KP5: Tanda & Gejala Gangguan Sistem Muskuloskeletal

Zahid Fikri, M.Kep

Spasme Otot

• Otot terdiri dari 3 jenis– Otot polos– Otot jantung– Otot skeletal

• Spasme otot terjadi jika otot skeletal berkontraksi tetapi tidak bisa relaksasi kembali

• Spasme otot kontraksi yang kuat dan tidak terkontrol

• Otot yang mengalami spasme terus meneruskram otot

• Otot yang sering mengalami kramotot tungkai bawah, otot hamstring

• “Charley horse” nama lain kram otot

Penyebab

• Penyebab potensial– Cuaca yang panas– Hiper-fleksi/ hiper-ekstensi, Dehidrasi– Ketidakseimbangan elektrolit– Penggunaan berlebihan

• Kram ototbukan akibat penyakit

• Kram otot– sirosis hepatis, – aterosklerosis, tetanus, – gangguan tiroid, – gangguan pada saraf tulang belakang, gangguan

tulang belakang

• Otot polos (usus halus, kolon) kram– Nyeri hilang timbul– Ringanberat

• contoh: nyeri saat menstruasi (spasme otot polos).

Tanda & Gejala

• Nyeri, sedangberat• Kram otototot terlihat tidak wajar, tegang

(kontraksi)• Berkedut• Terjadi beberapa detik15 menit atau lebih

Deformitas

• Deformitaskelainan bentuk muskuloskeletal• Deformitas/malformasi bawaan adalah:

kelainan atau defek yang bias terjadi, ketika didalamkandungan dan terlihat pada waktu lahir dan dapat pula terjadi dalam perkembangan anak dikemudian hari.

Jenis deformitas

• Deformitas sendi• Deformitas muskuloskeletal

Penyebab

• Deformitas sendi– Pertumbuhan abnormal sendi kongenital– Dislokasi akuisita– Hambatan mekanis– Kontraktus otot– Ketidakseimbangan otot

• Deformitas muskuloskeletal– Ketidaksejajaran tulang ( loss of alignment )– Abnormalitas panjang tulang ( abnormal length )– Pertumbuhan abnormal tulang ( bony outgrowth )

Etiologi umum

• Pertumbuhan abnormal bawaan pada tulang ( Kongenital )

• Fraktur• Gangguan pertumbuhan lempeng epifisis• Pembengkokan abnormal tulang ( bending of

abnormally soft bone )• Pertumbuhan berlebih pada tulang matur

( overgrowth of adult bone )

Tanda dan Gejala

• Bentuk abnormal• Gangguan gerak

Gangguan Gerak

• Dystonia is a disorder of muscle control; it can cause slow repetitive movements, abnormal postures and/or tremors of the musculature that are uncontrollable by the patient.

• Walking abnormalities are abnormal, uncontrollable walking patterns. Genetics may cause them or other factors, such as diseases or injuries, may. Walking abnormalities can affect the muscles, bones, or nerves of the legs.

• These conditions can be temporary or long term, depending on their cause. Severe walking abnormalities may require continuous physical therapy and medical care.

• Walking abnormalities are often referred to as gait abnormalities. Gait refers to the pattern of walking.

What Causes Walking Abnormalities?

• Cuts, bruises, or bone fractures can temporarily make it difficult to walk. However, diseases that affect the legs, brain, nerves, or spine can cause walking abnormalities.

• The most common causes of walking abnormalities include:– Arthritis, birth defects, such as clubfoot, leg injuries– bone fractures, infections that damage tissues in the legs– shin splints (an injury common to athletes that causes

pain in the shins)

– tendinitis (inflammation of the tendons)– psychological disorders, including conversion

disorder– inner ear infections– nervous system disorders, such as cerebral palsy

or stroke

What Are the Symptoms of Walking Abnormalities?

• Walking abnormalities are separated into five groups based on their symptoms:– Propulsive gait: This walking abnormality is

characterized by a slouched, rigid posture. A person with this condition walks with their head and neck thrust forward.

– Scissors gait: A person with this abnormality walks with their legs bent slightly inward. As they walk, their knees and thighs may cross or hit each other in a scissor-like movement.

– Spastic gait: A person with spastic gait drags their feet while walking. They may also appear to walk very stiffly.

– Steppage gait: A person with this condition walks with their toes pointing downward, causing their toes to scrape the ground while walking.

– Waddling gait: A person with this gait waddles from side to side when walking.

Tugas

• Membuat diagnosa, NOC, NIC akibat:– Spasme otot– Deformitas– Abnormalitas gerak

TERIMA KASIH