romun|kas| reraoeur|k |orur||as| vard rerdo(ordp(oses
perverourar |||er |0ep|es Rl. 199Z). romun|kas| reraoeur|k
|orur||as| vard d|(ercara|ar seca(a sada(. oe(lujuar dar
|ed|alarrvad|pusal|ar urlu| |eserourar pas|er |Pu(Warlo.1991).1|Nl8
kOVuNlkA8l J|kAl|uJlk1. Komun|kas| Verba|V Pero|ca(aar derdar lalap
ru|aV Leo|r a|u(al dar lepal Wa|luV Verurd||r|ar l|ap |rd|v|du
urlu| oe(espor seca(a |ardsurd.Korur||as| \e(oa| vard ele|l|l
ra(us: 1) Je|as dar (|rd|as 2) Pe(oerdara(aar Kala |Vudar d|parar|)
3) A(l| derolal|l dar |orolal|l 1) 3e|aar dar |eserpalar oe(o|ca(a
5) wa|lu dar Re|evars| ) luro(. Komun|kas| Tertu||sP(|rs|p-p(|rs|p
|orur||as| le(lu||s le(d|(| da(| :V1) Lerd|apV2) R|rd|asV3)
Pe(l|roardarV1) Kor|(|lV5) Je|asV) 3oparVZ) 8era(Furds| |orur||as|
le(lu||s ada|ar:V1) 3eoada| larda ou|l| le(lu||s vard olerl||.
r|sa|rva: pe(selujuar ope(as|.V2) A|al perd|rdal/oe(p|||(. r|sa|rva
su(al vard le|ar d|a(s|p|ar.V3) 0o|urerlas| r|slo(|s.V1) Jar|rar
|eararar.V5) Pedorar alau dasa( oe(l|rda|.. Komun|kas| Non
Verba|VPe(aWal vard rerde|les| sualu |ord|s| dar rererlu|ar
|eoulurar asurar|epe(aWalar.Vo((|s |19ZZ) da|ar L|||Wer| |2001)
reroad| pesar ror ve(oa| seoada| oe(||ul:V1) K|res||8erlu| oarasa
|sva(al luour alau arddola luour.V2) P(o|ser||Arla(a |rd|v|du
derdar ooje|.V3) lapl|| l|da| ada |ad| ja(a| d| arla(a dua o(ard
Wa|lu oe(|orur||as| : rerepu|-repu|. re(aoa-(aoa. reredard.
rerde|us dar rercuo|l.V1) Pa(a||rdu|sl||Perdduraar sua(aV5) A(l|la|
oerda rale(|a| V) Lodo dar wa(raVZ) Tarp||ar F|s|| Tuour|A8|
kOVuNlkA8l J|kAl|uJlk1. Fase P(e|rle(a|s|Vasa pe(s|apar seoe|ur
reru|a| oe(ruourdarderdar |||er. Tudas pe(aWal pada lase |r| va|lu
: Verde|sp|o(as| pe(asaar.ra(apar dar |ecerasarrva Verdara||sa
|e|ualar dar |e|erarar d|(| Verdurpu||ar dala lerlard |||er.
seoada| dasa( da|arreroual (ercara |rle(a|s| Veroual (ercara
pe(leruar seca(a le(lu||s. vard a|ar d||rp|ererlas||ar saal oe(leru
derdar |||er.. 0r|entas| [7039,943} Pada lase |r| ruourdar vard
le(jad| ras|r dard|a| dar|orur||as| vard le(jad| oe(s|lal
perdda||ar |rlo(ras| arla(ape(aWal dar pas|er. Fase |r| d|c|(||ar
o|er ||ra |ed|alar po|o| va|lu :V resr|no.V ou||o|no rrusr.V
|oenr|l|oar|on ol oroo|ems ano ooa|s.V o|ar|l|oar|on ol ro|esV
oonrraor lormar|on.. Kerja [w473} Pada lase |r| pe(aWal d|lurlul
urlu| rererur| lujuarvard le|ar d|lelap|ar pada lase o(|erlas|.
8e|e(ja sara derdar pas|er urlu| oe(d|s|us| lerlardrasa|ar-rasa|ar
vard rerdraroal percapa|ar lujuar. Fase |r| le(d|(| da(| dua
|ed|alar po|o| va|lu :V Vervalu|ar p(oses |orur||as| derdar
l|rda|ar pe(aWalarV Veroardur suasara vard rerdu|urd urlu|
p(osespe(uoarar.. Penye|esa|an [70723,943} Pada lase |r| pe(aWal
rerdo(ord pas|er urlu|reroe(||ar per||a|ar alas lujuar le|ar
d|capa|. ada( lujuar vard le(capa| ada|ar |ord|s| vard
sa||rdrerdurlurd|ar dar reruas|ar. Ked|alar pada lase |r| ada|ar
per||a|ar percapa|arlujuar dar pe(p|sarar |A(War|. 2003 1)8lkAl
kOVuNlkA8l J|kAl|uJlk luourdar P-K vard le(apeul||Proses :8e|aja(
dar perda|arar oe(sara P-KA|at : - 0|(| pe(aWal- Te|r||
perde|alarTujuan : urlu| pe(|eroardar |||er| |esada(ar. pere(|rar.
perdra(daar d|(|| perde(l|ar |rled(|las dar |derl|lasVarpu rero|ra
ruourdar |rl|r. |rle(deperder. rere(|ra/reroe(| |as|r savard|
lurds| dar |erarpuar rererur| |eoulurar. lujuar dar perecarar
rasa|ar2. $lKAP P$lK - $$lALa} 0|HEN8| RE8P0N lKlLA3 : Te(ou|a.
juju(. lu|us. a|l|l VlARAl : - Verd|(|l||. eje|. r|ra. sepe|e-
V|rla raal. s|ap se|a|u VPATl : lardal. oe(r|ral. perecarar rasa|ar
K0KRlT : Perje|asar | a|u(al dar je|as )b} 0|HEN8| T|N0AKAN
K0FR0TA3l | Kel|da|sesua|ar ) Korsep d|(| & |dea| d|(| \e(oa|
& pe(||a|u Perda|arar |||er & pe(aWal 3RA Fo|us pada saal
|r| 3ers|l|l & |rd|r sede(a reroarlu TR8uKA: Perda|arar urlu|
le(ap| ' EVDTlDh/l 0/Tl/R$l$ ' 8RVAl PRA1. Pe(larvaar Te(ou|a |
roao Doen|no )e : - Apa vard sauda(a p|||(|ar?- Apa vard a|ar ||la
o|ca(a|ar ra(| |r|?Verdo(ord dar rerdual|ar derdar ca(a ||sler|rd2.
Verdu|ard | Resla(l|rd )V Verdu|ard po|o| p|||(ar vard d|urd|ap|arV
Verdu|ard seoad|arura : - lrd||as| rerd||ul|- rerdual|ar urd|apar
|||er3. K|a(|l||as|0||a|u|ar o||a : pe(aWal (adu. l|da| je|as. la|
derda(. |||erra|u. o|ca(a l|da| |erd|ap dar |orcal-|orcal.e :
0apal|ar arda je|as|ar |eroa|| lerlard ...?1. Rel|e|s|V Rel|e|s|
|s|4 \a||das| apa vard d|derda(4 K|a(|l||as| |de vard
d|e|sp(es||arK. rerva||das| perde(l|ar P-KV Rel|e|s| pe(asaar4
Respor pada K le(radap |s|4 Ada( K laru & rere(|ra
pe(asaarrva5. Verlo|us|arV Veroarlu K o|ca(a pada lop|| vard
perl|rdV Verjada pero|ca(aar sesua| lujuarV 3pes|l||. je|as. lo|us
pada (ea||las. Veroad| pe(seps|V Ver|rla perdapal K le(radap vard P
l|||( & (asaV Ca(a urlu| leed oac| & reroe(| |rlo(ras|Z.
lderl|l||as| ' Trere 'V Lala( oe|a|ard / rasa|ar vard d|a|ar| K.
vard rurcu|se|ara pe(ca|apar: saya ||nar oar| semua nuounoan yano
anoa |e|askan.anoare|an o|sak|r|. /oakan |n| |arar oe|akano
masa|annya?. 0|arV Telap rerderda(. oe(| du|urdar. perde(l|ar &
pere(|raar. oe(| |eserpalar oe(l|||(. rol|vas| K o|ca(a9.
lrlo(r|rdV 8e(| |rlo(ras| / la|la urlu| per|es10. 3a(arV 8e(|
a|le(ral|l |de urlu| perecarar rasa|arV Tepal pada lase |e(ja1.
Pengkaj|an P(a lrle(a|s| : |derl|l||as| dala aWa| 0(|erlas| :
sa|ar. pe(|era|ar Ke(ja : (|Waval. |e|urar. l|rda|ar dasa(
|ou||o|no rrusr) Te(r|ras| : |orl(a|. l|rda| |arjul. 0|agnosaV P(a
lrle(a|s| : pe(s|apar o(ds|r dV Ke(ja : |esesua|ar |e|urar dd dV
Te(r|ras| : (ercara |rle(vers| d( d. |ntervens|V P(a lrle(a|s| :
pe(s|apar |o|aoo(as|V 0(|erlas| : pe(|era|ar l|r |o|aoo(as|V Ke(ja
: l|rda|ar |o|aoo(as| |ooal. ra|arar. |e(jasara ps)V Te(r|ras| :
(ercara |rp|ererlas|. |mp|ementas|V P(a lrle(a|s| : pe(s|apar
l|rda|arV 0(|erlas| : |esed|ar ps. |e(jasara psV Ke(ja : l|rda|ar
||rlus. o|ood calrele(. T...). rol|vas|. Eva|uas|V P(a lrle(a|s| :
|(|le(|a ras||V 0(|erlas| : |eadaar ps. pe(asaar saal |r|V Ke(ja :
oe(ds(|ar |(|le(|a ras||V Te(r|ras|Ierbedoon komunikosi on|oro ps
qonqquon jiwo denqon qonqquon okibo| penyoki| |isik:l. loouorlto
ooooocoo jlwo coouorcoo oooolol ooooocoo |oosop ulrl, poouorlto
ooooocoo pooyo|lt Ilsl| oslo olll|l |oosop ulrl yooo wojor (|occoll
posloo uooooo porcboooo Ilsl|, o . posloo uooooo pooyo|lt |cllt,
posloo opctosl, posloo pooyo|lt torlool ull).2. Goooocoo jlwo
coouorcoo osyl| uooooo ulrloyo sooulrl souooo|oo poouorlto pooyo|lt
Ilsl| obctco|oo scpport uorl orooo lolo.3. loouorlto ooooocoo jlwo
coouorcoo sooot socoro Ilsl|, poouorlto pooyo|lt Ilsl| blso sojo
jlwooyo sooot totopl blso jcoo l|ct toroooooc.1rik ke|iko
berkomunikosi denqon penderi|oqonqquon jiwo :l. louo posloo
oolcsloosl porbooyo| o|tlvltos |ocol|osl, bol| oloto |lloo
bor|ocol|osl uooooo |lloo lolo ocpco uooooo porowot. losloo
oolcsloosl tor|ouooo ool|otl ucolooyo ulollo|oo uooooo o|tlvltos
Ilsl|.2. louo posloo ooroo ulrl roouoo booyo| ulborl|oo
roloIorcooot (pooocotoo).3. louo posloo ooorl| ulrl llbot|oo uolo
o|tlvltos otoc |oolotoo yooo borsoo soo, ojorl uoo cootoo|oo coro
bor|oooloo uoo borblocooo uooooo |lloo lolo, borl poojolosoo ooIoot
borocbcoooo uooooo orooo lolo uoo o|lbotoyo jl|o ulo tluo| oc
borocbcoooo ull.=. losloo porllo|c |o|orosoooorcs ulrouc|sl otoc
ultooooo|oo uooooo obot obotoo sobolc ulscpport uooooo toropl
toropl lolo.komunikosi denqon Anok $esuoi1umbubkembonq 8oyi
ooocoo|op|oo |obctcooo uoo tloo|oo lo|c uooborscoro yooo uopot
ullotorprotosl|oo oloo oro so|ltoroyoo . oooools.8ololo ltc
|ocol|osl ooo vorbol uooooo toool| sootcooosoportl ooocsop,
oooooouooo, oooo|c, uoo lolo-lolo. 1oddIer don Iro sekoIobVorltooc
opo yooo torjoul pouo ulrloyo.Vorl |osopotoo pouo oro|o cot|
ooyootco olot poorl|so yoo|oo ulocoo|oo.Vlcoro lobotV ulouorl sl|op
oouoso| ct| uljowobo . jowob uooo uo|.V ulouorl |ooIrootosl losoV
8olooo pouo ooo| (|croool roso coos)Voroobor otoc borcorlto. Usio
sekoIobVGcoo|oo |oto souoroooo yo sposlIl|V 1olos|oo soscotc yo
obcot |otluo|jolosoo pouo ooo|V 1olos|oo ortl Icoosl uoo prosoucr
tlouo|ooV 1ooooo ooyo|ltl otoc oooooco Usio remojoVoruls|csl otoc
ccroo poouopot soo tooo soboyo.V ulouorl bbrp portooyooo yo upt
oolbcl|oo roso olc.V 1ooo |oroooslooo uolo |ocol|osl ( oso trooslsl
ulborsl|op uowoso ).tl k0N0lkIl 00z kl. Vololcl oro |otloo tu| los
bortooyo pu ooo|.2. orcorlto porocoo|oo boooso yo cuoouloooortl,
porlloot|oo oobor3. lbllotoropl ololcl poborloo bc|c,ojolooooo|
oooo|prosl|oo porosooo uoo o|tlvltossoscol corlto ul bc|c.=. Voloto
cotc| ooyobct|oo |oloolooo ooootoocl opo |oloolooo , |olcooo ooo|..
lro , |ootro ooootoocl porosooo ooo| uoopl|lroo ooo| (oooojc|oo
portooyoooo ool posltlIuoo ooootlI ).. Vooclls bllo ooo| tluo| upt
ooocoo|op|ooporosooo socoro vorbol.7. Vooooobor ooo| o|oo
ooocoo|op|oooyoopobllo obr yo ultcllsoyo ultooyo tto o|scuoyo.8.
orolo soooot oIo|tlI uolo obootcbor|ocol|osl, uopot oojollo ocb
lotorporsoool uoo tooo uoo porowot. |s(s |smas||ss| |ss|ss |(ta
/ss|l. Aojcr|oo ortc cotc| borblcoro2. Aroo|oo |o Io|cs3.
Voouoooor|oo=. Dlo. |potl. Vooyo|lo|oo |oboll7. Vorccs|oo |oboll8.
Voborl potcojc| |ocoo|looo opo yo torjoul9. Voooolouorl oobotoo
uolo |ocol|osl.*bpo_tm_omuoiki_eoqook1. Iooo ro|atcro|s|Vooocpcl|oo
uoto tto |lloo uoo opolojorlstotcs otoc bortooyo |opouo ortc tto
osolooyo ouo.. Iooo cr|cao|oaVoborl solo uoo sooyc pouo |lloo,
olo|c|oo volluosl, oocorl |oboooroo uoto yoouo, oooobsorvosl,
opor|oool|oo ooouooooo tcjcoo, wo|tc uoo oojolos|oo|oroooslooo
|lloo.. Iooo kcr|oVoborl |osopotoo pouo |lloo cotc| bortooyo ,
|roo|oo oborltooc tto ool yooo |crooo uloooortlul |ocol|osl,
ooooyo|oo |olcooo ctoo.4. Iooo Icrm|aos|Vooylpcl|oo oosll wowoocoro
ollpctl ovolcoslprosos uoo oosll, oborl|oo roloIorcooot posltlI,
tlouo| loojct, |ootro|, uoo oooo|olrl wowoocoro uoocoro yo
bol|.s|ts(s|ts( \| msmsss|s(a|| |smas||ss| |ss|ss /ss|l.
looulu|oo2. looootoocoo3. 8l|op=. uslo Jc|o. 8totcs |osoootoo ooo|.
8lsto soslol7. 8olcroo8. Lloo|coooo.k0l0Ik k0N0lkIl \0l0Iloulvluc
oooolol, otoc uopot oooolol |ocoucroo |oopcoo cotc| ooolrl otoc
ooorlo posoo (ls, opcoyol |osc|oroo portc|oroo pl|lroo, luo-luo,
otoc |oloolooo)o. Io|o|isioIoqis orocbcoooo uooooo |o|ococoo ootol,
pl|lroo yooo tluo| roollstls, ls|ol| lobcs toporol otoc Irootol,
|orcso|oo |oopcoo ooooosll|oo scoro, |orcso|oo poouooooroob.
1indokon orocbcoooo uooooo |orcso|oo |oopcoo ooooosll|oo scoroc.
$i|uosionoI orocbcoooo uooooo poocrcooo porootloo (kolotlooo,
oroooo, Aoslotos, Nyorl),borlor psl|olools (ls, |oto|ctoo, olc),
|crooo prlvosl, |oollooooo oorl torborc.d. Mo|urisionoI orocbcoooo
uooooo rooosooo soosorl to| ouo|cot (uslo loojct), |orcso|oo
poouooooroo. Do|o moyor :V Vooolo| cotc| borblcoro.V korcso|oo
|oopcoo cotc| borblcoro.Vorblcoro tluo| soscol otoc tluo| blcoro
otoc tluo| borospoos. Do|o minor :V kotluo|opcoo cotc| blcoro
boooso uolooo.VGooop.VDlsotrlo.V AIoslo.V Vosoloo uolo oooc|oo
|oto-|oto yooo topot.V loroyotooo tluo| oooortl otoc soloo oooortl.
kri|erio bosiI :V Voooooo|oo olot bootc uoooor (bllo soscol)V
Vooorlo posoo-posoo ololcl otouo oltorootlI (ls, |ocol|osl
tortclls, boooso lsyorot, blcoro uooooo jolos pouo tollooo yooo
bol|).V Voporlloot|oo scotc pooloo|otoo |oopcoo bor|ocol|osl.V
Vooloo|ot|oo |oopcoo cotc| oooortl.V Vooooto|oo poocrcooo Ircstrosl
uolo bor|ocol|osl.!e|a|| |amaa||as| Kl|ea Kerasa|aa Kamaa||as|
\er|al1. Gunokon |ok|or-|ok|or yonq meninqko|kon pendenqoron don
penqer|ion.lcoro uooooo torooo, jolos, ooooouop |ooroo
|lloo.kcroool scoro yooo ooooooooculoool, porsloo|ot, bllo |lloo
|ollootoo tluo| oooortl soco o|scu.Gcoo|oo sootcooo uoo ooro|oo
cotc| ooloo|ot|oo |ocol|osl.1l|o |lloo oooyo uopot oooortl boooso
lsyorot, ooulr|oo lotorprotor,pooorjooo sosorloo coo|lo.1l|o |lloo
borouo uolo |olopo|, topot|oo |lloo ulborlsoo toruopoo.Do|otl |lloo
uorl slsl ulooo Icoosl poouooooroo loblo bol|.1l|o |lloo blso oboco
ooro| blblr, boroouopoo uooooo |lloo uoo blcoro socoro
porloooo-loooo uoo jolos.2. 8erikon me|odo oI|erno|i| komunikosi
yonq IoinGcoo|oo |ortos uoo poosll, ocrcI olIobot, lsyorot tooooo,
|oulpoo oto, ooooc|oo tooooo, bol lsyorot.cot |ortc-|ortc uooooo
oobor-oobor otoc |oto-|oto coo|opoo yooo bloso ulocoo|oo. (ls,
bosool blblr soyo, plouoo|oo |o|l soyo, sooolos olr plspot)Aojcr|oo
|lloo cotc| oocojc|, ocoo|oo ooro|oo uoo poootol.kooscl|oo |o ooll
potolool wlcoro cotc| bootcoo uolo oouopot|oo |ortc yooo borlsl
|oto-|oto otoc oobor-oobor.8. 8erikon Iinqkunqon |enonq.V Gcoo|oo
scoro yooo oorol uoo blcoro tluo| torbcrc-bcrc uooooo Iroso
sloo|ot.VAojcr|oo orooo cotc| oooocoo|oo wo|tc blcoro yooo cc|cp uo
oooocoo|oo |oto socoro ootl-ootl uooooo ooro|oo blblr yooo
jolos.Vkcroool ooooocoo o|storool.VJcouo porco|opoo jl|o |lloo
loloo.4. Gunokon |eknik-|eknik un|uk meninqko|kon penqer|ion.VJotop
wojoo loulvluc uoo portoooo|oo |ooto| oto, jl|o coo|lo.V Gcoo|oo
porlotoo sotc tooop yooo tluo| rclt uoo loooscoo.Vlostl|oo oooyo
sotc orooo yooo blcoro.VAojcr|oo poooocoooo ooro|oo uoo poootol.V
Coco|oo |oto-|oto uooooo ooro|oo, ocoo|oo oobor-oobor.VA|olrl
porco|opoo uooooo cototoo sc|sos (ls, |oboll pouo po|o| yooo loblo
cuoo)V Gcoo|oo |oto-|oto yooo uoo cotc| tcoos-tcoos yooo soo.5.
8uo| suo|u upoyo bersomo un|uk menqer|i soo| individu |ersebu|
berbicoro.Vorl|oo wo|tc yooo cc|cp cotc| oouoooor jl|o loulvluc
borblcoro porloooo.V ulooo posoo loulvluc uooooo |oros cotc|
oostl|oo.Vorl|oo rospoos pouo soco cpoyo cotc| blcoro os|lpco tluo|
uopot ulpoool. (ls, 8oyo booor-booor tluo| tooc opo yooo oouo
|oto|oo, uopot|oo oouo oocobo ooooto|oooyo so|oll lool)V Abol|oo
|osoloooo uoo |oto-|oto tluo| sopoo.V 1ooooo pcro-pcro oooortl jljo
oouo tluo| oooortl.Vorl|oo loulvluc cotc| borospoos, jooooo ootooo,
borl|oo |oto-|oto oooyo |ouooo-|ouooo.. Ajorkon |eknik-|eknik un|uk
memperboiki bicoro.V Vloto loulvluc cotc| oporlobot blcoro, uoo
ccop|oo sotlop |oto uooooo jolos, soootoro oborl|oo cootoo.V
Aojcr|oo loulvluc cotc| blcoro uooooo Iroso yooo sloo|ot.V Aojcr|oo
cotc| borblcoro uooooo |ocopotoo loblo lobot otoc boroopos sobolc
blcoro.V Aojcr|oo loulvluc cotc| oooobll wo|tc uoo bor|oosootrosl
pouo pobootc|oo |oto.V Vlotoloo loulvluc cotc| ooclls posoo-posoo
otoc obcot oobor jl|o sc|or olo|c|oo |ocol|osl vorbol. V Aojcr|oo
loulvluc cotc| borblcoro uolo |ollot poouo|.V Ajc|oo
portooyooo-portooyooo yooo uopot uljowob uooooo yo otoc
tluo|.V|o|cs|oo pouo soot so|orooo, olouorl topl|-topl|
|ootrovorslol, oosloool, obstro|, otoc torlolc poojooo.7. uoo|op|oo
osoloo Ircstrosl toroouop |otluo|opcoo cotc| bor|ocol|osl.8. orl|oo
|osopotoo cotc| obcot |opctcsoo tootooo porowotoo (ls, Apo|oo oouo
loblo ooyc|ol jcs jorc| otoc jcs opol)9. Ajor|oo to|ol|-to|ol|
|opouo orooo toruo|ot uoo poouo|otoo borclooo cotc| ooloo|ot|oo
|ocol|osl.l0. 1l|o porlc soorooo pooorjooo, cobo roocooo|oo
|cojcoooo rctlo sosoorooo oooortl boooso loulvluc torsobct. kUNC| :
ADD|C|C |CAAAC|A|
