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wjnflul/ c~rn UofDbL lhNnf ;b/d'sfdb]lv # ls=ld= pQ/ a]=g=kf= ( d'lQmgfy k|j]zåf/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] un]Zj/wfd dxfb]jsf] d"n c+u :jo+ pTkGg Hof]ltln{· xf] . of] lzjln· dfgjlgld{t geO{ k|s[ltlgld{t ePsf]n] olt g} jif{ k'/fgf] eGg ;lsFb}g . o; wfdsf] P]ltxfl;stfaf/] lzjln· pTklQ ePsf ljzfn rqmlznf;Fu hf]l8g hfG5 . s'g sfnv08b]lv lzjln·sf] k"hf cf/fwgf ;'? eof] eGg]af/] st} pNn]v ePsf] kfOFb}g . dxfb]jn] cfÇgf] cwf{{l·gL ;ltb]jLsf] d[t z/L/ af]sL sfln u08lssf] lt/}lt/ lxdfno kj{ttkm{ hfFb} ubf{ o;} :yfgdf ;ltb]jLsf] unf ktg ePsf]n] o; lzjlnÍsf] gfd ‘un]Zj/' /xg uPsf] eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5 .

ufnj, k'n:To, k'nxf, slknd'lg, /fhf e/t, h8e/t / /fhlif{ /x'u0f cflb Clifd'lgx¿n] un]Zj/wfd If]qdf tk:of, ;fwgf u/L l;l4 k|fKt u/]sf] s'/f >Leb\efujt\, b]jLefujt, lzjdxfk'/f0f / a/fx k'/f0fx¿df pNn]v x'g'n] un]Zj/wfdsf] Oltxf; w]/} nfdf] ePsf] x'g'k5{ . un]Zj/wfddf jiff}{+;Dd tk:of / ufoqLsf] ;fwgf u/L ci6l;l4 k|fKt ug'{ePsf :jfdL O{Zj/fgGb æun]Zj/afafÆ gfdn] k|l;4 x'g'ePsf] xf] . of] wfld{s tLy{:yn kf}/fl0fs, ;f+:s[lts / ko{6sLo dxŒj, cl:dtf Pj+ /fi6«sf] uf}/j un]Zj/wfdsf] cWoog cg';Gwfg u/L ;d'lrt ;+/If0f, ;+ef/ / k|rf/k|rf/ x'g g;s]sf sf/0f ljutdf cf]em]ndf k/]sf] lyof] .

un]Zj/wfdsf] @)%# ;fnb]lv qmlds ¿kn] ef}lts, ;fdflhs, wfld{s / cfWoflTds ljsf; ub}{ cfhsf] l:yltdf cfOk'u]sf] ;Gbe{df o; k':tseGbf cufl8 k|sflzt ‘un]Zj/wfd bz{g a'|; / k'l:tsfn] un]Zj/nfO{ :jb]z tyf ljb]zdf lrgfpg ;xof]u k'u]sf sf/0f un]Zj/wfddf k"hf, cr{gf, cf/fwgf, o1o1flb ug]{ eQmhg, tLy{ofqLx¿sf] ;+Vof pNn]vgLo j[l4 xF'b} ef}lts ;dflhs, wfld{s / cfly{s ljsf;df pNn]lvo kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . tLy{ofqL bz{gfyL{x¿n] un]Zj/wfdsf] P]ltxfl;s, kf}/fl0fs, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, ko{6sLo dxŒj / ljsf; Joj:yfkgsf af/]df lh1f;f /fv]cg';f/ yk hfgsf/L u/fpg] p2]Zon] un]Zj/wfd;DaGwL n]lvPsf k':ts, klqsf, :dfl/sf / cfh ;Ddsf] cg'ej / lj1 JolQmTj x¿sf] ;Nnfx / ;'emfjcg';f/ of] k'l:tsf k|sfzg ul/Psf] xf] . o;n] kf7s ju{df un]Zj/wfd;DaGwL hfgsf/L u/fpg] ljZjf; u/]sf] 5' . k'l:tsfdf plNnlvt sltko s'/fx¿df ulNt t'l6 ePdf Ifdf ofrgf ub}{ oxfFx¿sf] cd"No ;'emfj / ;Nnfx kfpg] cfzf /fv]sf] 5' . g]kfns} dxŒjk"0f{ tLy{:yn un]Zj/wfdsf] dxŒjaf/] lj1 JolQmTj, n]vs, Oltxf;sf/, wfld{s ljåfg ju{, kqsf/, lj1fkgbftfx¿af6 n]v/rgf, ;xof]u / ;NnfxnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L of] bf];|f] ;+:s/0f k|sfzg ul/Psf] 5 . un]Zj/wfdsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf; u/L ljZjs} dxŒjk"0f{ wfdsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug{ ;a} If]qaf6 tg dg wgn] ;xof]u kfpg] ck]Iff /fv]sf] 5'F .wGojfb

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un]Zj/wfd j[4f>dsf j[4fx¿nfO{ cGgbfg

k'n:To k'nxf Clifsf] tkf]e"ld k'nf>d If]q

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;fpg ;f]daf/sf] d]nfdf un]Zj/wfddf bz{g k"hg hnfwf/ ug]{ eQmhgx¿

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afnfrt'b{lz{ d]nf ;DaGwdf 5nkmndf ;ldlt / :yfgLo k|ltlglw

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gjb'uf{b]jL, /fhf e/t / un]Zj/ afafsf d"lt{ :yfkgf ul/lbg] bftf

OGb|aS; u0fsf clws[t tyf tyf hjfgåf/f /fhf e/tsf] d"lt{ :yfkgf:yntkm{ nlu+b}

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un]Zj/wfd bz{gk[i7e"ldM wfld{s d"No / dfGotfdf nfdf] Oltxf; af]s]sf] g]kfndf *% k|ltzt g]kfnLx¿ j}lbs ;gftg lxGb' wd{, wfld{s d"No, dfGotf, ;+:s[lts / ;+:sf/df 7"nf] cf:yf / ljZjf; /fVb5g\ . cg]sf}+ kljqtd\ tLy{, gbL, kj{t / lxd>[+vnfx¿n] el/e/fp of] e"lddf Clifd'lgx¿n] cgGtsfn;Dd tk:of, of]u ;fwgf, eujTk"hg / ;dflw:yn agfP/ kljq t'NofPsf lyP of] wtL{nfO{ . To:t} of]u ;fwgf / tk:ofsf nflu l;4kL7sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] kljq tLy{:yn xf] un]Zj/wfd . wfld{s, P]ltxfl;s / kf}/fl0fs b[li6n] clt dxŒjk"0f{ dflgPsf] un]Zj/wfd /x'gbL / sfnLu08sLsf] kljq ;+uddf gf} /f]kgL If]qkmndf km}lnPsf] Pp6} ljzfn rqmlznfdfly cjl:yt 5 . k"j{df s[i0ffu08sL, ufoqL dlGb/, klZrd sfnfGh/jg, k'nxf>d, pQ/df ;KtClifx¿sf] tkf]e"ld l/vf/, wjnflul/ lxd>[+vnf / d'lQmgfy, blIf0f DofUbL ;b/d'sfd a]gLahf/ / DofUbL gbL /x]sf 5g\ . a]gLahf/af6 tLg ls= ld= pQ/tkm{ d'lQmgfy k|j]zåf/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] of] wfd d'lQmåf/sf] gfdaf6 klg lrlgG5 . g]kfn / ef/tsf] ;LdfIf]q / /fhwfgL sf7df8f}+ x'Fb} kf]v/faf6 uf8Ldf b'O{ 306f / a]gLahf/af6 k}bn #) ldg]6, uf8Ldf !) ldg]6df k'luG5 . xfn un]Zj/wfd;Ddsf] ;8s sfnf]kq eO;s]sf] 5 .

un]Zj/wfd gfds/0fM >Leb\efujt\ k'/f0fcg';f/ >L dxfb]jn] ;ltb]jLsf] d[t z/L/ af]s]/ s[i0ffu08sL gbLsf] lsgf/} lsgf/ lxdfno kj{ttkm{ hfFb} ubf{ o;} :yfgdf ;ltb]jLsf] unf ktg x“'bf Hof]ltln{·]Zj/ dxfb]j pTkGg eO{ lzjzlQm :j¿kn] /xg'ePsf]n] of] tLy{sf] gfd ‘un]Zj/wfd /xg uPsf] ljZjf; ul/G5 . ;fy}, ufnj Clifn] o;} wfddf lzjhLsf] tk:of u/]sfn] klg ‘un]Zj/ gfdn] k|l;4 x'g uPsf] eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5 . :sGbk'/f0fsf] s]bf/v08cGtu{t >L:j:yfgL j|tsyfdf o;} :yfgdf unf ktg ePsf] n]lvPsf] kfOFb}g / klg ;ltb]jLsf ;f9];ft s/f]8 kL7x¿dWo] s]xL kL7x¿sf] dfq syfdf pNn]v x'g'n] ;ltb]jLsf] unf ktg eO{ un]Zj/ Hof]ltln{·]Zj/ dxfb]j pTklQ ePsf] ljZjf; ul/G5 . ;fy}, >Ldb\efujt\ k'/f0fcg';f/ slknd'lg / eujfg\ >Ls[i0fsf bfh' an/fd;d]tn] un]Zj/ Hof]ltln{·]Zj/sf] bz{g u/]sf] elgG5 .

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P]ltxfl;s, kf}/fl0fs wfld{s dxŒj M–un]Zj/wfddf /x]sf Hof]ltln{Í, zflnu|fd, hns'08, z+vrqmx¿, gfudl0f cflb rqmfsf/¿kL lrÅgx¿ dfgjlgld{t geO{ :jo+ pTkGg lgTo ;gftg xl/x/:j¿k ePsfn] of] wfdsf] pTklQnfO{ s'g} sfnv08df ;Lldt ug{ ldNb}g . of] cgflb / cgGt j}lbs ;gftg wd{sf] w/f]x/ / /fi6«sf] cd"No lglw xf] . eujfgsf] cjtf/ dflgg] Cifjb]jsf h]i7 k'q /fhf e/t ;d'b|lsgf/b]lv lxdfno;Ddsf] ;du| e"–efudf ljZjs} kljq tLy{:ynsf] vf]hL ub}{ ubf{ of] wfd g} pQdf]Qd ePsf]n] /fhf e/tn] o;} wfddf tk:of ug'{ePsf] / a|éfhLsf dfg;k'q dxlif{ k'n:To k'nx, /fhf/x'u0f, ufnj, jlzi7, slknd'lg, a|élgi7 of]uL/fh :jfdL O{Zj/fgGb a|érf/L æun]Zj/afafÆ h:tf s}of}+ l;4 dxfTdfx¿n] o;} tLy{df tk:of u/L l;l4 k|fKt u/]sfn] un]Zj/wfd Clifdxlif{x¿sf] tk:ynL ;fwsx¿sf] ;fwgfe"ld dflgG5 . of] tLy{nfO{ eujfgsf] s07 elgPsf] 5 . bfdf]b/s'08 lz/, d'lQmgfy d'v, un]Zj/ unf], b]j3f6 gfeL / lqj]0fLnfO{ kfp dflgPsf]n] klg un]Zj/wfd kf}/fl0fs, wfld{s, cWoflTds, ;f+:s[lts / ko{6sLo lx;fan] clt dxŒjk"0f{ 5 .

cnf}lss wfdljZjd} sxLF st} km]nf gk/]sf] s[i0ffu08sLsf] t6af6 p7]/ ( /f]kgL If]qkmnsf] Pp6} rqm lzjlznfdfly :jo+ k|s6 Hof]ltln{Í]Zj/ dxfb]j, lznfsf] pRr efudf s:t} ;'Vvf ofddf klg g;'Sg] hna/fx s'08, u0f]z lzjlnÍ, zflnufd, z+vrqm, gfub]jtf / eujfgsf kfp lrGxx¿ :jo+ k|s6 ePsf] k|ToIf bz{g k"hg ug{ ;lsg] slxn] b'Íf 6';fpg] slxn x/fpg] x'Fbf o; wfdnfO{ ljZjs} cb\e"t / cnf}lss tLy{:yn elgPsf] xf] .

wfld{s ljZjf; Pj+ dfGotfMeQmx¿n] h'g rfxgfn] efsn u/L o; tLy{df bz{g, k"hg, o1o1flb ub{5g\, pgLx¿sf] dgf]sfdgf k"/f ePsf cgluGtL pbfx/0fx¿ kfOG5 . ;Gtfg gx'g]nfO{ ;Gtfg, ljBf, j[l4, b|Jo k|flKt, j]kQf ePsfx¿ 3/ kms]{sf, dxf/f]u lgjf/0f / kfl/jfl/s ;'v, zflGt, ;d[l4nufotsf dgf]sfdgf k"/f x'g] x'“bf 7"nf] cf:yf / ljZjf;sf ;fy bz{gfyL{{x¿n] k"hf cr{gf u5{g\ . kf}/fl0fssfnb]lv un]Zj/wfddf /f]6 r9fpg] rng /x]sf] / afR5L, ax/ / ;'grf“bLsf !)* a]nkq r9fpg]x¿sf] efsn k"/f ePsf] eQmx¿ cfkm} atfp“5g\ . lzjfno If]q ljsf; sf]ifn] lzjfnosf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zon] ;'? u/]sf] ;Dej–c;Dej of]hgfx¿ tyf sfo{qmdx¿ lzjzlQms} sf/0f k"/f xF'b} cfPsf 5g\ . /fHosf

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tkm{af6 eGbf klg lzjeQm bftfx¿sf] ;xof]udf w]/} sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] lznfn]vaf6 cjut ug{ ;lsG5 . un]Zj/ eujfgn] eQmx¿sf] dgsfdgf t k"/f ub{5g\ g} t/ b]jflwb]j dxfb]jk|lt cgf:yf, ckx]ngf, ckdfg ug]{, lzj:jsf] gfhfoh kmfObf p7fO{ nf]efgL kfkfgL ug]{ hf] sf]xLnfO{ k|ToIf÷ck|ToIf¿kdf xflg gf]S;fgL, csfn / cNkd[To' ePsf] ;d]t k|df0fx¿ w]/} 5g\ . hxfF lzj ToxfF zlQm x'g] x'Fbf o; wfddf klg >L gjb'uf{ ejfgL dftfsf] d"lt{ :yfkgf u/L k"hf cf/fwgf ul/G5 .

Hof]ltln{ª\u rqmlznfM–un]Zj/wfdsf] csf]{ cgf}7f] ljz]iftf xf], s[i0ffu08sLaf6 p7]/ gf} /f]kgL If]qkmndf km}lnPsf Pp6} k|l;4 uf]nfsf/ rqmlznfsf] pQ/k"jL{ sf]0fdf cjl:yt d"n dlGb/leq :jo+ pTklQ ePsf hf]ltln{·]Zj/ dxfb]j lj/fhdfg x'g'x'G5 . rqmfsf/ lznfsf] pRr efudf kftfndf k'u]sL k[YjLnfO{ hndWoaf6 >L lji0f' eujfgn] a/fx cjtf/ lnP/ p4f/ ug'{ePsf] :d/0f u/fpg] kfgLsf] ;|f]t geP/ klg h:t} ;'Vvf ofddf kfgL g;'Sg] hna/fxs'08nfO{ b}jLs rdTsf/sf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . rqmfsf/ hna/fxs'08sf] bz{g, k"hg, cleif]s ugf{n] ;d:t kfk / tfk gfz eO{ lqtfkaf6 d'lQm ldNb5 . rqmfsf/ lznfdfly 7fp“7fpFdf lzjln·, zflnu|fd, z+vrqm, >Lu0f]z / gfudl0fsf cfs[ltx¿ :jo+ k|s6 ePsf x'“bf rqmfsf/ lznf g} z+s/ / lji0f'sf r/0flrÅg xl/x/ :j¿k x'g\ . ljZjdf sxLF klg km]nf gk/]sf] gf} /f]kgL If]qkmnsf] ljzfn rqmlznfdfly ;a} b]jLb]jtf pTklQ ePsfn] of] cb\e't / cnf}lss rqmlznfdfly nIdL–gf/fo0f, kf~rfog b]jtf, !)* lzjln·, o1d08k, xjgs'08, /fwfs[i0f / h8e/tåf/f /fhlif{ /x'u0fnfO{ pkb]z lbFb} u/]sf] d"lt{, /fhfe/t, d[u{¿kL e/t, gjb'uf{ ejfgL, sfdw]g' ufO{ gjlgld{t /fwfs[i0f dlGb/, un]Zj/afafsf d"lt{x¿nufot cGo d7dlGb/ cjl:yt 5g\ . rqmlznfdfly /x]sf lzjlnª\u b]jL b]jtfx¿ bz{gk"j{ lznfsf] k"jL{ kydfu{af6 /fhf e/tsf] tk:ynL u'kmf xF'b} s[i0ffu08sL :gfg ug{ hfg ;lsG5 .

bz{g, k"hf ljlw / Joj:yfMun]Zj/ Hof]ltln{· :jo+ pTkGg ePsfn] o;sf] pTklQ / P]ltxfl;stf, lgTo bz{g k"hg k/Dk/faf/] sxLF ls6fgL ePsf] kfOFb}g . gfy gfdsf JolQmn] v/sf] klxnf] sRrL dlGb/ agfPsf] eGg] un]Zj/sf] em"qf] nfndf]x/df pNn]v 5 . lzjfnodf k|To]s ljxfg j}lbs ljlw ljwfgcg';f/ lgTok"hf, cr{gf / lzj:tf]qsf ;fy} ?b|fleif]s, xjg, cf/tL / k'ikf~hln ul/G5 . lgTo k"hfkZrft\ dfq eQmx¿sf nflu bz{g k"hg u/fOG5 . ;fy}

>L un]Zj/wfd bz{g

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o1–o1flb, hkkf7 ug]{ sfo{x¿ lgTo lg/Gt/ eO/xG5g\ . ;f“emdf klg lgTok"hf, cr{gf, cf/tL, k'ikf~hlnkl5 dlGb/ aGb ul/G5 . o; wfdsf] :yfoL cfo;|f]t s]xL gePsf]n] lzjfnosf] gfddf ljleGg 7fp“df /x]sf] !@% /f]kgL hUuf @)$^ ;fndf df]xLn] /}tfgLdf btf{ ul/;s]sf, /}tfgL u/]jfktsf] /sd u'7L ;+:yfgdf hDdf eP klg xfn;Dd ;f“jf–Aofhjfkt s]xL k|fKt gePsf], xfn lzjfno kl/;/ If]qdf ^) /f]kgL hUuf /x]sf] 5 / dlGb/sf]] k"hf cr{gf, k"hf/L sd{rf/Lsf] kfl/>lds / cGo vr{ bz{gfyL{x¿n] r9fPsf] e]6Laf6 rn]sf] 5 .

zflnu|fdL, s[i0ffu08sLMg]kfnsf] lz/f]efu bfdf]b/s'08 / eujfg\ lji0f'nfO{ z+s/ eujfgn] j/bfg lbPsf] :yn d'lQmgfyaf6 hnk|efljt xF'b} au]sL s[i0ffu08sL / ;KtClifx¿sf] tkf]e"ld l/vf/ wf}nflul/ lxdz+[vnfaf6 au]sL /x'gbLsf] ;+ud:yn of] wfdnfO{ lqj]0fLwfd klg elgG5 . s[i0ffu08sLn] gfgf k|sf/sf rqmdo zflnu|fd pTkfbg ug{] x'gfn] oL gbLnfO{ rqmgbL / ;w}F sfnf] kfgL aUg] x'“bf sfnLu08sL klg elgG5 . lji0f' eujfgsf] cjtf/ dflgPsf] zflnu|fd pTkfbg ug]{ ljZjsf] Pp6} dfq kljq s[i0ffu08sL gbLn] un]Zj/ eujfgsf] kfp 5'Fb} aUg] x'“bf æs[i0ffsf t6sf 9'+·f b]jtf sxnfp“5Æ elgPsf] 5 . h;n] s[i0ffu08sL :gfg u/L Hof]ltln{Í]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] bz{g, k"hg, o1o1flb / lkt[tk{0f ug]{ ub{5g\, p;nfO{ pQdf]Qd k'0o ldNg'sf ;fy} k'gh{Gd lng' gkg]{ ljZjf;n] klg of] If]qsf] 7"nf] dlxdf /x]sf] 5 .

/fhfe/t÷h8e/t M /fhfe/t dxfg\ eujb\eQm lyP . cfÇgf lktf Cifeb]jn] k[YjLsf] /Iffy{ e/tnfO{ /fhsfh ;'Dkg'cl3 ef/tjif{nfO{ chgj jif{ elgYof] . kl5 /fhfe/tsf] gfdaf6 e/tjif{ x'g uPsf] eGg] >Ldb\efujtsf] k~rdv08 e/t rl/qdf pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . /fhfe/t ;a} ljifosf] 1ftf ePsfn] pgsf] /fHodf sf]xL b'MvL, bl/b| lyPgg\, ;a}nfO{ ;''v zflGt ;d[l4 k|fKt lyof] . ;of}+ jif{sf] /fHo ef]ukl5 cfÇgf 5f]/fx¿nfO{ /fHo ;'Dk]/ af“sL hLjg ;+;f/s} kljq tLy{:yndf tk:of u/L d'lQm kfpg] p2]Zon] lxdfnotkm{ nfUb} ubf{ rqmgbL -sfnLu08sL_ sf] t6df k|l;4 rqmfsf/ lzj lznfdf :jo+ k|s6 Hof]ltln{·]ZJ/ dxfb]j zflnu|fd /x]sf] un]Zj/wfdsf] u'kmfdf a;]/ b}lgs s[i0ffu08sL :gfg / z+s/ eujfgsf] cf/fwgf tk:of ub}{ ;"o{nfO{ hn ck{0f ubf{ /fhf e/tsf] xftdf d[u ;fjs -aRrf_ k/]sf]n] Tof] d[u;fjssf] kfn0fkf]if0f ub}{ ubf{ /fhfe/tsf] d[u;fjsk|lt cfzlQm a9\b} hktk ;fwgfeGbf klg ;fjsk|lt cf;lQm ePsf / Ps lbg d[u;fjs glhs} /x]sf]

>L un]Zj/wfd bz{g

19

sfnGh/jgdf cfPsf d[usf] ayfgdf ldl;P/ cf>ddf gkmls{P kl5 /fhfe/tsf] d[u aRrfk|lt lrGtf a9\b} uof] / cGTodf d[u cfzlQms} sf/0f /fhfe/tsf] d[To' eof] / bf];|f] hGddf /fhfe/t d[u of]lgdf hGd lnO{ o;} sfnGh/jgdf d[u¿kL hLjg Joltt ub}{ ubf{ cfkm" /fhf e/t ePsf] / d[u cf;lQmsf sf/0f d[uof]lgdf hGd lng'k/]sf] :d/0f ePkl5 s[i0ffu08sLdf b]xTofu u/L ljk|j/ gfdsf pRrsf]l6sf a|fé0fsL sfG5L kTgLsf] ue{af6 k'qsf ¿kdf e/tsf] k'gh{Gd eO{ a|fé0fTj k|fKt u/]sf /fhf e/tnfO{ k"j{hGdsf] :d/0f ePsfn] km]l/ s'g} of]lgof hGd lng' gk/f];\ egL h8:j¿k lbgrof{ latfpFb} klxnf] hGddf tk:of u/]sf] o;} un]Zj/wfddf h8e/t gfdn] tk:of ;fwgf u/L a;]sf] cj:yfdf 1fglkkf;' /fhlif{ /x'u0fn] h8e/taf6 lbJo pkb]z lnFb} lzioTj u|x0f u/]sf lyP . o;/L /fhfe/t, d[u¿kL e/t / h8e/tn] tLg} hGddf tk:of u/L cd/Tj k|fKt u/]sf] / /fhf /x'u0fn] 1fg kfPsf] 1fge"ld / l;4 e"ld xf] un]Zj/wfd .

;+:s[t ljBfnoMwd{, ;+:s[lt / ;+:sf/sf] hu]gf{ u/L j}lbs ;gftg wd{sf] ;+/If0f ;+j4{g ug]{ p2]Zon] o; wfddf w]/} jif{cufl8b]lv ;~rfng xF'b} cfPsf] zflnu|fd u08sL ;+:s[t j]b ljBfnonfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb} ljBfnodf cWog/t 5fq÷5fqf cWofksx¿nfO{ cfjf;, ef]hg, nQfsk8f / cf}ifwL pkrf/ lgMz'Ns k|bfg ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 . xfn @) hgf ljBfyL{x¿ -j6's_ n] ;+:s[t / g]kfnL, ul0ft c+u|]hL, nufot ;a} ljifo cWoog ul//x]sf 5g\ .

wd{zfnf ofqL lgjf;M–lzjfno dlGb/ kl/;/, cGgbfg If]q, /fwfs[i0f dlGb/ If]qdf lgMz'Ns / ;z'Ns P6]R8 afy?d;lxtsf] zf}rfno kfls{ªsf] ;'ljwf;DkGg ofqL lgjf; wd{zfnf pknAw 5g\ . Ps} lbgdf #)) hgf eGbf a9L bz{gfyL{ tLy{ofqLx¿nfO{ vfg a:gsf] Joj:yf pknAw 5 .

uf}zfnfMdlGb/sf] cfjZostfg';f/ xfn c:yfoL uf}zfnfdf % j6f ufO{ / afR5L /x]sf 5g\ . eljiodf :yfoL uf}zfnf lgdf{0f ug]{ nIo /flvPsf] 5 . k|To]s lbg lzjfno b]jfno d7dlGb/df ufO{sf] b'Uwwf/f ck{0f ul/G5 .

ax'p2]ZzLo ;T;+u ;]jf ;bg M o; If]qdf wfld{s, cfWoflTds, ;f+:s[lts, ;T;+u o1o1flb, ;Ktfx, k'/f0f, k|jrg,

>L un]Zj/wfd bz{g

20

;ef ;Dd]ng, uf]i7L ;]ldgf/, ljjfx, z'ehGdf]T;j, kf:gL, kf6L{ ef]hgsf nflu ;'ljwf;DkGg ax'p2]ZzLo ;T;+u ;]jf ;bg pknAw 5 . sf]ifsf sfo{qmdafx]s cGo sfo{qmdsf nflu ;fdfGo z'Ns lng] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy}, jl/i7 cltly cf>dsf] klg Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . hk, Wofg / ;fwgf ug{ OR5's eQmhgx¿nfO{ ;fwgfsf] nflu ljz]if :yfgsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

tLy{ofqL Joj:yfkgM un]Zj/wfd, d'lQmgfy, bfdf]b/s'08, k'nxf>dnufotsf tLy{:ynx¿df cfudg ug]{ xhf/f}F :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL tLy{ofqLx¿nfO{ cfjf;, ef]hgsf] Joj:yfsf ;fy} cfjZos ;'emfj, ;Nnfx / ;DalGwt :yfgdf k'Ug uf8L, l6s6nufot cGo ;]jf ;'ljwf k|bfg ul/G5 .

wfld{s k':tsfnoMljut s]xL jif{otf ;gftg j}lbs, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts / cfWoflTds ljifosf k'/f0f zf:qx¿sf k':tsx¿ qmdzM nf]k xF'b} uPsfn] un]Zj/wfd kl/;/df wld{s cfWoflTds k':tsfno :yfkgf / ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 . nf]k x'g nfu]sf x:tlnlvtnufot w]/} k':ts ;+sng eO;s]sf] / j}lbs ;gftg wd{;DaGwL ;a} ljifosf k':ts ;+sng u/L eljiodf wfld{s k':ts, zf:q Pj+ k'/f0fx¿sf] cefj gxf];\ eGg] p2]Zon] :yfkgf ul/Psf] o; k':tsfnosf nflu OR5's dxfg'efjx¿af6 tT;DaGwL k':ts k':tsfnonfO{ pkxf/ :j¿k k|fKt eO{/x]sf 5g\ .

lkt[ >f4Mzflnu|fd¿kL sfnLu08sLsf] t6df /x]sf] o; wfddf j}lbs ljlwcg';f/ lkt[tk{0f >f4 ugf{n] lkt[x¿sf] p4f/ x'g'sf ;fy} d'lQm k|fKt x'g] x'“bf lkt[tk{0f:ynsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . d'lQmåf/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] un]Zj/wfddf lkt[k"hf >f4 u/]df sfzL uofhLdf tk{0f >f4 u/]sf]eGbf pQd kmn ldNg] ePsf]n] :jb]z÷ljb]zsf xhf/f}+ eQmx¿n] oxLF cfO{ lkt[tk{0f >f4sf ;fy} dftflktfsf] d'v x'g]{ cf}+zLdf klg w]/} eQmx¿ lkt[ k'hfsf nflu e]nf x'g] ub{5g\ . ToxfF lkt[x¿nfO{ ck{0f ul/Psf] hn k'gM ;Lw} sflnu08sLdf hfg] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 .

stf{a]u/sf] k"hfM un]Zj/wfddf ?b|fleif]s, k"hfkf7, hGdf]T;j, tk{0f o1 ug]{ rfxgf / efsn u/]sf t/

>L un]Zj/wfd bz{g

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stf{ :jo+ pkl:yt x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf stf{sf] OR5fcg';f/ kmf]g ;Dks{af6 kf7k"hf o1o1flb, j[4ef]hg u/L u/fO{ ;Dej eP;Dd k|;fb k'¥ofOlbg] / k"hfvr{ a}+s, dgL 6«fGkm/dfkm{t\ k7fpg ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 .

kmnkm"n laqmL, rd]gf u[xMun]Zj/wfddf bz{g, k"hg, o1o1flb, k"hf cr{gf ug{ cfpg] >4fn' eQm ;Hhg tLy{ofqLx¿sf nflu kmnkm"n k|;fbsf] ;xhtfsf nflu lzjfno d"n k|j]zåf/cufj} k;n sjndf k"hf ;fd|uL Joj:yf / zfsfxf/L rd]gfu[xdf lrof, gf:tf / ;flTjs ef]hgsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . :jo+ kfSox¿sf nflu / o1 o1flb ug{ cfpg] eQmhgx¿nfO{ cGg If]qdf k|;flb agfOlbg] ;fy} cfjZos ;fdfg pknAw u/fOg] ul/G5 .

lzjfno If]qdf lgif]lwt j:t'x¿M lzjfno If]q kl/;/df w'd|kfg, dBkfg, df+; Pj+ nfu" kbfy{ lgif]w 5 . 5fnfsf ;fdfg, h'Qf rKknx¿ leqL åf/eGbf aflx/} /fVg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]n] rqmlznf If]qdf lgif]lwt j:t'x¿ n}hfg, vfgkfg ug{ gkfOg] / d"n dlGb/leq Sofd/f jf df]afOn kmf]gaf6 kmf]6f] lvRg lgif]w 5 . lzjfno dlGb/leq j}lbs ;gftg wdf{nDaLx¿nfO{ afx]s cGonfO{ k|j]z lgif]w 5 .

ci6l;l4 k|fKt :jfdL un]Zj/afaf -O{Zj/fgGb_M lzjfno dlGb/b]lv pQ/k"jL{ sf]0f /x'gbL / s[i0ffu08sLsf] ;+ud:yndf z+s/ eujfgsf] tk:of / ufoqLsf] ;fwg u/L a;]sf gf·fafafsf] cf>d ufoqL tLy{:ynn] k|l;4 5 . un]Zj/ lzjfnosf] bz{g ubf{ af3sf] 5fnf cf]9\g], cGo ;do nuf}+6Ldfq nufpg] afafnfO{ ;a}n] gf·fafaf gfdn] lrGbYo] . gf·fafafn] gfd, pd]/ / hGd:yn s;}nfO{ geGg] x'“bf w]/} ;dokl5 dfq pxf“sf] gfd O{Zj/fgGb afaf egL yfxf ePsf] xf] . z+s/ eujfg\ / ufoqLsf] ;fwgfn] pxf“nfO{ ci6l;l4 k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . >fj0f÷ebf}sf] e]ndf klg sf7sf] v/fp nufO{ u08sL gbLdfly lxF8\g], slxn] af3sf] ¿k wf/0f ug]{, slxNo} leIff gdfUg], s;}nfO{ r]nL, r]nf gagfpg], afafsf] cf>ddf cfpg] ;a}n] ef]s} a:g' gkg]{, cb\e"t zlQm lyof] afafsf] . gf·fafaf slxn]b]lv un]Zj/df a:g yfNg'eof] eGg] sxLF pNn]v ePsf] kfOFb}g . un]Zj/ afaf cf>d b]j3f6df a:g] d}ofb]jL >]i7 @)@@ ;fndf d'lQmgfyaf6 kms{bf un]Zj/df afafnfO{ e]6L b]j3f6df hfg cfu|x u/]cg';f/ afaf b]j3f6 hfg'ePsf] d}ofb]jL atfpg'x'G5 . d}ofb]jLsf lktfn] afafsf]

>L un]Zj/wfd bz{g

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;]jf u/L a:bfsf] ;do d}ofb]jLnfO{ lrg]sf] s'/f pgL atfpFl5g\ . gf·fafaf b]j3f6 hfg'cl3 b]j3f6sf] dxŒjaf/] dflg;x¿nfO{ w]/} hfgsf/L lyPg xf]nf, afafsf] l;l4 / zlQmn] b]j3f6sf] ljsf; u/L b]j3f6wfdnfO{ g]kfnsf rf/ wfddWo] Ps wfdsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{'eof] . lj=;++= @)#) ;fndf kz'kltIf]qdf ePsf] ljZj lxGb' dxf;+3sf] cGt/f{li6«o cfWoflTds ;Dd]ngsf] pb\3f6g ubf{ afafn] cfÇgf] gfd un]Zj/afaf egL pb\3f]if ug'{ePb]lv pxf“sf] gfd un]Zj/afaf /xg uof] . To; avt pxf“nfO{ !@% jif{sf un]Zj/afaf egL k|rf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . o;/L un]Zj/wfddf nfdf] ;do;Dd lzjzlQm / ufoqLsf] pkf;gf u/L un]Zj/afaf gfdn] ljZjk|l;l4 kfpg'df un]Zj/ eujfgs} cflzjf{bs} s} sf/0f ePsf]df b'O{dt x'g ;Sb}g . d}ofb]jLsf] egfOcg';f/ un]Zj/afafn] @)#@ ;fndf :jOR5fn] b]j3f6wfddf ;dflw lng'ePsf] lyof] . afafn] ci6l;l4 k|fKt u/]sf] un]Zj/wfd / ;dflw lnPsf] un]Zj/afaf cf>d b]j3f6 g]kfnsf k|d'v tLy{:ynsf ¿kdf k|l;4 5g\ . cgle1tfjz s;}–s;}n] b]j3f6wfdnfO{ un]Zj/wfd eGg] u/]sf] klg ;'lgG5, t/ jf:tljstf un]Zj/wfd DofUbLs} xf], b]j3f6 wfd un]Zj/afaf cf>ddfq xf] . o;df b'ljwfdf gkg{ cfu||x ub{5f}+ .

afnfrt'b{zL d]nf Mafnfrt'b{zL kj{df ;taLh 5gf{n] lkt[x¿sf] p4f/sf ;fy} klt kTgLsf] bL3f{o' / ;':jf:Yosf] sfdgf ub}{ >4fn'x¿n] ;taLh 5g]{, o1o1flb, bfgb|Jo wft'sf ;fdfg r9fpg], u08sLdf tf]/0f tfg]{, ehg sLt{g, gfrufg u/L @–# lbg;Dd 7"nf] d]nf nfUb5 . d]nfdf ljjfx j|tjGwnufPtsf o1x¿ ug]{ ub{5g\ . pQm d]nfdf w]/} 6f9faf6 klg Jofkf/Lx¿ cfpg] ub{5g\ .

:yfoL cGgbfg If]qMun]Zj/wfddf cfl>t ;fw';Gt, dfO{cfdf, ljBfnodf cWog/t ljBfyL{ / u'?hg, eQm ;Hhg, j[4j[4f, ckf·, cgfy, czQm, Psn dlxnf, lzjfno If]qsf sd{rf/L;d]t b}lgs *) hgfnfO{ ;f“em / ljxfg lgMz'Ns ef]hg / cfjf;sf] Joj:yf pknAw 5 . d'lQmgfy bz{gsf] ;dodf b}lgs #)) ;Dd ofqLx¿n] lgMz'Ns ef]hg ug]{ ub{5g\ . x'g]n] s]xL lbG5g\, gx'g]n] lgMz'Ns ef]hg kfp“5g\ . pQm ef]hgsf] Joj:yf lzjfno If]q ljsf; sf]if, cGgbfg If]q, bftfx¿n] lkt[sf gfddf /fv]sf cIfosf]ifsf] Aofh, t'nfbfg, bftf ;xof]u, cfÇgf kl/jf/sf] hGdf]T;j, ljjfx / lkt[o1sf nflu cIfo sf]ifdf hDdf ul/Psf] ?= !%,)))÷– -kGw| xhf/_ sf] Aofhaf6 bftfx¿sf] ;f]x| >f4 ltlydf lkt[ tk{0f >f4 u/fO{ ef]hg u/fOG5 . lzjfno If]q ljsf; sf]ifsf] dftxtdf /x]sf] ;ldltn] cGgbfg If]q ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} ¿kGb]xL lhNnfsf wd{k|]dL bftfx¿af6 jflif{s #) lSjG6n /

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gofF ldn a'6jnsf lrqaxfb/ u'?ªn] jflif{s ? @) xhf/j/fj/ /sd cGgbfg If]qdf ;xof]u ub}{ cfpg'ePsf] 5 .

dxflzj/flq kj{ Mz+s/ eujfg\ k|s6 x'g'ePsf] lbg dxflzj/flqdf lzjhLsf] bz{g, k"hg o1o1flb ug]{ dxfaQL afNg], /ftel/ hfu|fd a:g] / s[i0ffu08sL :gfg u/L lzjln·sf] k"hfkf7 ug{ 6f9f6f9faf6 7"nf] ;+Vofdf bz{gfyL{x¿ cfpg] ub{5g\ . lzj/flqsf] /ftdf lzjhLsf] bz{g u/]df lx+;|s hfltn] klg d'lQm kfp“5g\ . un]Zj/wfddf >L:j:yfgL k/d]Zj/Lsf] j|t a;L k"hf ug]{ / cIfo t[tLofdf t'nfbfg ug]{ sfo{qmd lg/Gt/ rln/xG5 . o; cj;/df j[4 tyf a6'sx¿nfO{ gubL lhG;L ;xof]u ug]{x¿ klg k|z:t} cfpg] ub{5g\ .

un]Zj/wfd cf;kf;sf tLy{:ynx¿M un]Zj/wfdsf rf/} lbzfdf P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s / kf}/fl0fs dxŒj af]s]sf b]jfno, lzjfno b]jLb]jtf, d7dlGb/ / w]/} cf>d:ynx¿ cjl:yt 5g\ . oL b]jLb]jtf, d7dlGb/ / cf>dx¿df cf–cfÇgf] ;+:s[lt, ;+:sf/cg';f/ k"hf cr{gf / aln r9fpg] ul/G5 . s]xL lzjfno, b]jfnox¿sf] dxŒjaf/] >Ldb\efujtdf ;d]t pNn]v x'g'n] o:tf tLy{:ynn] cem a9L dxŒj /fv]sf 5g\ . oL tLy{:ynx¿sf] bz{g, k"hg / kf7 u/]df efsncg';f/sf] kmn k|fKt ePsf bz{gfyL{x¿ atfpF5g . o:tf d7dlGb/x¿sf] ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg Joj:yfkg, ;~rfns ;ldlt, sf]if cflbåf/f ef}lts, wfld{s / cfWoflTds ljsf; sfo{ eO/x]sf 5g\ . oL tLy{:ynx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M– k"j{dfM ufoqL, un]Zj/afaf dlGb/, /fddlGb/, v/La/fx, cGgk"0f{ lxdfn, sjf{sfnL afaf, xDkfnw'/L, lu4]Zj/ / l;4]Zj/ . klZrddfM– k'nxf>d, slknf>d, huGgfy sfnfGh/ jg, l;4f>d, 6f]8\s] w'/L / dflnsfb]jL . pQ/df–;KtClifx¿sf] tkf]e"ld l/vf/, wjnflul/ lxdz[+vnf, d'lQmgfy / bfdf]b/s'08 . blIf0fdf DofUbL ;b/d'sfd, a]gL–lzjfno, nIdLgf/fo0f, dxf/fgL:yfg, bf]laNnf eujtL / afUn'ª sflnsf b]jL cflb .

k'n:To k'nf>dM–un]Zj/wfdb]lv $ ls=ld= klZrd pRr r'r'/f]df a]gL g=kf= !! k'nxf>ddf a|éfhLsf dfg;k'q k'n:To k'nxf Clifn] tk:of u/]sf] :yfgnfO{ ‘k'nf>d'’ gfdn] lrlgG5 . k'nf>d;DaGwdf >Ldb\efujt / cGo w]/} efujt\ tyf k'/f0fx¿df j0f{g u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;}n] k'n:To k'nf>d ljZjs} cToGt kljq k'0oe"ld sxlnG5 . k'nxf Clifn] xjg

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u/]sf] r?e:d xjgs'08 9fs]sf] r§fgd'lg cBflk kfOG5 . k'n:To k'nxf Clif n+s]Zj/ /fj0fsf xh'/a'af ePsf] / n+s]Zj/ /fj0fsf] o;} k'nf>d If]qdf hGd ePsf] xf] eGg] ls+jbGtL klg 5 .

un]Zj/wfd / k'nf>d wfdsf] Ps} ;fy bz{g u/]df cIfo k'0o k|fKt x'g] zf:qLo dfGotf 5 . j}lbs ;gftg wdf{jnDaLx¿sf] dxŒjk"0f{ kfjg tkf]e"ld ePsf sf/0f g]kfnLx¿n] eGbf ef/taf6 cfpg] tLy{ofqLx¿n] k'nf>d bz{gaf/] a9L hfgsf/L / vf]hLgLlt ug]{ ub{5g\ . o:tf tLy{:ynsf] ljsf; ug{ /fHo / lghL If]qsf] Wofg hfg' h¿/L b]lvG5 . un]Zj/wfd / ;b/d'sfd a]gLaf6 uf8Ldf Ps 306f k}bn b'O{ 306fdf k'nf>d k'Ug ;lsG5 .

ko{6g:ynMun]Zj/wfd wfld{s b[li6n] dfq geP/ jfÅo ko{6sLo b[li6n] klg cToGt dxŒjk"0f{ :yn xf] . DofUbL lhNnfsf tftf]kfgL, 3f]/]kfgL, d'lQmgfy, k'glxn, d':tfª lhNnfdf cfjfudg ug{] ko{6sx¿sf] d'Vo k|j]zåf/ xf] un]Zj/wfd . To:t}, un]Zj/af6 af“;vs{, /fDr] xF'b} 3f]/]kfgL, k'glxntkm{sf] ko{6g kbdfu{sf] s]Gb|laGb' klg un]Zj/wfd g} xf] .

csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ kbdfu{ un]Zj/wfdb]lv klZrdtkm{ 7"nf] ;Nn]/L jg, 3tfg g]K6]rf}/, slknf>d, k'nxf>d, 9f]N7fg, huGgfy xF'b} 6f]8\s] w'/Ltkm{sf] gof“ kbdfu{df wfld{s / jfÅo ko{6sx¿sf nflu lxdfno z[+vnf, kxf8, gbLgfnf, em/gf, xl/ofnL 8f“8f / ;'Gb/ ufp“ a:tLsf] b[Zofjnf]sgsf nflu pko'Qm :ynx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . un]Zj/ wfddf wfld{s tyf jfÅo ko{6sx¿sf] ;'ljwfsf nflu SoflDkª If]q, jgef]h:yn, o'jf, j[4 nufot ;a} pd]/sfx¿nfO{ kfs{ tyf v]n d}bfgsf] ;'ljwf pknAw 5 .

cfly{s Joj:yf / cj:yfun]Zj/ lzjfno If]q ljsf; sf]ifsf] cfkm\g} :yfoL cfo;|f]t s]xL gePsf]n] bz{gfyL{ o1o1flb k"hf cr{gf ug]{ eQmhg, tLy{ofqLx¿n] r9fPsf] e]6L g} d'Vo cfo;|f]t xf] . dxfo1sf] art /sd rGbfbftfx¿af6 k|fKt /sd, ljleGg bftf dxfg'efj, ;+3;+:yf / :yfgLo lgsfon] lgdf{0fsf nflu u/]sf ;xof]udWo] ar]sf] /sd lzjfno If]q ljsf; sf]ifsf] ;fwf/0f ;b:ob]lv cfhLjg ;b:otfjfkt k|fKt /sd, d]nfkj{, pT;j, 3/ sf]7f, hUufsf] ef8faf6 k|fKt /sd, sf]ifsf] d'2tL / art vftfaf6 k|fKt Aofh cfDbfgLsf d'Vo ;|f]tx¿ x'g\ . lglZrt lgdf{0f of]hgfdf k|fKt x'g] ;xof]uafx]s lzjfnosf] k"hfcfhf b/aGbL

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25

k|zf;lgs vr{sf nflu xfn;Dd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] s'g} lgsfoaf6 cly{s ;xof]u k|fKt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;+:s[t ljBfno / j[4f>d lg/Gt/ ;+rfng ug{'kg]{ ljifo ePsfn] oL b'O{ ljifosfsf]ifsf nflu r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .

vr{ k|lqmofb}lgs k"hf ;fdu|L, k'hf/L, k|zf;s, sfof{no ;lrj, sDKo'6/ ck/]6/, kfn], dlGb/sf ;xof]uLx¿ / ljBfnosf u'?;d]tsf] tna eQf, d;nGb, eOk/L ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu nTtf sk8f ef]hg / cGo cfjZosLo Joj:yf ;d]tsf] nflu dfl;s ?= !,&%,)))÷– vr{ x'g] ub{5 . un]Zj/ lzjfno If]q ljsf; sf]ifsf] cfly{s sf/f]af/ k"0f{tof kf/bzL{ ¿kn] bf]xf]/f] ;|]:tf k|0ffnL cg';f/ a}+lsª sf/f]jf/åf/f ul/G5 . ;do–;dodf :yfgLo ldl8of kqklqsfdf cfoJoo ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs ul/G5 . ;fy}, dfGotfk|fKt n]vfk/LIfsåf/f n]vfk/LIf0f u/fOG5 . k"hf Joj:yf, k|zf;lgs vr{, d;nGbafx]s j[4f>dsf Ho]i7 gful/s, d]nfkj{, k|rf/k|;f/sf nflu 7"nf] vr{ Joxf]g'{kg]{ afWotf 5 .

d]nf rf8 kj{cfdfa'jfsf] d'v x]g]{ lbgdf cfdfa'jf gx'g]x¿n] ;fd"lxs k"hf crgf{ >4f tk{0f ug]{ u5{g / cfdfa'jf x'g]x¿n] k"hf, cr{gf / lr/fo'sf] sfdgf tyf j[4fx¿nfO{ ef]hg u/fpg] rng /x]sf] 5 . cIfo t[tLofsf lbg >Ldxfb]j / kfj{tLsf] ljjfx ePsf] z'e lbg ePsfn] pQm lbg o; lzjfnodf u/]sf bfg, t'nfbfg, bz{g, k"hg slxNo} gfz gx'g] x'Fbf pQm lbg xhf/f}F xhf/ eQmhgx¿n] hnfk{0f / bz{g, k"hg, ;'g rfFbLsf a]nkq r9fpg] ub{5g\ . To:t} xl/tflnsf tLh Clifk~rdL, hg}k"0fL{df, ;f]x|>4f, gj/flq, ljhofbzdL, nIdLk"hf cflb kj{ cg';f/sf k"hf cr{gf x'G5g . o;sf cltl/Qm un]Zj/wfd afx|} dlxgf k'hf cr{gf o1 o1ffbLx¿ lg/Gt/ rln/xG5g\ . jif{sf] kmfu'gb]lv d+l;/;Dd d'lQmgfy, bfdf]b/ s'08 bz{g ug{ hfg] :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ofqL tyf eQmhgx¿n] ;j{k|yd un]Zj/wfdsf] bz{g k"hg u/L d'lQmgfydf bz{g k'hfkZrft k'gM un]Zj/wfddf k"0ff{x'lt u/]df dfq d'lQmgfy tLyf{6g k"/f x'g] / df]If k|fKt x'g] wfld{s dfGotf /x]sf] 5 .

pknAw ;]jf ;'ljwf un]Zj/wfdsf] 5ftfd'lg /fhfe/t tk:ynL >L /fwfs[i0f dlGb/, un]Zj/ k'n:To k'nx cGgbfg If]q, un]Zj/wfd Ho]i7 gful/s j[4fcf>d, wd{zfnf, lgMz'Ns ;Mz'Ns ofqL lgjf;, ;ef ;Dd]ng, k|jrg, uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/, ;flTjs ef]hg, ljjfx, cflb k|of]hgsf

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nflu cTofw'lgs ;efxn, kfszfnf, ef]hgzfnf, zflnu|fd u08sL b]jlbBf>d -;+:s[t ljBfno_, tk:ynL, lkt[o1 tk{0f:yn, z'4 zfsfxf/L ef]hgfno, xl/ofnL dgf]/d jfl6sf rp/ sfnGh/jg If]q / ko{6s SoflDkª If]q;lxt ax'p2]ZoLo jfl6sf, v]nd}bfg, k|x/L rf}sL, zf}rfno, ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo ;]jf, uf]zfnf wfld{s k':tsfno rqmlznf kl/qmdf ky, lk|m= jfO{ kmfO{ If]q, l;=l;= s]d/f, kfls{ª tyf l6s]l6ªsf] ;'ljwf km"nk|;fb laqmL sIf, bfg bftfx¿sf] lznfn]v s[lt:tDe / sdg tyf P6]r afy?d;lxt ef]hg / cfj;sf] ;]jf ;'ljwf pknAw 5g\ .

un]Zj/wfd ljsf; qmd / ;xof]uun]Zj/ lzjfno If]q ljsf; sf]ifsf] :yfkgf @)%& ;fndf ePsf] xf] . To;eGbf klxn] un]Zj/wfd ljsf; ;ldltn] /]v b]v u/]sf] @)%) ;fn eGbf klxn] ;DalGwtuflj; cGt{ut dlGb/sf] cfly{s–ef}lts k"hf Joj:yf ;a} ;Dk"0f{ sfo{qmd k'hf/Ls} t}gfydf rNb} cfPsf]df sf]ifsf] lgdf{0f–;+u} dlGb/sf] ;a} gub, lhG;L, d]nf, kj{sf] cDbfgL ;ldltn] sf]ifdf hDdf ug]{ / k'hf/L, sd{rf/L, ;]jf 6xndf /x]sfx¿nfO{ dfl;s tnadf /fVg] Joj:yf ul/ o; wfdsf] u? of]hgf, sf]ifsf] cfjZostf, cf}lrTo / bftf dxfg'efjx¿sf] rfxgf, efjgfcg';f/ bftfx¿ / g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg lgsfoaf6 sf]ifn] k]z u/]sf of]hgfg';f/ qmlds ¿kn] cfly{s ;xof]u k|fKt eP cg';f/ un]Zj/wfdsf] wfld{s ef}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts If]qdf ;d]t csNkgLo kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . sf]ifsf] u'?of]hgfn] lgwf{/g u/]sf] of]hgfx¿ dWo xfn;Dd tTsfnLg cNksfnLg dWosflng of]hgfx¿ ;a} ;DkGg eO;s]sf / bL3{sfnLg of]hgf klg %)% ;DkGg ePsf 5g\ . afFls of]hgf / sfo{qmd @)*) ;fn leq ;DkGg u/L ;~rfngdf cfpg]5g\ .

bftf / /fHosf] ;xof]uo; wfddf /x]sf] un]Zj/wfd lzjfno d"n dlGb/, u0f]z dlGb/, k'hf/L cfjf;, aflx/L leqLåf/, sDkfpG8 jfn, au}+rf sflnu08sL :gfg kydfu{, nIdLgf/fo0f o1d08k, hns'08, !)* lzjlnÍ, /fhfe/t, /fhlif{ /x'u0f, xg'dfg, b'uf{ejfgL, un]Zj/afaf lj>fd rf}tf/L, xjgs'08, o1zfnf, lkt[tk{0f:yn, a;fx, 306f / rd]gfu[x cflb ;a} JolQmut bftfx¿af6 lghL nufgLdf lgdf{0f ul/Psf x'g\ . wd{zfnf, ofqL lgjf;, ;T;+u ejg, j[4f>d ejg, dxfo1sf] z]if /sdaf6 / dlGb/ kl/;/leqsf kydfu{, kfszfnf, rqmlznf kl/qmdf ky, ljleGg d7 dlGb/sf] hL0f]{åf/ k'gMlgdf{0f gbL lgoGq0f sfo{, SoflDkª If]q ax'p2]ZoLo kfs{ lzjfno kl/;/ ;8s cflb g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ko{6g

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27

tyf ;+:s[t dGqfno, ejg, l8lehg sfof{no gbLlgoGq0f hnpTkGg k|sf]k sfof{no, ;8s l8lehg sfof{no, :yfgLo lgsfosf] cg'bfg / sf]ifsf] nufgLdf lgdf{0f ePsf 5g\ . un]Zj/wfd If]qsf] ef}lts, cfly{s, wfld{s ;fdflhs If]qdf Go"gtd ? %%%%÷– cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{ bftfx¿sf] gfd lznfn]vdf pNn]v ul/G5 .

j[4f>d Joj:yfkgsflnu08sL / /x'gbLsf] ;+ud:yn d'lQmgfy bfdf]b/s'08 lrgLsf] ltAat k|j]zåf/sf] ¿kdf cjl:yt un]Zj/wfddf w]/} jif{b]lv a:b} u/]sf ;fw';Gt dxGtx¿ / cfkm\g} 5f]/f a'xf/L 3/ kl/jf/ ;dfhaf6 ckdflgt lt/:s[t eO{ a];xf/f ag]sf cgfy j[4fx¿ oxfFsf] kf6L, kf}jf, j8f/, 7fF6Ldf tLy{ofqL / eQm;Hhgn] lbPsf] ;xof]udf afFr]sfx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt ¿kdf ufF;, af; skf; pknAw u/fpg] p2]Zon] @)^& ;fndf un]Zj/wfd h]i7 gful/s cf>d btf{ u/L cGgbfg If]qsf] ;xsfo{df @)^* ;fnb]lv $) hgf j[4f, cgfy ckfÍx¿nfO{ bftfx¿sf] d'7Lbfg / lzjfno dlGb/sf] gubL lhG;L ;xof]uaf6 lgz'Ns ef]hg u/fpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . cfjf; lgdf{0fsf nflu un]Zj/ dxfo1 @)^* sf] z]if /sd ? @* nfv, ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnodfkm{t\ @)^* b]lv @)&# ;fn ;Dd k|fKt ? #@ nfv, lh=lj=; DofUbLaf6 @)^( ;fndf k|fKt ? * nfv /sdaf6 @) sf]7] kSsL * sf]7] sRrL ejg lgdf{0f ul/Psf], ;fy} Pgcf/Pg o"s]sf] ? *) nfv cg'bfgdf @) sf]7] kSsL ejg lgdf{0f u/L $* hgfnfO{ cfjf;sf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . pQm /sd–dWo NRN UK sf tTsfnLg cWoIf >L of]uGb| If]qLHo"af6 ? #@ nfv k|fKt ePsf] 5 .cem} !@ hgfx¿nfO{ cfjf;sf] Joj:yf gk'u ePsf] 5 . NRN ICC sf cWoIf z]if 3n] bDkltåf/f ? ( nfvsf] nfutdf j[4f>d k|j]zåf/ lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . DofUb]nL ;~hfn hfkfgsf] ? !#,^%,#)&, wjnflul/ ;xsf/L a]gLsf] ;xof]u ? @ nfv / hfkfg lgjf;L lbks sfsL{sf] ;xof]udf ? !,#%,))) af6 :Jff:Yo ;]jf ejg / j[4f ef]hgfno lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . xfn j[4f / Psn dlxnf, a6's / lzIfs sd{rf/L;d]t *) hgfnfO{ lgMz'Ns ef]hg u/fpg] / un]Zj/wfd d'lQmgfy cfjudg ug]{ tLy{ofqL tyf bz{gfyL{x¿nfO{ lgz'Ns ef]hgsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . lgz'Ns ef]hgsf nflu j[4f>dsf] lgoldt ;|f]t / ;fwg s]xL 5}g . d'i7Lbfgaf6 cfpg] ;xof]u, un]Zj/ lzjfno sf]ifaf6 k|fKt lhG;L gubL, ljleGg bftfx¿af6 cfpg] ;xof]u / ljjfx, j|taGw hGdf]T;j lkt[k'/f0f cj;/df j[4fx¿nfO{ bftfx¿n] v'jfpg] rngaf6 klg 7"nf] /fxt ePsf] 5 . To:t} afUn'Í cd/ e'dL uf=lj=;= lgjf;L wgklt u}/] jf6 ? @ nfv / DofUbL k"0f{ ufFp xfn o"s] lgjf;L lbn

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axfb'/ tyf l>dlt uf+uf uf}rg af6 ? %!,%%% j[4f cIfo sf]ifsf nflu k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o; wfddf j[4fx¿sf] ;+Vof lbg k|lt lbg a9\b} hfg' k|d'v r'gf}tL ag]sf] 5 . j[4fx¿sf] ufF; afF; / skf;sf nflu ;Sbf] ;xof]usf] ck]Iff /fv]sf] 5f}+ .

un]Zj/wfd lzjfno ljsf; sf]ifsf] lgjf{rg k|lqmofun]Zj/ lzjfno If]q ljsf; sf]ifsf] ljwfgdf ePsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L k|d'v ;+/Ifs / !)! hgf ;b:o /x]sf] sfo{sf/L ;ef !^ ;b:oLo k|aGws ;ldlt / ;+/Ifs /xg] Joj:yf 5 . sf]ifnfO{ ?= %))÷– b]lv ?= %),)))÷– ;Dd cfly{s, ef}lts ;xof]u ug]{ bftfx¿ ;fwf/0f ;b:ob]lv ;xof]uL, :yfoL, >]is/ / ?= %) xhf/eGbf dfly ?= !) nfv;Dd ;xof]u ug]{ bftf cfhLjg ;b:o /xg kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . Ps} JolQmaf6 ?= !) nfveGbf dfly gub cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{ jf ?= !) nfveGbf dflysf] ef}lts, ;fdflhs lgdf{0f sfo{ ul/lbg] bftfnfO{ / un]Zj/ lzjfno If]q ljsf; sf]ifsf] ef}lts, ;fdflhs, wfld{s, cfWoflTds / ;f+:s[lts If]qdf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] JolQmnfO{ sf]ifsf] lg0f{on] ;+/Ifs kb k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . sf]ifsf] ;fwf/0f;efdf ;of}+ ;b:o 5g\ / k|ltlglwd"ns k|lqmofaf6 ;fwf/0f;efn] sfo{sf/L ;efsf] / sfo{sf/L ;efsf] clwj]zgaf6 k|aGw ;ldlt lgjf{lrt x'g] Joj:yf 5 . sfo{sf/L ;efsf ;b:ox¿sf] kbfjlw ^ jif{ / k|To]s tLg jif{df k|aGw ;ldltsf] lgjf{rg x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . dfly plNnlvt ;xof]uL bftfx¿ sf]ifsf] k|ltlglwd"ns ;ef ;b:o /xg] 5g\ .

sf]ifsf cfufdL of]hgf, gLtL tyf sfo{qmdun]Zj/ wfd If]qnfO{ yk Jojl:yt ub}{ k|rf/k|;f/sf] dfWodåf/f ljZjsf xhf/f}+ wfld{s tyf jfÅo ko{6sx¿nfO{ un]Zj/wfddf leqfO{ cfly{s l:ylt dh\a't agfpFb} bz{gfyL{ tLy{ofqLx¿nfO{ yk ;]jf ;'ljwf k|bfg ub}{ hfg] . o; wfd cGtu{t ;Grflnt j[4f cf>dnfO{ lg/Gt/–¿kdf ;~rfng ug]{ / ;+:s[t ljBfnonfO{ :t/f]Gglt ub}{ sIff !@ ;Dd cWoog ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

SoflDkª;lxtsf] ax'p2]ZoLo kfs{, v]n d}bfg lgdf{0f ;DkGg u/L Joj:yfkg / ;~rfng ug]{ . j}lws ;gftg lxGb' wd{sf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g ub}{ o;sf] dxŒjaf/] gofF lk9L ;d]tnfO{ r]tgf clej[4L ug{ ljleGg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .

wfld{s o1, o1flb, ;T;Í, of]uf, k|jrgsf] cfof]hgf ug]{ . lzjfno, b]jfno, d7dlGb/, wd{zfnf cflb ;+/rgfsf] dd{t, ;'wf/, lj:tf/ lh0ff{]4f/ sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] .

sf]ifsf] cfly{s ;|f]t a9fpg ljleGg ;fwg ;|f]tsf] vf]hL / kl/rfng ug]{ .

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æcn+sf/ lk|of] lji0f' hn wf/f lk|of] lzjÆ eujfg\ z+s/sf ci6ln·dWo] un]Zj/wfd unfln· ePsfn] o:tf] dxŒjk"0f{ Hof]ltln{·]Zj/ b]jflwb]j dxfb]jsf] bz{g k"hgaf6 dfgjdfqn] df]If kfp“5g\ . ;fwsx¿n] ;fwgf ug]{, tk:jLx¿n] tk:of ug]{, eQmx¿n] elQmefjn] ehgsLt{g ug]{, >4fn'x¿n] bz{g, k"hg, o1o1flb ug]{, bfgjL/ bftfn] bfgb|Jo r9fpg], lgdf{0f sfo{ ul/lbg] ;fy} j[4fx¿nfO{ lgMz'Ns ef]hg a6'sx¿nfO{ cWoogsf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ o:tf] dxfg\ cfnf}lss tLy{:yn un]Zj/wfddf bz{g k"hg, o1, o1flb u/L k'0o cfh{gsf ;fy} lzj ;flGgWo k|fKt u/f}+ . c:t' M .

æb]jflwb]j >L un]Zj/ dxfb]jn] ;a}sf] sNof0f u¿g\Æ>L un]Zj/ lzjfno If]q ljsf; sf]if

un]Zj/wfd a]gL g=kf=–(, DofUbL

un]Zj/ lzjfno If]q ljsf; sf]ifsf a}+s vftfx¿M g]kfn a}s lnld6]8

r= lx= g++ )^#–)))–@)(@–)!

df5fk'R5]« a}+s lnld6]8r= lx= g+= @(–)!–%@$–@#(!!%–)!–#

Go" wf}nflul/ art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf ln=art lx=g+= !)$)#–)@)))!!^% -s_

un]Zj/wfd Ho]i7 gful/s cf>dsf] vftfsfi7df08k 8]enkd]G6 a}+s ln=art lx=g+= ))#))#)%!&@SC

Go" wf}nflu/L art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf ln= -a]gL_art lx=g+= )##(#

;Dks{ g+=sfof{noM )(&&–^($!!)()cWoIfM (*%!)(!((^pkfWoIf M (*^&^)(*%$sf]iffWoIfM (*%&^$)%)%;b:o ;lrjM (*%&^@$$*$

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@)%$ cl3!= 9'Ífn] ag]sf] lzjfno

dlGb/@= nIdL gf/fo0f dlGb/#= o1 d08k$= k'/fgf kf6L kf}jf wd{zfnf%= ;+:s[t ljBfno

@)%$ b]lv @)^^ ;Dd!= Kofuf]8f z}nLdf lzjfno

dlGb/@= >L u0f]z dlGb/#= un]Zj/wfd pBfg$= sDkfpG8 jfn%= d"n k|j]zåf/^= !)* lzjlnÍ&= s[lt :tDe*= o1zfnf xjg s'08(= lji0f' eujfgsf] d"lt{!)= ofqL lgjf; ;lrjfno!!= cGgbfg If]q ejg

@)^& b]lv @)&@!= /fhfe/t h8e/t /fhlif{

/x'u0f d"lt{@= xg'dfg gjb'uf{ ejfgL

sfdw]g' ufO{#= k~rfog b]jtf d"lt{$= un]Zj/ afaf d"lt{%= k'hf/L cfjf; ejg^= lkt[ tk{0f:yn&= ;T;+u ;]jf ;bg*= /fwfs[i0f dlGb/

(= s[i0f u08sL kbdfu{!)= rqmlznf kbdfu{!!= km"nk|;flb laqmL sIf!@= kfszfnf ef]hgzfnf!#= ljBfno hL0ff]{åf/!$= zfsfx/L ef]hgfno!%= vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg!^= :6f]/ ejg!&= zf}rfno, :gfg:yn!*= sflnu08sL 6taGw!(= leqL k|j]zåf/@)= ax'p2]zLo jfl6sf :yn@!= u08sL :gfg ;8s@@= SoflDkÍ If]q@#= v]n d}bfg@$= kfls{Í :yn@%= d~rejg@^= ;fj{hlgs zf}rfno@&= kSsL j[4f>d @@*= sRrL j[4f>d @@(= uf}zfnf#)= k|tLIffno#!= :jf:Yo ;]jf ef]hgzfnf#@= x]lnKof8##= nIdLgf/fog dlGb/

hL0ff]{åf/#$= o1 dlGb/ d08k

hL0ff]{åf/#%= o1zfnf hL0ff]{åf/#^= xjgs'08 k'glgdf{0f#&= k|mL jfO kmfO If]q#*= ;L=;L= Sofd/f h8fg

#(= j[4f>d ;+rfng$)= ;+:s[t ljBfno ;+rfng$!= lzjhL kl/jf/ d"lt{

:yfkgf$@= l6s6 sfpG6/$#= k|tLIffno$$= un]Zj/ If]q ;8s sfnf]

kq

un]Zj/ wfd lzjfnfosf] 5ftfd'lg /x]sf ;+/rgfx¿

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sflnu08sL–dfly /fhfe/t Wofg:yn u'kmf

NRNICCsf cWoIf z]if 3n] bDktLåf/f lgld{t j[4f>d k|j]zåf/

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h8e/t un]Zj/sf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ dfl;s ? @)) 5fqfj[lQ k|bfg ug]{

xfn o"=s]= sfo{/t >L v]d z]/rg bDktL

un]Zj/wfddf >fj0f ;f]daf/df af]nad sfo{qmd

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)&@ ;fnsf] afnfrt'b{zL{ d]nfdf un]Zj/ o'jf Snaåf/f cfof]lht v]ns'b

sfo{qmd pb\3f6g

ljb]zL d'n'saf6 cfPsL lxGb' wdf{jnDaL dlxnf un]Zj/af/] hfgsf/L lnFb}

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lst{g d08nLåf/f s[i0ffu08sLdf k"hf cr{gf

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gf} jif{sf] afnsåf/f j[4fx¿nfO{ t'nfbfg

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un]Zj/wfd df gf} /f]kgL rqmlzjlznfdfyL :jo+ k|s6 lzjln+u ;flnu|fd z+v rqm,

gfu / eujfgsf kb lrXgx¿

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un]Zj/ If]qdf lgdf{0ffwLg SoflDkª If]q, ax'p2]ZoLo kfs{ / v]nd}bfg, ;ef dGr

un]Zj/ lzjfno If]q ljsf; sf]ifsf kbflwsf/Lx¿

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lzjfno If]q ljsf; sf]ifsf ;fwf/0f;ef ;b:ox¿

lzjfno If]q un]Zj/wfd ahf/

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;fpg ;f]daf/df !)* lzjlnË bz{gfy{ cfPsf bz{gfyL{x¿

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k"hf ;xfosdfwj ld>

k"hf ;xfosdg dfof

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lzIfsnf]s]Gb| a= v8\sf

k|wfgfrfo{ ;Gtf]if kf}8]n

;xfos ;lrjhng z]/rg

k"hf/LrGb| gfy g]kfn

d"n k"hf/LrGb| d0fL cfrfo{

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