- 1. Knowledge about Visha, Upavisha & Metalic preparations.
Knowledge of formulations containing Visha, Upavisha & Rasa
aushadhis. Dr.Janardan Panday Former Joint Advisor (Ay) &
Addl.Drug Controller Deptt. Of AYUSH G.O.I
2. THE DRUGS AND COSMETICS ACT, 1940 Divided Into Five Chapters
contains 38 Sections 3. The First Schedule Ayurveda 1. Arogya
Kalpadruma 2. Arka Prakasha 3. Arya Bhishak 4. Ashtanga Hridaya 5.
Ashtanga Samgraha 6. Ayurveda Kalpadruma 7. Ayurveda Prakasha 8.
Ayurveda Samgraha 9. Bhaishajya Ratnavali 10. Brihat Bhaishajya
Ratnakara 11. Bhava Prakasha 12. Brihat Nighantu Ratnakara 13.
Charaka Samihita 14. Chakra Datta 15. Gada Nigraha 16. Kupi Pakva
Rasayana 17. Nighantu Ratnakara 18. Rasa Chandanshu 19. Rasa Raja
Sundara 20. Rasaratna Samuchaya 21. Rasatantra Sara Va Siddha
Prayoga SangrahaPart 1 22. Rasa Tarangini 23. Rasa Yoga Sagara 24.
Rasa Yoga Ratnakara 25. Rasa Yoga Samgraha 26. Rasendra Sara
Samgraha 27. Rasa Pradipika 28. Sahasrayoga 29. Sarvaroga Chikitsa
Ratnam 30. Sarvayoga Chikitsa Ratnam 31. Sharangadhara Samhita 32.
Siddha Bhaishajya Manimala 33. Sidha Yoga Samgraha 34. Sushruta
Samhita 35. Vaidya Chintamani 36. Vaidyaka Shabda Sindu 37.
Vaidyaka Chikitsa Sara 38. Vidya Jiwan 39. Vasava Rajeeyam 40. Yoga
Ratnakara 41. Yoga Tarangini 42. Yoga Chintamani 43.
Kashyapasamhita 44. Bhelasamhita 45. Vishwanathachikitsa 46.
Vrindachikitsa 47. Ayurvedachintamani 48. Abhinavachintamani 49.
Ayurveda-Ratnakara 50. Yogaratnasangraha 51. Rasamrita 52.
Dravyagunanighantu 53. Rasamanijari 54. Banagasena 54A Ayurvedic
Formulary of India (Part-I) 54B Ayurveda Sara Samgraha 54C
Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India 4. Conti Siddha 55 Siddha Vaidya
Thirattu 56 Therayar Maha Karisal 57 Brahma Muni Karukkadai (300)
58 Bhogar (700) 59 Pulippani (500) 60 Agasthiyar Paripuranam (400)
61 Therayar Yamagam 62 Agasthiyar Chenduram (300) 63 Agasthiyar
(1500) 64 Athmarakshamrutham 65 Agasthiyar Pin (80) 66 Agasshiyar
Rathna Chrukkam 67 Therayar Karisal (300) 68 Veeramamuni Nasa
Kandam 69 Agasthiyar (600) 70 Agasthiyar Kanma Soothiram 71 Siddars
Chillarai Kovai 72 Yog Vatha Kaviyam 73 Therayar Tharu 74
Agasthiyar Vaidya Kaviyam (1500) 75 Bala Vagadam 76 Chimittu Rathna
(Rathna) Churukkam 77 Nagamuni (200) 78 Agasthiyar Chillarai Kovai
79 Chikicha Rathna Deepam 80 Agasthiyar Nayana Vidhi 81 Yugi
Karisal (151) 82 Agasthiyar Vallathi (600) 83 Therayar Thaila
Varkam 84 Siddha Formulary of India (Part I)] Unani Tibb System 1
Karabadin Qadri 2 Karabadin Kabir 3 Karabadin Azam 4 Ilaj-ul-Amraz
5 Al Karabadin 6 Biaz Kabir Vol. II 7 Karabadin Jadid 8
Kithalf-ul-Taklis 9 Sanat-ul-Taklis 10 Mifta-ul-Khazain 11
Madan-ul-Aksir 12 Makhzan-ul-murabhat 13 National Formulary of
Unani Medicine (Part I) 5. SCHEDULE E (1) [See Rule 161 (2)] List
of poisonous substances under the Ayurvedic (including Siddha) and
Unani Systems of Medicine A. AYURVEDIC SYSTEM Drugs of vegetable
origin Ahipena Papaver somniferum Linn. Arka Calotropis gigantea
(linn.)R. Br. ex. Ait. Bhallataka Semecarpus anacardium Linn. F
Bhanga Cannabia eativa Linn. Danti Baliospermum monatanum Mull. Arg
Dhattura Datura metal Linn.. Gunj Abrus precatirius Linn. Jaipala
(Jayapala) Croton tiglium Linn Karaveera Rerium indicum Mill
Langali Gloriosa superba Linn Parasika Yavani Hyoseyamus inibar
Linn Snuhi Euphorbia neriifolia Linn Vatsanabha Acontium
Chasmanthum StapfexHolm Vishamushti Strychnox nuxvomica Linn.
Shringivisha Acontium chasmanthum Stapfex Holm. II Drugs of Animal
Origin . Sarpa Visha Snake poison III Drugs of Mineral Origin
Gauripashana Arsenic Hartala Arseno sulphide Manahashila Arseno
sulphide Parada Mercury Rasa Karpura Hydrargyri subchloridum Tuttha
Copper sulphate Hingula Cinnabar Sindura Red oxide of lead
Girisindura Red oxide of mercury B. SIDDHA SYSTEM Abini Papaver
Somniferum Linn. Alari Nerium indicum Mill. Azhavanam Lawsonia
inermis Linn. Attru thummatti Citrullis colocynthis Scharad. Anai
Kunri Adanathera pavonina Linn. Rattha Polam Aloe barbadensis Mill.
Ilaikalli Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. Eezhaththalari Plumeria
acuminota Ait. Gomatthai Datrua stramonium Linn. Etti Strychnos
nuxvomica Linn. Ganja Cannabis sativa Linn. Kalappaik Kizhangu
Gloriosa superba Linn. Kodikkalli Euphorbia tiruqalli Linn.
Chadurakkalli Euphorbia antiquorium Linn. Karia polam Aloe sp.
Kattamanakku Jatropha glandulifera Roxb. Kattu thumatti Cucmis
trigonus Roxb. Kunri Abrus precotorusu Linn. Cheran Kottai
Semicorpus anacardium Linn. Thillai Exoecoria agallocha Linn. Nabi
Aconitum ferox Wall. Nervalam Croton tiglium Linn. Pugai Elai
Nicotiana tobucum Linn. Marukkarai Randia dumetorum Lam.
Mansevikkalli Euphorbia sp. C. UNANI SYSTEM I Drugs of vegetable
origin Afiyun Papaver somniferum Linn. Bazrul-banj Hyoscyamus niger
Linn Bish Aconitum chasmanthum Strapfex Holmes Bhang Cannabis
sativa Linn. Charas Canabis sativa Linn Dhatura seeds Datura metal
Linn (seeds) Kuchla Strychnos nuxvomica Linn Shokran Conium
maculatum Linn II Drugs of Animal origin Sanp (head) Snake (head)
Telni makkhi Mylabris cichori Linn Mylabaris pustulata Thund
Mylabris macilenta III Drugs of Mineral origin Darchikna Hydrargryi
perchloridum Hira Diamond Ras Kapoor Hydrargryi Subchloridum
(calomel) Shingruf Hydrargryi bisulphuratum Zangar Cupri subacetas
Sammul-Far (Abyaz, Asfar, Aswad and Ahmar) Arsenic (white, yellow,
black and red) Tootiya Copper Sulphate Para Hydrargyrum Hartal
Arsenic trisulphide (yellow) 6. AYURVEDIC SYSTEM Drugs of vegetable
origin Ahipena Papaver somniferum Linn. Arka Calotropis gigantea
(linn.)R. Br. ex. Ait. Bhallataka Semecarpus anacardium Linn. F
Bhanga Cannabia eativa Linn. Danti Baliospermum monatanum Mull. Arg
Dhattura Datura metal Linn.. Gunj Abrus precatirius Linn. Jaipala
(Jayapala) Croton tiglium Linn Karaveera Rerium indicum Mill
Langali Gloriosa superba Linn Parasika Yavani Hyoseyamus inibar
Linn Snuhi Euphorbia neriifolia Linn Vatsanabha Acontium
Chasmanthum StapfexHolm Vishamushti Strychnox nuxvomica Linn.
Shringivisha Acontium chasmanthum Stapfex Hol 7. AYURVEDIC SYSTEM
II Drugs of Animal Origin . Sarpa Visha Snake poison III Drugs of
Mineral Origin Gauripashana Arsenic Hartala Arseno sulphide
Manahashila Arseno sulphide Parada Mercury Rasa Karpura Hydrargyri
subchloridum Tuttha Copper sulphate Hingula Cinnabar Sindura Red
oxide of lead Girisindura Red oxide of mercury 8. Synonyms of visha
Visha,Halahal,Brahm-putra,Sourashtra,
Pradeepana,Darada,Kakola,souktikeya,Ahichhatra,Meshsh
ringi,Kustha,Haimavata,Pippala, Patala,Malina&Kambala 9. Visha
The word Visha is derived from the root vis (vyaptau) having
ktpratyaya which means to encompass or to get fully pervaded or to
get occupied. Thus the one which pervades the whole body
immediately after ingestion is called as Visha 2 . A substance
which causes sadness to the world is also called as visha. Hence
visha dravya may be defined as a substance which is life
threatening or produces many other complications and brings about
sadness other complications and brings about sadness. 10.
Visha&Bheshja In Ayurvedic classics, after proper processing,
many visha dravyas are used as aushadha dravya because, dose
differentiates a drug from poison, a medicine at one dose,can serve
as visha or poison at the other. Hence, a substance which is fatal
at relatively smaller dose can be considered as visha. Visha
dravyas are attributed with certain properties which are
responsible for its fatality in smaller dose. Action of visha i.e.
poison in context of its gunas, vega lakshanas and dhatugata
lakshanas is very elaborately explained in Ayurvedic texts. Visha
whenused by proper yukti (justification) can be converted
tobheshaja 11. contd The treatment of visha vegas, in a very
systematic manner, according to twenty four upakramas are also
explained in different texts. These vega- lakshanas and upakramas
too depend on the gunas and gati of visha. So to understand
Ayurvedic concept of visha it is necessary to understand its gunas.
Authors of different classical texts of Ayurveda described their
view regarding the types, properties, actions of visha dravya and
their management, in a scattered manner. 12. Brief History The
history of visha (poison) and its treatment ways back to centuries.
The mythological concept regarding origin of visha states that it
was created at the time of creation of universe by lord Bramha
.Some opine that it was obtained during samudra manthana.
References regarding visha or poison and poisoning can also be
traced in Vedas. In Atharvaveda (1500 B.C.),description of two
types of visha i.e sthavara and jangama and their management
through mantrachikitsa is narrated. In Ramayana (500 B.C.), Rama
and Lakshmana were treated for poisoning by Vaidya Sushena with the
help of Sanjeevani vidyaa along with four types of herbs from
Himalaya. In Mahabharata (400 B.C.13), poisoned Bhima was treated
by the sarpavisha. Further, a conversation between Kashyapa and
Takshaka regarding treatment of poisoing (vishachikitsa) is also
reported in Mahabharata. Brahmavaivarta Purana (3/51) (600 B.C. to
700 A.D.) also narrates the conversation between Dhanvantari and
Nagadevi which gives information about condition of Vishachikitsa
at that time. In Kautiliya Arthashastra(363 B.C.), a book not
related to toxicology, many references regarding visha particularly
description regarding kalakuta, vatsanabha, halahala, meshasringa,
musta, kushtha, mahavisha, vellitaka, gaurardra, balaka, markata,
haimavata, kalingaka,daradaka, kolasaraka, ushtraka, are mentioned
. Ayurveda dedicated one of its branches as Danshtrachikitsa/
Agadatantra/ Vishatantra Vishagaravairodhikaprashamana which is
dedicated solely to the concept and treatment of visha. These
references provide ample evidence to prove that toxicology was a
well developed branch in ancient India 13. Classification Visha,
basing upon its origin, has been classified into two categories
viz. Jangamavisha (animal poison) and Sthavaravisha (plant and
mineral poisons)The sites of Sthavaravisha and jangamavisha are
narrated as ten and sixteen respectively. Further it is also
classified as Akritrimavisha(naturalpoison) And
kritrimavisha/Garavisha (unnatural or chemically prepared poison)
Akritrima visha is again sub divided into two i.e. sthavara and
jangama Certain texts of Rasashastra and Dravyaguna classified
visha in various manners like mahavisha-upavisha etc. 14. Sources
of poison three varities of poison 1,Sthavar,2 Jangam 3,Gara 1
sthavar 10 sources-(Root, leaves, Fruits, Flowers, Bark, lactate,
Exudate, wood, metals & Tubers) 2 jangam 16 sources-(sight,
Respiration, Dead body, touch, teeth, Mouth, Nail, Bone, Urine,
Stool, Semen, Mense, Saliva, Stinge, Bile, Blood) 15.
Therapeutically useful species 1,saktuka------------ 2
Mustaka-Cyprus Rotandus 3 shringi--------------4 Baluka
--------------------- 5sarsapa--------------6
kurma--------------------- 7shvet shringi--------8
vatsanabha-Aconite 16. Properties of Poison 17. Stage wise symptoms
, 18. Management 19. Technique for Human consumption 20. Dose for
consumption 21. Season of consumption 22. Dos during consumption
23. Donts during consumption 24. 25. Pharmacology &
Therapeutics 26. Importance of Sodhana The poisonous plants
reported in ancient scriptures of Ayurveda are being still
practiced widely in a number of diseases after proper Shodhana
(purificatory procedures). Ayurvedic physicians successfully
employed these drugs after proper Shodhana (processing) known as
Samaskara. The concept of Shodhana was mentioned for the first time
in Charaka Samhita in the context of Danti Dravanti Kalpadhyaya. To
reduce the Vikasi property of Danti root,Charaka mentioned it as
Samaskara Acharya Vagbhata also mentioned the Shodhana of plant
drugs in detail in the context of Bhallataka Rasayana and
'Bhallataka. The concept of Shodhana in Ayurveda is not only a
process of purification/detoxification but also a purificatory
procedure to enhance the potency an efficacy of the drug. It is
reported that Aconite (Vatsanabha) purified by cows urine is
converted to cardiac stimulant, whereas raw Aconite is cardiac
depressant. It is clearly mentioned in Bhava Prakasa that the
bad/toxic effects attributed to Asodhita Visas are minimized when
these are used after being subjected to Sodhana process. Hence
Vishas should be subjected for Sodhana before being used in
therapeutics 27. Vatsanabha formulations in AFI part I 8:46
Mahavishgarbha Tel (Sl.No.54,57) 8:a8 LaghuVishgarbha Tel(8) 8:56
VranaRakshas Tel(7) 12:1 AgniTundiVati(2) 12:4
Kasturyadi(Vayu)Gutika(37) 12:13 Dugdha Vati (1) 12:32
SankhaVati(10) 12:33 Sowbhagya Vati(2) 12:35 Sanjeevani Vati(10)
20:2 Ashvakanchuki Ras(4) 20:3 Anandbhairav Ras(2) 20:8 Kaphaketu
Ras(4) 28. Contd. Vatsanabha AFI-I 20:18 Jvararyabhra Ras(5) 20:20
TribhvanKirtiRas(2) 20:22 NagvallabhaRas(10) 20:23 PrabhakarRas(4)
20:28 Maha Vat GajankushRas(13) 20:37 LaghvanandRas(4) 20:38
LakshmiNarayanRas(3) 20:24 VatVidhvanshanRas(14) 20:49
SvasKutharRas(3) 20:51 Svarna BhupatiRas(9) 20:52 SutShekharRas(4)
20:53 shuchika BharanRas(4) 29. Visha Dravya (Poisonous Substances)
In spite of their fatal effect many visha dravyas are used as
medicines e.g. many of the of the poisonous plants as well as
rasaushadhis which are reported for their toxic nature but they are
used, after proper processing, widely in the treatment without any
adverse effects as they are effective in small doses to cure the
diseases.Visha dravyas, along with their undesirable properties,
are also incorporated with certain desirable properties, by which
they act faster than other medicines or plants.Further, to make
these properties therapeutically effective certain shodhana
(purificatory) procedures are explained in the classical texts,
which may be helpful for diminution of toxic properties of the
poisonous substances 30. Gunas (Properties) of Visha Acharya
Charaka and Sushruta have enumerated ten similar gunas of visha
with an exception of apaaki (Sushruta) being replaced by anirdeshya
rasa (Charaka).A visha dravya, having all these ten gunas to its
maximum extent, is called as mahavisha, while those having these
gunas to a smaller extent or less than ten gunas are termed as
upavishas Acharya Vagbhata has attributed eleven gunas to a visha
dravya by including apaki and Avyaktarasa (instead of anirdeshya
rasa) Sharngadhara(13th century A.D.) has stated certain extra
Gunas of visha dravya like chhedi, madavaha, jivitahara and
yogavahi 31. Visha Dravya and its Action On the basis of the
actions on various components of body, the probable mode of action
of a visha dravya has been described in Ayurveda. It produces
distress of the body constituents, burning sensation and
putrefaction. Vishada guna, does not contain any mucous nature and
doesnt stop anywhere in the body, passes through all the doshas
resulting in their vitiation. In this way, visha leads to vitiation
of all the three doshas and becomes complicated to treat. Vikasi
guna breaks the bonding between various dhatus and brings about
looseness in the dhatus (dhatushaithilya) and resulting in their
improper function. Activity of a visha dravya depends on the
dominance of its possessing guna. For instance the domination of
ruksha guna will lead to the vitiation of vata, domination of
sukshma guna lead to vitiation of rakta dhatu as compared to
others, while domination of tikshna guna will lead to the
impairment of three marmas of the body i.e.shira, hridaya and basti
and may lead to murchha, sanyasa and other symptoms of marmaghata.
32. Visha vis a vis Madya Classical text of Ayurveda attributed ten
common gunas to both Madya and visha, where the intensity of the
Guna of visha is more than that of madya. Study of visha gunas is
necessary for its treatment. Since the basis of treatment is
samanya-vishesha siddhanta a drug or diet which is opposite in the
properties as that of the disease should be used for its treatment.
33. Treatement Principle for visha Treatment of any ailment is
prescribed to be done through.daivavyapashraya, yuktivyapashraya
satvavajaya and Vishachikitsa is not different. Daivavyapashraya
chikitsa has got the first position while treating poisoning in the
form of mantra. Along with this it also consists of manaschihkitsa
i.e. ashvasana which is very important while treating snake bite.
During yuktivyapashraya chikitsa.For the management of visha, the
drug or formulation used must be of opposite guna as that of visha
or similar to the guna of oja. Accordingly it can be presumed that
all the dravyas of jivaniya gana can be used for the treatment of
visha.as Oja which gets vitiated due to vishaprayoga should be
brought back to its normalcy by these drugs. Ghrita is the
substance which has similar gunas as that of oja is useful in
treating such conditions. Due to its yogavahi nature,as it can
acquire the gunas of the substance with which it is mixed without
losing its own gunas and also attributed with the vishahara
property. So it can be used as the best media for treating visha
conditions.Due to its madhura, snigdha, shita, mrudu, shlakshna,
ojasya,jivaniya gunas which acts to pacify visha.Goghrita is
considered as superior. Acharyas have also explained use of various
formulations in toxic conditions. These formulations are called as
agada. 34. Review of Literature for visha In literature Rasarnava
appears to be the first text to mention about Visa Upavisa
classification. AfterRasarnava, Rasa Ratnakara, Rasendra Cudamani
andRasa Ratna Samucchaya have mentioned about five Visaswhile other
texts like Rasendra Cintamani, SarngadharaSamhita, Bhava Prakasa
and Ayurveda Prakasa have enumerated nine dravyas as Visas. The
Author ofRasatarangini (20th A D) described only Vatsanabha inVisa
group considering its medicinal importance, common availability and
frequent use in therapeutics. The other drugs of poisonous nature
have been included in Upavisa group by this text. The literary
review on the subject revealed that there is a difference of
opinion amongst the authors regarding the drugs of Upavisa group.
Rasarnava Kara mentioned five dravyas in upavisa; group, while
RasaratnaSamucchaya Kara and Rasendra Cintamani Karaenumerated
seven drugs; in later texts like AyurvedaPrakasa and Yogaratnakara
it is raised up to nine while inRasa Tarangini it has gone up to
eleven. Thus historically there seems to be a gradual increase in
the number of poisonous herbs which means more and more drugs have
been recognized for their poisonous nature as the time passed. 35.
Sl UPV ISH A Rasa rnava RRS R.Ci. BP R Sa Ka RKD AyP Y.R Suta pradi
Ra Tar 1 Snuhi kshee ra + - + + + + - + - + 2 Arka kseer a + + + +
+ + + + - + 3 Dhat ura + + + + + + + + + + 4 Karv eera + + + + + +
+ + + + 36. 5 Lang ali + + + + halin i + + + + + 6 Vish mush ti - +
- - + - + + + + 7 Vijay a - + - - - - + - + + 8 Nilak a - + - - - -
- - + + 9 Gunj a - - + + - + + + - + 10 Ahip hena - - + + - + + + -
+ 11 Jayap al - - - - - - - + - + Sl UPV ISH A Rasa rnava RRS R.Ci.
BP R Sa Ka RKD AyP Y.R Suta pradi Ra Tar 37. Various Sodhana
Procedures Mentioned for Upavisha Review of Ayurvedic literature
reveals that the following Sodhana procedures have been mentioned
for different Visopavisa drugs. (i) Gomutra Nimajjana (soaking in
cows urine) for a prescribed period (ii) Swedana (boiling) in
different liquids such as cows milk, Goats milk, cows urine,
vegetable extractives and Kanjika etc. (iii) Bharjana (frying) with
ghee or without ghee. (iv) Bhavana (Maceration / trituration), with
vegetable extractives (v) Nishshehana (reducing of oily content)
(vi) Ksalana (washing) with hot water. VI Nistvacikarana
(Decortications). Among the above procedures the treatment with
cows urine and boiling in cows milk are the most common procedures
applied for almost all the Visopavisa drugs. 38. Ahipena - Papaver
somniferum Linn. 39. Papaver somniferum Linn The opium obtained
from the fruits is bitter, astringent, sweet, constipating,
aphrodisiac,sedative, somniferous, narcotic, myotic,
antispasmodic,sudorific and nervine tonic. It is useful in cough,
fever,inflammatory affections of eye, otitis, proctalgia and low
back pain due to diarrhoea and dysentery. It is good for internal
haemorrhages, decrease secretions, restrain tissue changes and used
as analgesic. It beneficial in migraine,malaria, dysmenorrhoea,
cystitis, menorrhagia and other painful conditions. Opium (the in
bspissated milky juice from immature capsules) is a soporific drug,
given either alone or as an adjunct, in the preparation of various
medicines. It acts on the CNS, induces sleep, relieves
pain,develops euphoria and highly toxic in large doses. Opium
available in the market is purified by steeping in cold water for
5-6 h. The insoluble brown latex finds application in the Ayurvedic
medicine. It is prophylactic in post-operative period (50-60
mg/day). Vapours of boiling water mixed with small doses of opium,
is useful in conjunctivitis.Camphorated opium (1:1) is an excellent
pain killer in sprain.However, it is contraindicated for people
suffering from asthma, cardiac and urinary bladder diseases. Seed
oil, free from narcotic principles is useful in diarrhoea and
dysentery At the present time opium in combination with other drugs
is used in diabetes. An infusion of the capsules is used as a
soothing application for bruises, inflammatory swellings, sometimes
in painful conjunctivitis, inflammation of ear, irritant cough and
sleeplessness. The petals are bitter expectorant, sudorific,
diaphoretic, analgesic and sedative.The plant is stimulant,
fattening, tonic and beautifies 40. Formulations of opium in AFI
part I 1:7 Ahiphenasava(2) 11:2 kacchoradi churnam(28) 12:2
Ashtakshari Gutika (1) 20:7 karpura Rasa(2) 41. Arka Calotropis
gigantea (linn.)R. Br. ex. Ait 42. Arka Calotropis procera is
small, erect and compact shrub, which is used in several
traditional medicines to cure various diseases. This shrub has been
known to possess analgesic, antitumor, antihelmintic, antioxidant,
hepatoprotective, anti diarrhoeal, anticonvulsant, antimicrobial,
oestrogenic, antinociceptive, and anti malarial activity. All the
parts, viz, root, stem, leaf and flowers of Calotropis are in
common use in indigenous system of medicine.Compounds derived from
the plant have been found to have emeto-cathartic and digitalic
properties. The principal active medicines are asclepin and mudarin
Other compounds have been found to have bactericidal and vermicidal
properties. The latex contains a proteolytic enzyme called
caloptropaine.An infusion of bark powder is used in the treatment
and cure of leprosy and elephantiasis. It is inadvisable to use
bark that has been kept for more than a year.The root bark is an
emetic, the flower a digestive, and a tonic is used for asthma and
catarrh. Bark and wood stimulate lactation in cattle46. Roots
(extremely poisonous) are applied for snakebite. The milky sap is
used as a rubefacient and is also strongly purgative and caustic.
The latex is used for treating ringworm, guinea worm blisters,
scorpion stings, venereal sores and ophthalmic disorders; also used
as alaxative. Its use in India in the treatment of skin diseases,
it has caused severe bullous dermatitis leading sometimes to
hypertrophic scars. The local effect of the latex on the
conjunctiva l congestion, epiphora and local anaesthesia The twigs
are applied for the preparation of diuretics, stomach tonic and
anti-diarrhoetics and for asthma. Also used in abortion, as an
anthelmintic, for colic, cough, whooping cough, dysentery,headache,
lice treatment, jaundice, sore gums and mouth, toothache,
sterility, swellings and ulcer Root bark of C. procera exerts anti
proliferative action against Hep2 cells via apoptotic and cell
cycle disruption based mechanism.The latex is used as an
abortifacient, spasmogenic and carminative properties, anti
dysentric, anti syphilitic, anti rheumatic, antifungal,
mullusccide, diaphoretic and for the treatment of leprosy,
bronchial asthma and skin affection. Different parts of the plant
have been reported to possess a number of biological activities
such as proteolytic, antimicrobial, larvicidal, nematocidal,
anticancer, anti- inflammatiory action. Its flowers possess
digestive and tonic properties. On the contrary, the powdered root
bark has been reported to give relief in diarrhoea and dysentery.
The root of the plant is used as a carminative in the treatment of
dyspepsia. The root bark and leaves of Calotropis procera are used
by various tribes of central India as a curative agentfor jaundice.
43. Arka formulations in AFI-I 6:22 Dhanvantara Ghrita (17) 20:54
SutikaBharanRas(14) 8:16 Chitrakadi tel (2) 20:45 Vat Vidhvansana
Ras(21) 8:53 Vajraka Tel(4) 20:24 BrihatKasturiBhairavRas(9) 8:46
MahaVishgarbh tel(32) 20:6 Ekangaveer Rasa(21) 8:30 Prabhanjana
vimardana tel (5) 8:60 SaidhvadiTel(2) 10:1 ArkaLavana(1) 10:3
AbhayaLavan(3) 10:4 AbhayaLavana(3) 10:4 AviltoladiBhasma Kshara(4)
10:12 Vajra kshara(10&8) 44. Bhallataka Semecarpus anacardium
Linn. F 45. Bhallataka Semecarpus anacardium Linn. belongs to the
family Anacardiaceae, also called the marking nut has been
evaluated pharmacologically the following actions. Vardhaman yoga
of S. anacardium when administered for 4 weeks shows positive
response in periarticular arthritis of shoulder, Sciatic neuralgia
and early stage of rheumatoid arthritis along with spondylitis.
Bhallaka has been evaluated pharmacologically on the isolated
tissue and the whole animal Anticancer, anti- inflammatory, anti
arthritic and antioxidant activity have been reported in
experimental animals. Very few studies have been reported on
hypolipidaemic, hypoglycaemic, anti atherogenic, antifungal, anti
fertility and neuroprotective activity.Anti inflammatory and anti
arthritic activity of milk extract and chloroform extract have been
documented in rats and mice.Oil rich fraction of water extract of
nut shows inhibition of lipopolysaccharide induced nitic acid
production. It has significant effect against FeSO4 induced lipid
per oxidation with alcohol extract.The biflavonoids from the stem
bark shows dose dependant anti inflammatory activity in carageenan
induced paw oedema comparable to that of ibuprofen. Nut extract
demonstrated antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity on the
compounds of the immune system in adjuvant induced
arthritis.Effective regulation of cartilage metabolism and bone
turn over in experimental model of arthritis by the nut milk
extract has been demonstrated. Cytotoxic effect on the cell of P388
lymphocytic leukaemia was demonstrated by acetylated oil of the
nut. Anti mutagenic activity has been shown by Ames test with
water, alcohol and oil extract of nut. 46. Formulations in AFI Part
I 1:25 Madhukasava(4) 12:35 Sanjeevani Vati (9) 3:6 Kutajavaleha
(18) 12;34 SuranaVataka(11) 6:3 AmritaBhallataka(1) 10:6 Kalyanaka
kshara(11) 6:6 Eladi Gutika(15) 8:32 Prasarini Tel(16) 6:22
Dhanvantara Ghrita(20) 6:23 NarsimhaGrita(5) 6:27 Panchatikta
Guggulu Ghrita(25) 7:18 NarsimhaChurna(5) 7:21 Nyagrodhadi
Churna(28) 7:26 BhallatakaRasayana(1) 47. Bhanga Cannabis sativa
Linn 48. Vijaya .. 49. Formulations of vijaya in AFI Part I 3:12
Jirkadi Modaka(2) 7:36 Svalnayika Churne(11) 7:12 Jatiphaladya
Churna(21) 20:39 Lakshmi Vilas Ras(9) 20:32 Ratnagiri Ras(14) 50.
Danti Baliospermum monatanum Mull. Arg 51. .. 52. Formulations of
Danti in AFI Part-I Abhayarishta(15) Dantyadyarishta(1)
Devdarvyadyarishta(5) Kumaaryasava(A)(32) 53. Danti -contd 3:13
Danti Haritaki(1) 5:2 Kaishor Guggulu(15) 6:7 KalyanakaGhrita(26)
6:20 Dadhika Ghrita(53) 6:22 Dhanvantara Ghrita(12) 6:31 Brihat
phala Ghrita(32) 6:32 Brahmi Ghrita (8) 6:33 MahaKalyanakGhrita(19)
6:37Mishraka Sneha(5) 54. Danti -cntd 7:19 Narayana Churna(30)
7:21Nyagrodhadi Churna(20) 7:33 samudradya churna(8) 8:7Kasisadi
Tel(9) 10:4 Aviltoladi Bhasma(kshara)(3) 10:6 Kalyan kshar(10) 12:5
kankayan Gulika(3) 12:10 Chandra prabha vati(29) 19:1 Punarnavadi
Mandur (15) 20:38 LakshmiNarayanRas(11 55. Dhattura - Datura metal
Linn 56. Dhattura D. metel Family; Solanaceae, Phytochemical
screening of D. metel seeds revealed the presence of alkaloids,
tannins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids and carbohydrates.
Scopolamine (an alkaloid) content of the plant is higher than that
of other Datura species. Traditionally it is used to treat
conditions like mumps, rheumatism, epilepsy and leprosy. Paste of
its leave along with the turmeric is domestic remedy used to reduce
inflammation or along with opium oil to reduce body lice. Smoke of
Dhattura leaves used for the treatment of respiratory diseases like
asthma. It is principally valued as analgesic, a remedy for violent
headache, toothache and piles. Seed were used to treat vertigo,
epilepsy and hydrophobia. It has narcotic property.It has
significant role in treatment of malaria. It also cures Cholera,
chronic diarrhoea, intermittent fever. Datura metel Linn The
analgesic and CNS depressant property of the plant is often
attributed to the presence of this alkaloid (Tyler et al., 1990)81
57. Dhatura formulations in AFI-I Kanakasava(1) 20:57
sutashekharRas(7) Mritsanjeevani Sura(25) 20:39 LakshmivilasRas(8)
8:46 MahaVishgarbh Tel(2) 20:27 MahalakshmivilasRas(11) 20:20
TribhuvankirtiRas(10) 20:21 NavaratnarajmrigankaRas(36) 8:55
Vishtinduk Tel (4) 12:13 Dugdha Vati(2&4) 8:48 Laghu Vishgarbh
Tel(2&9) 20:6 EkangveerRas(22) 20:18 Jvararyabhra(6) 20:19
Tarunarka Ra(5) 58. Gunja Abrus precatirius Linn 59. Gunja Abrus
precatorius is a widely distributed tropical medicinal plant with
several therapeutic properties. The seeds are used in various
diseases like Indralupta (alopecia), Shotha (edema), Krimi
(helminthes), Kustha (skin diseases), Kandu (itching), Prameha
(urinary disorders) Abrus precatorius have high antioxidant and
anti proliferative activity. Gunja has also been reported for its
antitumor anticancer, anti fertility, CNS depressant and analgesic
activity in experimental models, anti spermatogenic, anti
diarrhoeal and antihelminthic, also in treatment of ulcer and skin
disorders 60. Gunja containng formulations in AFI-I 8:26 Neeli
Bhringadi Tel (11) 12:23 Mritsanjeevani Gutika(18) 61. Jaipala
(Jayapala) Croton tiglium Linn 62. Jaypal The genus Croton belongs
to the family Euphorbiaceae. The Croton oil, the essential oil of
SCT, as the effective part, has been reported to have purgative,
analgesic, antimicrobial, and inflammatory properties. It regulates
the gastrointestinal transit in mice, and affects the inflammatory
and immunological milieu croton oil causes spontaneous smooth
muscle contractions in isolated rabbit jejunum and the underlying
mechanisms. From the leaves of C. tiglium, a pyrazine derivative
crotonine was isolated which shows significant analgesic effects.
C. tiglium has been extensively studied as the source of
phorbolderivatives Phorbol esters have been shown to be responsible
for eliciting a markable range of biochemical effects except tumour
promoting. skin irritant effects platelet aggregation and cell
differentiation. Eight phorbol esters isolated from the C. figlium
have the ability to inhibit an HIV induced cytopathic effect on
MT-4 cells. Ctoton oil also have anti leukemic action. The most
investigated activity of the phorbolesters proteinkinase C (PKC),
which plays a critical role in signal transduction pathway and
regulates the cell growth and differentiation. An In- vitro and
In-vivo Study was done to evaluate the Antinociceptive and Smooth
Muscle Relaxant Activity of Croton tiglium L Seed. 63. Formulations
containing Jayapala in AFI-I 20:5 Ichhabhedi Ras (6) 20:13
Ashvakanchuki Eas(12) 64. Karaveera Nerium indicum Mill 65. Karavir
Nerium oleander L. Family: Apocynaceae. It has been used to provoke
menstruation, as an abortive, and as an antispasmodic in the
treatment of angina pectoris. As an external medicine it is used
against all kinds of skin diseases like rash, scabies, ringworm,
lice, leprosy and boils, skin eruptions or irritations in herpes
and to destroy maggots in wounds. Latex, bark and roots have been
used against corns, warts, cancerous carcinoma, ulcerating or hard
tumours. Ethanolic extract of Nerium oleander elicited shows
typical cardiac glycoside activity with dose-dependent increase in
amplitude of contraction and increase the force of contraction of
cardiac muscle. Oleanders contain within their tissues cardenolides
that are capable of exerting positive inotropic effects on the
hearts of animals and humans. The cardiotonic properties of
oleanders have been exploited therapeutically and as an instrument
of suicide since antiquity. The basis for the physiological action
of the oleander cardenolides is similar to that of the classic
digitalis glycosides, i.e. inhibition of plasmalemma Na+, K+
ATPase.Three oligosaccharides were obtained by acid degradation of
crude polysaccharides from Neriumindicum Millshowsanti-angiogenesis
activity.More recently, research has focused on the anticancer
effects of oleander and its constituent compounds. Oleandrin
inhibits certain kinases, transcription factors and inflammatory
mediators, including tumour necrosis factor. This may provide a
molecular basis for the ability of oleandrin to suppress
inflammation and perhaps tumorigenesis. The authors of this in
vitro study suggest that oleandrin may have applications for
various diseases, including arthritis, but all require further
investigation. 66. Formulations containing Karveer in AFI-I 8:7
Kasisadi Tel(8) 8:16 citrakadi Tel(6) 8:53 Vajraka tel(3) 67. Other
Formulations of karveera 1. Karaveeradya taila Bhaishajya ratnavali
2. Karaveeradi tailam Vydya chintamani 3. Karaveeradya tailam Vydya
chintamani 4. Vajratailam Vydya chintamani 5. Karaveeradilepam
Astanga hrdayam 6. Sveta karaveeradi lepam Astanga hrdayam 7.
Yekanga sophahara lepam Astanga hrdayam(ci.17/25) 8. Palita
rogahara lepam Astanga hrdayam(U.24/35) 9. Garidamalaku chendanadi
tailam Astanga hrdayam 10. Jyotishmatyadi tailam Astanga
hrdayam(U.28/34) 68. 11 Mustadi churnam Astanga hrdayam (Ci.19/67)
12. Sleshmavisarpahara lepam Charaka samhita (Ci.21/87) 13.
Vishaharnjana Charaka samhita)Ci.23/69) 14. Vishatailam Vydya
chintamani 15 Pallavadya tailam Materia Medica by Nadkarni 16.
Sveta karaveeradya tail: Charaka quoted in chakra datta 17.
Karaveeramula lepa Saramgadhara samhita(U.11/.105) 18.
Chermaroganasaka tailam Vanoushadi chandrodaya 19 Vaatanasaka
tailam Vanoushadi chandrodaya 20. Kasisadi tailam AFI 69. Langali
Gloriosa superba Linn 70. Langali Gloriosa superba, Liliaceae
family is an erect, perennial,climbing herb. Tribesmen of Patalkot
apply the rhizome extract over the navel and vagina to induce
labour and facilitate normal delivery. According to them, 250 to
500 mg of the extract may lead to abortion if given to a lady with
a pregnancy of 1-2 months. It is also used for the treatment of
ulcers, leprosy, piles, inflammations. It is used to treat
intestinal worm infestations, thirst, bruises, skin problems and
snakebite. Gloriosa superba is used for labour induction by
traditional birth attendants in India. The tests carried out on G.
superba extract indicate that its mechanism of action was neither
estrogenic nor progesterone like. However, it is early
abortifacient activity appears to suggest that its activity is
oxytocic. The absence of any effects on the cardiovascular
parameters enhances the plant extracts safety profile in pregnancy
Credence to the folkloric use of Gloriosa superba Linn. (Langli) in
labour induction. 71. Langali Formulations in AFI-I 8:7 Kasisadi
Tel(Sl.No.6) 8:16 Chitrakadi Tel(9) 8:46 MahaViashgarbh Tel(12)
8;50 LangaliTel(3) 72. Parasika Yavani Hyoseyamus inibar Linn/Niger
73. Snuhi - Euphorbia neriifolia Linn 74. Snuhi It is popularly
known as Sehund, Thohar and Milk Hedge. The leaves are thick
succulent, 6 to 12 inches long, ovular in shape. E. neriifolia
hydroalcoholic extract was found to contain sugar, tannins,
flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenoidal saponin on preliminary
phytochemical analysis. Several triterpenoids like glut-5-en-3b-ol,
glut- 5(10)-en-1-one, taraxerol and b-amyrin has been isolated from
powdered plant, stem and leaves of E. neriifolia28. Neriifolione,
atriterpene and a new tetracyclic triterpene named as nerifoliene
along with euphol were isolated from the latex of E.
neriifolia29Antiquorin have been isolated from ethanol extract of
fresh root of E. neriifolia.30 Anti-inflammatory and analgesic
effect of E. neriifolia is reported by31. There are reports on the
mild CNS depressant, wound healing and immunomodulatory activities
of the hydroalcoholic leaf extract,32 E. neriifolia leaves are used
as aphrodisiac, diuretic and also used in the treatment of
bronchitis, bleeding piles and in ano-rectal fistula33 The plant is
useful in abdominal troubles,bronchitis,tumours,leucoderma,piles,
inflammation, enlargement of spleen, anaemia, ulcers, fever and in
chronic respiratory troubles34 . The aqueous extract of the latex
of E. neriifolia facilitated the wound healing process as evidenced
by increase in tensile strength, DNA content, epithelization and
angiogenesis. 75. Snuhi Formulations in AFI-I 1:1
Ayaskriti(Sl.No.33) 6:22 Dhanvantar Ghrita (16) 8:16 Chitrakadi
Tel(7) 8:46 MahaVishgarbhTel(31) 8:55 VishtindukaTel(8) 10:3 Abhaya
lavan(4) 10:4 AviltoladiBhasmakshar (8) 10:12 VajraKshar(9) 76.
Vatsanabha Acontium Chasmanthum StapfexHolm A Ferox A.Balfouri A
Balfouri 77. Vishamushti - Strychnox nuxvomica Linn. 78.
Therapeutic Sprectrum of Upavisha Kupilu Strychnos nux-vomica is
widespread in its original area of distribution in India,
Indo-China and Thailand and is not in danger of genetic erosion.
The antimicrobial activity of N-Butanol, Methanol and aqueous leaf
extract of two medicinalm plants followed Cassia agustifolia and
Strychnosnux vomica were tested against the human pathogenic
micro-organisms,such as Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, A
niger, A terreus and A. Flavus24. The antimicrobial potential of
plants was compared according to their zone of inhibition against
the several pathogenic organisms. The antibacterial activity of the
herbal extracts, indicated by the size of their zones of
inhibition, Activity was detected from the ethanol extract. None of
the herbal extracts examined showed antibacterial against E. coli
or P. aeruginose (gram negative bacteria) Herbal extracts have a
greater activity against gram positive bacteria. Identification of
targets for suppression of inflammation and cancer,
Pharmacologically Strychnos nux-vomica showed anticancer,
antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti feederent
activity, Their specific effects on gastrointestinal problem,
nervous system, blood glucose level, bones cells and cardiovascular
systems have been also investigated27. 79. Kupeelu Formulations in
AFI-I 8:46 MahaVishgarbhTel(Sl.No51) 8;55 VushtinduksTel(1) 12:1
AgnitundiVati(17) 20:6 EkangveerRas(20) 20:10 KrimiMudgarRas(5) 80.
Formulations containing visha/upvisha in AFI -II 3:7 Bahushala
Guda-Danti 4:2 Arkadi kvatha churna-Arka 4:19 Mutra sangrahneeya
kashaya churna-Bhallataka 5:1 Panchamrit Lauha Guggulu-parada 8:3
KabjaPrasarini TelBhallataka 8:9 Brihanmarichyadi
Tel-Danti,Arka,karvira,manahshila,langali,Snuhi,visha, 8:11
Marichyadi Tel-Visha,Arka 9:3 Pardadadi
Lepa-parada,Hingula,Manhshila,dhattura 9:5 Swet Malhar-Tuttha 81.
Formulations in AFI Part III 1. Kameshwer Modak-vijaya 2.
Vashishtha Haritaki-Danti 3. Shatavari Modak -Danti 4. Amvatari Yog
-vatsanabh 5. Nagkesharadi churna-vijaya&Ahiphena 6.
Pashanabhedadi churna-Danti 7. MadhyamNayika
churna-parada&vijaya 8. Lavantritayadya churna-Danti 9.
Vidangadi Tel------Manahshila(For Nasya) 10. Vyaghri
tel---------Danti 11. chandramrita---Hingula &Raskarpura 12.
DantiMuladiLepa-Danti,Arka&Bhallataka 13. Bhallatakadi Lepa-
Bhallataka&Gunja 82. AFI Part III conti. 14.
RasabhraMandura-Parada 15. AgastiSutarajRas-
Parada,Dhattura&Ahiphena 16.
AgnikumarRas-Parad,Ahiphena&Vatsanabh 17. Agnitund Ras-parad
&Vishmushtika 18. Ajirna kantak Ras-Parada &Vatsanabha 19.
AbhrakMalla yog- Malla 20. ArdhNareeshwarRas Parad&visha 21.
KanchanabhraRas Brihat-Tamra¶d 22.
KaminiVidravanRas-Hingula &Ahiphena 23.
GrahniGajKshariRas-Parada,Vatsanabh,vijaya,Dhatura,Ahiphena 24.
JvaraKalketuRas- Parad,Hartal,Manhshila,Tamra,Bhallataka 25.
JvaraMatangKeshariRas-Parad,Harital,vishmushti,Dhatura,vish 26.
Jvar SamharRas-Rassindura 27. TripurBhairaviRasVish,Tamra,Hingula
83. 28. NashtaPushpantakaRas-Parada,TamraDanti 29.
PashupatRas-Parad,Vish,Dhatura,Ark 30. PradarRipuRas-Parada,Naag
31. PranBallabhRas-Tamra,Tuttha,Jaipal 32. PraneshwerRas-Parada 33.
BhairavaRas-Parad,Visha 34.
MahaMrityunjayaRas-Harital,Jaipal,Hingula 35.
MahaShleshmaKalanalRas-Parada,Tamra,Jaipal,Danti 36.
MritSanjeevanRas-Parad,Tamra,Vish,Tal,Manahshila,Hingula 37.
MedoharRas-Parad,Ark 38. RaghunathRasParada 39.
RatneshwerRas-Rassindur 40. VasantTilakRas-Parada 41. Vikram
keshariRas-Tamra,vish,Ras 42. VidyadharaRas-Tala,Tamra,Shila,Ras
84. 43.VidyadharabhraRas-Danti 44.ShulaKutharRas-Ras,Tamra.Jaipal
45.ShothKalanalRas-Ras 46.SwaskalehswarRas-Tamra,Vish
47.SarvalokashvryaRas-Ras,Tal,Vish 48.SarveshverRas-Vijaya
49.SarveshverRas2-Rassindur,Ahiphena
50.SarvangaSunderRas-Tamra,Hingula,Arka,visha 51.SomYog-Rassindura
52.KarnaVindu-Ahiphena 53.Netravindu-Ahiphena 85. RAS SHSTRA It
takes undigestible substances like metals ,minerals, Gems &
Poisonous substances and transforms them into substances that are
easy for human body to assimilate 86. 87. - 88. 89. , 90. 91. 92.
93. 94. 95. Classification of meterial Maharasa:- 1. Abhraka- Mica
2. Vaikrant- flurite/tourmelin 3. Makshika- copper pyrite 4.
vimala- Iron pyrite 5. shilajit- Bitumen 6. sasyaka- copper
sulphate 7. chapala- Bismuth sulphate 8. Rasaka- calamine 96.
Uparasa :- 1. Gandhaka- Sulpher 2. Gairika- Red iron oxide 3.
Kasisa- Ferrous sulphate 4. kankshi- Alum 5. Haritala- Arsenic
trisulphide 6. Manahshila- Arsenic di sulphide 7. Neelanjana-
Galena 8. Kankushtha- Gum Gamboj/Malabar Tamrind Garcinia sp 97.
Gandhak 98. Gairika 99. Kaseesa 100. Kankshi(sphatikaa) 101.
Hartala - Arseno sulphide 102. Orpiment patraHarital 103.
Manahashila - Arseno sulphide 104. Kankushtha(Gum Gamboj) 105.
Sadharana Rasa :- 1. kampilla-Monkey fresh fruit 2.
GauripashanaArsenic trioxide 3. Narsara-Ammonium tri chloride 4.
Kapardika-Cowrie shell 5. Agnijara-Ambergris 6. Giri
sindur-Mercuric oxide 7. Hingula-cinabar 8. Mriddarshring-Lead mono
oxide 106. Kampilla - MALLOTUS PHILIPPINENSIS 107. Gauri
pashana(Arsenic Trioxide) 108. Narsar(Ammonium chloride) Sal
Amoniac NH4Cl 109. Kapardika (monetaria Monaea & cyprea moneta)
110. Agnijar(ambergriss) 111. Hingula(cinnabar) 112.
Mriddarshriga(Litharge) (LeadMonooxide) 113. Dhatu-Metals 1.
Swarna-Gold 2. Rajata-silver 3. Tamra-copper 4. Loha-Iron 5.
Mandur-Rust of iron/ 6. vanga-Tin 7. Naag-lead 8. Yashad-Zinc 9.
pittala-Brass 10. kansya-Bronze 11. Tri loha-3 metals 12.
vartaloha-5metals 114. Ratna- precious gem stones 1Manikya-Ruby
2Mukta-pearl 3Pravala-coral 4Tarkshya-Emerald 5Pushparaga-Topaz
6Hiraka-Diamond 7Neelam-Sapphire 8Gomeda-Garnet
9Vaidurya-chrysoberyl 115. Uparatna-semi precious gemstones 1.
Akika-Agate 2. suryakant-sun stone 3. chandrakant-Moon stone 4.
Rajavarta-lapis lazuli 5. Sangeyasav-Zade 6. pirojaka-Tarquise 7.
Vaikranta-Tourmeline 8. kaharuba-Amber 116. Sudha varga-calcium
carbonate 1. Shankha-conch shell 2. Mrigshringa-Deer horn 3.
Kukkutanda-Egg shell 4. Mukta Shukti-Mother shell of pearl 5.
Samudra phena-cuttle fish bone 6. Ajasthi-Goat bone 7.
Sudha-Limestone 8. Godanti Haritala-Gypsum 9. surma safed-Calcite
10. Dugdha pashana-Soap stone 11. khatika-chalk 117.
Vish&Upavisha-Poisons 1. Sarpa-visha-Snake venom 2.
Vatsanabha-Acconite 3. Arka-Crown flower 4. sehunda-Milk Hedge 5.
Dhatura-dattura 6. Langali-Flame lilly 7. Karveera-Indian oleander
8. Gunja-Indian liquorice 9. khaskhas-0pium poppy 10.
Vijaya-canabis 11. Jayapal-Croton 12. Bhallataka-Marking nut 13.
kuchala-poison nut/Nux 118. Miscellaneous 1. Kausheyasma-Asbestos
2. Badarasma-Jews stone 3. kanta pashana-lodestone 4. Nag
pashana-serpentine 5. Sphatik-Quartz 6. Naag sindura-Lead tetra
oxide 7. Tankan-Sodium Borate 8. Wbresham-Silk worm cocoon 9.
Kasturi-DeerMusk 10. Mayur piccha-Peocock feather 11.
Gorochan-Bezoar stone 12. Kalami shora-salt petre 13. Sarjikshar
sodium carbonate 119. Gauripashana - Arsenic 120. Thank you
