'oxnHoaos oowr[on o[nvxrcas [oH oN[oHeoAAddeu ,{natlos a(B[ wae{raadoJec

da(',ftodudu a{,{Qe.Iee all a(u,rdaua doaei,r nerexraQa urf,I,Ih 'suslsoHgo J{ xuxotog 'urlrlgowor,Ie o[ enoQavar

JoHuragol{ Uo - os: anadxou e[ axow x,rHouog

'axdu: aao t( eeregmr,rdoxus nasredgee a( xuuoUoa

'axullol' 7961 1[t9ua6uny uo6enr.rvauah afr,rdaeex no:re11

c--

nspa4ercyc (1493- 1541)

ffffiil*:,il:iil: Aii##ir#l. WcBo.lcTBa.

XeHpu Kereflguu ( 1 7 3 1 -

1 8 1 0 )d

6roK

Clrarpa ce npoHana3aqeM BoaoHt{Ka(1776). Ha3Bao fa jeropyhr,r rae4yx. *

t.2.

3.

5.

6.

7.

I

I

-l

I

-''''','.''.|

AHwoaH Ila6oa3uje ( 1 743- 1 794 )::f::H#;:":;1" ^a-a.

lil:',ffi"G3@ - floroxaj rogonr'rxa y llepuo4uoM c].rcreMy e,reMenara r{ 6eroBa e./reKTpoHcKaKoHQr'lfypaqrqa

IIItrra ce xpuje usa cundona H?

BogoHr,rx je npnu y HI43y elreMeHara lleplroguor clrcreMa, Il,eroe aror4je uajje4nocraaHujr,r o4 cnlrx aroMa eneMeHara y llepr'ro4Hou cucrelry(r = 37 pm)'. Cagpxr,r je4au nporou u je4au eneKrpoH. OA csr,rx eneMeHara,caMo r43ororrr,r BoAoHI4Ka ,{Majy noce6na r,rnena. To cy npourjylr, geyreplrjyu.,

--'""'"i.,^" / ah ) l

36or rapaxrepracrr{qHe eleKrpoHcxe xou$nrypaqnje 1s' no4oHlrx nevao4pefeH no;roxaj y flepuoguon cncreuy (Cn. 1). Onaj eneueur 6r norao gace cBpcra y 1. rpyny 3aro [Iro uua jegan eneKrpoH y s op6uratm, ann v y17. rpyny 3aro lllro My HeAocraie je4an enexrpon 4o cra6r;me eneKTpoHcKexon$urypauuje, 1st. Mefyruu, BoAoHr.{K ce 6lrrHo pas;ruxyje oA erreMeHaratr l. u 17. rppe. 3a pas.nr.rxy oA a/rKa/rHr4x Merana, (eneueuru 1. rp1.ne), rogo-Hr{K BeoMa rerxKo orrryxra e/reKrpon (Ei = 13,6 eV)'. 3a pa3/r Ky oA xanoreHJ4xenevenara (eneueHrlr 17. rplme), noAoHr{K reuKo npr4Ma eneKrpoH (X = 2,1)'.

Bogonnr je uerr.reran. Morao 6u ga ce cBpcra u y l. 17- rpyny tlepnog-Hor cr4creMa eteMeuara, arrl{ He npr{na4a xlrjeguoj rpqr4 u fisy.rrala ce

noce6no. I/lvarpv vzorona: nporujyu, 4eyrepwjyu u rpw]ujyv..

flpoaepn croje snae,e I,2. tr 8.no MHoio ueuy eogouur je jeguHcEtaeH.

I4syuaaano 1a uoce6Ho.

' npxnor: CnrKa 2. flony[pe.{HlK aroMa- I1p;rror: Ta6era 2. EHepr ja joura3arluj e vL CnrxaT. A$uuxrer rrpeMa ene(rpoHy' flp;r;ror: Crrrxa 4. Peraurnna erexrpoHerarr{BHocr eneMenara flepr'rognor crcrelra

IIporrj.vM iFI-99,990/o

nevreprii!\i Il (D).r.uirt BoloH!k"

-0,019ro

rpl'ul{r\\r rr I

enexrpoH vnForoH o,.,,.".

@ - Hasralt, ooHa(e t pacnpocrpalr,eHocr. I4aoronrr eo:oulrxa14 Ibr{XOBa PaCiIPOCTPaiSeHOCT \'nPr,rPoAr'r.

l]l TpnqI'IjyI.{ je paErloaNrtBHr!I{3OTOI1 BOAOHl4(ai Ca BPe\reHO\rnonypacnaAa oA 72,26 rol\I{a.,{o6rja ce y uyraeapHr{M peaK-TOPr4Ma, a befoBo npr'lcycrBo

,v

Ilpr{poA]a je 3aHeMap/br,rBo Mano.

14

7

nI,loT

st :

e(l]Eb-^c/yed,{rpdau^al 6 ExnltC 14 ps{aquor addwdaultal 7 erage; 'g exlrv3 :.rovud1 ,

xr,rHoiosodoux IJHl- I+

tlnQr,b-xunoUoa 5zgz- r+

?[os OzH z-v)eluHoI,,I?

HNI+ _

1+ rodg ttuoufieYvcxo ar{n xuHof-os ewraverewaH ef, eruaeraqnlafd

[r{dIfix-wdfu]r r{dx tHIyI- +

Yvdfr trx ^ r^r f,furfiue>r z He Jt7+

IudVux-nd[udreu ge1qI I+

I- fodg ,{Hor{[E[raf,)o BW]axuHoEos sLwal/{ ?r{trfrtrdflwx

^ e)urllofo{esrasruta( xundexug ar,{lrdo6 fl

I I+ a[ exnuotlo s, .rdg \ilr.ovrfiefru:lx o '(r{LereI^IeH) I'Z

uo rqas r4Jf,oHs[le:anodrvaua rxa(uhutpaox ?nrl JHarrlara r,r:-{dll oxrlox6'afrvdfrrtx t'ftedt u 1- fodg unor,rfieVuf,xo hrr4 xnHoios (urcraw) (I'Z = (H)X)lz vo vsfew vr,onsrlleraHodlxala ura(nhuQaox,((enu ufox ewnurer.tara e:ewu+ra+rutaf l '1- uuv 1+ aaa[od,g auor{[e[r4f)ro r4ftr,, { exow wxqra.Hr{vaf.,txrlHo[os e[ ohu{flrs uJf oHsl4nJeHodrxara erxaiulurpaox u a(l,rhedhutpuoxaxtHodJva[a daon:o e11 aaa axfHo( r4 aHJHar?so>r I,t utrBdJ )I4HoVog

v}|14H0tr08 v8r)t'0sl vx)rilt^,|lx'z' t'evnnoVos esr:[os? ?rf, ft4r,,'rax oweHeold oxuvoxd

owlldosoJlo ?[ owaxow eq{erurr Eso e11 ;xnuo6oe ownlo1o oxa osoma6ac rryy1 2at,fioad o6 attcow vnxoOoe owohHoa)ah wn[ot! oJ ;otuuoryt4tc aeomDg nolrotl ,(6h woid6 woxau nun nryaetd4a ,( at o6 ownqdery,( a6 owatrcowoxox 'ucndnw n a[o9 ea9 '(txt6eoe 6o nmxou outa 9'Vt) nl xnxo6oe aI oxy

'dhral:ascaH r4resseeu axow am ld ar oxe u er4slm,(Jes a( lrre 'neeodroa(uH ,(:). '65Z- = [) dnHer]n {r ,{r:dan ,( ui (J. 7'ZSZ- = >11) r:ounar.{ r,udosJadu a)Kor^r atr ir4Hobos'art{tr io tru onrene uddredalwal ?H'agevf,ewoag ,txuuolos r.{o.r,:ds}' I4 rroHr,ar,,( afor:or afov au4l a)fL(xeuoldqaw u,{: eu ',tt undevouall '(3 7 e:aa: L:ew enlr er,(xavow r?0I. Z0'9 'lour/8 Z = W)af,?hr av?hr orued vt eftituattufl xuttel,c er,loag l: exr4Holos uu,,(xaro11

vxt4H0l/08 v8r)f08) vvh14Et40' t' t

dos-oe[?dr ra dfurxodu ae ewranodl-xava wlruadeulau Br ave.r,u9d6

o-l.l :aeae auquauoe o(ndoa1 (9deu r,rn:nod.r,xala uxr,lrnflafetafledr r{HodJ,xava r4uadeurallzH nxr.t H-H r'fiw HOH -H. + .tI

:o[ndoay4 oeocnty (eE)II4HOtrOS

endxaron erre(elreu sexud[ i

jl I zH avdxavow aHwomosf utredJ qa{ 'H wore oerl l4foJtroxaH '?hHeJf,I],{f, undernarralla oex 'x4Houos or?t '(zsl'aHz) ewd(ra[ax ere.r.rol-ttueweun J:r,Kungfzn,((uhedd:urpnox -,(xnodr,xava -,(n rrgel) e:r

l. Jepawue pearqrja, godajtrea6xrapron jepmena BoAonrlKa:

+llLi + H2 J 2LiH trr]{jyv,-xtrqprrl

N, + 3H, ? 2NH3 a1,,r6Hra1aKCt + H, "r 21161 xJropoBoAoHnK

fl flprllrepr pe4ynqrde oxcirgaBOIOE|IXO!{

o(cnA Meriura + H2 -+ Meran f HrOPeaFrrrla

-_-.-1+2 0 0 +lCUO + Hz.' Cu + HzOoxcrgaqrja

pe{yxqrja|---.---------}+200+lPbO + H, -t Pb + H2O

oKo-rAaqrja

TPADEIbE dAHAPHUX JET,AIbEILA BONOHNKA

Bogonur Mo)

-o[osodorx I,I exHufi r4 err4Houosas{E(}rgo[ oxrf doredogey - S

'ewlfudar"Aafl o69919'9raxd[m dyarodu,t e[os e)If,Hsa){O

'ew,{(ydarda[ lror,eII"[a[ ,rsEvo[ syrdHo[os JoHhr4go

eltorz ggg 9:orxeec 211 fl

u[odrrdu l(BxuHolos asre)KureH - lm

e)rr{Hot-os uo ,{f,aHaqedJer,raUasEa dftnalIHdJ

UDI 00I UeHr edaot-owJ,e ewr,Iso{oxf, wxyorrs

^

?wusoteJtrlv)rH)Ixds r(

BrerJn L?fuflllarou unflod,rxara lrsldB[ne.r,3 '1 uva9e1 :,ror,lrd1 ,ufodradu d erenar,tara r:onasredJ,lodu:e6 1 exuv3-:.ror,ud11 ,

-llwa.if, rrf, 9[oHo"raH"vud n[o.r,:ou orm dltoar .r,oarx a(e[ xono[og - ?[ass pilafl" Jlran]brofi l

''(A oo'o = 'H" Htoa)EIJ;wJ/a)tDt I,t xl4Hoios l.'JtcuJ;lu el &orr ' ?fu,IflHaroll ]rHlodJ)ala Ha-vrarar .L(ewfi fi(o>r ' vertw eV r(sJ,rfos: BH ?sr,rHf,?a at EF,rtuerd

(3)zg .r- (be)213u7 - tbe\3gg + ts)u7

0z+t+0'(S 'rC) endo wdJ r4 eHhr,rHoUosodorx,(: o,rm oex anula:yy

r,r rHj,rh arrudo)r aJ agmah(BH Exr{Holo{ arr4uolos axd[eJ a(o:r irH?rt-ttlrt xutl'dfr n eteJ JoHr,{ea 'al,oeH 'aios ?wr{ r,rllodrdu / etl 'er(xalow xux:-nardo [o enaQed.rer,r eqlrg ear.rx,(r eU,(Urs,( ofisi{r.r oxv 'enasrudJ,codrceddc er,rroaa exr{Houoa Bruda ,( rqeu axow our4[af )rrrH-oUos a, oJet 'exl4Holos az(xarow 'nexdtee axow eH avrarag afr,rtrurueed,r'ex,{[eea aHrnft ages oJoHv[ I{ ef?w axf,rdxalolt alew o.lraeudeia ,ro9g

attoNtot t n[oaaon ttnwodos nx ofr: 2netwag ou n{ogcof, ttnfloOos nx ob:

vvt4H0u08 lqllxvuvH''r

fin llsjegxavaaare je4xarunaoKcnlopeAyxqrje

1) Oxpetu ottcr4aqnone 6pojeaeE/ICMEHATA:

0 +l'1 +3 -1 o-Al + -HCl

J -AlCl3 +_H,

2) llanu:ou.u je4navune uo;r1pe-arqrja (6poj orn)'rureHr{x r{ Irpr{-M/r,eHr{x erreKTPoHa,) :

AI"-------+ Al*'f,l_'n

n -------------> Et

3) tr4sjegnavr 6poj ornytnenr.rxr4 npr4MrbeHrrx erreKTPol{a:

ero------ er-' r

Htt------ tlo irAto--l rAt*3

_1 +3e-

4) Dpoj arorua [o6ujeH y no-fiWeaKt\ujv ,.Bpcru y ieqlla-vuny (3H ogronapa 312 H2):

l Al + JHCI + 1AlCl3 + ..i'' lH,

5) Ilorvrnoxu roeQr.rqnjenre 6po-jeM TaKo 4a go6Njeru qene6pojeae:2 Al + i HCI tzAlCl3 + :H'

0 rl -2

Mg,s, + 2HC\aq; --r MgClr,"o, + Hr,u,

0 +l +2 0Fe1s, + 2HC\aqy -t Fecl2(uq + Hr(s)0 +1 +3 02A1

., + HC\aq, -t2A.lcli(aq) + H2(s)

Eo."*,*"=-2,36Y

Eorrrr"=-0,44v

E^*,^=-1,6/\'t t3a lrugycrpr,rjcro 4o6ujane uexe cyncranrle norpe6Ho je ga rexno.nourxn

rrocrynaK 6yAe uro eroHoMll.rHraj . Oxo 77% cBercre rrpor{sBogrbe BoAo-Hr,r(a roTr,rqe ue na

allu4goo aHEs-otulludgwx ds udu.rar' (9 :asrBrlonsoHf,o (? :exunoerux e(rahedl,r-nrpuox ex:nodr,xaog - Ure

tsZ

,dsrds rds.dso

ud7"s7 "s1

go

dueue{,(,humodnX enaHxloJ '9t6I ptrfuse '9 EHahega9lto9 axtlto.r,e e(raeovu:xg - @

EV?JEW JCIIES'{OBIIPSee osr4do.r oex xuuolog - @

evtrgot4oLLeee osr4do.r oey xr{HofoS - @

(e

ra.l:onsuJ,u,rauodJ,xeva ralHeFa[]r(paoy :.rorr,rd11,

aes aHrHarBsoi aHdEvoll 'anderou otr4eBdr4 (H-o) e3a .,(r e,rar, .rogs an-odrxale trheJ/svdn oHxeHr'r(g' = X; er.enel rana xu>n[uvtex xfi(fi]frs LeJeE-odJ)axa(eH [o Heia( oB)r 'xr.rHoaf, X 'Hedellon oruBdeu a( a[os u,braxow

'eJor4 ar amr4g jnnHouxqttnutd6 6o attynuetd at twan o112ongaroa oxory a6os af '(wat o11,,,vr.oftuet:il twoHhr4Jer r( .l,fudtetrc a( r4JoHW 'onr'r,rQrahal: ,&,tar, o.ronw or v fiflodudfi Iaslasauft?[ e( afurmaeradnodlred(eg 'eIrHeJJdr eHszr:onta{ ovde a( [affr.r-e11 'a+ra+rr.rie{ sfr,rxxeg(eH af elog 'ytra:xeti:f eH ra{J ,{gl,rx r e)esoh e

vxLtH0tr0s lqlq{hvlf lf14HXvBrvH 0vy vy0s'z

'(6 'LO) egr,rog $r:r rore efiaeovl:xa eedu r4 r.rJ,eeas axow ar wr(fi,rd-errbf et 'es{exe{doen Jondeav),{x,{etUoeel4odu ee fi iIusxar (osdealydu ,{e: ,((euev9adr,ol,( '(q) w,(ludar,{at u (g) r,u(unud.r,

.eyl{Hotos r4roro6tr4

'evl,xs,tws,n'tgr.r egr,rdeJd?r,'[ agre/. gol ee u(ud,t i:,:-u (onogwedxadu ,{ lr r4ve

.wed(puos a[oJ.m oex BneJaw xuu,bt: aere(lr9oi Ee fi[uJd(ueJrew I a: n.r,:r,rdoy 'er,aqdr,paue[vgol1 Bg xoHBJarr B roH?Jaw asre(lrgo[ ee nr:ndoy aJ )I,{Hoiog

'osr,rtadt ouoxlrx/(lad a( xrxouog'ufudtttrfl

-nra ,{ r ronawradu woqaefen z: enr,rrerux tro a[ enlla( enr,rta:ux unr,ranoiosod-otry'eavdgl,Qxnn;oee a+refi,rgo[ ee ul:udo>t at xe[w{owv 'exr4HoVosodorxu eye(r.rnornie Iea.r,r.fi) ee $ tr[eaes1gedrolld xr.rHoios anur'zvox aqaefell

tweulda{ erdurrag uhud.r xrxoiog'(g 'uC) J.00L Z u a)Kr4rf,ou eHaweull ed,{r,edauwar, et y{odrrgo f,

.BvEr-aw ae{eerldegee ee u eaevgadrou,{ ar xrauolog 'e.rdoucned,r r,r eqerml,rteuy:toy eqoymar ra oey as{tossrrodu eHeh yof,r,rs a( >reJeJtoUaH 'aHr.rUoJ 'gS5I!o aHor,rse aHetw u aJa)Ied agad)olr exlrHoUos ae{eeadoJel ouef,I4uod;Hoy'(/'vl) (:rnuolos eH sdorow) elragowol,{e o[ (>rrlHotos "H a(l.rdar,eg) exoQ-arer JoHrfigon io - asr aHadxou e[ axoyq l(det,ftraVos a(e! wasruEadoJef,daf ,{Uodudu eL(geJe aH 'afu,rdana doaelr ne:exr,r{a ra nr.rr,

.erasreongo a(xr4Hoiog 'r,rr,:onqrftl(9 r,rroaudo.I r,rlrDrmorora pdJewJ f,BHEU atr xr4Hotog

'afrdJdeHe aHronllorErrr{hr{rror u)Iulles aJ ?qegpxf,o "xrrHoar[x r ExI{Houoa r(uhxuad rl

'wow,([r,rrax an trr angrxvlell a) :ereY'worr4Hoaf,rx ec a{uiuead aHsr,rovuf,ra Jog 'Hr,rualeh ut| ugexudu\l wot -r,rEH forl xr4JDHo

'huxr4rall aqas{,(u ee :e.I oex ou.r,:radox al etexag'Jrr r{m)rulrlaH al vrrHolog

vx14H0y0s vHlt,1llndu's'r

I

EE - Terpaegapcra crpyrry-pa MoneKyna aoAe; s6or jaKor oA-6Njana cno6ogurx e/IeKaPoHcKrD{napoBa yrao lrsuefy gae o-aese(currraa) roje cy Hacrale rrpeKla-naneu spt-op6urara Kr{ceoHI4Ka t{s-op6llrana Bo[oHr,IKa nuje 109,5',KorruKo je y [paBIa[HoM rerPaeApy,neh ueurro uarlr.r (B = l05u).

@ -

ru{Fr=ffii lLZ

J r\roJe (I zH v-'txarohr (r

'(Ho)3 ([ ]gH (r 'HN (s 'HIVI'I (9 uos'H (?i I - lodg l,rHol4hevrf,xo Br lr{ xr,rHoioa ,{cres{ui1aI wo)I

^

'0IHeN (tr oos'H (r "od'H (s 'o'H (9 IIH (e

ldear dx:nof raVed,r xltrolos,{s{as{r,rlaI luox,1 6z( lrdxalror^r (s -H Hol[ud[llx (g rH Ho(-)rrHo[os (E

Z ouzu eZ'*dZ v>Kdile: ehur:an xraseiasDH [o ?fox 8bdoso!6o loHhout 0adlltn oeon rurcf,dxoot

ahser:r,{r ax:sof u asdevou es r,edesl:ed oey a: r4nr4dox eqac{ [aI eHdeH],rg u[?dJ xr{Ho[osy311 ' eg]\I -'tsa.r.nra: ee a: uJ:udox osJ:tlad: oHofifix,,tlad af xr4Hoios?llrf,xo a eueJer{ aurlugoV ee a: ur:lrdox " enl^rdaror.ra a[ exr4HoaJr4x r{ ?)r{Ho[oa eifiIxeadosudor afx Hofloa ehHuJJx,ttr EHd?lor afelos

woflawndU nt nsat[on nxaeoll '7'- [rdrlrx-r,u,{iradles v

-

fludifux-l,udfnhvex

' Vr,rrplr{:-xfinolos (- }r{Hotorodo,{rrf '- xefunovue:e)I uHouoa EWI,lclJcr yfJf

wr{gatlal/tr pJeHar rave esafodg aHorrn?[u]xo l,lvedvo lr aL{ltdoQ mt4r]eH g;xast dgaweu alox e

,alos dvdxarrow,( alor:ol aeaa aioy .92u.fndondoget f,e[u9oV agmar,(eu xrlHoUos fihHeJtrudt at xubx q,q V

,ewras{aq{uiaI d py]4HoIo s{rl t Houll?[r,I]xo egdJol,u d: eioy .g

i?t?Hawauaewarrlrr ronloudag lu,td.r '11 l endat el ?V oeJor,,,r xl{Hofos ug olfiet'Z

;eynHovos e[oJosl4 r,rwoJ.e axdIle: ahl{J:an afoy .1

'r{oflosr rormar ailvr rr oHtla[d ar ufox

ewr.rdorxeed r,,u,rsdeavxdn,{ enodrdan r'egr.idou:d oex a: u.lrudoy

'avos JHr,r,rgo flo yo9'71 ee egaa affof enr,rr,{1 wow,{[r,rdaJ,ta[ Hec{a}^tee >],IHo[os e( def raior (onr,r9o aIeHJoLeHP'nzr'I ?troa Exmar Il

eioa exmal !l@

ssrYH alogl l4d[godl]

'g asreHe 3(os) ,rdesodu

-Lj (9I vl) O'C '[os ?xmar u u[o.l:ou rudlurodu ueerd vdxalornr tt[ttt tr aflos, iadol rfl owr4r{awolf

'eltugeaxo u Bnndolrt'ewr,rdasa(

-{ las: r,rsrrx ee elehelte fo a[ orm flos ou er,{ru tlau 'l,rsur:-{.r ,{ ex-uueed rogg (axramad asvrr:udx e+redrawdoQ) auuwadlee e

Haituuu j egfla.qufle x.e rruj cKux pe aKquj a

I Ilpegcranr jegnavnnava pearqr,rje y xojNma nogonlaK pearyje ca:a) $rryopor'r 6) cprnopor*,r n) raxqr,rjylraov.Karo ce eoay Ao6njeua jegnmena?

I lpegcranr pearqr,rje rraerana ca pas6naxenou cprnopHoM Krrcenr4Hor.a jeguavranaua y MorreKy/I-cxom n joncxov o6rrxya) Zn 6) Al B) Mg r) Fe

! Hanuuz jegxavlrny go6njana uerana us orooo(II)-orclr4a ys nouoh oogoar'rxa xao peA)'Kql'roHorcpeAcrBa. Kojr,r enerrrexrlt ven ajy oxcugaquone 6pojeoe, xoje cyce c1'ncramle oxo'r4oaane, a xojepegyrolale?

lIapauyxaj

! Koly eanpeunHy rrpr4 HopManHr4M ycnoBI,IMa 3aysl4va 100 g nogonnxa?f, Konnno je rulorpaMa KoKca norpe6no sa go6{ane 2 m3 aogoHfiKa nprr nopuannlrlr ycnonralra?

Ysr"wy o6svp aa ce y xoxcy nanasr,r 97 oh qgtcror yrlhentrKa.

I Konuxo ce dm' rogonrara (npra nopManullM yc./IoBvva) uoxe 4o6rrra y peaxqlrjr qnnxa n 500 cm3pacrBopa cyMrropne xmcennne uvrjaje xonqeurpaqrja 0,2 mol/dmr?

22

EYTI. l; 1-..tz

l,.t IJ

inuoyt oxnu xnuo1oe at o6 wodnego : 'tatouc-2[4o aI at9ad1!o11 ivnHsollnvH n6osen 6ar1g

r?mrr{ ? dosJ.o -

Oni)

;tdxe9$l I ollrrgoi Elrarxo-(il)dexeg.ror: h E r e) rtg Enoagadrol af (d x) exuuolos ,rup orr{Lo11 (s

,osJl-[adtr oHorrhx-'{Ved oex r,rLr4 oHorrhtllr]xo o?x

m

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ledoreeuverex oa.l:,{:-wdts etr vuu, rd.{redauwar. (oxo:ns es xata(d.read zg rtoldxarow f, r4hHEJtudtr eH-r{qas V ?hr,{Haq{I1[h eaesrmefgo ef, ox?X (s

z?xuHoios.rox:v-{x:row [o u(r,trsuJxead (xl,IHotoaraHJHaItreH-H) xuHotlog ux:hrore ai oJrrret (9

lor,r[ogeago tgul,rtry doaltedltneur'rgtrw (9) l'taaddla ,( ot IEl ef, oJme (

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Hexa4a ce reponarlo Aa 2/3 CyH.{eBe Mace qLIHra rBo)KDe;a.a y cacras Cymqa ynatu vypan xojn HetrpecraHo caropeBa.,{auac ce ena 4a Cpqe ne crja e6or ,,ycujauor reoNba", sehs6or sogonr,rra. Oxo 760/o KocMr{qKe Mace quHfi BoAoHi{K,Z3o/o xerrr4jyM, a ocrarr/, e/reMeHrr4 oxo 1%. Cyuqe u gpyre3aesge clrjajy saxnanyjyhu repuonlxneapfuiru peax{r{auaroje ce ueuper lHe + 2e LH=-26,7 MeYllog re;ruruv npr4rr4cKoM (vuntouw arlrocQepa) l,I wr-

coKr{M reMneparypaua ( 100 MuJrrroHa creneuu Ile;raujyca)rrerr4pr4 BoAoHr{Koaa arolra rpa4e jegan arov xenujyua. Tovrtpr4lrrrKoM eMvryje ce orpoMHa Ko.rrr{qr,rHa eneprr,rje, Cavo

Cynqe, y craxoj cexyugu, oxo 4 000 000 t BoAoHI,IKa npereopn y eueprujy! Me!yrur'4, npoqecu cnaja*ajesrapa (Qysuja) Mory Aa ce HacraBe. Og xarr,rjyua ce go6uja )TrbeHL{K, oA )T./beHI'IKa KI4ceoHi{K, nacBe Ao cr{Hre3e rBoxfa. Ty je xpaj H}'Kneocl4Hre3e y jesrpuna sneaga. Taga 4onaara go rpaBl4rallrloHorxoranca. Hajaer uvarcrsennja excnrosr.rja y cBeMrpy flo3Hara Kao ,,cynepnoea", cMarpa ce u3BopoMcBI4x no3Harl4x npl,tpo,uH14x e]reMeHara ga naanerlt 3evnu.

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A,IKAIIHI4 META'IVI Li NA K Rb CS Fr

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Ono cy cauo HeKr{ oA npr{Mepa cyrrcraHrlr4 anKarrH X Merana Koje ralrajy npraueHy y cBaKoAHeBHoM xr4Bory.

Yilosuajuo ce ca caojcfitauMa anKatnHux Mei ana

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.exetetroltOJOHW 14[OJ]O[ AH JHAWAIS hqo PeJoved roJlr4 14 EsEqmt4had elEll edo!,{ eJJh Jo9 'Bfie led e[ostuod[ aH]4hr.rvor aHlehene a: lled

-PsD rl Z avloll rl Z oro ax,{tfuHr'r 4lled axo'il Jl r^t

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@! - Mo4"o MeranHe Kpncranne peue'rKe anrrjylra. 14:uelyno3r{TlrrBHrrr Me fa,rHllx joHa Li'l(yrnrlrleJ Hana3e ce ae/to(a/rr43o-BaH!r BalreHTHr'r eneKTPoH14.

lff!@ Ter.reparypa ronrbeba(T,), reuneparypa xnyvana (T.)r'r rycrrHa lpJ anKanHtlx Mera/ra.YIIopeAr,r r'rx ca BpeAHocruMa 3arroxl';e.

T1"c Tp/"c

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xoBr,r aroMr,r rpage MeranHe Kpr{crarHe peuerKe (C1.3). Y $opnupany ueTallHe Be3e yrlecrryje cauo jegan Ba-rIeHTHI4 elreKTpoH cBaKor aroMa, TaKo Aacy Mera/IHe Be3e y oBI4M cyncraHIJaMa seoMa c,'Ia6e. Ca noeeharseNl aron4cKot6poja pacre ee.ruvr'IHa aroMa, na je 14 BAneHrHI4 erreKrPoH cBeAalbeoA;e3rpa(Cn. l. u 2). Yrnqaj jesrpa na cee y4anenuje e[eKrpoHe cna6r, na cy u ue-ra-nne eese cne cla6r,tje.

Y xpucrannoj peuerKl,l arKa.Ilnrix Merana nocroie cna6e lreranne sege.

36or cra6ux uera/IHI4x Be3a eleMeHru npBe rpyne xMajy xapaxreptrcrnv-ua Qr.rsl,rvxa cnojcrea.

1.1.0143I11,I KA CBO,JITBA A'I KAJIHI/X METAIIA

,{enorallrsoaaul,r e,reKrpoHl4 y weralnoj xpncraluoj PexrerKl4 cy Pa-3-[of trlTo a/]Ka./rHtrI Merarri4 npoBoAe rorllrory t{ elleKTpr4urrrer. Clree cy 6oie,ta3y3eB rle3raiyMa Kojr,I je 3narHo-x(yr. Kapaxrepucrr'rqHor cy MeraltHor c.]aJa(Cr. 4). Y nope!erby ca ApyrrM Mera./rI,IMa r'IMajy BeoMa HI4cKe reMneparyperon./berba u K/byqama (Ta5ena 2). To uornpfyje 'runenrally Aa cy MerarrHe Be3ecna6e. Ca noeehar+,en aroucxor lipoja, BpeAHocrr'I 3a reMneparype rorll:selnarr K/byqar;a ora4ajy, a Meralrl{ cy cBe ueruu. 35or rf3pa3r'Iro cla6nx Ileral-Hrrx Be3a .rrlru,rjyl,r, narpl,rjyu u xalujyu cy MeKaHr4 r'I Mory ce cehn noxev.Py6lrgrjyM r,r qe:r',r.jyu HeKaAa cy ce cBPcraBanr{ y rer{He e/reMeHre, s6or HIa-cKe reMneparype ron./belna (38,5'C ra 28,5 "C). flope4 HtcKI'Ix reMneparypaTolr/berba l,I K/byrlaba, KapaKTepl,lcTr{Ka aJrKa/IHr'Ix MeTana cy I4 ReoMa Ma/rerycutre (Ta6era 2). Y6pajavo I{x y rpyny

^aKt{x verana. .Iltarujyrt je HajlaK-

rrrr4 qBpcrr,r eJreMenr llepuo4nor cucrena.

Anxaffittc Meranv cy cure 6oje (oclrlr Cs), cpe6pNacro-ueranror cjaja'r43pa3r{To Me(aHt4, /IaKr{ Meranl, npoBoAe TonnoTy 14 eTreKTpt{qr'Irer.

"\ flponepr caoje snarbe 4, 15.

ArranHr,r Meranl{ cy no $usrvruu cBojcrBl4Ma 6lnno 4pyravl'rjl,r o4rooxfa,6axpa, onoBa, a.[yMr,IHujyMx r'r Apyrl4x Mera/Ia, Hx Koje [pBo noMla-c/rr4Mo KaAa y cBaKoAHeBHoM xlrBory vyjeuo pev ueran. Og anxalnnx rr.reta-rra He Mory ce npaBI,ITI,I rlBpcre MerarrHe KoHcrpyKIIIrje. Melyrtalt, aKo y3Melro y o5:lrp 4a je jeAHa oA rnaBHrlx KJpaKreprrcrlrKa Mera na cnojcrno ga rpa4erro3r,rrr'rBHo narerrprcane joue (rarjoHe M'-), 4a rpa4e {5a:e u 6asHe oKcI{Ae,oH4a cy atrKanHr,l N{erJrn n,r ceojuv xevtticr.l,tv csojc rsuv.t uailtrpa rltrtljnnajrraruvnuir,r ueranu y fleprao4noM cI'IcreMy elreMeHara.

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dyrdfiasah elradu ewtr[ rfiy Yo trql\1tr'e(od9 rox:wo.r,e wor,:edon e: ar:ed JtroHrrr{Jxted

'sodrxava rasrnaneg fos: dfermdrJoJm)ev asr uworu '( ?uagEJ) dieleuo a(r.thter,rsoi alr.,r.rdana v eu'aftigett extd[er,:ou rnod.lxara u ed.reaf ,{Qawelr alu: annelar,rdll ?dreai tro eHodJxavaJoHJHaLes rtronas1ev-{ alred eln:o.r,e aHfihrlvas ltor:edou eJ;n\ld1 I UJ1H-on14toad oaaw at ovov'uodu:txaua a14ttr4t11o oD ,(atra11 lxntae ,{[awn oxy

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deag ,{xrh,rr^rax aved.r r,,roftral.raua wuiox e: rdlrsgo ea9 'Hesr4uaon iaadu.,ur.rc{ac{ Va[,{ at (od9 lrHo]4hthrtrxo aoxragl auodrxava a(.{r .{xdaudu tl,,{royt en nrsal,rara r,rso e[,,([-(eevd'( ptrageJ) l,tt:oltsllletanod.lxava anrafulr-r,r{aox ee u.l:oHlads e)Jr{H .I4J]oHsllterasodtxava r,u:iuhrQaox u.uer,,tfen .,{iewu r4lerJr^r rlHle) e ,{wanu: wosloudag ,{ el,unar',rava xxsr tO

diutred.{.ruQuox,{x:uodrxava .(ullu9-er,:,'{(rwr'r r,ruof ule.lre11 *,1,t1 r,ruo( r,rue:r,rd.lvavaes oHsI,IUIsou d[e.l:es en-odlxala waslelmdurg odu,su .{flrhrd,{rllQuox ,tx:Hodlxava -{[ a.t owertr,roxe 'rsuslwdeed ,,(:a[ fihelol r:rsvrg6 uodrxala ,,{[trmdrro erenawava xus:Vo amxev[e11 ,a(uirtelrno|,((l,rrdasa ,{q;el,,rfen l.[el,rI{ IILeJaw unlevve 'dwat:r,r: wonloude11-,{ emHawaua xr4af, [O 'sodrxara se[af owe r ,(fe.lmduro ovtl

?woas prEHewava xr'rgo ral^Ioru eV -,(f.,{sex.{ '(g era9el) eir,rhee lrso [ .,{(u.Idana dr-,(dV ee axuuas ornsede lr n afuhesuHoI dfi.,rrdana -'(sdu ee lt:ouflada auu1,rtr; nnod,fin$uox lxsuodtaxava tutngatat [trnD]tot ntuu aw nHltoruo oxox

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'ewr4aor)dnr[H9ororr d af, ,tiead6 'ea.l:had: enol4trx(Ved ehef[eH Lf, r]r ?Jaw r{HVe)uV

'I,,lowd-{)eg [oL EWuIdIIN r^luHJvxpJt wunasluoree -{ a: -{[es-,{r- lrveralu llnuexue r(rngr'{J.xeadi"H oex w,'(f eafi tr Ndir,r[],rgdd ?xL[es r4r roJLs n rrox14Hoaft{) pl veJew txetgox uu.r,xadr,rV esehadu: w,,(avodrag,{r,rlarodral .{ -'(fes.{r, a: w,(fuvrx n w,{(r,rdres 'NAhrrvU er,ir4rlovi-{ wr4Hge:-ou,t dfegdr, a] r,[trarr ]tH exvp ex,(tlses r,r wo)tdHoall4) I4 woJvs

,wofloser afnhxead end,tg rogg e[ngo[ a: iox y Hotlos uveu? ?tl exoN eJovro.rHaqogouro aHr\rdaJoJa .,(tr ewoas atros J4 ellJaw xr4HLexu alralt)pJd

Vr,r:xo dl?ux - 1,,1,{ irad.r.e n

0 >H'V {B)zg 1 {be)gge51 - (t)gzg + (JeN' ll i. il

'esJtrh'adr JoHorrneVn:xo :a[u9ev: oJoHr r oe) ,avos afi u qes (JH-grsovu:xe -{: afr,rhxeadl uuuvatlrx er4 onpJ aH 'xr,{Holos -{Htrr,lllfi e[ -{Jor,,r e[ehr4Hasrr4h r4 af-,{qdsJou '(nodr.xaua ,{(e.lmfu.lo oxru) esJlfiadf, Hor,{n)d[ad?xe[ oJrdr4 ]4 r4Hsr,txead oJ.raerdr,t r,ruprafi r,rHr-fu)rve,(: e[ , (1 u3; trxrar.-oII WoI,,Ie] EH a?L?H ?ueJaw .{r'ru wox:noUtg,{ al aJ 'Lir,rhHalou JoHtrodJ-xava .ronVdetlur:r: .r,:ont1adq .(xranfeu ,tfuwl4 ear:[ad: Ho]4h),,{Yed xfoJr,id14 d: uveralrr 14Hvrlve 'HodJxeva ,{[e.lm,(uro wo(or agoxev rogg

V UVJ1 W X U H U V Y UI/ DO H S C)O U ) V H A U N X AV] d

aAIIKA'IH14 METAIIt4

i' , Ilurujyu ce uaira3 y Be/rlrKoM6pojy Mr'rHepana, oKo 150. To cyua.jveIIrhe a,ryLrocnn Karr,r Kao

[rTo Je Mr{Hepa.,r [eTa/II4T.lloenaro je nr'rue o4 220 M Hepala

y rIt{lu cacTaB yna3r'r HarPrrtyM.Oxeaun ca4pxe y npoceKy oro2,6% uarprajyv-xlopr,r4a []ro je

oKo 8070 pacrBopHtrx cyncraHqr{.

Cropo l87o 3eunlrHe Kope yrneMr'rHepanr{ ,,r3 rpy[e Qen4cnara(arylrooulrrara) Kojrr y cBoM

cacraBy caApxe Kanr4jyM.

Py6llgujyu u qesnjyM y rrpr4poAr'rce Hana3e y rparoBr4ua. Hajrlrueux,rMa y M Hepa/l{Ma Kan[jyMa.

@ Anaparypa 3a e/re(lponx-3y pacroIIa nr'rrr4jyM-xnopr,rAa

)I(. A. Ap{re4con11792-1841)loArHe 1817. orKp o[4r[iyM y Mr{HepanyIleTanr,rT KoJr,r Je ,rr{-

qr,lo Ha o6tlqaH KaMeH(litio KaMeH).

Ha sace4any Enuecror Kpanercror 4pylrnoa 19. noeell6pa1807. Xeuopr leeu (1778-1829)caoluJT],Io je Aa je orKprro HoBr'reneMeHr Harpr'r.jyM. l434Bojwo rc jeereKrponr,r3oM pacrorra HarprrjyM--xnopuAa. HeKonrlKo AaHa (acHr.rjeorKpr{o ie KanrajyM.

32

6V

LiNaKRbCsFr04 carx jegumema alrKalrHr,rx Merana, jeArtr,elr,a narpr,rjylra r,r xa,rrlrjylra

cy HajpacnpocrparneHrja y nprapoAr,t. IIo MaceHoM yAely, HarpujyM 3ay3i,{Marnecro, a Kanr{iyM cegMo Mecro'. Bplro je re[rKo Hahr4 y3opaK HeKe cyncraHqexoja 6ap y rparoar,IMa He caApxra jone narprljyrrla n xan[jyMa. Ba>KHo ie 3Harr'rAa cy ynpaBo oBa ABa a./IKa/rHa uerala eceHqlrjanHa 3a cBa xrana 5uha. Jonr,rHa'rpu)yMa u Kanu)yMa, Kao Heorrxo[Hr'{ cacToJurl Te/recH},rx re{HocTr4, yqecT-sy il y oeolta BaxHr{M npouec Ma cBaKor x14Bor opraH14i\4a.

A;rxar;ryt t4.eram/t y npr{poAr4 ce Ha/ra3e ,rcKrrtyttrBo y je4r,rmemuua.Og cnvx anxanumx verana jegnrt'erl a narpnjl.ua v xanujyMa cy

Haipacnpocrpat eHr{ja y rrpi4poAx. }Srxoara najnosuarvjvr lltwuepar.rl cyKaMeEa co (NaCl) (Cr. 8), wzncra ruarrarpa (NaNOJ, KapHarrar

(KCl ' MgCL ' 6H2O) w cuxswu (KCl). Y6pajanro nx y.5r4orene eneMenre.

@ - Kaveua co (NaCl)

flpoaepr,r cnoje anane 3.

1.4. I06t/JAfbE AIKAflHt4X METAIAC o6supou Ha BenI4Ky peaKrr4BHocr, alrKa.rrHr,r Mera/rr'r cy orKpr,{BeHr{ pe-

narr4BHo KacHo, rex y 19. ll 20. eexy. )h,rrujyr,t,uarpttjyu tr xa.lnjyn ce qaHac yvngyctpuju po6ujajy us pacrona xnop14Aa etreKrpo/rr{soM. Yronuxo }r,r,rxoeuxxlropr{Aa HeMa y npr4poAr,r, Kao Illro je ro cny.iaj ca rrtru,rjylron, HeonxoAHote Aa ce r,{3 Ha.[a3r,[rrra - lrr4Hepa^a go6raje npno xnopr4A, a sarr{M ce Bpnr{enerrpo.lnsa (C.r. 9).

TOn16er!eNaCl19-' => Na-4; + Cl 111

xaro4a(-) 2Na* *2" > 2NauaHo4a(+) 2Cl 2" > clru

2NaC\'1'T*'P.S'o 2Na,", + Cl,,r,

llvrrt4jyM, Harpt/tjyM tt Ka trjyM y ttr^1ycrptrjtr ce go6u)ajy erreKrporrrr3oMpacrorra Ir r4xoBr{x xnoprrAa. 13

' Ilpraaor PacnpocrparneHocr eneMeHara y rrptrpoAr4 (uacenr 1'Aeo)'florneAaj AoKyMeHr ,,Harprjyu n ra,rnjyrl, nao 6uorenlr eael"reuru"

7

acrfr,rgov ? rEde[V - Elre

'JlovJagf,drdx a(Bv !rd,(.r.edaur,,ra.r. ioxo:ueeu rlfox lrdfirdren axduet axqrar-asD e.Hatuasro oHr'ru6 - ll@

worirdfraflng,{d erafr,rvaq aur.r,rdlxaraoroq [@

)0euJIoeJD[nHlltls[oH osoxnqi IJ nfov n 'o[ouaw xnHuoyuo t)qaqniaf ufnuxaefox [to[ox 'll.osu.x woHfiaHtroxes] ,{ esfisrHaweaH ,{r aler,:ou eHogdexl,Ig etrof,u ol e)tc{ x-,(X 'ewf,lfidJeH v e\\r,L(ux|->r eqros{ut1af 'am]4fifH r4 [xoj^r 'EWr{efrave)ui,'rJx dH ll?Jew wosf ,{,{fr,lwax -{xtrH?JdoaH ? fudoredoger exea3

VUVI] W X14 H tIV)I UV Vq]]9I IAVI{' ("'D!oa oloHw fio[ n

'Ph?daJtrd r4 aloa as{ec{el1)des osJtrtradf, oHorlrer?dV xaV oex r4Jf,r'rdoi r4ft,rdoredogur .{ a: lu((udreg

'noloa E] d{dJeed oHdig vlreraw uH "vxv'everaw xlrx{xr r4 ux,{h,{p) Jo)Ihr,flaJ,Hu] as{?[I49otr ?

'efog vfud,nlftuu d l, fl.rdren 'esoxav u(udl:,(Vsu ,{ u.l:r,rdov a: wl.{vrr'\I'esrf,xadr

"Hor,{llv,tlJd dtr nlrurew r{Hrre)rv

'(ZI 'uJ) raHranuflan d u wuaolodgru,rxhr{r rlov 'er^ren Hdowuou d ,,eqdvu xhJmas" '?xr4Hoalr)] dogsr{ oexr{Jtrr4dox aJ r,rfo) Bilrl>todax,(r asre(r,r9oi ?s r4Jrr{do) a: w,,{(r,rve; xl4Ho[osafel r^roi]os e: rairluead .{ vbx eflvdflux as{efr.rgof e rrr]rddox n rrlfuL I'esraslag e r{Jtrr{do) ar r4fox E[ trxodeu asreiugo[ ee rar3 dox atr ],,L{fradJpH

'ewuxererileH ur d(d,read lrruraw lrxlexvy

'(I I 'rC) erHal,{elr Pne)fidg?+ d 'el^tI4Jmt,.tvl,t[edJ BH 'er\itHeIlJr{fid'aqraqrlas:o osr,lrv,{ ee u:,:rdox a: ?JoJ Jogg -{LJew r{ -,{nr,rmedr eodv adul-odu e (o) JrovJes: dr,,{x oHsr4eHalHrl dfefl elu,{fi,rd.r,es ltodel er afiuve[r,rl

',{fo9,tr,{x oxane HarHu J[eU w,{(udruf'(0I vl) afir'{ur4JJv axr'r,rw:ox ee eleQadd

'edatrev 'as{r,u4H: ee e[eQad-,t uaova[ nHsene: -{: afox efralaq xranr-udrxaua-ororp.,{[edeu ee ,,euoi exndge{" o?x a] emr.rdo) w,(flrsah ],r wf,ttr\ltigA4

'r,rJrorrrasf, asflqrlna u(lrldauaa( unlroao[ ur?Harrara xuso ur,{or? f,[ufiel.:,lrr,ol eg dwar,rr,r: wou[or,rda11d e,lenaurala xustr !o a{xneurrof ,t(ra.rdarra ,(qew(en ,t(ewlr s3 u qA

;ttuDryaw xnHunrvo auo41 ,(6asenod4 aumn6ol ll1aet I n:uaO at oryLmag

VUVI]W X14HUVYUV VH]WI/dU'9'I,

'axds: aHvefrahdehroy e6 oLewong revad aVoss odu,{.[agr d ac{mr{[o.r a: 1,u,,([ulex ra w,tiu.lr,ry

'err(fr,reeh 1gg1-91 u ewd(ralln9dd enol rnurarai ovl4vovaH'e yu.{ fildreu 1 6 90 00 I oxo ala suo 1"1.=r 1

=:y4:Ltr

t'

ANKAIIHI4 META,I]4 Li NA K Rb CS Fr

KMnQIr l\K. MnO,,

'Ets

ralnjyu--rrepMaHIaHaT

KCI

Kanr'rjyM-xnoPr'rA

@S - le4rarlen a a.DKarrlrr{x Mera.ra. ,Iby6Nvacra 6oja xaaujyu-oepMaHraHara florr'r.re oA aHjoHa

MnO., (o6ojenr aujouu naj.reuhecagpxe npela:ne verale).

Onrure jeguavuue pear

-?F:=-:--l_l-

st ,'

..,1,,

JoHJllostw[t4dJJtrfl:dt1

^

'wahPIrt{ue v\rlrHaw,{lI{ I'{OII)IPIJ ]AI'{IIPhEIIJ''I Ef EI{EYlcou d diee,{h radosr:ed taHal?oa

trgoxr(lH al rr HElahdou ovxEJl,{(eerdreH evtJ,al"{ xrtrruetrle vrflrt)xod[ux 'eee9 exe( orreedeia oey

edoaJ,red{allos(bt)HOeN 1 (3)213 .u (3)zg < *_-.*" (r)OzH + (be\leN

'u of Jso edosJl?d .ronaloa ee rodJxella a[ )"u-{J]on ? 'VudoLXwdindren ai ds{[osl,rodx Axtftidnlfr:ntt ,{Hasr es eHr,raod ] eHsoHf,O '1

000 000 0e 60 amns ?[ 'Dg aso oqt6osenodrJ oxt1San oumnOol 'ehuu:-{q uwr eul:ued.r lyuvgo -i( agmah

-fen afeflodu er phHJtrxdtr ea6 ftmr,rxdr en,(se9,{uo e.rrsegeH ,exlrloxrrt r.rJoveJJo ,{qar^rr{ 'efudoredoger exea: e)? a( onafeu,rgo6 e[os 14 [ dtr x-wl,btdrev, vtu ef nryo w,{fudlen 'elr,{fr,rd.r,eu uft,rhxead I rau,rgoV a: axo1,ttr

nq{esox--,td r,rdu nesaduo

"woJa r,rJug egad; ',{r,uahodu wovew -,( u )eh 'tlulxodir4x-

ndfud.lrn axdlef, afoy eweIne.r.:ud: r: ?u 'dxox eeud,retr oyl; I tll,rrxodVlrx,,,L{[udJeH '(drevu r:[un{) ?Hxoy]odJlrx rr 'es?g exef af oJm oJt efrHJtr

-x-{f, HsodJo a[ flutr)odfrrx-w.'(fndreg 'e)?o: Ear{x oe) eJeHsorr a[ .{Iod?H,1 ?Uof, eHawe>r r,rrr:r enr,u.l:dex '?H]r.[ e] esueeH ![:xodfux-w,(iladre11

(V EO) V fiV N E Dyo d E w X. W AIU d -LV H'Ir4f,xodvr{x-

-w,{(r,rdren ewra ,(naltradrr -'{gatieu eveJar^r xr4Hrr)r/E etlu:xodVnx xuar Vg

g',{l1lr:xodX:rx-wl(!Nealr ewadlellw)y,odfl x-r tl{urux Vo ldg&r,r 'a.:,f,ed ee9 ?Hr{he{ 'dJ,[eJfr4f r roHilo]4delf d

ahe(feH 'ae9 axef o leed| dJ cJJeLerN x HvB)xE rauralodurrxJHogde){lrtdfr,rdren'o].FI

rl)O.H I r.)rOJzeN - ,s,,93 a ,.)ggu51Iradorr-1,q,{fralex{r)ozH + (b'\l) - G"\lH + (JHo)

' (.,(udd.r dnln:xodl?ux

,{nl1a( l(rwu) e9 avatrfiyoH[af I xn ol,le[ed96 rtuo: tr[e[ugo\1a: .,(war, udu'wfiVuJxo l^ruvelr{) ?J r4 emeHr4rra]r4x er r,r ,{[dread 'ae9 asf, oX dfadJatr od9 ouds a[-,{:or anarxer: ?qegovJo a: rfox arovror Jo9 e'oHwdaroe.re a( as{edesJ.:ed alovuoJ ar{r4hr4uox axr,t rs ries{eqegoloo a[ euaqedl

'asaa a)f,Hol wac{elr,rx:ed afer:es r,rfoy 'enoi roste;el,r eft4heJedlr,rx(b") HC) + (b")+eN

AflKAIIHLI METAII14 Li NA K Rb CS FT

KarujyM-xugPoKcug, w

rru;*',iu}"-: ;fr1lluutujyM-xugPoKCug,LiOH xopvcrn ce Kao e/IeKrPollur3a,I3paAy aKyMy aToPa 11 anKall-nrx 6areprja. FarePlrje Koje caAPxe oay 6aey ur'rajy 2-3 nyra Behraranaqlrrer og 6arepr,Ija y Koj,IMa je(/brrHr{ erleKTpolrrlT Kr{celr14Ha

i.=..l4axo cy jontr narPr;Yua n ra

llljyva ecenqnjalat{, coill4 oBa ABaeneMeHTa, Kao Ixro cy Ha npt{Mepxap6onarr'r, llory 6r'rrtI orpoBHes6or 6asne xr'r4polnge. 36or nr,t-rparHor joHa Kant{jyu-utlrPar je

3ana/br'IBa cyncTaHIIa.

Kao pesynrar eleKrpoll'Irl4qKe 4r'rcoqlrjaqllje y BoAeHoM pacrBopy Harplrjyu-x;ropuga nocroje jonu: Na., H., Cl ra OH C o6srlpor't 4a je uarseenepruje norpe6no sa pe4yrqlljy H. joua, na KaroAI4 ce us4raja eo4onrlr'Kopulrhersen rpa$r'rrnr,rx aHoga nocruxe ce oKcI'IAau ja Cl joua Y eo4e-HoM pacrBopy 3aocraje uarpujyu-xnop"":lj

raro4a(-) 2H > H)'anoga(+) 2g1 --2*

-

91\

Ha ucrr,urauuH yungycrpnjr'r ce 4o6lrja lr ranujyu-xr'r4poxcra4 Harpujyvxra4porcr,r4, NaOH Kopl4crl'r ce y I'IHAycrplajt{ TeKcrIl[a, calyna, nanlrpa' 5ojar,r KoA MHorl oprancxl'rx clrstega. MHore cyncraHlle lrs ,,xyhue xeurje"' rolece Kopr,rcre 3a ql{uheme pepHr'I lr ranpnaHor nocyfa, y cBoM cacraBy caApxeoBy cyrrcraHqy.

? [porepn cnole snane lo iir

2.4, CONN AflKAII HI/X MITAIIA

Conu alxalrnr,rx Mera.[a cy rr'IrlllllHa ioucxa je4nnema, reoua go6popacrBopHa y rogw.I4v'a Ma/Io 3y3eraKa. To urje cr1'vaj ca colrl'IMa MeralraApyrl,rx rpyna IIepI4oAHor cr'IcreMa, o velry he 6raru pevl't y HapeAHI{M norrra-n.rr,uma. Hajnehy npur'reuy l'ruajy conla Harpl'{jyMa I'I KanI'IJyMa (xnop'rAl4' Kap-6ouaru, Hnrparr l'I nl'rrpr'trr'r). Bl'rue je pasnora. Tonll Harplr.iylta u Kalrl4ryMacy eceuur4anrur sa Nlrra 6lrha, na ce rlI4xoBe colru Kopl4cre y npexpar''r6enojvuyycrpuju. !o6po ce pacrBapajy y BoAI'I, na ce Kopl'Icre Kao I'I3Bop aHJoHa'Pacnpocrpameue cy y npr'IpoAl't' s6or'{era ce Kao ieQrlaHe cI'IpoBI'IHe [Pr4-nenyjy y r'rH4ycrPr'rjll 'f

Co.nr,r anxar:ltrx uerana cy rI{[]IqHa joacra jegumersa, Kpl'{cranl{ecprcrauqe, go6po pacrBoplre y BoAr{'

Yuosuajno ce ca caojcmsuMa conu anKanHux Metuana, Koie gaHac y cqetuyuMajy Haj BehY uPuMeHY...

HATPUJYIV\ XIIOPUI] QbNqHA NflU KYXNT\CKA CO)

ConrI cy rnaca xerlrjcrlrx je4nmena, a/II'I KaAa y cBaKo,4HeBHoM xI'IBoryKa)I(eMo co npBo noMl{cllr{Mo na uarpnjyu-x;ropnA OBa cyrrcraHlla Je no-3Hara Kao xyxltncra unn o6uuua co Y nprapoAla.ie BeoMa PacnpocrpalbeHa'Y 3euu,rnoj ropu nocrojr'r y HacnaraMa KaMeHe co[I't. PyAapcrult KolaE'eM6roroga r

OZH +ZO3 +OJZW

Epxecr Corcej(1838 1922)

iJ E(onoNrr.rHocr Co-roejeeorrrocTyrr(a cacTo]r'r ce y ToMe rrToce ctopeAHr,r rrpor'r3no4 CO, nencnyura y arlrocQepy, reh ce

epaha y npoqec (I Qasa). Tarcofe,lo6njeulr auourjyv-xaopr4,NH,CI npe4craalla yje4uo n

r/raBHr.{ r'r3Bop aMoHrjaxa. Pacreopca aMoHxJyM-xnoPr'raoM rIoc.ireqefena uarprjyn xl,rAporeH

r

ot

' I .:'

lfi,rdVr.,rx-lr-'{[uvev'- iuf xodeu-w.,([lrdres

-

lludor,x-ltl.(lre ah '- [uf,xo-n,{fud.lesflti|uLt-wtr[ti.tuu'eluusraerulaI wugaflar: I rrenavrara aaa[od9 :noulre[r'r]xo ledlo ra av,{ltdoQ umureg 9

il]uogdexug elo: e[o] ?sr.D('of, pxf,srrlxdx on?ar4?H d.loa x woHgaHlojpsl d eiox afiner:rL: dseJ,:ec wox:fuy{ax ou,{: elry'g

ieweh-seru,{: rrl,rndersal,rava oey dn-,(iracan v ltntlJnflugld '(wtr[vtttu L ttbr:ou aas e)](xwax ul,rr, u(oy 7

iaJHawava ar{aJor{g.{ owe[ed9d averan auvexve afoy 'E;etnnuauttfla{ A vw eral.r unvexve -{(enu (odg r'ruorheluxo uby'7

2rgr.. ewd(uhned{ uo.loer,r enu esodrdan oxuvoy 2ave;aw axrexre L owe[ed9,{ arualrana a(oy '1

g(IIYH gIOg] I4iI:I{OdU

(s)zgy - (B)zg .r G);ill tr

{OsJ 'zOqU 'zO) rll-u:xodau-{: ,{[er:en el,rdfueah lr ew trbfiugld'ewl[uuex esresadore: r4fr4hx?ad

^ S'0- exunoarux (odg

,rHorafi?Ur4Jxo lr a[ el 'sodrxala nadeu:en lrxdle: ,zg uofne ewufox .{ es{as{ lafd: rflu:xodald3

;nqnrxodaa,b lb oam

'ar'e{ oHJen aagaHu?raw r,r -{r

u'esrI^I oroslt a[ efoy *r1 ruof r ewoJ eHrrhr4ves a[ rovse6'eLJaw eHvexv? arl.di lr w,,{ftrdren ee elrlr.l:ontlads e: dsraQadou,{ esrew on-JeH JHJWara Joso ?HuJf,{J r '?qas e( oHJBH EW tr(wtuu eqznf,q>t u Eqrasr-or eddredalwal es{endJtrflo EH]as owr,{r4 ar,,{d.r ago eHevr, .rogdu Vox'erruar:[oa: wulrast l,tr:les e: e.r,esal,uava en{dr lrverar,r uuvexve,{r oxe;4

;auo4ha$o tr[owooI ow,ffnrynu 6ox aJ Llph logt

''i i.ir -:l: i l'. 1.1i. --

?'.1'7'g a+reue afoa: lrdaaodl 4

'naHawau2 nHalon9y n a1tr trt aD ohnua,xnu n nuo 'oHo[Ho Ds1]t[oot 'n6os I ratoenwdoemsod adg-o6 'n6odnda I tttouaqodtltodrjsud ,h olouead 6o uo6a1 ,Oqoonsr woueau6ox-oet tr ,(uawndu fi ayasoh at [ouaHe nxnuas ,(own ouurylaw xnHuoxuo nuoJ

L

fiIloeetru ceojcmla ca upuMeHoM

NaClNaHCO: SNa ,SNaOH

Aaje i{HreH3r.rBHo xyry 6ojyje jaxa 6asasarpena*eu gaje CO2caApxu eceHrl janHe joHe

3a ylr{qHo ocBeT/berr'esa neyrpanusa4ujy Knce l/rr:.a

Kao flpallraK 3a neqr{BoKao 3aqrH ,{ KoHSePBaHC

3

3aorpywu cnoeo ucfrpeg tra4floi ogio^opa8. Y r

LV

afi,rhesuHof .,{(r,rrdana dvew (ree{aqruor .{d,{J,e daur^rar dx:un (a

aioa !o Luur.:d.r dgae (9a)1oa [o .{nlt:dr .,{srew (e

;er{r4 oJm orp rruot or er,,{lu ru'(frdrepl ecre)kr]et

uuallrxead ogevr ,{r rarreraw ranvexve (rlrn{d: L e[euo afuheer,troI elrrdaxa (a

.HA]^I[ AJ

:oJmoree .,{w,(auod.lel L a: ,{fesdh wAbmev u rrdfildreg

I aci)utpdosoJflo JoHheJ tlJdxtrr4 osovJ ux-,tdxoeg

'wowA[wuex et usoHox a] VevJO dlostrat u\e96 '(ennnduu eude Vo rqas aH) ew.{(udr.eslewox atr ar,::n -,{duueu danuQ ell lnowdarodralJ ahog r ew,lftidles l1wo) I,{oJJ[Hrr e) tr\1es.21,4'tdorexuisu JoH9-oltatrr{x I,I[?x oxr{voxeH I{?!os ?H?soul{Jlatr af, B r4tr . U.4rou,{nauxtr: ,{q.{(ed-egoruo ,{r,(d[ f,yas uuu,(srom -'(aafradral ,1 '1

ira.r,:onxodr:-oladu adaw asJ d )r,rHs?rf,eH Irlosn larrJo

'aqrux{efis uHalaaen ue a+ra*rme(9o{etl n utal,ro asraQoaeu es oa.l:.l,(ld (ul.rr'od1

e[od9 .roxrr,,rore was{?qasorle: urddr .( eleuo rf,oHsr4r)eed (9

ernrdiuvex\1o vh'ruavrxead, a[ wL[udmu (e

ioJm?trwas vqow,{fudlen er uldrou 6

9 ecrex@

or,Ivelee a: wdlurex (r^l I -^- ^^ -t,.,s-,.- / , JIAUdS dJ cltlJuJHJ (g

eurqdaro[na aI e(uhxead (9OI,IUEIIeA atr )I{HOtrOA (E

:oJm?gor,raelor wor{,,{fr,lux Pf rau,{io[

^ s a'He)(?Ueg

l>Hd (reuaf,u) el/?rlofl etros (s

xnnolloa uailrgoil (9e*9 euahrgofl v(uhxead ,t (e

:aI da[,(io9 aI onnawodl doa,r:ed rnaiogt ac{cx(err?t

ees aHIlEJaJ,{ a9Bvf, (Jaas aH eJaw axef (a

aeaa anuraveaox axe[ (9asaa ax:noIe9ev: (e

:d[enu orm oresr,r uHe)arr 1o w'lfutex lr l,u.'{iudrepl

z acr?xen

ex,,{[ees su ,,{orera er ,{(,{.read 1r.{vu-,(avodrau ,{ Lfea-{n rale;aw a: (a

raHsraJ,xead l.r o9r1r (9pr!r{hr,rHouosocll e:,{i.,{.read 1e

waxos a: -{xa:

ffit .?HAIAIEUIIl

3{-{3 W 14d3 u)}!E

AOKyMEHT

Harpujynr u xanvjytrt xao 6lroreulr enerrenrr,t!Crrrvpuo cre vynr.r [a l]peKoMepaH yHoc Ky,{r4r6cKe corru }rrr,{rre Ha roBr4lrrerle KpBHor rrpr.rrrlcKir; Ail

ce oco6ana ca roBrrrrreHrrM r(pBHrrM npfi l14cNov lperopl^r1'je HecnaHa xpaHa; Aa Ko;1 Ko.rauca ,vc/Ie]IAexraAparau ie nerapu gajy $n:uorourxr.r pacrnop 0,9% pacrBop HalprajyM-xnop Aa; Aa ce,v ron.,rr4M,qaHr'rrra, KoA npeKoMepHor sHojerla, npenopy,ryie vrtrc eneKrpo,rr4ra, Ha rrpi,rMep, .rajeBr{ a He.rr,rclitro71a. Ono cv cal{o HeKrr oA nprrMepa Kojfi norepffv n:y:erH?v RaxBOcr rrarprriyrra u xalujyva ser opraHr,r3ar.r qoBeKa. AaHac ce 3Ha Ar cv AB.r nrjnaxutrjr urjoul r.ojr,r ce Halra3e y re/recHuiu rer{riocruMilynpaBo ioHr,1 Harpnjyua n ralr'rjyraa. 3auno?

Gt

@'*BI@s

(a) (6)dlftA I4urep r'r nurpahenrajcKu npocrop y KoMe ce Hana3e joHn narpnjyua n ranw)yva (a), axrnsHr,rrpancnopr jona (6)

Kourpar

t' owncHaqn0a I wnfnutros fou wns oxncH nbubryaw xnHuo)rubottwa owneryc{oet oc at ow[oueo4rl

'ev?JaI^I xI{HIlevVeOHt^Ia0 eq{3q{fi tralaxdier e[ox afiner:u,{: es e:raures xusrmvxad [o lrxas

d: onie: ',wol^u{[raean.relt u ltortdfuhu?] rf, aJaxger egar{,{m"',ehHer r?) suJodII HoJLex au{Jf,udox"',ra.l:ox n ag,{e ee degot af w-'((uhvey"

''wor{d[ullLe) oJBJo g oxaLtv"

'r{rr{llr4r^r?a r4 axor,rr a: oxmar,l(o9 -,{nalae l,rdHasdh dfeV ra(ox (eg) erudir,rdeg u (rg)ewdfi,rhnodr: es{asrr,ria ( ea g rarrlodre g

.?HI,IHgtr trO... ta.r.ensou dr d)esoh '(u (HO)?J)

nadx uxamer r.r (OJ) ,{Hem?JaHr r.rre '(OZHZ

. |OSJ) lxur'(,O]BO) dawdaw'xeqrnadv

'eVod) ,ttr oJm oex ahxer:u,{3

lr t,,- ' 'as{adeg es uHerdo .,(sJrr^ruH: fid r,{Hr,rhr,rEaI^r

) ," .,{ a: ur:radox (r6geg) .leQv,{r-w,t(ndeg -, ."a.n-* \

uU Bfl rS eJ 8W efl nUVriW LtHuVyuV0HWl

3EM HOAII KAII H 14 METAII 14

2.

I

I 4be_ 6eprarftjw

^ ), ) 1s' 25-

- ''Mo I

' yll,ry E z,,zp" f,a'^

, ,n\.o+, -- ) .)Kalu]tlyr.r 1s2 2s,2p" 3s.lp" z+tc assr ])'

.tp'o'rq";y"] tJ zr'zpu :r':pu:a'o +r'+pu5s2

ts' 2s'2pu 3s'3p63d'o +s'+pu +d'o ss'spu 552

7. ts'? 2s'z2p6 3,r3p63d'o 4s'z4p64dro 4f'o5s'5pusdn u4 uoa Js2

pl;,". I

t,]soBa l..!::

:

ooRa

trt*,'^,, l@ - IloroNaj :eMHoa/rKarrHr4x Merara y llepno4uou cracreMy x rbr,rxoBeererrponc

sv

'rri,q !,.r - 8r.L.l

ulri 3 /'z = fdw)tB 6'/ = rd

!ur/8 6'8 - n:)d

lV fo I'ImxELrrr{[ E'I r.r eC ho ]4m)reu EJiu f i

'n) io rmieL EJ,{n 9 af BW l

i euagel :rovr{dll z,,alnr4fr avax r,llox aHo tg ".lf,)er tellJvJoll r

'wnLa tty.ett I) w.tfi,rh[ex r,r rt({raearuew 'w.(ira[r'rdag '?v?Jar r xr4Hvexvs Io ltqmdar, d: ul?Jarir r4r{r?)usoHwa8 , ,

nsouhx-{dr:nox oex nt:ttdov au ar r,r'e 'llreal,Iqeclgo a, "*"^ '*#:frXXtJ}w,,(irahvry r4sor^rr4u r{ ahl4x I4rtrsedu ,fuol,,I ar eI,,L'{fueaurew flg l4Jeso) exol Ia: el? rrdgh oHqrosov ) l{lr? 'xew aI rldiraeaurell ldsr ewoas a[ :,tlbluud-ag Jf,r,rh dnur:dgr,,tqar dfelnn r{veJew r{ao eJoJ Jo9 ru 'au,td.I I ?ueJaw[ox o.ran ar,eI aeag asve .r,al',1 d: eV Lhr,rnasrur',,(fd(dtrou eqrer'dslx I4 eqraq.ruorad-{rudaulrar amr'rg (Z vagel) Jx.,{d.r asd eveJ.al',I lov oralr eqaa a[ wn eur'rrr-,t.r ertole anr'rwadn" Js{?hI aJew aqas Jogt ,el,ruveraw wr,tr-,{dn er dsraQad-or { ax:us vaa,{ mof ve'eqrerJqx r{ eq{eqluoJ addredauwal, amr,rs dltwutr^rr4LJar r lrr4Hvrve r:: ,{+raQadol 1 (7 v3) e(ei: ronveraw 'afo9 -,(r aau3 'arou oJ r,{ Jau4h dJxala Iahr,IHlosodu rdgofl,{: I,IveJaIri ]rHll?xveoHwegVUVI]W XIIHIJV)IIJVOHW] VSI)IO] VYh1/LlO'L't

'errrcaa wxHrteJaw /w,rveI e: xel,asr(er4 a( wlfuuudeg'BreJahI xI4H e)v ewatas

wr,rHv?Jarir ef .{qre(adou d anef ,,{: ano r{ve 'aas eH eJaI,{ agIrtr a(or)otrzvtl{udug u ewl{nhHodr)'?wdfuhrei'er{,(frasaHr?w rulemad foHU?JaI4[ ,q

'ad,(rx,{dr: asltr:udx aur'r,rQr,rfiau: aeredegrr eatq,(rolto EJHaI^IaLa Joso ?woJE enlrltaduee ?utw

)I'lH-radu,(rou JoHU?raw JosoJaqt woHr4hr'rnaa r'trun:e[go a: .,(:ow 'er,{,{iuIrudag'au-{dJ

Hvh rosd lox eas aHvJaw ar.rl oroulAl trtole eH r''tadues ec{et^IaI ru 'euod.lxala ac]ar,evafldu ehe( ,r ed,re:i esrerradJ,xaveeu a( aqaa 'esorodueiodgraqaarogg,( vl) aVo dan aJlI,I eveJaw xl4lllexr eI"IoJ lo,{l I4clel',lauddt aso eJHaNaue unroly uodrxaua HuJf HesoxeJHe BU?rarl xt{Hv>ttt?lox aI xov ewore roxest eHodJxave enrHavra eg[ d: eH?so](eJH eas aHvEr- ar,n -,{+raQe dr rl ; o 4r mo eu!-J"ew x\lHreive Vox oJaH ah?( lt vte'(ewtrftruudeghox r,,r ro) axef ,{:I,IH atea aHtEJaW (7 'v3) woxramad wourertudx wonver-aw r: alrutr:ud: ar:dsh dt r,rvpJal{ r4HlluxvuoH e 'uHU?)Iue I4 o?X

rnhvt)u^l] H d VlH ] W ] IJ] OVY 14 tI VI ] W'1 H IJV )| IlVO H |/\J ] ' L

'I asreH 3(osJ l4desodll

'uut)laaw xnHuoxltaoHwa owngoll[oot ot at owfauto4t1'adoso16o owoO a6 agadu afox oH oqotgn!] lio trau h oe6 2ntnrylaw

xnHulJ'ltoouwat no1ltfoet o[nurtos[nH ,h afoy ;ouo'4aw xnHuDtuttoHwat nxnuuaxuo lQawtn avnutod a[ox a 'n11sounrun ft afox ;al ldl DsoHouh xruJDI1,Joaungon 6o a4lqt6o ouryLaut awnerylt[on wn[ost o4 w rutndag ogmag

EU]]JAWVal.rey - !@

BC

'(eveJaNaHI/?xu e Nr.rrtoHEodg el xr{ rah-adoxd) (rrrd) EvEJaN xr4HvexreoH

r^ras elrore rhunladu-,(nog - l@!..4 ()La aLla l: l r'fl

!)l ' \j f\ ,l'LI7 IZ 96I?9,! rss 1f

ooo09I tt I3n-2, :arco

'lttiodt)lava tttttgareg rgegosr4vE)oval1 al 3ser/eH (ahrrvJlr)

-,311 euof xr'rHrerar{ xwrstrltll-on dQanel4 endlnsen.nlu lxram-ed enrenlrdx eunerery - !@

3EMH0AIIKAIIH14 METAflil Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra

lE6l+|i3, -

Henpanuuocur y T,,Tk Ia p TyMaqe ce Pa3nuKoM y KprIcra.rr}roj crpyrrypu (6poj aroMa rrBe/Irrqr'IHa aroMa oBrrx Mera./ta).

p@/cm")T1'c Tpfc

zoCa:3sSt:seBa:

810800850

1100143913661737

l1,7 41,55

3,6

3a pa3[ Ky oA anKa]rHIlx ]Iera/Ia, 3eMHoanKa[HI{ Mera/Irr no cBoM I{3r.[eAyr.r $rsuvxl,ru crojcrerana ruue o4rorapa)y yo6lrvajenor.r cxBaraHry Mera.rra.Mory ce o6paflrrarir (xoearr,t n npecoearlr). Mefyrun, Mera[Ha-xeM],'IjcKJcnojcrna orlrx ereMeHara Herlrro c/ra6lrje cy nrpaNeua y nopet)eroy ca anxal-

llpoaepu cnoje suane 2.

1.2. XEM',IJCKA CBOJCTBA 3EM HOAII KANH ilX M ETAIIA

3atuwo cy sennoanKairHu MeEtanu Matue PeaKluuBHu og &nKanHux MeLua-na? KaKo uocutuvty ctaa6unHy eneKtupoHcKy KoHfulypaL\ujy? Koju tuut N 3eipage y jegutuetuuua? Kat

LV

'([J,lr Ehr{ve)r]du 'eJaxEd 'er-arirodlps) Ee Jrhadr xrlDrhr'rHxarodr{u xr{rr{h]4I/ed d,H[osuodu

e al r{lrr'fdo) (orovas eg'' '.r r r rr rrj .,:i - JS'

- rJ) Er'.[efo9 l{r4Hhlil]r{d-erxrdrr rlJWeI/ Jfog Pll euurarr

xr{HvE)rIlEoHr ra osJ]rosJ -

rr)veoHr^ras eHewrvu ?fog - Ere

?o?g ..oel .. zol^J trorl.todall

l:

OPI'O8tr\t'Oag .

OW tnrlo z i1SPg'S?l'S8t{ S.t/{,trdrli3 a-

zllpg rzlu)rzJ8l I zXW nqnHalouDxli

zHrl rzHSI l 'i.Hrg .HlN i16 d6nxcIlEJar{ xttH(etreoH}\ra Dqlaqr x

-a( xundeulrg ar,tr,tdo6

'9I '9' as{"H e[os] I4daaodlI

'o*auet tttr{t/tdeg r onaadh wdfuhrodr,: n lr{fuhuex- ev{e(o9 r,{fiHhr4J:uderxedex Hav{eun a[og wrcLew \txrexreorl 13

'(9 vl) ?w?[o9 lulunr'tr:udarvedex uawevu a[o9 uuvexte-oHiraa r{ r{veJal{ I4Hx?)Ilt x o?11 e[e[: ovewta ea9 thnertu,{: eau]oHrreJ o?veVaLJr,r eV axow w,{flreau.rernr ErJeJaw JouagoJf,eudgad: or:aw,t pV ox?r'(aledr,rerau:eu) ?reHogdex JoH9 r'r ellr:xo r,rafor: raneusadu ar rar-,{[r,Ieaure111'[e[: unverayu ag,,fu oxell ol1da dx,{Veeg eH 'r,,,roxuHoJ]u) el afralrxead rogg

'vn:xodar ll o(e! w,t(udeg'aHloxo d(e[ was{gsadore: l,rrlerarl 14Hrre)ru?oHwar rla3 ?s.las{xueI

eudeuwg wpfted; ev?rawaH r^roar4qes el .{[dJead xx?Jaw ]dr{x?)r eoHrr3t

luryodal-l^ldfudeg h),Og - (3)26 1(s)egtt+

llr:ro-4diue as.irr,,r G)OfiWZ - (3)z9 "r

(s)3117z al

'lu:xodar u e[eI evusoa:lrx r'^roxmna er n,'{(r,rde9ouul?al 'aVu:xo ,{[e[ e)IaHoaru)r ufddl:,t rareraw usve)uroHWa6 usJ ']:IleJeI{xllHv)u? [o ,,{xnveed eg ;[uaeadopt ndLt wovnuoatnv as ,(t1aad oxry

il'rQud:-wdfiadeg G)qpg - C')5 .r (^)egz a+

Ir,rdovx_wdfuean.rw C).1OfiW - {3)213 1 G)Bygla+

lllrdvr,rx yqdfr,rh(ex G)zHeJ

3EMHOAIIKAnHil META,Iil Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra

Onurre jegnaulrue pearqr,rje 3eMHoarKanHtIX Mera-lra ca BoAoM 14 KrcenrrHaMa

Mera./r + BoAa --r 6a:a + H:1i\l + 2l l:(l o \'l((fH),: + Ii.lMeran + KrrceJrtrHa + co + H.?,\!+2HLl + l'l(-l' + l::t

P t.0v KIJ n O H A Ctl O CO 5 H OCT 3 E l\4 H O An K A, H n X M ETA Il A

3enuoanxarnn Merturr{ cy gotipa pe4yrqr'roua cpeAcrBa. J4vajy nncxeBpeAHOCTr,r 3a craHAapAHl'I e/reKrpoAHIr noreHul4lalr, Inro [oTBpDyre q]ftbeHI'I-uy 4a ca ranoholr ornyurajy BaneHTHe enexrpoue (Cr. 8. Alransu ltera-nu). Pe4}.aqv6s3 cnoco6nocr pacre ca noeehalbe^,r atoucror 5poja, r'Icro Kaor,r lbr,rxoBa peaKTr,IBHocr. Kao jaxa peAyKUIloHa cpeAcrBa ca.naxohor'r uctr'IcKyjy BoAoHr,rK rr3 KucenuHa. Peaxqr,rje cy er3orepMHe. ,{a ce pagu o jarnlrpe[yKrlr.roHr4M cpe4crrlrua norrpfyje ].{ rrI{}neHI{IIa Aa Ka.{qlljyM, crpoHIllajoMu 5apnlylr 6ypno pearyjy ca xI{cerrl{HaMa.

Mg(s) + HC\uq) --> Mgcl,(uq) + H,(s)MgClz,un, + Hz,g, A'H

TER-FT-l

6V

'eHEd-{eweEddd ew EJ amr4sfrH rHawallau)lfrarrax )e[ad rwoas af wdfrfted

drsahoduwox[rag d af uaslrl(r]?t eNI,ILErewwrr.(dr er ,{sraQadou 6 ew,{(ndegevedenr'rw gg oxo aVJaH a( oreHoU

'EIl\1.{11{IItexeudaHr,rN hell JEdu oex ne.rdrrduaf aqmeh(EH r,rdox four,rL{ r,ucuuqeu r eHarl erhesrlJdx - EE

'aearuIa]o.r.oQ d:ahodx ,{ aI neloxlIoanu rytrsifig lur4+od,orx,{ r,rseves enrl(lrsaHrew HoI ar xov

,raQav.r aug,{s r,rstVed.rr,r ,( efdsrrerJ zge3 '[ndo,{vQ-l,u tr[vrhllex ,e9it l[urox {rJf,e] d r4ev-{

.(oOd) t?:)'J?Qro+-r{d[unuey'r4rr{arrava ]4HaJor,rg uHxs r{ oHhe f-,{ .{r w.,{fusaHJew r,{ r,L{fr,rhuDx 'vfrodtrd lv[u*es{edl:odu:ed(eH.{tr orm eJoJ [adolf

.l,rloa fox:dolt d u ewrlos r.u4HvedaHt4w l u urtt4t uuox (os.r,rse-{ ewu en.{(ueau.rer,r esrasrulla( rdaQ)onm i wrno cOJBW . tOJeJ 'p.r,r,rrrorr-ot lio.,ttr uHeq?drx r{hHes uxtHfiHeur r4spu{h (9 v:))

.Ol:) ,reHogdex-r,[d[ hu) aI pHJr] xr4yheq{hady ehse.ltud: eHsoHf,O ?JeHogdpx xr4soxr,rst[o oHasr:Hasdu rna(edelr refndarer^r Jr{soHaJ] r{ aHaJf,,(J Btr efir{Hac{r4h troowa(ol oxe ow?tr 'psr4s1rlu,{ed a[ eJxar ra(a es[ eso J]oHaqn,{.r,:es exnlag'rr,rdo) foHlrs/y{eg d (dva[d fioHaf,?r^l) r,r.r,roHaqedr:oduf,?d orr oJ]er^[ owf,owdlragan.rerr e 'olau ewuedee rtdinhvert ?reJer^l xl4rrf, VO w,{(usaH.rew u wd[r,rhv?x -f,1 pvJerr esveyveosl^ras efrnaqred.ltodu:rdieH ?a[ erretrdd d aer?H

af, ulox rvdaHr,rr^r oex esrasrr4fa( esoxr+r ol,ler nqen Lrow eror .ro9e a: r,rtlod-r,rdu 1 rx,{tsea r4 wo)r4Hoelr4y n A1:rad'r{o[oa pJ d[,{.read ,eal:Vad:Horrhx,tVad pxel .{] u eJer{ r4HvexleoHwer ,{ r{v?Jaw l,rHvt?yvg l{ oerr

;n6odndg I a[om)o4 ahuotllt1tt au(olJ]Hawaua ooywt[n6od n wtfndag 'w nhuodrys 'w,t[nhuox 'wtfnaHew 'wf,[nundag nu o[/

L

VTIVI]W XI/HtiVYUVOHW]T ]qJ]XVUVH''L

1.4. A06l/JAl-bE 3EMH0AnKAtlH14X METAIIAHajnehe xonnvuue 3eMHoa/IKalHt{x Merarra AaHac ce go6vjaiy uz pyla

xap6ouara. Kap6oHarl't ce npeBoAe y xnopI,IA, a 3arI'IM ce BpuI{ e^eKTpolru3acTon/beHor xnopI4Aa.

fonIt)erbeMgCl:cl + Mg'+11y + 2Cl 4;

raroga( ) Mg'?+ 14--t14*oano4a(+) ,at -"- , atro

e/IeKTponr'IJa r fivl$L121.1 ---

--> lvlg{.r + Ll2(g,

llope4 enexrpo;l'I3e, MarHe3l'tjyM ce AaHac cBe onure 4o6uja r{3 MopcKeBOne.

3ervrsoanra;rav lreraxv Ao6trt jy ce y taHilycrPvtjfi eneKrponllsoMpacTona xIoPI4Aa.

1.5. N PilMEHA 3EMHOAIIKAIIH14X META'IA3awwo ce gauac upou3Eoge 3eMHoanKanHu eworu?

3ellxoanxannu Merdrn cy naKx Mera v, a tr Behe rBp4ohe oA anKalr-I tx Meratra.

Bepvttulyttt Kao rBpA Meran, a ,{3pa3r4ro Mare Mace' KopI4crI{ ce 3a KoH-crpyxqrajy cBeMl4pcKr4x nerrrnvr\a, carelrl'ITa, y aBI'torexlII4qI'I, 3a I43paAyaMoprr43epa, nexajeaa I'I Aplrl4x BaxGI4x AenoBa MaIrr4Ha 3a Koje ce rpDKI'Ixlt]raBocr, qBpcroha, a r'IcrorpeueHo I4 /raKoha (nax veral). Marne:lajylr ceKopr,rcrrl 3a u3paAy naKrlx flerypa Kao uro ie 4ypanyttunnjyu.

3eunoanxannu ueranu cy jaxa pegyKllxona cpegcrBa.Karqujyrra ra varneanjyrlr ce Kopl{cre y ungycrpvjtr :a 4o6,tiane gpFux

Mera/ra, Kao uro cy qe3l4jyM u py6t4ryaiy\a.

Marneslrjyu caropena 6relrranr.lm rrraMelroM.Panuje ce ropracrl4o Kao 6nI4q 3a +oroanapare, AaHac 3av3paqY rrpcKa rr-

rla 14 BarpoMera (cI.7 v 8).Pagnjpr je pagr.roarrranuu xeuujcxu etreMeHr.Oa 1910. roAI{He IIoq]IIte ce ca lUupoM npr'IMeHoM pagltjytlta 3a ]IeqeIIe

snohygurax rylropa. IaHac ce y MeAI'IqI'IHr{ yMecro PaAI4JyMa Kopl4crr'l I'I3oronro6arr a, 6nCo, xojra je je$laHnjll tt gocrynHrajr.r oA paAujyMa.

n iout Mrroio ruoia"'

I

@ Brurq Qoroanapara

@ - Caropename uaruesujyua(a). llpcr

L9

't toxuHo[ogeHoLug JCreaH,{rr e0 orf.r.lr4don

etreraH Jl BJah Jo9')il.fHofios afEfr{ofios pf, .Hr, 'ind1nx wt[nhuay

w t [nu n da 9 a I xa 4a t i.t 14J-|z +'iH(lll\i < oilTz+ 'ilr\l

JzH + D5P9

BeOMgoCaO

3EMHOAII KAII H 14 M TTAII 14

AHX',I,qPI,,IA 4 XJ4APOKC',IA

Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra

2.2. OKCULI| 3EMHOAII KAIIH I/X METAIIACnu oxcr,,r4l,r seunoarKairHrrx Merara, ocuv 6epwnujyM oKcl4,4a, cyr nuq-

uu 6azant oxcr,'Lgu. Y vnpcrou cy arperarHoM cral+,y, a pacrBopnldBocr y Bo,qrlpacre r,r4yhr,r o,q MarHe3lajyM oKcr,rAa rrpeMa 6apr,rjyu-orclr4y 4. Ca no4ou4ajy xr,rgpoxcr:rge. Pearyjy ca rlrcennHaMa I,1 Kr{ce/II,IM oKcrrAtrMa.

MgO1s, + H,Orrr -

Mg(OH),1",1yMarHe3r4JyM-Xr{ApOKCr'rA

CaO11 + HC\"qy --> CaClzluqy +HzO41Kanqr!yM-xnop14A

BaO,", + CO:,r, + BaCO_:1',H,cor 6aPujYu xaP6onar

Og cnrx sel,troanxarul,rx rrerana, jeguno 6epr,rnujytvt-oKcxA npl4rrana rpyrr,r avQorepur,x orcuga.

Eepurr.rjyu-orcu4 je arraQorepaH oror4. Ororge MgO, CaO, SrO u BaOy6pajauo y 6aale orHn

Mg(OH)rCa(OH), iSr (OH):z IBa(OH): i

@[ - Xr,rslr rpe.r Koju ce Hana3r,rna cro6o4nou rp)r

I9

l l. j ri'. t losleleue ,{'g:5 'flr,r:xo-w,tir,rhnodr3 (pJfiaHJI,{) erenogde>tnas{esadree aqo)r er etragoli 'kl vl) aqbox oHvet:odr?s r.r r,rqau aaedlar xlrloy io rxolo xraHl"fiahautr .{[deu rs lrr:udox amus("H ]?H[ eJoJ Jo9ar ?u'(J. ggg 7) esravuor dd-{redauwar .'{xo:r,rs r'r -,{v.renrad .{nutr:udx ,{x:noIdxrI ouleedeu ewn aq{as{I4[aI os11 ,,elueaurtrt eva9" oex ra .r,eueort '9311

'irallo wdffiaHJer r 14 ewl{ dnalrradu -{xodr{m 'EiuJxo-ntdir'rhutx tradort

.-,. -,. t- .

.tt:.,,

3rMHoAJrKAnHil MTTA'U be rMg Ca Sr KA:: -i

Mefyruu, ocHoBHe cl{poBr4He y vngycrpujtr 3a rr,r4xoBo go6ujawe6ouarr (xpevmax, MarHe3r{r, 4onorr.rur). 3arpeearlelr xap6ouara ceoxcug r

ozH + zoc + 'ochtr^? "('ocH)waI(eraI4I xuHrl?tr(BoHxa

ererrogd?xHarodxr{x Psr?Jov?drovhr{r{dar eHrrhatfa( srmuo ]i ]

'alenogdux d erenogdex-HaJodvr{x euaQoaedu tttlJ\BadeH a) BgrrHtrB eredx,( xuxnr,rqauu efiHawex asredea,r3 - m

ludor,x-rd(ra.trrexuevDH aqmahl"H atr

ewulox,( ewndolexr,rc-xa d ,{(esd}, ex,fteeesr{ dJevs,tfdeae oxBr

afox allHer]u,t) aluflrdowdogev

^ U

'eHhlIc)IoJer,loeq uuoc oHdosJ,ced osoxusr

u ,{c "u

IjHhxorot ,(J ?v{oes +zgri *zeg IjHo['e {ev{ere er{eJor.rg

,{fesrs?Jcved[ ]rfox ?MfIjeHJer,{x efi,,(fr4hren Vo ,,futr rmd ?t

,,eios aqofdsr ]oded oex wd(ltsaH.Iev{ u wd(utrvey" lurawdxof [P[avJoII zIIoJ r]oar{ludogrJ"d :Jovr{ou r

'(l,I'xJ) eu4HorEde'ErBHogd?r-w,t[vt\ruet extntgo:aQad onrexs Uo d: ltra{ed:eu e.r,lrxeu ,{[?d]'I s ar3udox a: r(ox uda:Ng du-awudu hrxes v b.odum LftNu (ruhre)-LedaHIaI^I) r,znogdtx-lt (fi,rhlex ^r(e-erlz: woxcfvr.tax ou df, I4fo) ?tradv tI,rHedJ 'daI^IdaW 'e[lr:xo,(e{tosejaodu eeaJ aJ:r4do) erreral I BHTeIIII?oHI Ia ?ei eao erenogdex axr,t'ulox agaa(e11

'(9I 'ul) 'rl u eredx-,( xlrx:nuqau'erpa

3EM H0AII KAn H U M ETAII l,l Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra

![@ - |Ipurtena runca

KA n UU Jy M -Cyn A AT ( rU nC)Karqujyu cynQar nosnarujr,r Kao rr{rc rocroju y o6;rlrxy 6e:no4ne colr,r CaSOo, noTryxr{Apara

CaSOa . 0,5HrO n gr,rxlrgpara CaSOn . 2HrO. flpu roHrporurcaHoM 3arpeBany na 160 "C 4rxrrApar npe-na3r,r y nonyxr{[parj a/]r,r r,rcro raKo AoAarKoM BoAe rrorryxr4Apar BeoMa 6p:o o.rnpuhaea y Ar,rxtrApar.

CaSO. . 2H ,O 2 CaSO" . 0,5H:O + l,5H,OHa onoj xelr,rjcroj peaxqlrjlr 3acHr{Ba ce 14 BeJrr4Ka npr,rMeHa rr4rrca y MeArrrlr4H}r

aa r,rspa4y lruo6lrnr,r3arlrroHrrx 3aBoja r,r y3r4MaHre orrrcaKa Bl,rnr4ua r{ ay6a. Y rpafe-Br,rHapcrBy ce Kopr4crr'{ Kao noAaraK rleMeHry r4 Ma/rrepy, 3a r43paAy rr4ncaHr,rx Il]roqar,r Be rraqKor Mepvepa (Cn. 16).

Og crlrx cyl$ara seunoarKaJrHr4x Mera/ra cnouenyheuo r,r 6aplrjyr'.r-cyn$ar,BaSO., rojra ce Kopr{crr,r y MeAr'rrli4Hr4 rrpr4 cHr{Marby )i

EF!s='i'

ts

'osJtrUadl oHor{lxd[ad alov r 'osoufrevuJxo LJ aIrH?J:u,(: olov idsrr

,dErsg nd7rs7 ,s1 (a

,d7,s7 ,s1 (e ro-wlfu:ludeg

:eyruuasrr?aI lrIlrqafar1] d eJHawara aaa(od9 auouhetlulxo r,I[adlo r4 al.,lnrdoQ umllueg '9;:lrr n ladx uuameJ'hod) usr{x 'yee{hady,(gel:e: wox:(nwax oud: er,111 'g

iEUEJehr xr4Hrlel'tue [o egJ:Vadr eHo Itnv,4\led, e[vgev) uueJar^r r4HvexveoHwas dr ormeg 7;?veJaw xr,rHr?xveoHl,{ae wes{eaedo.rr: -,{(e[ra9oi1 a: esraulrVaf efoy g

;uQda.r.feu ai nfox ? 'Hesr4rx?orfed auddr '7 ural,uava af lrfoy 7;-,{oaux l,loxla,rdane rtas{far:ou d I4LeJer^r r{Hvexrreonlrae ,{fewu enodrxaxa oxr{LoX I

g(IIYH glo{) udasodr

ffi Marnesujylr ce Ha Ba3Ayxy rrac\lBrnsupa. Kojy cyncranqy (xenr,rjcxy pear Ba(OH), -t BaSO,lf Kaxo ce soey conu go6r.rjene nornyHoM ,{ HenornyHoM Heyrpanl{saIIujov 6epunvjyt r xrrApoKcI{Aa

xnopoBoAoHr,rrrHoM KI,Ice'II4HoM. 11an14lIII,I JeAHar{uHe oB14X peaKLII4ra.

trIspatynaj

15. tr4spavynaj MaceH yAeo Kr,rceoHr{Ka y AonoMr,rry u BoEe y avxr.rhpary rr4nca.16. Kojaje aanpeur{Ha Ba3A}xa norpe6ua ga 6r,r carope;ro 2 g vr,Icror uarueaujyr'aa? 3anpeuuncKuy4eo

Kr{ceoH14Ka y BaJAyxy je 2 | o/0.17. Ko;urro ce ronnore ocno6afa npl4 ralxelby 1 kg xpeva? (ArH(CaO) = -635,5 kJ/mol ArH(HrO) =

-285,8 kJ/mol AsH(Ca(OH),,,, = -986,6 kl/mol)

EKENEPKIfu'!Fh,{Tllocy4a rao uro je, na npuMep, epleHMaiep unr'I6a.non narynlr ce yr.rr'eurx(IV)-oxcuAoM, a 3arI{Mce yHece 3ana/beHa uarneslrjyuona rpara. Orne4ce Mo)r(e !,r3Becrr,I r4 ca rrBpcrI{M yr.beHux(IV) or-cIrAoM.

a) 3auro ce Ha 3r,rAoBrrMa 6a,rona nojanu.ta vaf?6) Kaxo ce o6jaurmaea qurreHl{qa Aa je MarHe-

3r,rjyM peAyKrI oHo cpegcrro?r) Hanlruru jegnavuuy xerrujcxe peaKllrrie

yrrp4lr 6poj ornyrrreHl,rx I4 IIpI4M./r,eHtIx e/IeKTpoHa.

Y gre enpl.eere HanpaBr4 ce BoAeHI,I pacrBopCaC! (ronqenrpoeaH) ra BaClr. ,{oga ce neronr.r-ro nanu pas6naxeHe cyMnopHe Kr{celtI1He.

a) Koje cyncrauqe na4ajy rao ra,ror no AoAarKycyMnopHe Kr{cenr,rHe? 3amro?

6) Hanrarun je,axavuxe xelnrjcxlrx peaxuuja y no-neK y,'rcKoM 14 joncxolr o6nuxy.

58

I#W:'='/" ;-o)'JH14lr/:f !1r :rrJqdlt:u ereuogdex-w([r{or{JEW 14 oex eHr4ueJJ4) anhunolosodolrx u erenogdex l,udirahvex abrhxeadaxr[r,nrax asunen[af umlrrell HOO]H) 'eragdu: .rox:sl,rxdx gol.tot tl.v uae 'llH aqmah[eH'axdlle: efox es{aq[uh ee eseJ,:[ad: gonrou s.,{ vttt;lotlxl axon da.llruqelrotr d atr n?Hewey (a

;aidar er,,roaa uve'e:,,{x.{,ron,refi,rdr.Iaios aHnasVou .,t: xoU '(e:,{x,{ ag) [oa emxawles phr4Hm x a( ei .(fiuHasrl,rn nrunreigo oxry (9

'elLrhvead xux:fultax asunus[aI umr,rxeH auuos (oYdar d,((lrluead1,,ute9 tr[efr auauod[ux l1avf,,{ r4vof, a(ox 2o.Imeg (eul,I[ad: ?H?9) Jdx ravos lofdar orutedsla d aIxnedo-vuralu 'dawudl r11 'edolexr,r[nu xltrse9-oxe]r,D gohrou ed r4reeexol a: .,{Jor r atlos a[dsJ (e

uqerur zx udosoJto r,{ nrar (tl,ur'od1'(lI 'Ll) (ev{dil4hr?) EI

-r,rnoI e,ras: adu e:,{(-{s{ewee e},esr4sraweiaouo( er,'uellue.l:u,{: .{ uuof) exo{ ewuneuraerar.te lr :(?s{as{utafxnndosJ,:ed oxmJJ eq{axoveJ ouedv\ttttu etr I49 o>rx ',lenogdex-rt,{(ud.r,en uru nadv.{r oJm oex eh-ser:rd: a: dfzfotr) wasrav{ox"r wvxr(ur.tax :(.,{fesrevxd afr.rroev a: lrfox lr;enogdex axoleJ af, weq{{-adree) woxld.r,:ou nr,rvnr,rltdar ;eHr4heH aml,Is ?H lrgl4Jf,o arxow al orm 'euo( *.3ytr u +-EO ?xml4sas{es{elx,{ esanrdeedi?ou a[os aq{Baem)ano 'Bs{esm)awo xeu,{l:ou lcrawudu 'dar:uuqewo[ ra r,Ire'vh,rdntrY:orq Late[ egad;ou ufor:ou'ollos a[dsr ?9edr,old u.r.:asofl axow xuiox oI ewargodl.rogg

'eve.lerr efi,reodox eneedg,{ e+raqa;mo enrur:aw en aI e[ oxEJ '?fidrr o)erthpHawe)'?Jor wr4lo 'BweHr4mer,{ maavewuda og lraVos aqesad.ree ee a(.(d.r,: am s oroHw r,r"r,nmod.r,-,(ougadron a[ eu'dorevos r,rHJouror u a[ osfla|l 'heuer,{Dr oex reneou dtroden ,t 'ew-{fueamevu r,I elt-.{fiahrex reuogdey urenogdex er ax{o eJ 'aHumr{ eaasrg,(9 'edari[o9 ewlrneiad.r 'enunexr numdsou'?V.{tro[ EWr4sotlus eH ,{qesadres ]4d11 'elrrargodn e,r:ot1 lteseflre .{.row ,,{sr)Hngrrwotr d eloa a[da;

t4u\1. t4nfloetdr or.m oev er^rr{h'ru4qaArr4o'of eu agmar,(en ". "J:TJ:'A"Iifff3,l]l"g""

'a[dsJ ?I,,roas atlos aHWaVou ,{ ai]Hr,{mdsox dr )otl 'e)al,{ouds aIBuos ?xf,daQroltry a)1da.r, n axaw r,nr9 ,|row alos 'ev,L{ft4eaH.Iew u ewl(ulruex utot xI'IHa[as?HalrahDdrHehHox tro ou:fieeg r()53yr1q tg5er '133W "IJEJ aH h (I,[es{eadres l4r[Hovv.,( af, axoli aH)dqotldal ,{ule,r.3

.('OIH)3W u ,(,OlH)"1 :anr.n (waueaadres u rle'ou:i.i. ar ax(ow) ,(goHdar ,txtel-odn afoa aqoldar d: vodrd lll,,1,{[ueanrernr u ew.,{iuhu ex ureQttrt t ufludovx 'rareuogdexua.Iod[ra1

'aVos eHo( .-3W 'aaow,{[ue aulelt u , -t3'esor",rdir,rhu?x uHolxd etl a{ er,ealrmx.arNo eJorJ^'nhosnmxawo tt ota o 'waugodu [a! ot n aqamad a[ ou-aQouod11 aundoex oedg at [t oHnmow t) '9,kfi ong 'lrJnh ovon 'a[ mag auwoeo1tstau auoratou odon'( ttahn4awob 'oenu nmno nu nu1n6t,( otnhotnunsnh aqoda at ounmow n ouuahday4a6 waqndxrao at oxo11'a4ndx7yo ouua[nua1oun9 ahn4owo6 aamn6rryl ot a{ oygm lmas aqoda ne aHnmow agdu tt auaslsndnttxoun6ol xn1 'nxas pumodg oun6ol xntrataCau a[ auano4at amae aqodu at osoxmo[4 xnt[a6ow odg

iafios aqold{r xods,t oux r.t,{{r,reanluw r r.t,{(r.rtruey

rHlWAvOu

EnenreHrr p-6norca

ATOMCK'{222

so Rn --""""'- """"""-paAoH

JI

pelarrrBHa aroMcKa Maca, Arcuu6on (r)6poi, Z

HA3I,IB C/IEMEHTA,r,paAraoaKrtleHocr >|1ilt

BpeMe nonypacnaAa I43orOIIa

(1) arperarHo crawe sa25 'C lr 101'3kPalpBeHo = fac IIpHo = rrBpcTo rllraBo = TeTIHOCT' '., , | . .r': :l : ! ll

(r) BPeMe nonyPacnaAa I'I3oTOnar-roAI{Ha q-qac M-MI4HyT C-CeK}'HAa

17.16.15.14. 18.

4,OO

zHexenniyM

20,18

roNe1{eoIl

rsAraproll

131,30

s+Xe

222

ao Rn

META.II

HCMETA,/I

MCTAIIO'{A

IIACMEH''ITI4 IAC78,96 79,90 83,80:rSe ssBr :eKrcelelr 6PoM KP,mros

2.

3.

4.

10,81

sB6oP

26,94

r:AlarryMvIJn)yM

69,72

rGaranr4lyM

't14,82

+g l4,4118i)yM

204,37

srTllat lyM

12"01

).16eH'{K

24,o9

r +Sictlnu\vjl'M .

szGefePMarrrlyM

11a,71

soSn

207,2

ez Pb

14,01

7Na30T

30,97

'rPQocQop74,92

::ASaPcelr

121,75

srSb

208,98

16,00 19,00NE8\-/ 9 |

xnceonrrK Srryop32,07 35.45

roS rzClcyM[op pIoP

127,60 126,90szTe 5?lrery" JoA

210

ssAt

5.

16.

209

e+Po

IIE

tloL

F'bwnqaqn0a[ wntnutroefou wnsoxnq n owaryxn) touOonilallant&'tI owiaHawaua owneryo[oet oc ac owfoueo4r1

'elt,( [n n lrr,rdle tloxranaqeedueH e[oaeuodu eVeqruxaHr,rJara[ [o rDraH,{3 or.,[eJ exHawr4v'euouse r4 e rtgottol,(e uao a['aoxav ex(?vegl^Ie ' so oJ,'ahn ortr 'xda+ort 'ereda 'r,rdoeod11

'evo acrtd u:u ?e'I,iqunt'rne\\I l, \t tlxD 'JexeJHrr aq{pser,mlrsd es l{J:udox

(.O:leH) eHravalr,{n urdog ar :euefl r'rdeh],rwaxvr:u et trt uuuttudoy asredu es orr:fladr oex:xedog

on.l:r,rdox a: amua(e11 eHr4troJ dtresrux tro aruusadu mo[,(xasoh e.rensou d: evug '(t1) edog e

www. zovod. co. rswww.shd.org.rs

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chem istry experiments (Google Slike)c hem isf ry exper iment (G o o gl e Slike)

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r-41-'

t9

JorItlofi deLI r.lrloHsedxlrl lldsrouExr{Las esd prr{9 a( o1 r,u-{firre.raf olrdxro nedflogc,(g aV xoxay

'(Sl8I) a(fiHrex eHra[oJ o)I{I/o)aH'wdfi,rnlo,L{re-yyg

a[ e.r oeeeell (IlgI) w,(fr'rrcJai or49 psJllosl esoraqr oerl{rio oH

c/?rau r,r oatrr,rs[adu aalacraf nayga[ efox B.r,sanava udr Vo ue[al

(zr6r-8t8r )uodOogotg aO xoxay

afnnr,rl asvedrxau: e[o9 (ehr,rruedl euarc) oqloqlafeV,{(ox ed.lvaur u(NHrllr foqeruo.r fgr,r orrnagndxro ai fofox.{ wsrt\er: olt ollloterexurrrowdre en e) r4[one)'eFtrrlJ ualunlaqacrr{Vef r{VedJ oheda:d da( 'teYeto\1 wntoq:ur,ad or>adou

'v elar^r [)er{arf,l4f, JoHVor4d3II alddJ 'I r{rH3r rarla r4vertrO 'flnoreraw a( dog

'eveJaw-aH r{ eurJarr 14 esJtrfosr ewu'do9'au(dJ gI nevr. uadl VDJJWaH [od9 a]?s?qasor u 'r,rqJew asl aI eve.r,aw (odg exovg-d

"JHar rella eweuddr ,'{ '(exl,Ilr

-otros wr4lo) r4rleJaw r,IrIhr'IrrIJ aseueH af ellll,Ifo) d eioug-s EJpHtI^iaIiJ [o,{x-rrrd pt 'Hasr,rdxJ,o a[us:exlen a( w,{fr,rve.r au-,{d.r 'EI eJeHawava xus] VO

(nlrorora r'1HvlI9erl uir,tnes{edrtodrrred[en nsoxr'rqr/c lruaxalago luo(o9 wouerdh) au,{d,r'I ?Jpuar{ava llnoroen r,ruttodlrdg l@$!

l.l..ro. IIro.Ir. uI.,,

Dr, 1t!)n,IV..

E, '

flot

IJuI

e5

s

'(I evegEJ)?uoJorr am a,,{ lfuqaei a: r,rvodudll r( erraJ,lr{:) .rouuoudag ,{u,{d.r 'g1 d::,'t(eselrds: esodlxala udr -(iewlr losuH r roxrJ,a.rdaHa I^raqrtravlor tr v.[ox utHahrarra-d r.rd.,{Jevxsawon lvdnl oLI (I Ll) ,du .su a[ l(lrtred,fuuQnox dx:

-HodJxara .{ihl{Hla(ee ,{goxuqr e extHO 'ewaJrr4l ron)1orada1 anddJ I ,{rn.lnar.tara y;-w.{[ratreJ ul-I,,I-{frruHr,r 'e) r'{dixrl?r 'ly wdfr'tnr.tw.{ue 'g dog

afr.rhedd.ru6soraxrnodrrala egoxt{qr lr dwannr lnou[oradag d auddr 'g1 rruawalg - lp

.SU

,d" lTl f-f-f-f-i 't

WF .Lpseds.ss ,,waPtedtzst ^,pnc,ss odzzsz zsL ^1ll;' '9

pttr 0 pt.dr.s? o,pr"d s E .d(,sz st -ffi11; 'qI u;uo

Wfr o,pt.d s .dz.sz st yr,(luve.r .+aP9l

v

ffi,oz.sz.sL i^l*,^* .,

I lvEt

i'-_--E I | "-o t8 |i d$i l"

Mnllloq Iwntprl

wt1!11\..i)wnlutwnlY

anto..j

frft "t dos .7

Bs:

IJ UI E9 IV

:t{gt{eH r,t)IlHr'IrEv

BAlGaInTl

5ts

u0

cs*me'Tl155

'.Al .'Ga *lnt25 r25 t50

@ rooy.rpeonrlqr, aroMaereMeHara 13. rpyne (pm)

@t - Kpuctaltte pe-e"ne6opa (a) r.r a.,ryuuanjyua (6)

@ - I4o.aeg elerenutu13. rpyne

64

Arolrr 6opa cy noresanra Be3aMa.Al, Ga, In u Tl rpaAe Mera[He Kpr4crarrHe pelrerKe.

3awuto je y iltpuHaeclttoj iPynu up'u eneMeHut Mewanoug?3awwo ce cBojcwga eneMeHaiita 13. IPyue nepuogHot cucLueMa Euue pas-

nuKyjy og csojcltaaa eneMeHquta 1. u 2. ,Pyne?Koje cy cnu,aHoculu, a xoje pasnure?yto3HajMo ce ca csojcLuguMa eneMeHauta 13.Ipyre.

1. EJlEMEHT14 13 PYNE KAO EJIEMEHTAPHE CYNCTAHUEOuo no veuy ce rrpBr4 elreMeHT 6op pa:nuxyje oA ocrarrl,r-K e.IleMeHara

13. rpyre, jecy xeunjcre rese xoje nocro.je y oeoj elenenrapuoj c)rncraHllrrr.3a pasluxy og ocrarx4x q/IaHoBa 13. rppre arouu 6opa rpage jaxe xoeaneur-ne rege. Mana 3anpeMI,IHa arolra 6opa ouoryhaaa tfoplrlrpane r{Bpcre aroM-cKe Kpr,rcranHe peuerxe (C.r. 2. lr 3a). Aroucxa Kpr{cranHa peuerxa l,l jareKoBaleHTHe Be3e r{uue onaj enelreur 4ppauujulr o4 ocra,' 4x t{[aHoBa rpyne.

Y a n yv u n r,rjyuy. ra,r r,r iyr'r y. r.ru4njyuy u ra nfijyuy noc roie ve r anHe xev .icxe

eese. Heuro cy jave Hero KoA Mera/ra 1. r.r 2. rpyne (uay:erax je rarurjyu). I4narrc: :>xolr,(Varreu ou lr a: oJm'(eJHaweue xr4.r,{dV esra+rufiai) al:wudu arr,rr,lrvsed ry,rr4tV,{d pso 'pJmuey?H Vo r,rJloHf use

^ O.Hu

. tOzly .rn:xo9 aI t:w,tflruuw,(vecV,td efranas{edr:odr:edfeg 'rvpgox [o Jhrarou edu$e: e[o9 eaevU (9 v]) toiv

dserrer worl[4nrax ou af tafox eln(dox lurdastari [o ef oHJqEdJ-u 'dr{4)l r,r Hxg.{d dr oJm o?x 'Jc{awrr o.n:d[

.radox louuvlrag d aeeresa: a(ox eulrr.r {?,rtretr { aetu,{ uledanlrw xso Hl4voy u tevxordo ,t: ormoey erexurr'rrondvc dxurgo ,{ nllodlldu i enrn amugleH tw,,([r,rul,rr,{ry

'l? r'r,{fr,rfiuu}I] r,r e>rr'rHoalrrx avlou xer.ttvo,rHe alla I,tqed,r, e ,r,rtodlrdu d ner,-aw usd xJloHas{edJlodured ou af rsawava feag

.lrtrodudu d efr{HacldJl-odu:ed(rs.{: ew-,(futrurnldve ecla+ruVai ,au,,(d: g1 ereHar rJLe xusJ VO

11.if ,1 i'tL 1I\l11ViIlt) 1.+11',y''1U',1fr ,;, 1'I rH3r,{r4da lxg v

'lI ?I'? as{eHs afoa: udaaodl f'e(nwdar,onr,rt,ftre egr,rssg a: N(oy y{oxnd.l:ol :Elr:xo xl,raoxlrqr

ut euetaw aue{v.gofl ee a: artradox ex,{itrHuw,(ve ea;t(oat eHouhx,(tra6',allrrdaHa exnnulox Eyr,rvJs uQegov:o at,{rtar, r4du ,eueJaw rIr4]rto

r.rfuhxdVad eu a: esxHtres e 'e[4r,{daloHfil,ldve egr4s?H a: xeld.ltog .Ht?JH?^r rr

l,r,([ feHus 'nerir.r. 'nrodx ,tr oJm oux ?u?,rew xl,rlrHVadg e[od9 ragaa aslelng-o[ es nfurdr:-,(l7nr ,'( e: ur:lrdox ew,{inuuw,tve J]oHgoloul euorahx,,(Va4

'eeg Eu u eufiua)rDi 8t1 uxlanofos a[dxr4r:p 'ea.r.:[oel eudaroQwe orreu daa zwn v,tt{vtuwwluy

rel zyl,irlr l,r,{ir.rdrts(s)zHt + (br)z{)lyeNz

BAlGaInTl

ffi! Eaiepoe nocrynarrunvosodr uwog al dexeg

'evPtreu a( BHalI 'r4r,.BsBmds-er,( l4hn{rf,ou af, df, ov"X'pr"vVo uqfi,(xJ o 9 e( r,{dlta[ttwl'uB'Hatrasr4odu rdu usdn ef eYPX

'afia.rddremw anafogo uneugo 1,rsrfloeeuodu eqaa(en a( o1 ewdfru-r4r{,{LE etloJ erion(r4t{ 0-02 oxoafaser{odq dlaer d af, asrmyfoJ E

wt\(usuw1:teranr'a.r, equ,txc at ar,{ox d

"irHol wl,{xes faru EIA - re

'VJr4 aso))xV Jw I^Io) bfosrlodx aHagh-edxadl asoval es exexgl I'e9,(J 'asdaHox 'a>rnanrl 'efuroQ Bx]srr,rxd>t a[,(qed $ err(fu.uerwlxeio'IrErer,{ Hehuf,ror afxH e '[rDsof,adn I{ I{reqlrs 3t exofi 'Iltbffrf,"Il3 a{ fv

'Ilrt4e(eqa&( Br{r,rrr>r 'asieaadree v a+raQzrx ee enra.lluc,{s{Voseuodl ee 'tdo.r,eenai-Hox 'esor19e) xr4xtrHo+ar6J 'Esotlos xr,rnr,r,rdJvava ,(iedelr ee a: ur:r.rdoy

'erorlroJ r,r erarfihud.r,xala xranUosodn dugoh a{ Iy'[ 4 ?irr4 r4Jor 'EHr,lmen mas 'edal

-rxndrp :e,redeuu xlr.lranuleed ,(s{[osrr4odn ee lerotlodg 'euouae 'et,tgot f,eeHouwex 'exfigor ror,{e eso etl :tsoriow e ehrlH(olrf 'esoeod),{fI4hx,{dJJHo)'ereds 'edood es edu$Io ,{tludsla ee dal:denlraaQedr ,( a: al(srawudg

',{{ueodon en nudo[ro reJar{ )ru[ a( w,(uulrluftty I'(t.00zr)

ede.r,awor rdar xr,rnhdeev xlru/x: el:ds xlcrlletahar: ,{!edrr e vrtudoxal val,[uue1'exllvar' er:ds xunve(lriraur ras{[oasl4odu ,{ ulcrdox a: dog

'uqaqluor,,(d,(redaII-lral lylnn onesuvanoan urur ltI/;rflll-r e 'flrlorl.el,;elt tdal, uwoas aJ dog

]UAdJ'TI VIVHlW]tI] VH]W14dU'5'I'0/06'66-5'66 oy,o e( ew,{(nsr,rwlve roHa(r{gotr o)lEso egor]uh '(6 'r))

eheuorl rdr(ves qofiol sI vflee u uqatt luft EH srrr,{>r] n w-LfufiuvrthrY( o)z-"o + Jz) 'ot + ft ,::_j_.-'ozvz

'e{ea[er,r (oer en a: ufoxrro)r{HoaJr.Dr ?tr esado$: orm oJ,ee 'ar umodl enr,((r,rsr,Ilt { e eere(lagot dxo.r,,{ 'eyranaerJd Uo a[ efox eioxy 'w1'[utttltl,ve e[e8lfrxu at xuorex BH 'el{e)auowunrol rem ,{c anaxorgo 'eqx{oal [o ,b aHaqedJ]r ,{I4 odrvava P ugalI

'3o 000 I uH r,Inor e) Lrfov 'eCIVBN ',{rraroudx won-asruorJ.( Bd?sJf,ed ae uodrxaua adr ehnnrn ar daf'uaQueeaadu r,ralrgodufeao a[:ene[ 'etnl'[tnwtw(tte as;Le(ugofl ee exaduadu eutrg e[ oJ,f,fl'J. Sbry Z'ei rxo-wr(fr{Hrdr r,{Le JorJI{h eqe(r]oJ ed,{redanwe,t e>,o:vrs oL EedEyI

r{orrnoduaxa aIIIIlg.l/.ITJ xtr vrurltu'F.uwrke aee(ugof :eee{ 11. 'eeo aedu c/rah ou9 u a[orm

e:ar,,cudu %I'0 io aq?w uxdflec u JrI4h a( efioas [;r:xo rna(r,r9o[ oxeag

B Al Ga In Tl

'i ,{ypalyr'runnjyu je cacrannenjou 1908. roglrne. flocrojn .UIlaea

,,nopoA14Ita" AypanyMt{HIajyMa,rrpr{ rreMy npoll3Bo!avra 4pNe yTajHocrrr ra.raH cacraD rr rexHo-/rorxKrr rrocrynaK Ao6njarsa one

nefyPe.

@[ Iprt"era lypa.nyr'rlnn jyna

Al je peglxquouo cpelcrBo; npu caropeBalr'y ce ocno6a!a rennxa xo-]II,IquHa ToIIIoTe.

Koprucru ce 3a r{spaAy eKcnloaura, 4o6ujatle Merana, 3aBapI,IBaH'e npyrar'r qelrtrrqHl{x KoHcrpyr

IILL

"-o-.-

-3o_*

.rup/lour i. 0I.9=')(be) .OgzH + (bp)+H e (s).Og.H

eHr.illa]r4r e[]4htrdHo(

'r:rtrd,{redauwe.i, nr.r)rotrrs Eri{oaaeH a.Hu{adre Eserxeg a(oy 'oyclnd-oredogev a( orm oe)l 'PUreJl JoH-uE['Iharrt r,{,Hllosrir.rodu ,( af lgzg

' x 6 ncto - io 9 euawudu eqas teg

o'ti + t)t{

llopeg opro6opne, nocrojaua je lr rvrera6opaa r.vcerrrHa HBOr, ca jegnuvMo/reKynoM BoAe Mane o4 6opue xracennne.

flo Apenujycoeoj reopttjvr anyuvnujyv-xlrgpoxotg je rpoxncena 6aaa.Jegua, 4ee tltrt4 cBe rptrxvapoKcl{AHe rpyne Mory ce 3aMeHI4TI4 KI'Icent'IHcKI4MOCTATKOM.

HeyrpanHa co: AICI, anyr'urHnjyv xnopr.ra

iasrre conw: (AlOH'z-, Al(OH)'r.):AIOHCI, anyuunujyxrxwgpoKco-xnopl4AAl(OH)rCI anyur.rnujyn4r.rxugpoxco-xnopI,rA

Mefyruu, s6or KosalreHrHr,Ix Be3a oBo jeguroerue t{cno/baBa av$orepnacrojcrea.

\Al(oH).("q) + 3HCl1"e -r AICI3(aq) + 3H2O1t1a,ryMr{H r'{ryM-xnoPr,IA

X Al(oH )r*q, + NaoHLaqr -; NaA)o:1uq, + 2Hro11/\Harpr,rryM- anyMI,IHar

Anyuvnujyr,'t-xrtgpoKcr'rA ie y BoAr.I reuKo pacrBopHo ,eAl4rbelne, na cey na6oparopuju 4o6uja 4ejcreorr.r 6asa na pacraopre conv alryMurrtiyMa(Cn.12\.

',

XAlCl3(aq) + 3NaOH1uql t AI(OH)30 + 3NaC\"qy

Xenar nosHr,r ranor anyMI,IHI,tjyM-xI,rApoKcI,IAa Ma cBojcrBa Aa ,,3apo-6ra" vecrr,rqe rehr,rx glrueaenja, rra ce HaiBehe KolI'tqI'IHe oBe cyncraHlle Ko-pr{cre 3a rpevuurhaaa*e - 6ucrpeme noge. A;ryrraunujyv-xr'Igporcr'rg Hlrjerorcr.rvan, y6paja ce y cna6e 6a:e (avQorepna je4umena), na ce xopracrra ra yMeE r\rlllrf Kao cacraBHr4 ,4eo /reKa KoJfi HeyTpa/Il4ue Bu raK xelyAar{He KI4-celruHe.

5,ro,IlIm

fl Benr,rra npe4nocr anyMnutlj)'Ma y oAHocy Ha Apyre Meranejecre ga cy je4r,rnena anyMtttt\yMay Hajrehev 4ery neorpoana n

6e.ronacua. Hexa je4nrlerua 6opa c) rohcuqHa. aoK cy cea ie4urrertaran[jyMa BeoMa orpoBHa.

IL ll ttopHa I

:Hof l,rHl>revflr{ox eier:eH u aloa er.,{xelow .l,f,arrI ef, arnra.ledlux *.1y uo]joutmo 'ruloJ 2Hxrau4wox trfo6 owaDg n owlHnuaJnt ns tdostltad wou

-a6oe tr a[ox 'ahuorytp,b audaryoSwn 'h 6ntxod|nx-wtfnunw,luo n |ntvo-wf,tnunw,fua 'w'(nunwtuy

'xr4H?srrDraho [o e lv,geut ataa auuetar^r ,{tr ?x ')I4Hhadu,(vou nvel,r -,{feltl4 t4rtoJ? eV aHt{h'mosr,rH[o (y) p lrxasr-{uo 'td.Iea( as{e:I4dJ,xeuaeH oxl4vag ?xoxg-P I4JHaI^IJUJ J] 3u?H ew([nuet uBwlbtlsu.ewtrftiue: [adl:ra

,ldlondal 'E.( ueeveu a: r,riox ew,{fr,trurtdve [o,{xlrused eg exr,rnladu.{uouJoxfhroJ l,uogawodu wonv aeduaH fleul:ve:u rarnr:eigo aJ dJot^[ 'xl{Hest{xeho Io axuH ,'i.f alo) eqreh-.ts.ax N es{aquor ad.,(redalr,na.r, es firoHiada dawudu es '7 \lxege1-,{ aneeexl,rdu afr'rvenone aa3

2owns14t[oet wnxnnenfi t a{nunwoutt ,(oqtsof aaidl E1 oryruawaua 6ot n otimoelm|/]B JLIIX roy llo vt

El+

.i9! !'z '9 a+reue a(oa: udaaod 4'ewg,{d a+awag Lr acledu er evmcdu oJE lJ uHsEJJe)

trr,rf)odau )uHo[os fi eredog wasremarar aua[r'Igo[ llvo:'uredogdal rs{aslr^iav adu eHI{mdaor xI{Hveraw es{aqmI'Ih

ee a: ar:r,rdox l,rredog - aulrla:ux audog uvo3

'rgoV-{: xuHgdv as{eslrlx: es segl4 oJm oJDs'?[adsou xl4uew lioxaeradesdy rslgel:,{es da[ 'usuhr,rflal,r -{ u axox u(udnlfl:pv J"elog oex a: u.lludox OTHZI ' t(uOS)lV)Lar:driog L a[ vtuutt xvi,J,\dfl u \rue 'e:irrv:, asol^Idfi4Hul ],{Le exawl'tdu EHhIa+ ha J

.OzHZl . .(oOS)lyJ .Jedtrr4xexaho[ re Q t-wtrbmutn/tue-wt(mrcx a( |eluun esow,((r{Harutre e(ra;ensou(e11 ereQv,{: uuo: axloaf - a:lra'll nVedt vrlttvsu:ur"1.uY I

.et fir: ?gor^r-'{fuHrar L,{ve a: esr,rseH ot euioav raxeag 'o?HzI ..(tos)lv)'J?dvuxxJflo[ reQu-,(:-nrdfunuwdve lt,,tfnlex a: e[es[el{ amawl aH:[u9oV t'to[n[ee ule r,:rudy

-,{f,'(colrh on-{urou uVoe ,1 -tsterr worder' ,{ owel,{l anclorlog*.rc 'rcrc'rrlv ,,'llN'*,){ ' r,cN o.HzI

.z(}os) af+

(+) elreret"l xlaJ'{dfxr'rxan n tQxoar 'er',rodx 'er{,{furHr{wdu? alllt{r] dl aJHoU (+)n:-'(dr ' (1+) wafodg t{tluollheilt]xo el HeEa( aI xnlox t1o esohex

u{hr{Ld EsV exdflt3 'eretpri,(r lrnor an{ortldr arullr3:.leQud:-l'tl.(l,ruum.{ve r'l re{vL:-ln-'{fr, vex

emar,{orr a] ?t1px smaE a: ier'-{v: s?xel otr esiaf owe: ]4.ll49o[ axow PtlelreH a] woluheeulurrudx

,l,r[os ,( .{[e[ar,,]o r{vot asu etr Ue) elnr,rJr aHestoxJ 'el^d.(r,rur,rwdle r,rlo: aH(oaV dfelrir'r ,tsal'uudl,,(qaaieH 'l^U[.,{(ary '"uos asreseqflt{hadu ee u afurdtx I'I el;reJ] l,lcl[ossl'Iodu ,{ af, I'IJ]rrdo) zOIVeN'resuw,(ue-nrlflrd.lug

,J- J (tr'erie uqaafen dlewl,r el'1,{[trnl,rw,{ve l'rvo: 'au-{d.r 't1 ureHawalra xus] VO

ozH zI 'z(ios)fia) .

z

e[os+t('OS)zlY+]OSz)

IHtiuIIt4}| IHd09 l/ vl^^r-llH14ti!^uv 1,4u0)'t z

BAlGaInTl

1el{u,o)o]'. xeKcailr{BaaryMr{Hnjpl(lli)-jon IA(H,O)6]Cl3 xeKcaaK]rilaryML{Hltjlar(lll)-uopnl2Al+6HCl + I2 HzO -' 2[A1(H,O),,]C], + 3HzAlzO: + 6HCl + 9HzO -.> 2[A1(H,O),']CI3AI(OH)3 + 3HCl + 3H,O-> [AI(H,O)"]Cl3

Y 6asHoj cpeAr4Hr,r, y npr4cycray OH joua, $oprlrl'rpa ce xounnexcrl,r jon:Al(OH)., + OH-

L

duulgo ntox:-Ho[ r,{ r,,roxJvdxe ow ,{ e(r'rh)ead xr4x]fr4 JxaHr4heHtaf rrmj,{xeH :firasddlla I o]4s?loxel 14lox JoLeJ -{seJ]El r^roxlfu{wax ou af eJm (9

dxravgo rtox:uof u woxf, x.i{xolorr'{d efrlrxead aHrlhHia( umr{r]"H i"rIr{HJr J-odu eluJd?x trd]n[xev asev efog aJ oJmet (p

'iewr{u Joxrw,tfr4Hr,{r{-{Le [?I\io) or,rseJ]uvu dxedu,{ ru{iuHr4wlr? ouuf alnlo+ Jx]ntdft,firul,rdve oJf,ar,,{,{ J] r49 oy? afr4iri?ed

axf,fr'rwax woHr4sdg etr our4[oJo[ a] r{9 eJm (9LeIPslEu

a: :e.r r,r(oy 2unot aua[vigofl,{aoe a: oxey'efuhxead xi4xtrfr4r^lex annr,eniaf r4mr4 eH (

eft,rrorflyeH3.rJ.t14l

'r(r,ruo{ ex:ndir,runr{,{vr rHasru.r:d al e[oll (yooz-) ?fr{f,yod[r4x-

-w,{lud.les doslred ,{r,{dt ,( e 'eHuve]r4) oHrrr4Ho[osodorx dosrJed J) eux) ,{ LJs,{duJ .{HfJf li

"$.ia,/

11d esreanulrr:r'r uo>rrudnret l,{r',lxll r'reer,,11

HOTHNettetrotr HoxllH

oerleH JoueI

'lr[os [oHefadJes d r4xdi araredg oxaH a: doar:e4'rtrral)odtrxx-wl.fuHowe r{re) oxldvo>raH af, "flotr'auuladr 11d e.r.r,ru:r,r e: wor,{r,txey t(iOS)1V xn1.-11y a: radosr:ed e[os oven e: .,{raa (dua ,1

rHsWt4dtu)x$

2edoar:rd roua[u9oV oxeso ?fuhd.lnahnoy esdevowai e(o;tr ledoar:ed Joso ,ruf, gg1 aerewaduudl ? uJxdawflo egadr aulrrarux aao ewedr oxrloy'xlrJU:lr{Jr{e op) r{.1:lrdox rrup 73 gg ailrhedurahnox astrrarr,rx audogo.ldo dosJ,:ed ar uHuh naw

^'i.L i(?dI t'I0I r{ Jo 0Z H Iou/.rup o'tz - "A) woHr4rarr,rx hroHhunovosodorx e: ,{fu4Ir-yead d eyr.rHo[oa ,urp gg ovuioafler Jo 0Z H e] ra9 f oHgadJon ew,l'[nt]|lurl'ue ewed: af oxuroy t41

1a:ur,n: eaonr,{filurarar,,(ve 3 gg1 .4 neeven alos ey,red.I a: oxr,rvoy,'9i

[rntroilel4'OTHZI z(tOS)lYuHN I4 OTHZI 'COS)lt) P 3fl1hfrahorlafi dHr{heHllJl ].{ tHawn xmfiueH m,{xrarrgo wox:uo[,( r{ mmr{r?H aHr{hHVa{ ;dxmna I .{(elo[ raVmf)od[r{x r4so erouel age(ou

Ho)pH Jl ox urxVoro[ a] aq erlfl llu:yodfiux-w,tir,rl/?x (9 '[rlr)Iodl]rr-w.{franowe (e eioV e.r.u$vd:-w.{flrguwdve dosr:ed rauaVoa ,{ ar oxe rtru:xodhr,rx-rtdftanr'rtdve e.ne[r,r9oV anl,rnesVai nmuueg ffi

'(HO)ly

floKvMEHT

Anyur,troreprruja -

repnrraruu [ocryrraKKaga ce atyttttuttjytt sana.[u, ocro6afa ce rernra Ko]rr4qr,rHa rorr.rrorHe eneprnje

(A.H = -.'1686 kJ/mol). Tenneparypa nnaMeHa Aocrllxe u 4o 3000 oC! Oao ceojcreo anyMtr:r.lrjyManaln]ro je ceojy npurvreny u y paruoj tr.HqycrPvj\,t. llosuare cy repMr{rHe 6olr6e xoje zr,lajy orpor..ruymoh, jep Br4coxa reMrrepar)?a Koja ce y

"epMl4ruoM nocrynry paarr,rja. rorr 14 ).Hr4urraBa qaK r{

neralHe rpaf;ennncxe xoucrpyrun,je.

Llwa ]e rueDMuwHu uocu.tvuaK:Cuerua cnpalreuor Meranrror anylrunujyua r,r rnoxfe(Ill)-oxcr,{Aa Ha3r.{Ba ce repulrr. Ka4a

ce oBa cMerxa aanallr (uajveuhe yo nouoh MarHe3l,rjyMa Kao Aa/br4HcKor yna.rrava), Tonnora Koja ceoc;ro6ogn rorr,r 4o6rjeno reoxle. Pear

ffi-., LL

ietru))o(1)dexeg 3 0S urra etrrar)o-(I1)dexe9 3 gg dlufixdlad ee ongadrou ew,{(uuuw,{re amua ai rav e[ (a

qour ll) z'zzg - - ((s).ozac) Hrv'loul/fi 0/9I- = ((tso1v) Hrv); u[u:xo-(11i)aQxosr evow roHlaf r,r(nwdalonnl,rdve ndu n[o9ov:o a: arovuo; ev.,{fiovux oxravo) (9

:[r4]xo odgadr 3 gg1 oveaox{iad rafurfiread .{ a: lr9 e[ ougad.lou errtfuur,rw,{vr er,red.r ai oxravoy (r::eqreluu uH r,rdoaoJlo ,r Jtr)ral (eurr,od1

#+-[]{rxo- (I)odgadl

Vralxo (lII)r,,rodx

-:".: i ' .''

+-

+-FS'.":11lro

I f l,r-rro (AllHnrr4li:- J

-

l? trxo-(A)w,1(uVEHes

Vrarxo (l)dx9

rrrrxo (II)de>r9