~} mezatxfkxn nk nc bntndta hn cfrzntrakfr /ftnfr hn Dtabf } hn \ntkmbgn-+ H~tfkxn nc hnrfttacca hnc

mkhmymh~a cf cnkl~f yf bakiatefkha r~ bntndta } nrxfdcnbmnkha cfr

baknmaknr kn~takfcnr fhnb~fhfr+ V~mpfr ~kf cnkl~f efxntkf bak

nrxt~bx~tfr tmlmhfr xfedmnk f}~hn f iateft bntndtar tmlmhar } znt%

rakfcmhfhnr mkxtfkrmlnkxnr+ Znkrft nk nrzföac ka nr ca emrea v~n

znkrft nk mklcnr } z~nhn v~n xfedmnk nc e~kha rn ynf hn hmrxmkxf



iatef /omzaxnrmr hn Rfzmt%\oati-+ @nfk%@fbv~nr Ta~rrnf~ hnbmf

v~n §cfr bfdnpfr rn iatefk zat cfr cnkl~fr } car znkrfemnkxar rn

xmönk hnc bacat hn car mhmaefr·+ Tnbmnkxnenkxn cf ^kmyntrmhfh hn Car Fklncnr /^BCF- of hnrb~dmntxa v~n nmrxn ~k lnk hnc cnkl~f%

`n# nc Iaz4# v~n fbx~f radtn axtar 669 lnknr+ B~fkha rn mkxtah~bn

nrxn lnk nk tfxaknr# nemxnk efr rakmhar+

Baea ab~ttn bak b~fcv~mnt axtf cnkl~f# efmen rm rn ofdcf

nk fezcmfr pakfr lnaltfimbfr# nc mklcnr xmnkn e~boar hmfcnbxar#

nmrxmnkha ~k k~enta e~boa ef}at hn nccar } bak i~ntxnr bakxtfr%

xnr nk nc Tnmka ^kmha v~n nk NN^^+ Cn zfrf ml~fc v~n fc nrzföac#baea }f onear ymrxa nk nc fzftxfha 6+>+ Xtfhmbmakfcenkxn nc mk%

lcnr bakrmhntfha §xnatmbfenkxn zntinbxa· ntf nc mklcnr hn Aiath amklcnr hn cf Tnmkf# raca ofdcfha zat ~k 9. hn car ofdmxfkxnr hn

Ltfk Dtnxföf+ Oa} car har xmzar hn mklcnr bakrmhntfhar baea ea%

hncar nk cf nkrnöfkpf f nxtfk`ntar rak0 f- nc mklcnr hn cf DDB nk

Ltfk Dtnxföf } d- nc Lnkntfc Fentmbfk nk NN^^+ Km v~n hnbmt

xmnkn v~n nc mklcnr efr ofdcfha# } bak hmintnkbmf# nr nc mklcnr fen%tmbfka+ Nc mklcnr }f ka zntxnknbn f Mklcfxnttf baea xfezaba nc

nrzföac zntxnknbn f Nrzföf+ Fedfr cnkl~fr y~ncfk racfr fccnkhn

r~r itakxntfr atmlmkfcnr+ ±Fbnzxftmfk car NN^^ katefr hn ~ra hn

cf cnkl~f mklcnrf hmbxfhfr ~kmcfxntfcenkxn zat Ltfk Dtnxföf1

Xfezaba car zfmrnr omrzfkafentmbfkar fbnzxftæk cfr ztabnhnkxnr

~kmcfxntfcenkxn hn Nrzföf+

Nc mklcnr fentmbfka nr efr rmezcn } ztfbxmba v~n nc dtmxfkmba+Nr enkar nxmeacalmba } r~ncn r~ztmemt cnxtfr v~n ka rak knbnrf%

tmfr+ Zat n`nezca ca v~n nk mklcnr dtmxfkmba rn nrbtmdn bfxfcal~n#bnkxtn# bonv~n# baca~t# hninkbn# nkb}bcazfnhmf# i~cimcc# gmcaltfe%en# enxtn# ea~ch# zca~lo# xonfxtn# xota~lo# xtfynccmkl# x}tn# |fl%lak nk fentmbfka rn nrbtmdn bfxfcal# bnkxnt# bonbg# bacat# hninkrn#



nkb}bcaznhmf# i~cimc# gmcaltfe# enxnt# each# zca|# xonfxnt# xot~#xtfyncmkl# xmtn# |flak+

Cf cnkl~f mklcnrf ka xmnkn ~kf f~xatmhfh bnkxtfc v~n cf im`n }cmezmn /baea cf nrzföacf cf TFN -# zat ca v~n xmnkn e~bof ymxfcm%

hfh } nrxf nk bakrxfkxn nyac~bmak+ Nk nc fzftxfha 6+<+9 rn hf ~k

zfttfia nrbtmxa nk mklcnr+

Onear ymrxa fkxnr v~n nc mklcnr rn of bakyntxmha nk cf cnkl~f

itfkbf ~kmyntrfc+ Car fklcaiakar ca bakabnk hn efkntf kfx~tfc

znta nc tnrxa onear hn fztnkhntca } nra ccnyf e~boa xmneza+ Tm%

bofth Yf~lofk# btnfhat hnc nmxara enxaha zftf fztnkhnt mklcnrv~n ccnyf r~ kaedtn# hmbn v~n zftf ~k omrzfkaofdcfkxn rak knbnrf%

tmfr ~kfr >:: oatfr hn nrx~hma xnatmba dfrmba efr 6+>:: oatfr hn

f~hmbmak zftf fbarx~edtft nc amha f car k~nyar rakmhar efr axtfr

>:: oatfr hn mkentrmak nk rmx~fbmaknr tnfcnr zftf zahnt hnrnkyac%

yntrn nk cf ymhf tnfc+ Cfr zntrakfr v~n v~mntnk fztnkhnt dmnk mk%

lcnr frm ca ofbnk } z~nhnk ccnlft f fhv~mtmt ~k cnmba r~zntmat f

6>+::: zfcfdtfr } cnnt cmxntfx~tf a ynt zncmb~cfr znta of} e~bofraxtfr# cf ef}atmf# f cfr v~n cnr nr r~imbmnkxn ~k bakabmemnkxa en%

kar baezcnxa zftf zahnt rmezcnenkxn hninkhntrn nk r~r ymf`nr

x~tmrxmbar# zftf zahnt efkxnknt ~kf battnrzakhnkbmf bak lnkxnr hn

axtar zfmrnr a zftf frmrxmt f ~kf boftcf hn xmza xnbkmba a baentbmfc#

dmnk baea a}nkxnr a mkbc~ra baea zaknkxnr+

Nmrxnk hn ofbn xmneza enxahar v~n ztazatbmakfk ~k kmync

ncnenkxfc baea nc Dfrmb Nklcmro# btnfha nk 6=2: zat Boftcnr Gf}Alhnk baea ~kf onttfemnkxf mkxntkfbmakfc dfrmbf hn bae~kmbf%

bmak# v~n raca nezcnf ?>: zfcfdtfr bakbmnkp~hfenkxn nrbalmhfr+

Nk mkxntknx /oxxz0!!alhnk+dfrmb%nklcmro+atl!daagr+oxec - z~nhnk

nkbakxtftrn cmdtar zftf r~ fztnkhmpf`n } zftf cnbx~tf+

Eahntkfenkxn rn of z~nrxa hn eahf nc lcadmro /lcadfc Nk%

lcmro- v~n bakrmhntf fc mklcnr rmezcnenkxn baea ~k mkrxt~enkxa

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zftf zahnt bae~kmbftrn } v~n rn dfrf nk nezcnft xfk raca 6+>::

zfcfdtfr /nk tnfcmhfh nk b~fcv~mnt mhmaef raca rn ~rfk enkar hn

6+::: zfcfdtfr nk cf bakyntrfbmak hn cf bfccn-# ~xmcmpfkha ~kf rmk%xfmr rmezcn# bak nztnrmaknr battnbxfr nk nc efr z~ta mklcnr znta

rmk nezcnft lmtar cmkl~mrxmbar km cab~bmaknr baezcmbfhfr+ Bak xfk

zabfr zfcfdtfr nr knbnrftma nymhnkxnenkxn tnb~ttmt f cfr zntåitfrmr+

Zat n`nezca zftf hnbmt §b~öfha· rn hmbn §ontefka hn em nrzarf·+

Nc mklcnr ofdcfha zat car fklcaiakar hn xaha nc e~kha xmnkn

e~cxmx~h hn fbnkxar+ Nc ncnlmha zat nc lcadmro nr ~k fbnkxa mkxnt%

enhma nkxtn nc hn K~nyf ]atg } nc hn Cakhtnr# v~n ka zarnn kmk%l~k fklcaiaka nk cf tnfcmhfh znta v~n zntemxn rnt nkxnkhmha ba%

ttnbxfenkxn zat xahar nccar+ ^k mklcnr e~} zftnbmha fc lcadmro

z~nhn nrb~boftrn nk cf bfhnkf hn tfhma Yambn ai Fentmbf

/|||+yaf+lay- z~crfkha nc daxak Cnftkmkl Nklcmro zftf nkxtft nk

cf zflmkf Rznbmfc Nklcmro hakhn of} e~boar ftxmb~car zftf cnnt }

nrb~boft zf~rfhfenkxn+

Nc lcadmro rn cn ab~ttma f r~ btnfhat# @nfk%Zf~c Knttmntn# ad%rntyfkha v~n nk car rmezarmar } bakltnrar mkxntkfbmakfcnr f car

v~n frmrxmf rn nkxnkhmfk enàt nk mklcnr car ka fklcaiakar nkxtn rm

v~n b~fkha ofdcfdfk bak fklcaiakar# nr hnbmt# } nrxa xfedmnk kar

ofdtf zfrfha f e~boar hn karaxtar# zat n`nezca rn nkxmnkhn enàt

~k bacaedmfka bak ~k `fzaknr ofdcfkha mklcnr v~n bak ~k mklcnr+

Knttmntn ca hnimkn frm0 §Nc lcadmro nr ~k mhmaef mez~ta W+++U# v~n

ka frzmtf km f cf baeztnkrmak hn ~kf b~cx~tf km f cf fhv~mrmbmak hn~k xfcnkxa v~n zntemxf dtmccft nk O}hn Zftg a Bnkxtfc Zftg# rmka

v~n zntemxn rmneztn ~kf nimbfbmf xtmymfc# nk xahfr zftxnr } bak xaha

nc e~kha·+

Nymhnkxnenkxn ofdtf v~n znhmt f car fklcaiakar v~n cmemxnk

r~ yabfd~cftma } v~n ofdcnk efr hnrzfbma+ Nc lcadmro z~nhn rnt nc

ynthfhnta mhmaef ~kmyntrfc } rn bfcb~cf v~n }f nrxf rmnkha ofdcf%



ha# nk r~ yntrmak atmlmkfc a nk axtfr zftnbmhfr# zat efr hn 2+:::

emccaknr hn lcadòiakar+

6+<+> Nc ftfdnNc ftfdn# cnkl~f efxntkf hn efr hn 4:: emccaknr hn zntrakfr#

nrxf e~} nezftnkxfha bak nc ondtna+ Kfbma nk cf pakf rmx~fhf

nkxtn Enrazaxfemf } r~ bntbfkf b~nkbf enhmxnttfknf } rn nxnk%

hma zat xaha nc Atmnkxn Enhma } katxn hn Fitmbf hfkha c~lft bak nc

zfra hnc xmneza f k~entarar hmfcnbxar# fcl~kar hn nccar mkmkxncmlm%

dcnr nkxtn rm /~k efttav~m ka rn nkxmnkhn bak ~k zfcnrxmka a ~kmtfv~m-+ Zftf nymxft nrxar mkbakynkmnkxnr } xnknt ~k kna b~cx~tfc

hn ~kmak nkxtn car 44 zfmrnr v~n ca ofdcfk# rn btna nk Nlmzxa ~kf

battmnkxn zfkftfdmlf f ztmkbmzmar hnc rmlca _M_# ~ka hn b~}ar it~%

xar i~n cf btnfbmak hn cf cnkl~f ftfdn eahntkf nrxfkhft a katefxm%

yf v~n nr cf ~xmcmpfhf nk cf nkrnöfkpf# cmxntfx~tf+++ hn xahar nrar

zfmrnr+ Nc ftfdn eahntka nr nezcnfha baea cnkl~f itfkbf nkxtn

xahar nccar+Nk car zfmrnr ftfdnr rn hf# z~nr# nc inkaenka hn cf hmlcarmf#

nr hnbmt# nk bfhf ~ka hn nccar banmrxnk har cnkl~fr0 ~kf bacav~mfc

ka nrbtmxf hmintnkxn nk bfhf zfmr# v~n rn ~rf nk cf ymhf hmftmf# }

axtf bae~k nk xahar car zfmrnr# nc ftfdn eahntka+ Nc ftfdn bcfrmba

raca fzftnbn nk cf cmxntfx~tf fkxml~f } nk nc Batfk } ab~zf nk nrar

zfmrnr ~kf zarmbmak rmemcft f cf v~n ab~zf nc cfxmk tnrznbxa hn cfr

cnkl~fr taefkbnr /nrzföac# zatx~l~nr# mxfcmfka# itfkbnr+++-+Nk Nrzföf# radtn xaha nk r~ zftxn r~t# rn ofdca ftfdn h~tfkxn

e~bomrmear föar zatv~n car ftfdnr nkxtftak nk cf znkmkr~cf mdntm%

bf nk nc föa <66 } i~ntak nz~crfhar nk 68=4+ Ka adrxfkxn# nc

fkhfc~rå# nc hmfcnbxa ftfdn nrzföac# rn rml~ma ofdcfkha nkxtn car

eatmrbar ofrxf r~ nz~crmak nk 69:=+



Nc ftfdn raca xmnkn xtnr yabfcnr /f# m# ~-# bftnbn hn cfr yabfcnr

enhmfr /n#a-# ca v~n ztazatbmakf ~k i~ntxn } bcfta bakxtfrxn nkxtn

nccfr# fc tnynr hn ca v~n ab~ttn nk nc mklcnr bak xfkxf yabfc+ Bakrxfhn 4< iaknefr bakrakfkxmbar /efr v~n nc nrzföac- } hn 4? cnxtfr+

Bfhf cnxtf rn z~nhn nrbtmdmt hn yftmfr iatefr rnl~k nrxn fmrcfhf a

yf}f fc ztmkbmzma# nk enhma a fc imkfc hn zfcfdtf+ R~ nrbtmx~tf nr

iakacalmbf zatv~n cfr cnxtfr nrxfk onbofr f enhmhf hn r~r iakn%

efr+ Cfr yabfcnr z~nhnk rnt batxfr a cftlfr } r~ hmintnkbmf nr znt%

xmknkxn# nr hnbmt# zntemxn hmrxmkl~mt zfcfdtfr+

Cfr yabfcnr batxfr ka rn nrbtmdnk# xfk raca rn zaknk nk ncBatfk } nk car cmdtar mkifkxmcnr zftf nymxft nttatnr+ Nc ka nrbtmdmt

cfr yabfcnr ka r~zakn kmkl~kf hmimb~cxfh zatv~n raca of} xtnr+ Er

hibc trcxt k rzöc ztv xk bkb ybcr ‟efr hmimbmc tnr~cxftmf nk nrzföac

zatv~n xmnkn bmkba yabfcnr”+ Cfr yabfcnr rn hnh~bnk ifbmcenkxn hnc

bakxnxa } xfedmnk zat cf ztazmf nrxt~bx~tf hn nrf cnkl~f+ Nk ftf%

dn ztfbxmbfenkxn xahfr r~r rmcfdfr nezmnpfk zat bakrakfkxn+ Cfr

yabfcnr ka hmrzaknk hn cnxtfr zftf r~ tnztnrnkxfbmak nk cf nrbtmx~tfrmka v~n# b~fkha rn tnztnrnkxfk# rn mkhmbfk enhmfkxn yftmar rmlkar

hmfbtmxmbar /z~kxar } ymtl~cmccfr- bacabfhar nkbmef a hndfà hn cfr

bakrakfkxnr+ Cfr cnxtfr ef}~rb~cfr ka nmrxnk+ Nc athnk hn cfr

zfcfdtfr nk cf atfbmak nr zat tnlcf lnkntfc yntda%r~`nxa%ad`nxa+

Car nrx~hmfkxnr hn ftfdn ka ofbnk hmbxfhar zatv~n nr e~} ifbmc

zfrft hnc ofdcf f cf nrbtmx~tf+ Ca hmimbmc nr fc tnynr# a rnf# cnnt ~k

xnxa rmk yabfcnr+ Zat nra car n`ntbmbmar zftf car fc~ekar bakrmrxnki~khfenkxfcenkxn nk cnnt xnxar rmk yabfcnr+

Ca ztmenta v~n ccfef cf fxnkbmak b~fkha rn yn ~k xnxa nrbtm%

xa nk ftfdn nr r~ ncnlfkbmf+ Baea nc Mrcfe ztaomdn cf tnztnrnkxf%

bmak hn iml~tfr# car ftxmrxfr } ftxnrfkar ftfdnr hnhmbftak } hnhmbfk

r~r radtnrfcmnkxnr haxnr f cf hnbatfbmak xtmhmenkrmakfc /rak meztn%

rmakfkxnr car fhatkar nk tncmnyn hn r~r bnkxtar z~dcmbar baea



z~nhn fhemtftrn nk cf Fcofedtf hn Ltfkfhf a nk cf Enpv~mxf hn

Bfrfdcfkbf- } dmhmenkrmakfc nk r~ bacatmhf fp~cn`ntmf } nk r~r

xtfbntmfr+ Cfr xtfbntmfr rak nrar dnccar hmd~àr lnaenxtmbar mkn%xtmbfdcnr v~n fzftnbnk zat hav~mnt+ Ml~fcenkxn nc ftxn rn fzcmba f

cfr iatefr hn cfr cnxtfr hfkha c~lft f nrfr eftfymccarfr bfcmltfimfr+

Cf nrbtmx~tf ftfdn zftnbn tnfcmpfhf bak rmlkar xfv~mltfimbar }#

f~kv~n ka rnf frm# nr ~ka hn car rmrxnefr hn nrbtmx~tf v~n tnr~cxfk

efr tfzmhar hn nrbtmdmt+ Nk car ztmentar xmnezar hn cf bmymcmpfbmak

abbmhnkxfc rn nrbtmdmfk car tnklcaknr hn efkntf fcxntkfhf# nr hnbmt#

car mezftnr hn mpv~mnthf f hntnbof } car zftnr hn hntnbof f mp%v~mnthf# hn rmemcft efkntf f baea nc d~n} ftf cf xmnttf+ Zat nra nrn

rmrxnef hn nrbtmx~tf rn ccfef d~rxtòinhak /hnc ltmnla0 da~r ‟d~n}”#

rxtainmk ‟hft cf y~ncxf” } %hak ‟f cf efkntf hn”-+ Bak nc xmneza cf

nrbtmx~tf rn ompa ~kmhmtnbbmakfc0 nc ltmnla zfra f nrbtmdmtrn hn mp%

v~mnthf f hntnbof } cfr cnkl~fr rnemxmbfr /ftfdn# ondtna- hn hntn%

bof f mpv~mnthf# tfpak zat cf b~fc cf cnkl~f ftfdn rn nrbtmdn hn

hntnbof f mpv~mnthf } car cmdtar rn cnnk hn fxtfr fhncfkxn# fc tnynrhn baea ofbnear karaxtar+

Nk nc rml~mnkxn fzftxfha rn hf ~k zfttfia nrbtmxa nk ftfdn+

6+<+9 Cf nrbtmx~tf nk axtfr cnkl~frNk nrxn fzftxfha yfear f baezftft cf nrbtmx~tf hn ~k emrea

xnxa nk yftmfr cnkl~fr v~n nezcnfk bftfbxntnr cfxmkar bak nc imk

hn ynt car rmlkar hmfbtmxmbar v~n nezcnfk+ Xfedmnk nk ftfdn } nkrntdma+ Rn hf cf mkxntnrfkxn bmtb~krxfkbmf hn v~n cf cnkl~f rntda%

btafxf nr nrbtmxf nk bftfbxntnr cfxmkar zat car btafxfr } nk bftfbxn%

tnr bmtmcmbar zat car rntdmar# hn efkntf v~n ~k btafxf } ~k rntdma rn

nkxmnkhnk zntinbxfenkxn ofdcfkha /rn xtfxf hn cf emref cnkl~f-

znta ka rn nkxmnkhnk zat nrbtmxa+ Adrntynrn v~n nkxtn fedar xn%

xar of} battnrzakhnkbmf cnxtf f cnxtf+



Rn adrntyf v~n cfr cnkl~fr v~n ka xmnknk xmchn ~ axtar rmlkar

hmfbtmxmbar rak nc cfxmk# nc mklcnr# nc n~rgntf# nc oacfkhnr } nc mkha%

knrma+ Nc itfkbnr xmnkn xtnr xmchnr+ Nc bonba# nc nrcayfba# nc zacfba#nc x~tba } nc btafxf ~rfk hmrxmkxar xmzar hn xmchn bacabfhar radtn cfr

bakrakfkxnr+ Nc zatx~l~nr# nc zacfba# nc t~efka } nc x~tba hmrza%

knk hn rmlkar hmfbtmxmbar bacabfhar hndfà hn cfr cnxtfr+ Nc itfkbnr

xfedmnk xmnkn cf bnhmccf f~kv~n nk nrxn batxa xnxa ka fzftnpbf+

Adrntynrn cf ltfk bakbmrmak hnc ftfdn+

K~nrxta rakmha hn cf ö nk zacfba rn tnztnrnkxf zat ň } nk

bonba } nrcayfba zat ŏ f~kv~n nk nrxn xnxa ka fzftnbn kmkl~kf nknrxfr har ~cxmefr cnkl~fr+ Nr b~tmara tnrfcxft v~n cf cnxtf nrbtmxf ö

nmrxn xfedmnk nk cf cnkl~f |acai hn Nxmazmf# ofdcfhf zat ~kar 6:

emccaknr hn zntrakfr# bak nc emrea rakmha v~n cf nrzföacf+

Ynfrn nc ltfk zftnbmha hnc bfxfcfk } nc yfcnkbmfka zat ~kf

zftxn# hn car har xmzar hn zatx~l~nr zat axtf } xfedmnk hnc bonba }

nc nrcayfba# b~}ar ofdmxfkxnr ofk iatefha zftxn hn ~k emrea zfmr

ofrxf ofbn zaba+ Nc lfccnla nr zftnbmha fc zatx~l~nr } fc bfrxnccf%ka } nc n~rgntf ka rn zftnbn f kmkl~k axta+

Nc mklcnr nr ~ka hn car v~n enkar nrzfbma ab~zfk+ R~ zfttfia

bakrxf hn >8 zfcfdtfr# =9 rmcfdfr } 4<6 cnxtfr emnkxtfr v~n nc zf%

ttfia bfrxnccfka bakrxf hn >> zfcfdtfr# 64< rmcfdfr } 2:: cnxtfr+

Car xnxar nk cfr hmrxmkxfr cnkl~fr rak car rml~mnkxnr0

Cnkl~f bfrxnccfkf /bak nc fbx~fc rmrxnef atxaltfimba-Cf ltfyn rmx~fbmòk nk v~n rn nkb~nkxtf cf o~efkmhfh nr hndm%

hf f cf nzcarmòk hnealtæimbf+ Cf zadcfbmòk e~khmfc rn of h~zcm%

bfha nk car ðcxmear b~ftnkxf föar } rml~n btnbmnkha rmk cåemxn+

Bfemkfear tæzmhfenkxn ofbmf nc ztnbmzmbma# z~nr k~nrxta e~kha

nr mkrarxnkmdcn íxmbf# nbakòembf } lnazacåxmbfenkxn+ Of} v~n rnt

tnfcmrxfr0 cf fbx~fbmòk o~efkf nr ~kf yntlónkpf+



Cnkl~f cfxmkf

Ltfymr o~efkmxfxmr rxfx~r oab xnezatn meeahntfxa ztabtnf%xmakmr mkbtnenkxa hndnx~t+ Oaemk~e k~ent~r zarxtnemr v~fhtf%

lmkxf fkkmr h~zcmbfx~r nrx nx rmkn imkn e~cxmzcmbfx~t+ Mk ztfnbmzmxm~e

bncntmxnt ztaltnhme~t# v~akmfe knb eatfcmxnt knb anbakaembn knb

lnazacmxmbn karxt~e ~kmyntr~e r~rxmkntm zaxnrx+ Tn m~hmbfx~tm r~%

e~r0 o~efkfn ymxfn tfxma mkhmlk~e ifbmk~r nrx+

Cf ztak~kbmfbmak hn nrxn xnxa nr cf rml~mnkxn0¸Ltf+ymr ~+ef+km+¸xf+xmr ¸rxf+x~r ag ¸xne+za+tn me+ea+hn+¸tf+xa

zta+gtn+f+¸xma+kmr mk+gtn+¸enk+xa hn+¸dn+x~t+ ¸A+em+k~e ¸k~+en+t~r

zar+¸xtn+emr g~f+htf+¸l~mk+xf ¸fk+kmr h~+zcm+¸gf+x~r nrx nx ¸rm+kn

¸im+kn e~c+xm+zcm+¸gf+x~t+ Mk ztfn+gm+¸zm+xm~e gn+¸cn+tm+xnt

zta+¸ltn+hm+e~t# ¸g~a+kmfe kng ea+¸tf+cm+xnt kng

an+ga+¸ka+em+gn kng l~n+a+za+¸cm+xm+gn ¸kar+xt~e ~+km+¸ynt+r~e

r~r+xm+¸kn+tm ¸za+xnrx+ Tn m~+hm+gf+¸x~+tm ¸r~+e~r0 ~+¸ef+kfn¸ym+xfn ¸tf+xma mk+¸hml%k~e ¸if+gm%k~r nrx+

Cf ztak~kbmfbmak hn cf y nr cfdmahnkxfc baea rn ztak~kbmfdf

nk nc bfrxnccfka fkxml~a+ Adrntynrn v~n xahfr cfr b rn ztak~kbmfk

baea cf g } v~n cf l r~nkf rmneztn baea nk lf+ Ynfkrn car hmz%

xaklar fn } an# fedar bak yabfcnr fdmntxfr+

Cnkl~f bfxfcfkf

Cf ltn~ rmx~fbmò nk v~ï nr xtadf cf o~efkmxfx ír bf~rf hn

hòkf f c,nzcarmò hnealtêimbf+ Cf zadcfbmò e~khmfc r,of h~zcmbfx

nk ncr hfttntr v~ftfkxf fk}r m rnl~nm btnmnkx rnkrn cåemx+ Bfem%

kne têzmhfenkx bfz fc ztnbmzmbm# `f v~n nc karxtn eòk ír mkrarxn%



kmdcn ïxmbf# nbakôembf m lnazacåxmbfenkx+ Bfc rnt tnfcmrxnr0 c,fbx~f%

bmò o~efkf ír ~kf yntlak}f+

Cnkl~f yfcnkbmfkf

Cf ltn~ rmx~fbmò nk v~ï nr xtadf cf o~efkmxfx ír hnl~hf f

c,nzcarmò hnealtêimbf+ Cf zadcfbmò e~khmfc r,of h~zcmbfx nk ncr

ðcxmer v~ftfkxf fk}r m rnl~m inkx%oa rnkrn cåemx+ Bfemkne fed

zfr hnbmhmx bfz fc ztnbmzmbm# zntv~ï karxtn eòk ír mkrarxnkmdcn

ïxmbf# nbakôembf m lnazacåxmbfenkx+ Bfc rnt tnfcmrxnr0 c,fbx~fbmò

o~efkf ír ~kf yntlak}f+

N~rgntf

Lmpfxntmf hflank nlantf cfttmf dmhnpgaf cnontgnxf hnealtfim%

gatf+ Hf E~kh~ga onttmf fpgnk dnttalnm ~txnnxfk dmgampx~ hf nxf

`fttfmxpnk h~ ofpxnk e~lftmg lfdn+ Fpgft femchnlmtfkxp mdmcxpnk

lftf# df l~tn e~kh~f n~xrmnpmk nxmgaf# ngakaemgaf hf nxf lnazacm%

xmgagm+ Nttnfcmrxfg mpfk dnoft hf0 lmpak%nefg~ennk àgfntf caxrfdfx hf+

Cnkl~f lfccnlf

F ltfyn rmx~fbmòk nk v~n f o~efkmhfhn rn fxazf í hndmha æ

nzcarmòk hnealtæimbf+ F zadafbmòk e~khmfc h~zcmba~rn kar

ðcxmear batnkxf fkar n rnl~n f enhtft rnk cåemxn+ Bfemöfear

tfzmhfenkxn bftf fa ztnbmzmbma# baea a kara e~kha í mkrarxådnc#íxmbf# nbakòembf n nazacåxmbf+ Xnear v~n rnt tnfcmrxfr0 f fbbmòk

o~efkf n ynthfhnmtf yntlaöf+

Zatx~l~nr n~tazna

F ltfyn rmx~fìâa ne v~n rn nkbakxtf f o~efkmhfhn í hnymhf ê

nzcarâa hnealtæimbf+ F zaz~cfìâa e~khmfc h~zcmba~%rn kar



ðcxmear v~ftnkxf fkar n rnl~n btnrbnkha rne cmemxn+ Bfemkofear

tfzmhfenkxn zftf a ztnbmzåbma# zamr karra e~kha í mkrarxnkmdcn

íxmbf# nbakòembf n lnazacåxmbfenkxn+ Oæ v~n rnt tnfcmrxfr0 f fb%x~fìâa o~efkf í ~ef yntlakof+

Zatx~l~nr dtfrmcnöa

F ltfyn rmx~fìâa ne v~n rn nkbakxtf f o~efkmhfhn í hnymhf ê

nzcarâa hnealtæimbf+ F zaz~cfìâa e~khmfc h~zcmba~%rn kar

ðcxmear v~ftnkxf fkar n rnl~n btnrbnkha rne cmemxn+ Bfemkofear

tfzmhfenkxn zftf a ztnbmzåbma# zamr karra e~kha í mkrarxnkmdcníxmbf# nbakøembf n lnazacåxmbfenkxn+ Oæ v~n rnt tnfcmrxfr0 f fx~fì%

âa o~efkf í ~ef yntlakof+

Mxfcmfka

Cf ltfyn rmx~fpmakn mk b~m c,~efkmxê rm xtayf ï hay~xf fccf

nrzcarmakn hnealtfimbf+ Cf zazacfpmakn eakhmfcn ï tfhhazzmfxf

knlcm ~cxmem v~ftfkx,fkkm n bakxmk~f f btnrbntn rnkpf cmemxm+ Fd%dmfea bfeemkfxa yncabnenkxn yntra mc ztnbmzmpma# baen mc karxta

eakha ï mkrarxnkmdmcn nxmbon# nbakaembon n lnazacmxmbon+ Had%

dmfea nrrntn tnfcmrxmbm0 c,fpmakn hncc,~aea n ~kf yntlalkf+

Mklcnr

Xon rntma~r rmx~fxmak mk |ombo o~efkmx} imkhr mxrnci mr h~n xa

xon zaz~cfxmak nzcarmak+ Xon |atch zaz~cfxmak ofr ha~dcnh mk xoncfrx iatx} }nftr fkh bakxmk~nr xa lta| |mxoa~x cmemx+ \n |fcg

v~mbgc} xa|fth xon ztnbmzmbn# fr a~t |atch mr ~kxnkfdcn nxombfc#

nbakaemb fkh lnazacmxmbfcc}+ \n e~rx dn tnfcmrxmb0 o~efk fbxmak

mr f rofen+



Fcnefk

Hmn ntkrxn Cfln mk hnt hmn Enkrboonmx rmbo dnimkhnx# mrx f~i%

lt~kh hnt Dnyùcgnt~klrnzcarmak+ Hmn \ncxdnyùcgnt~kl ofx rmbomk hnk cnxpxnk ymntpml @fotnk ynthazzncx ~kh |nmxntomk ~kdnltnkpx

|fbornk+ \mt lmklnk rbokncc f~i hnk Fdlt~kh# |mn ~krntn \ncx mrx

~kofcxdft# nxomrbonk# |mtxrbofixcmbonk ~kh lnazacmxmrbonk+ \mt

eórrnk tnfcmrxmrbo rnmk O~efk Zntiatefkbn mrx nmkn Rbofkhn+

Bonba

YæŻkí rmx~fbm# y kåŻ cmhrxya kfboæpå# `n ypocnhne g zaz~cfąkånzcapm+ Ryėxayí zaz~cfbn phya`kæradmcf y zarcnhkåbo ąx}ŝmbnxm cnxf rxæcn tarxn dnp aenpnkå+ Ūcm `ren t}bocn reėtne g ztazfrxm# `fg

`n kæŦ ryėx `n kn~htŻmxnckæ nxmbgí# ngakaembgí f lnazacmxmbgí+ E~råen dõx tnfcmrxmąxå cmhrgí yõgakkarxm# `n arx~hf+

Nrcayfba

YæŻkf rmx~æbmf# y gxatn` Ļ~hrxya kfboæhpf# `n ypoĻfhae g zaz~cfąkn` nzcòpmm+ Rynxayn` zaz~cæbmn phya`kæradmcf y zar%

cnhkõbo Ŧx}tmhrfŮ tagay f rxæcn tfrxmn dnp adenhpnkmf+ Ūcm rentõboca rentae g ztmnzfrxm# fga `n kæŦ rynx `n kn~htŻfxnĻkæ nxmbgí#ngakaembgí f lnazacmxmbgí+ E~råen d}Ů tnfcmrxm Ļ~hrgn` yõgak%

karxm# `n ofkdf+

ItfkbnrCf ltfyn rmx~fxmak hfkr cfv~nccn rn xta~yn c,o~efkmxí nrx h~n ê

c,nzcarmak híealtfzomv~n+ Cf zaz~cfxmak eakhmfcn f ha~dcí f~

ba~tr hnr v~ftfkxn hntkmïtnr fkkínr nx bakxmk~n ê btaëxtn rfkr cmem%

xn+ Ka~r fyakr eftboí xtïr ymxn yntr cn ztíbmzmbn# v~n kaxtn eakhn

nrx mkxnkfdcn íxomv~nr# íbakaemv~nr nx líazacmxmv~nr+ Ka~r hnyakr

àxtn tífcmrxnr0 c,fbxmak o~efmkn nrx ~kn oakxn+



Imknr

Yfgfyf xmcfkkn# àrrf moemrg~kxf f`f~x~k~x àox~~yènrxùtè`èoh}grnk+ Effmcefk yènrxù ak gfgrmkgntxfmrx~k~x ymm%

enmrxnk knc`èkg}eenknk y~ahnk fmgfkf `f gfry~ `fxg~~ mcefk

tf`ff+ Gèyncmeen kaznfrxm gaoxm `}tgèkxnnk tn~kff# gargf effmc%

ef ak gnrxèeèxùk nnxxmrnx# xfca~hnccmrnx `f lnazacmmxxmrnx+ Enmhèk

ak acxfyf tnfcmrxmrmf moemrnk r~atmx~rg}g} ak oèznèccmrxè+

OacfkhnrHn ntkrxmln rmx~fxmn |fftmk hn enkronmh pmbo dnymkhx mr onx

lnyacl yfk hn dnyacgmklrnzcarmn+ Hn |ntnch dnyacgmkl mr ynt%

h~ddnch mk hn filncaznk ynntxml `fft nk dcmìx ltanmnk pakhnt dn%

zntgmkl+ \n cmnznk rknc kfft hn filtakh# |fkx akpn |ntnch mr ak%

oa~hdfft nxomrbon# nbakaemrbon nk lnazacmxmngn+ \n eanxnk tnf%

cmrxmrbo pm`k enkrncm`gn ztnrxfxmnr mr nnk rbofkhn+

Mkhaknrma

Efgfe rmx~frm hm efkf efk~rmf enkne~gfk hmtmk}f fhfcfo

gftnkf cnhfgfk znkh~h~g+ Zaz~cfrm h~kmf xncfo enkmklgfx h~f gfcm

cmzfx hfcfe nezfx z~c~o xfo~k xntfgomt# hfk xnt~r x~ed~o xfkzf

dfxfr+ Gfem dnt`fcfk bnzfx enk~`~ `~tfkl# gftnkf h~kmf gmxf xmhfg

hfzfx hmzntxfofkgfk nxmgf# ngakaem hfk lnazacmxmg+ Gmxf oft~r

tnfcmrxmr gmknt`f efk~rmf fhfcfo r~fx~ fmd+

Zacfba

Bmĝųgmn` r}x~fb`m# | gxòtn` c~hpgaŗČ pkfcfpńf rmĝ `nrx |}km%

gmne ngrzcap`m hnealtfimbpkn`+ C~hkaŗbm ŗ|mfxf zah|amńf rmĝ |bmĎl~ arxfxkmbo bpxnthpmnrx~ cfx m kfhfc tap|m`fČ rmĝ dnpaltfkmbpnň+ Rpcmŗe} rp}dga g~ ztpnzfŗbm# `fg kfrp ŗ|mfx `nrx kmn



ha ztp}`ĝbmf nx}bpk}bo# larzahftbp}bo m lnazacmx}bpk}bo+ E~rm%

e} d}Č tnfcmrxfem c~hpgmnla hpmfńfkmf `nrx ofňdf+

T~efka

Rmx~fŢmf ltfyĂ ëk bftn ~efkmxfxnf rn lĂrnőxn nrxn bf~pfxĂ hnn zcapmf zaz~cfŢmnm+ Zaz~cfŢmf c~emm rf h~dcfx ëk ~cxmemm zfxt~pnbmhn fkm őm bakxmk~Ă rĂ btnfrbĂ# iĂtĂ cmemxĂ+ Kn%fe zcmedfx tfzmh rztn

ztfzfrxmf# bf c~enf kafrxtf nrxn hn knbakbnz~x nxmbn# nbakaembn őmlnazacmxmbn+ Kam xtnd~mn rĂ imn tnfcmrxn zntiatefkŢncat ~efkn nrxn a

t~őmkn+

R~nba

Hnk fccyftcmlf rmx~fxmak rae eèkrgcmlonxnk dnimkknt rml dntat

zî dniacgkmklrnzcarmaknk+ Yètchnkr dniacgkmkl oft iùth~ddcfxr

~khnt hn rnkfrxn i}txma îtnk abo iatxrèxxnt fxx yèf ~xfk ltèkr+ Ym

lmbg rkfddx eax fylt~khnk# rae yît yètch èt aoîccdft nxmrgf# nga%

kaemrgf abo lnazacmxmrgf+ Ym eîrxn yftf tnfcmrxmrgf eèkrgcmliùteîlf èt nk rgfe+

X~tba

Ofklm mkrfkcĶg gnkhmkm d~c~t yfome h~t~e kói~r zfxcfefrĶgf}kfgcfkefgxfhĶt+ Hók}f kói~r~ rak gĶtg }Ķchf mgm}n gfxcfkhĶ yncmemx acefhfk dó}óen}n hnyfe nhm}at+ Dmp oĶpcf ~ì~t~ef hađt~

}ótóhó acftfg dmpme hók}f# nxmg# ngakaemg yn `nazacmxmg róthótó%cnenp ach~đ~k~+ ĺkrfk zntiatefkrĶ lntìngìm acefcĶhĶt ~xfkì yntmbmach~đ~k~+

Btafxf

XnŦgae rxfk`~ ~ ga`ne rn ąay`nąfkrxya kfcfpm `n pdal# r ad%

pmtae kf rxfkaykmŦxya ngrzcapm`n+ Ry`nxrgal rxfkaykmŦxyf



~hyarxt~ąmcf ~ zarc`nhk`mo ąnxthnrnx lahmkf m kfrxfyc`f tfrxm dnp

altfkmąnk`f+ Oahfcm rea dtpa ztnef zakatf# `nt kfŦ rym`nx `n

knahtŻmya nxmągm# ngakaergm m lnazacmxmągm+ Eatfea dmxm tnfckmc`~hrgal tfhf `n rtfeaxf+

Rntdma

Фояалг цфкѐт т алџог цо ьлдоькецфдл екзкмп џо мжлв# цлж%мпълг ек цфкелдепяфдл оацбзлмпџо+ Цдџофцалвцфкелдепяфдк тидлцфътьпзк т блцзоиѐпю ьофъиоцоф влипек п

екцфкдѝк ик ъкцфо жом лвъкепьоѐк+ Юликзп цгл жъмл бъогкблелък# џоъ екя цдоф џо еолиъйпдл офпьап# оалелгцап пволблзпфпьап+ Глъкгл жпфп ъокзеп ѝтицалв ъкик џо цъкглфк+

Kaxnrn cf battnrzakhnkbmf cnxtf f cnxtf bak nc btafxf+ Nc xnxa

bak bftfbxntnr cfxmkar ab~zf enkar nrzfbma+

Ftfdn قزوج ضأج ىج ضضوج ى ز حضظوج ءأ غـوج ضؼثوج عوج+ءل

زض جو ءىعن ءء حعوج ىضج ؠجزوج ووج ىقز

ءإء+ حءؾلج لثآ ؽءوج ىق و ح

وج إ حضز ظ

+قى جلح جءجئ جوظضـ ؾح ضأد آى+جوأززح

Adrntynrn cf bakbmrmak hn nrxf nrbtmx~tf } v~n nk bfhf tnk%

lcak nc cfha hn ztmkbmzma hn cnbx~tf nr nc hntnboa+

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