Knjiga Iz Hemije

'oxnHoaos oowr[on o[nvxrcas [oH oN[oHeoAA

ddeu ,{natlos a(B[ wae{raadoJecda(',ftodudu a{,{Qe.Iee all a(u,rdaua doaei,r nerexraQa u

rf,I,Ih 'suslsoHgo J{ xuxotog 'urlrlgowor,Ie o[ enoQavarJoHuragol{ Uo - os: anadxou e[ axow x,rHouog

'axdu: aao t( eeregmr,rdoxus nasredgee a( xuuoUoa

'axullol' 7961 1[t9ua6uny uo6enr.rvauah afr,rdaeex no:re11

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nspa4ercyc (1493- 1541)

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XeHpu Kereflguu ( 1 7 3 1 - 1 8 1 0 )d

6roK

Clrarpa ce npoHana3aqeM BoaoHt{Ka(1776). Ha3Bao fa jeropyhr,r rae4yx. *

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AHwoaH Ila6oa3uje ( 1 743- 1 794 )

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lil:',ffi"G3

@ - floroxaj rogonr'rxa y llepuo4uoM c].rcreMy e,reMenara r{ 6eroBa e./reKTpoHcKa

KoHQr'lfypaqrqa

IIItrra ce xpuje usa cundona H?

BogoHr,rx je npnu y HI43y elreMeHara lleplroguor clrcreMa, Il,eroe aror4je uajje4nocraaHujr,r o4 cnlrx aroMa eneMeHara y llepr'ro4Hou cucrelry(r = 37 pm)'. Cagpxr,r je4au nporou u je4au eneKrpoH. OA csr,rx eneMeHara,

caMo r43ororrr,r BoAoHI4Ka ,{Majy noce6na r,rnena. To cy npourjylr, geyreplrjyu., --'""'"i.,^" / ah ) l

36or rapaxrepracrr{qHe eleKrpoHcxe xou$nrypaqnje 1s' no4oHlrx nevao4pefeH no;roxaj y flepuoguon cncreuy (Cn. 1). Onaj eneueur 6r norao ga

ce cBpcra y 1. rpyny 3aro [Iro uua jegan eneKrpoH y s op6uratm, ann v y17. rpyny 3aro lllro My HeAocraie je4an enexrpon 4o cra6r;me eneKTpoHcKe

xon$urypauuje, 1st. Mefyruu, BoAoHr.{K ce 6lrrHo pas;ruxyje oA erreMeHara

tr l. u 17. rppe. 3a pas.nr.rxy oA a/rKa/rHr4x Merana, (eneueuru 1. rp1.ne), rogo-Hr{K BeoMa rerxKo orrryxra e/reKrpon (Ei = 13,6 eV)'. 3a pa3/r Ky oA xanoreHJ4x

enevenara (eneueHrlr 17. rplme), noAoHr{K reuKo npr4Ma eneKrpoH (X = 2,1)'.

Bogonnr je uerr.reran. Morao 6u ga ce cBpcra u y l. 17- rpyny tlepnog-Hor cr4creMa eteMeuara, arrl{ He npr{na4a xlrjeguoj rpqr4 u fisy.rrala ce

noce6no. I/lvarpv vzorona: nporujyu, 4eyrepwjyu u rpw]ujyv..

flpoaepn croje snae,e I,2. tr 8.

no MHoio ueuy eogouur je jeguHcEtaeH.

I4syuaaano 1a uoce6Ho.

' npxnor: CnrKa 2. flony[pe.{HlK aroMa- I1p;rror: Ta6era 2. EHepr ja joura3arluj e vL CnrxaT. A$uuxrer rrpeMa ene(rpoHy

' flp;r;ror: Crrrxa 4. Peraurnna erexrpoHerarr{BHocr eneMenara flepr'rognor crcrelra

IIporrj.vM iFI

-99,990/o

nevreprii!\i Il (D).r.uirt BoloH!k"

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rpl'ul{r\\r rr I

enexrpoH vnForoH o,.,,.".

@ - Hasralt, ooHa(e t pacnpocrpalr,eHocr. I4aoronrr eo:oulrxa14 Ibr{XOBa PaCiIPOCTPaiSeHOCT \'nPr,rPoAr'r.

l]l TpnqI'IjyI.{ je paErloaNrtBHr!I{3OTOI1 BOAOHl4(ai Ca BPe\reHO\r

nonypacnaAa oA 72,26 rol\I{a.,{o6rja ce y uyraeapHr{M peaK-

TOPr4Ma, a befoBo npr'lcycrBo ,v

Ilpr{poA]a je 3aHeMap/br,rBo Mano.

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ed,{rpdauâl 6 ExnltC 14 ps{aquor addwdaultal 7 erage; 'g exlrv3 :.rovud1 ,

xr,rHoiosodoux IJHl- I+

tlnQr,b-xunoUoa 5zgz- r+

?[os OzHz-v

)eluHoI,,I? €HNI+ €_

1+ rodg ttuoufieYvcxo ar{n xuHof-os ewraverewaH ef, eruaeraqnlafd

[r{dIfix-wdfu]r r{dx€ tHIyI- €+

Yvdfr trx ̂ r^r f,furfiue>r z He Jt7+

IudVux-nd[udreu ge1qI I+

I- fodg ,{Hor{[E[raf,)o BW]a

xuHoEos sLwal/{ ?r{trfrtrdflwx

^ e)urllofo{esrasruta( xundexug ar,{lrdo6 fl

I I+ a[ exnuotlo s, .rdg \ilr.ovrfiefru:lx o '(r{LereIÎeH) I'Zuo rqas r4Jf,oHs[le:anodrvaua rxa(uhutpaox ?nrl JHarrlara r,r:-{dll oxrlox6'afrvdfrrtx t'ftedt u 1- fodg unor,rfieVuf,xo €hrr4 xnHoios (urcraw) (I'Z = (H)X)

lz vo vsfew vr,onsrlleraHodlxala ura(nhuQaox,((enu ufox ewnurer.tara e:ewu+ra+rutaf l '1- uuv 1+ aaa[od,g auor{[e[r4f)ro r4ftr,, { exow €wxqra.Hr{vaf.,t

xrlHo[os e[ ohu{flrs uJf oHsl4nJeHodrxara erxaiulurpaox u a(l,rhedhutpuoxaxtHodJva[a daon:o e11 a€aa axfHo( r4 aHJHar?so>r I,t utrBdJ )I4HoVog

v}|14H0tr08 v8r)t'0sl vx)rilt^,|lx'z' t

'evnnoVos esr:[os? ?rf, ft4r,,'rax oweHeold oxuvoxdowlldosoJlo ?[ owaxow eq{erurr Eso e11 ;xnuo6oe ownlo1o€ oxa osoma6

ac rryy1 2at,fioad o6 attcow vnxoOoe owohHoa)ah wn[ot! oJ ;otuuoryt4tc aeo

mDg n€olrotl ,(6h woid6 woxau nun nryaetd4a ,( at o6 ownqdery,( a6 owatrcow

oxox 'ucndnw n a[o9 ea9 '(txt6eoe 6o nmxou outa 9'Vt) nl xnxo6oe aI oxy

'dhral:ascaH r4resseeu axow am ld ar oxe u er4slm,(Jes a( lrre 'neeodroa(uH ,(:). €'65Z- = [) dnHer]n {r ,{r:dan ,( ui (J. 7'ZSZ- = >11) r:ounar.{

r,udosJadu a)Kor^r atr ir4Hobos'art{tr io tru onrene uddredalwal ?H'agevf,ewoag ,txuuolos r.{o.r,:ds}' I4 rroHr,ar,,( afor:or afov au4l a)fL(xeuoldqaw u,{: eu ',tt undevouall '(3 7 e:aa: L:ew enlr er,(xavow r?0I. Z0'9 'lour/8 Z = W)af,?hr av?hr oru€ed€ vt eftituattufl xuttel,c er,loag l: exr4Holos uu,,(xaro11

vxt4H0l/08 v8r)f08) vvh14Et40' t' t

d€os-oe[?dr ra df€u€rxodu ae ewranodl-xava wlruadeulau Br ave.r,u9d6

o-l.l :aeae auquauoe o(ndoa1 (9

deu r,rn:nod.r,xala uxr,lrnflafetafledr r{HodJ,xava r4uadeurall

zH nxr.t H-H r'fiw HOH €-H. + .tI

:o[ndoay4 oeocnty (eE)II4HOtrOS

endxaron erre(elreu sexud[ i

jl I zH avdxavow aHwomosf utredJ qa{ 'H wore oerl l4foJtrox

aH '?hHeJf,I],{f, undernarralla oex 'x4Houos or?t '(zsl'aHz) ewd(ra[ax ere.r.rol-ttueweun J:r,Kungfzn,((uhedd:urpnox -,(xnodr,xava -,(n rrgel) e:r<r/tl)ou ewv1-'eosr4H Joxlra:dana losdu osfiHlo -s or,lrduou u9 e[ xod.r,xala H?ia(,(IIa(ercoag dbrhed&u<pnox ,(x:nodrxala luuvgen ewaH xrHolog lorm?g'211 e: emral] e(r.rhxead xvv:[uâx ey,reuur,eutla[ 6 'g a( ?ruHo[oa rogwu)

VTIHVl)UA] VHdVIH]W]U] OV) Y14HOtrOB't

l. Jepawue pearqrja, godajtrea6xrapron jepmena BoAonrlKa:

+llLi + H2 J 2LiH trr]{jyv,-xtrqprrl

N, + 3H, ? 2NH3 a1,,r6Hra1aK

Ct + H, "r 21161 xJropoBoAoHnK

fl flprllrepr pe4ynqrde oxcirgaBOIOE|IXO!{

o(cnA Meriura + H2 -+ Meran f HrO

PeaFrrrla

-_-.-1+2 0 0 +lCUO + Hz.' Cu + HzO

oxcrgaqrja

pe{yxqrja|---.---------}+200+lPbO + H, -t Pb + H2O

oKo-rAaqrja

TPADEIbE dAHAPHUX JET,AIbEILA BONOHNKA

Bogonur Mo)<e Aa pearyje ca sehuHorvr xeMxjcKrax eleueHara. Benr,rxu6poj peax4r,rja y rojuva ce go6vjajy (ruapua jepeite*a BoAoHr,rKa BeoMa cycrope Ha co6noj rer',rueparpu. saLuito? fegan og pasnora je urro je oesa yMoneKyny BoAoHrrr<a neoua jaxa (En_n = 435,1 k|/mol), xajjaua og cBI{){ je4-HOCTpyKT{X Besa l{3Meby ABa r4CTOBpCna arouar. Ter ua Br,rcoKr,rM reMnepaTy-paMa, y TrpxcycrBy cBernoc.rvr vnv Karanr,r3aropa, peaxquje cygononuo 6pse,unore vax ra rpenyrne. 1]

flosHaro je Aa je BoAoH[K 3arrilrbr{B r{ eKcrrrro3xBaH, aKo ce floMerua caBa3AyxoM. Beh o4 npr6.nrxHo 4% salpeMrrHe BoAoHr{Ka y Ba3Ayxy rra Aonpu6nNxno 75% rlocrojtr olacHocr o4 ercnnosuje. crr.relra no4orrrra r,r xra-ceoHr{Ka y 3arrpeMrHcKoM ogHocy2:l Ha3r.rBa ce npacrarr rac (Cl. 3). Mefy-Tr,rM, yKorII{KO 3arrarr,rMo BoAoH}lK, XOjU nO4 rrpl4Tr,rcKoM 3nastr tts E aMe-ur,rra, nojaer,rhe ce ntraBrrracTr,r nnarrlex. Y peanqr,rjr,r caropenana ro4oHrKago6rnja ce noga.

2H2@ + O2e) ) 2H2Oe,) A.H=-483,6 kl/mol

Pearqrjaje BeoMa er3orepMHa, a reMnepar)?a finaMen agocruxe2700 "C.Y rory rsyranana flepno4nor cracreua y'nosxaheMo ce ca cnojcrnnuanajna:r<nujnx 6nnapnux je4unerra BoAoHr,rKa n ca KapaKrepr,rclrlKaMa xe-uujcxwx peax4uja y rojnra ce our,r go6r,rjajy.

P EAYKUNO H A C BOJ CTBA BOEOH U K A

Y xeur{crnrvr peax4r.rjar',ra BoAoHr{K Moxe 14 Aa orrrycru tr Aa npvMlr.erreKrpoH, raKo Aa oBaj e.]reMeHr Moxe 6uru u oxcuna4uoHo r.r peA),KrlroHocpe4crBo. Heynopegr.reo 6pojntrie cy peav,rltrje y Kojr.rMa oo4onr,rx uooeharacrenen oro,rgaqraje o4 0 4o +1. 3aro xeMr{qapr,r cnpcrarajy BoAoHr4K y pe-AyxqlroHa cPeAcTBa. Bo4ouux Moxe Aa pe4]'rryje o(cr,r4e Mera/ra, gpr4 qeMyce 4o6ujajy meran r,r BoAa. nl

TTRKSffiIItA

@ - flpacxarn rac

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' Ilpunor: Enepruja aese

-o[osodorx I,I exHufi €r4 err4Houosas{E(}rgo[ oxrf doredogey - S

'ewlfudar"Aafl o69919'9

raxd[m dyarodu,t e[os e)If,Hsa){O'ew,{(ydarda[ lror,e

II"[a[ ,rsEvo[ syrdHo[os JoHhr4goeltorz ggg 9:orxeec 211 fl

u[odrrdu l(BxuHolos asre)KureH - lm

e)rr{Hot-os uo ,{f,

aHaqedJer,r

aU€asE

a dftnalIHdJ

UDI 00I UeH€r edaot-owJ,e ewr,Iso{oxf, wxyorrs

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?wusoteJtrlv)rH€)Ixds r(

BrerJn L?fuflllarou unflod,rxara lrsldB[ne.r,3 '1 uva9e1 :,ror,lrd1 ,ufodradu d erenar,tara r:onasredJ,lodu:e6 1 exuv3-:.ror,ud11 ,

-llwa.if, rrf, 9[oHo"raH"vud n[o.r,:ou orm dltoar .r,oarx a(e[ xono[og - ?[€ass pilafl" Jlran]brofi l

''(A oo'o = 'H" Htoa)

EIJ;wJ/a)tDt €I,t xl4Hoios l.'JtcuJ;lu el &orr ' ?fu,IflHaroll ]rHlodJ)ala H€a-vrarar .L(ewfi fi(o>r ' vertw eV r(sJ,rfos: BH ?sr,rHf,?a at EF,rtuerd

(3)zg .r- (be)213u7 -

tbe\3gg + ts)u7

0z+t+0'(S 'rC) endo wdJ r4 eHhr,rHoUosodorx,(: o,rm oex anula:yy

r,r rHj,rh arrudo)r aJ agmah(BH Exr{Holo{ a<Hefr,rgou orJ(r,rdoJedogev ?€

'r,rhHer]nlJ xfiso (u\oi-lfrad, vuu u(ulrcftutvoeH aa l[esttlr)ea eyr.rHo[os eue[ugofl a(xlryead 'U.r,tr (esra**rVaf ?xrH?Jdo)III,IHoio{offd '(-'zHBf, '.HeN) u\.udfrvx '(-'HO) 'HOeN) aeBg '("''OSZH

'lJH) aHrxalnl '(OzH) ?nos ,{c o,rm oex es{as{ laf BsoJasr atr aJf,r4do) €x-l,rHotos eslefI{gof e€ B)rrrHotos asrB(r,rgo[ e€ eHrheH oJoHr{ r(orJol]

i,ntt ro6os 0{ngo6 at ottax

v)il4H0r08 lqlvrug0r'r' r

iowamnryaryHnt/owa[ngo0 o1o6 owaxow HnhoH n{o, tH 'owa[thro€n 02 ooowatcolr aH 'ndodndry ,( owau ounn4xoil4 tuoryt woHdgru.Hawau? t DmHo6og

'- (drraid woxarew orr orraw oJasaEzr.tue,(ee) uflodudtt I xlunasredJ,coduced(ua uo H?ta( 'er${sra*rrrxa(,( rHaw-ora o€y yr,rHoUoa a(e[ owur,{srxue eI owaxow '>rr4uolos axd[eJ a(o:r irH?rt-ttlrt xutl'dfr n eteJ JoHr,{ea 'al,oeH 'aios ?wr{ r,rllodrdu / etl 'er(xalow xux:-nardo [o enaQed.rer,r eqlrg ear.rx,(r eU,(Urs,( ofisi{r.r oxv 'enasrudJ,codrceddc er,rroaa exr{Houoa B<Ha<HI4[a[ '"xrdHofos roudelnawava [o d>uveed ag

,'(7 13) ,(fir,rdaua ,(edesr,adu evrrxofloa ] 000 000 t oro ,,r[Hlia, fo)esJ ,{ aJ ,{hH,{C eH 'wd(r{uaxugifudesl,: ',((e(elo ar u(ox BxuHo[os ?wrlr rore uqd(dsrcsx?e {'(ebD afrr.aae

a.dd[ u ahru(3 'erowJo) rHJr lava r,ruseuJ a( x.rHohos 'wr.r,,tQayg 'edaQJor.^r

-re ewuaa(ottt yw{xof,ra u enr4aof,eJ r.iu{xJue>ruda ,( rqeu axow our4[af )rrrH

-oUos a, oJet 'exl4Holos az(xarow 'nexdtee

axow eH avrarag afr,rtrurueed,r

'ex,{[eea aHrnft ages oJoHv[ I{ ef?w axf,rdxalolt alew o.lraeudeia ,ro9g

attoNtot t n[oaaon ttnwodos nx ofr: 2netwag ou n{ogcof, ttnfloOos nx ob:

vvt4H0u08 lqllxvuvH'€'r

fin llsjegxavaaare je4xarunaoKcnlopeAyxqrje

1) Oxpetu ottcr4aqnone 6pojeaeE/ICMEHATA:

0 +l'1 +3 -1 o

-Al +

-HCl J

-AlCl3 +_H,

2) llanu:ou.u je4navune uo;r1pe-arqrja (6poj orn)'rureHr{x r{ Irpr{-M/r,eHr{x erreKTPoHa,) :

AI"-------+ Al*'f,l_'n

n -------------> Et

3) tr4sjegnavr 6poj ornytnenr.rxr4 npr4MrbeHrrx erreKTPol{a:

ero------ er-' r

Htt------ tlo i

rAto--l rAt*3_1 +3e-

4) Dpoj arorua [o6ujeH y no-fiWeaKt\ujv ,.Bpcru y ieqlla-vuny (3H ogronapa 312 H2):

l Al + JHCI + 1AlCl3 + ..i'' lH,

5) Ilorvrnoxu roeQr.rqnjenre 6po-jeM TaKo 4a go6Njeru qene

6pojeae:2 Al + i HCI tzAlCl3 + :H'

0 rl -2Mg,s, + 2HC\aq; --r MgClr,"o, + Hr,u,

0 +l +2 0

Fe1s, + 2HC\aqy -t Fecl2(uq + Hr(s)

0 +1 +3 0

2A1 ., + HC\aq, -t2A.lcli(aq) + H2(s)

Eo."*,*"=-2,36Y

Eorrrr"=-0,44v

E€^*,^=-1,6/\'t t

3a lrugycrpr,rjcro 4o6ujane uexe cyncranrle norpe6Ho je ga rexno.nourxnrrocrynaK 6yAe uro eroHoMll.rHraj . Oxo 77% cBercre rrpor{sBogrbe BoAo-

Hr,r(a roTr,rqe ue na<fre. IIocTlTraK ce sacHr4Ba Ha pa3/raralby yrlboBoAoHr,rKa

3arpeBarbeM, 6e3 rrpr{cycrBa Kr.{ceoHraxa (nrponrea):

tocCnH-r, -l C1H21 + Hna

OKo 18yo BogoHI4Ka y cBery EaHac ce Ao6r{ja u3 BoAeHe nape xoja ce npo-nylxra Kpos yxapeHr.{ KoKc. Koxc ce go6r.rja 4ecrr{naqxjoM KaMeHor yrrba r{cap'pr<v oKo 97o/o yTtberlvIKa.

+l 0 O+2H2O6r C(s) + H2qgy * COls

BOAeHa naPa )'xaPeHr,r xorc

fio6ujeuu no4onnK ce Ia3ABaja ras cMelre, npevuurhaea, cKraAr,rurr4, a 3a-

r\aM pl,rcrpt/t6wpa go norpourava (Cn. 6).

@ - Bo4orurr c e syaay senuqHuM 6oqalra no4 upurr.rcrouoA 15 MPa. Doqe cy o6erexene rIpBeHoM o3HaKoM. yupocropujaua ca 6oqaua nogonlta ra6paneno je 4aCE CK/IA {IIIT'{ KI{CEOHI{K.

Xeuxicxe pearq{ie y rojluna ce

looxra BoEoEIlI(

Merrur + Klrcellr{Ha + co * Hr(ueran ca nerarr,ratrtM erreKTpoA-

Hr{M noreHllr.{j anoM)Harto4cKu Hu3.Me6ura:K, Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb, HCu, Ag, Au

Merarr + 6a3a J co+H2(ueraa uru ueranor.rg rojxrcnonaaa arr.r<porepra cBojcTBa)

Meran + EoAa -t 6asa + H2(ueran l. wru 2. rpyae, xsy:er Be)xxgprg Meftrna + BoAa ) 6a:a+H2

Enexrponraa ro4e

Enexrponxsa rogenor pacrBopanarpnjyrr-rroplqa

II E=llI

CseficKa ipoueogtua eogoHuKa ioguwtue ipewautyje 310 000 000 000 m3

oaol laca. 3autuo ce y uHgycfripuju iporceogu aogouux? Koja teojctrtâ Bogo-HuKa ce Kopucite? KaKo ce u ige yrotrtpe6tbasa sogoHuK?

l8d#i-,, '(

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ee osr4do.r oex xuuolog - @

evtrgot4oLLeee osr4do.r oey xr{HofoS - @

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ra.l:onsuJ,u,rauodJ,xeva ralHeFa[]r(paoy :.rorr,rd11,

a€es aHrHarBsoi aHdEvoll 'anderou otr4eBd€r4 (H-o) e€3a .,(r e,rar, .rogs an-odrxale trheJ/svdn oHxeHr'r(g'€ = X; er.enel rana xu>n[uvtex xfi(fi]frs LeJeE-odJ)axa(eH [o Heia( oB)r 'xr.rHoaf, X 'Hedellon oru€Bdeu a( a[os u,braxow

'eJor€€4 ar amr4g jnnHouxqttnutd6 6o attynuetd at twan o112ongaroa oxory a6os af

'(wat o11,,,vr.oftuet:il twoHhr4Jer r( .l,fudtetrc a( r4JoHW 'onr'r,rQrahal: ,&,tar, o.ronw or v fiflodudfi Iaslasauft?[ e( afurmaeradnodlred(eg 'eIrHeJJdr eHszr:onta{ ovde a( [aff€r.r-e11 'a+ra+rr.rie{ sfr,rxxeg(eH af elog 'ytra:xeti:f eH ra{J ,{gl,rx r e)esoh e€

vxLtH0tr0s lqlq{hvlf lf14HXvBrvH 0vy vy0s'z

'(6 'LO) egr,rog $r:r rore efiaeovl:xa eedu r4 r.rJ,eeas axow ar wr(fi,rd-errbf et 'es{exe{doen Jondeav),{x,{etUoeel4odu ee fi iIusxar (osdealydu ,{e: ,((euev9adr,ol,( '(q) w,(ludar,{at u (g) r,u(unud.r, .eyl{Hotos r4roro6tr4

'evl,xs,tws,n'tg

€r.r egr,rdeJd?r,'[ agre/. gol ee u(ud,t i:,:-u (onogwedxadu ,{ lr r4ve .wed(puos a[oJ.m oex BneJaw xuu,bt: aere(lr9oi Ee fi[uJd(ueJrew I a: n.r,:r,rdoy 'er,aqdr,p

aue[vgol1 Bg xoHBJarr B €roH?Jaw asre(lrgo[ ee nr:ndoy aJ )I,{Hoiog'osr,rtadt ouoxlrx/(lad a( xrxouog

'ufudtttrfl-nra ,{ r ronawradu woqaefen z: enr,rrerux tro a[ enlla( enr,rta:ux unr,ranoiosod-otry'eavdgl,Qxnn;oee a+refi,rgo[ ee ul:udo>t at xe[w{owv 'exr4HoVosodorxu eye(r.rnornie Iea.r,r.fi) ee $ tr[eaes1gedrolld €xr.rHoios anur'zvox aqaefell

tweulda{ erdurrag uhud.r xrxoiog'(g 'uC) J.00L Z u a)Kr4rf,ou eHaweull ed,{r,edauwar, et y{odrr€go f, .BvEr

-aw ae{eerldegee ee u eaevgadrou,{ ar xrauolog 'e.rdoucned,r r,r eqerml,rteuy:toy eqoymar ra oey as{tossrrodu eHeh €yof,r,rs a( >reJeJtoUaH 'aHr.rUoJ 'gS5I

!o aHor,rse aH€etw u aJa)Ied agad)olr exlrHoUos ae{eeadoJel ouef,I4uod;Hoy'(/'vl) (:rnuolos eH sdorow) elragowol,{e o[ (>rrlHotos

"H a(l.rdar,eg) exoQ

-arer JoHrfigon io - asr aHadxou e[ axoyq l(det,ftraVos a(e! wasruEadoJef,daf ,{Uodudu eL(geJe€ aH 'afu,rdana doaelr ne:exr,r{a ra nr.rr, .erasreongo a(xr4Hoiog 'r,rr,:onqrftl(9 r,rroaudo.I r,rlrDrmorora pdJewJ f,BHEU atr xr4Hotog

'afrdJdeHe aHronllorErrr{hr{rror u)Iulles aJ ?qegpxf,o

"xrrHoar[x r ExI{Houoa r(uhxuad rl

'wow,([r,rrax an trr angrxvlell a) :ereY'worr4Hoaf,rx ec a{uiuead aHsr,r€ovuf,ra Jog€ 'Hr,rualeh ut| ugexudu\l wot-r,r€EH forl xr4JDH€o '€huxr4rall aqas{,(u ee :e.I oex ou.r,:radox al etexag

'Jrr r{m)rulrlaH al vrrHolog

vx14H0y0s vHlt,1llndu's'r

I

EE - Terpaegapcra crpyrry-pa MoneKyna aoAe; s6or jaKor oA-

6Njana cno6ogurx e/IeKaPoHcKrD{

napoBa yrao lrsuefy gae o-aese(currraa) roje cy Hacrale rrpeKla-naneu spt-op6urara Kr{ceoHI4Ka t{

s-op6llrana Bo[oHr,IKa nuje 109,5',

KorruKo je y [paBIa[HoM rerPaeApy,

neh ueurro uarlr.r (B = l05u).

@ - <Dopruupane BoAoHxq-

urax reea lrsrtaefy veTr{PI4 MorreKyla

BOtre

6!l - Ygeo aogounvnnx aeaa

y BoAr4 Pa3nxqrlTor arPeraTHor

crarra, Ca nopacroM TeMnePar)'Pe

6poj ro4ouuvnux ae3a u3Meby Mo-

neKy.rra BoAe ce cMaliyte.

20

$opr'aupajy lrao o g 1050. 3auiIto? Mo/IeKyn BoEe je rerpaeAapcKe crpyKrype'

Arou rraceont'ma je sp3 xu6pngl'IsoBaH. y IIeHrPy rerpaeApa Hana3l'{ ce KI4-

ceour4K,,4oK ce y por.TbeBrlMa rerpaeAPa Hallase rberoBa ABa cno6ogua ener-

rpoHcKa [apa I4 ABa aroMa BoAoHI4Ka (Cn' 10u ll).

Manu, anu fi3pa3tl'ro roIapHI4 MoneKyInt BoAe Mory Aal Pa3ope ,oHcKy

KpvcrarrTy perrerKy, Aa "Pas6vjf MeblrlloneKyrc(e cl{ne KoA rlo/IapHl'{x

Mo/reKytra, anr4 Bese wylap nonapHl4x MoneKyna KaAa Aorla3r{ He caMo Eo

pacrBaPalba (Cn. 12) neh n xer''rujcxl4x peaKql4ja.

@[ - Pacrrapalbe HarpuiyM-x[oPr'rga.. Karjonn Na*, anjoulr Cl cy y aogennu

PaCTBOPT{Ma OKPyXeHI'r MorleK)trlMa BoAe (xJ{APaTI43aIIr4raJ

Monexynlr no4e rpaAe BoAoHI4qHe Be3e. BoAoHI4qHe Be3e nocroje I43MeDy

lbeHr4x MotreK).?Ia I4 y reqHoj I,r y qBpcToj BoArI TIPI4 veUy nocroje n:seftre

pasnI4Ke.

Cnaxr,r uonexyn noge, saxlanyjyhr,r nocrojany gea BoAoHI'IKa r'I ABa cno-

6ogna enexrponcKa [apa, Moxe Aa rpa4r{ qerI4PI4 BoAoHI'IrIHe Be3e (Cn' l3)'Ha raj navr,In, He caMo Irrro je uonexyl BoAe rerpaeAapcKe crplxrype neh

qerr4pu Mo[eKyla BoAe Mory Aa ooPMI'tpajy rerPaeAap, a 3arI'IM iegHy uI4HoB-

cKy Kpr,tcranHy PelxerKy. y ne4y, Ha reMrlepary-P r'IcnoA 0 "C, flocrojll MaK-

cuuanau 6poj BoAoHr{rIHr{x Be3a. Monexynu noge rpaAe Kpr{cra/IHy Pe[rerKy(Cn. 14a).

Ha npenasy I43 qBpcror y reqHo arperarHo cral6e, lloneKynv yna3e y

nll,nnune jour yreK HesaPylxeHe Kpl,rcranHe crpyKrype xouaglrha nega, na je

Ha reMneparypt{ og 4 oC sanper'runa BoAe HajMarba, a rycruna roge najreha'

C nonehamev reMrlepar)?e 6poj nogolruvnlrx Be3a ce cMalsyje. Crpy<rypa

reqHe BoAe BI,I e Hnje ypebeHa, Mo/IeKyIIr{ BoAe Cy HacyMr'Iqi nosegaHfi so-

troHurrHr4M Be3aMa (cn. 146).

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bdoso!6o loHhout 0adlltn oeon rurcf,dxoot

ahser:r,{r ax:sof u asdevou es r,edesl:ed oey a: r4nr4dox eqac{ [aI eHdeH],rg u[?dJ xr{Ho[osy311 ' eg]\I -'tsa.r.nra: ee a: uJ:udox osJ:tlad: oHofifix,,tlad af xr4Hoios?llrf,xo a eueJer{ aurlugoV ee a: ur:lrdox " enl^rdaror.ra a[ exr4HoaJr4x r{ ?)r{Ho[oa eifiIxeadosudor afx Hofloa ehHuJJx,ttr EHd?lor afelos

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;xast dgaweu alox e ,alos dvdxarrow,( alor:ol aeaa aioy .9

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i?t?Hawauaewarrlrr ronloudag lu,td.r '11 l endat el ?V oeJor,,,r xl{Hofos ug olfiet'Z

;eynHovos e[oJosl4 r,rwoJ.e axdIle: ahl{J:an afoy .1

'r{oflosr rormar ail€vr rr oHtla[d ar ufox

ewr.rdorxeed r,,u,rsdeavxdn,{ enodrdan r'egr.idou:d oex a: u.lrudoy

'avos JHr,r,rgo flo yo9'71 ee egaa affof enr,rr,{1 wow,{[r,rdaJ,ta[ Hec{a}^t

ee >],IHo[os e( def raior (onr,r9o aIeHJoLeHP'nzr'I ?troa Exmar Il

eioa exmal !l@

ssrYH€ alogl l4d[godl]

'g asreHe 3(os) ,rdesodu

-Lj (9I vl) O'C '€[os ?xmaru u[o.l:ou rudlurodu ueerd vdxalornr tt[ttt tr aflos, iadol rfl owr4r{awolf

'eltugeaxo u Bnndolrt

'ewr,rdasa( -{ las: r,rsrrx ee elehelte fo a[ orm flos ou er,{ru tlau 'l,rsur:-{.r ,{ ex-uueed rogg (axramad asvrr:udx e+redrawdoQ) auuwadlee e<req:aou Vavt,{s€voi sah xr,rHVogoVos esreh,{ dhesrasdwue ,,{ r,,ro[oa xruasrdueH emevQ

xuHanxerrs{eh-,{n '€HaJr afr€oda o[ d:el.,r ,{x:v,{xeuow ,(vew ewu o>r\t'r4d,{.ledalna.l iougor eu rer afutr eflos eaaa x Hh HoVos esre(o.r,:ou roqg

'wortdsh r( oJaH 'ds{e.tc won:,e.rad:e wonr.a; ,( ,{nr,rr,:'itdqaa ertu afox a*ras]u!a{ oJ,eueou oxulaf a( etrog tl,{eoas r{l4Hhr.luoVos

,tfdeoaou a: atioa Nv,{xanow lqeJ: r,ron.r.e:ad,re rionlar n wor:drr' 6

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Haituuu j egfla.qufle x.e rruj cKux pe aKquj a

I Ilpegcranr jegnavnnava pearqr,rje y xojNma nogonlaK pearyje ca:

a) $rryopor'r 6) cprnopor*,r n) raxqr,rjylraov.Karo ce eoay Ao6njeua jegnmena?

I lpegcranr pearqr,rje rraerana ca pas6naxenou cprnopHoM Krrcenr4Hor.a jeguavranaua y MorreKy/I-

cxom n joncxov o6rrxya) Zn 6) Al B) Mg r) Fe

! Hanuuz jegxavlrny go6njana uerana us orooo(II)-orclr4a ys nouoh oogoar'rxa xao peA)'Kql'roHor

cpeAcrBa. Kojr,r enerrrexrlt ven ajy oxcugaquone 6pojeoe, xoje cyce c1'ncramle oxo'r4oaane, a xoje

pegyrolale?

lIapauyxaj

! Koly eanpeunHy rrpr4 HopManHr4M ycnoBI,IMa 3aysl4va 100 g nogonnxa?

f, Konnno je rulorpaMa KoKca norpe6no sa go6{ane 2 m3 aogoHfiKa nprr nopuannlrlr ycnonralra?

Ysr"wy o6svp aa ce y xoxcy nanasr,r 97 oh qgtcror yrlhentrKa.

I Konuxo ce dm' rogonrara (npra nopManullM yc./IoBvva) uoxe 4o6rrra y peaxqlrjr qnnxa n 500 cm3

pacrBopa cyMrropne xmcennne uvrjaje xonqeurpaqrja 0,2 mol/dmr?

22

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inuoyt oxnu xnuo1oe at o6 wodnego : 'tatouc-2[4o aI at9ad1!o11 ivnHsollnvH n6osen 6ar1g

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,osJl-[adtr oHorrhx-'{Ved oex r,rLr4 oHorrh€tllr]xo o?x €m

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-os a(uhxead av:fuwax dsunesVai llml4ueH (u

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-odu al lrlov sodx war'emduee ntunevudr dogJ,es

a: eraa.{dug txsrh ev-{nedr u (.up/loru 9 = tr)

eHrrvarr4x ennnHoVosodorx elu: ar Lr,aa-(dua 6

ledoreeuverex oa.l:,{:-wdts etr vuu, rd.{redauwar. (oxo:ns es xata(d.read zg rtoldxarow €f, r4hHEJtudtr eH

-r{qas €V ?hr,{Haq{I1[h eaesrmefgo ef, ox?X (s

z?xuHoios.rox:v-{x:row [o u(r,trsuJxead (xl,IHotoaraHJHaItreH-H) xuHotlog ux:hrore ai oJrrret (9

lor,r[ogeago tgul,rtry doaltedltneur'rgtrw (9) l'taaddla ,( ot IEl ef, oJme€ (€

(e(?

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( d H) €xaHoatrr{) exr,rHofos €rup oxuvox (J

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;Vurxodlux-w.([r,rd.r.-?H afplioh a[os Leuvodrxava re a: olmeg (9

:r{roJe)r'r nfloHe eH .{(egemaV a: urafiodu rioy (e

(3)zg a (3)2117 <- (r)OzHZ

r)gzg7 +ti)zg - (b")-HOf :(+)efoHv(3)zHZ <_ (b€)+HL :(-)elorex

at+

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andalr:onflal dogsu es ,(xasor a: alodrxalg'(rrup/loru I'0 = r) eVxrxod[r,rx-w-{fud.lerr ovew r,r

eVos eH?sovr{JfaV al Eur,rtr ndeue aoutw{oy ,1

.li ii :,1 !.4.i' Iil ':i :l !,! .l-l if I

AOKyMEHT

TEIIA 3BE3.qA

BOAOHI4K AAJE XT,IBOT CBEMY IIITO IIOCTOII4 Y II,]IAHETAPHOM C]4CTEMY

Hexa4a ce reponarlo Aa 2/3 CyH.{eBe Mace qLIHra rBo)KDe;

a.a y cacras Cymqa ynatu vypan xojn HetrpecraHo caropeBa.

,{auac ce ena 4a Cpqe ne crja e6or ,,ycujauor reoNba", seh

s6or sogonr,rra. Oxo 760/o KocMr{qKe Mace quHfi BoAoHi{K,

Z3o/o xerrr4jyM, a ocrarr/, e/reMeHrr4 oxo 1%. Cyuqe u gpyre

3aesge clrjajy saxnanyjyhu repuonlxneapfuiru peax{r{auaroje ce ueuper<ra4uo onsvrjajy.

4 lH --> lHe + 2e LH=-26,7 MeY

llog re;ruruv npr4rr4cKoM (vuntouw arlrocQepa) l,I wr-coKr{M reMneparypaua ( 100 MuJrrroHa creneuu Ile;raujyca)rrerr4pr4 BoAoHr{Koaa arolra rpa4e jegan arov xenujyua. Tovrtpr4lrrrKoM eMvryje ce orpoMHa Ko.rrr{qr,rHa eneprr,rje, Cavo

Cynqe, y craxoj cexyugu, oxo 4 000 000 t BoAoHI,IKa npereopn y eueprujy! Me!yrur'4, npoqecu cnaja*ajesrapa (Qysuja) Mory Aa ce HacraBe. Og xarr,rjyua ce go6uja )TrbeHL{K, oA )T./beHI'IKa KI4ceoHi{K, na

cBe Ao cr{Hre3e rBoxfa. Ty je xpaj H}'Kneocl4Hre3e y jesrpuna sneaga. Taga 4onaara go rpaBl4rallrloHorxoranca. Hajaer uvarcrsennja excnrosr.rja y cBeMrpy flo3Hara Kao ,,cynepnoea", cMarpa ce u3BopoM

cBI4x no3Harl4x npl,tpo,uH14x e]reMeHara ga naanerlt 3evnu.

Csax aroM Ha rer rena, ua r<oju on 6uo, crnopex je yjeerpuua auesga filrfi y eKcnno3uir,{ cyfiep-uone. [a nu cvo orrga r{ cBr.r Mr{ rra Hexu navun geqa 3nesga?

flpovuraj rexcr lr oAroBopr4 Ha nr{Talba:

a) ,{a lu ao4ourr y 3nesgaua nocrojv Kao airoM vlnu uoneryn? 3amro?6) Konuxo arova xenrajyvra uoxe nacrarn us 2 g atoucxor ao4oHraxa?

n) Ha ocuony repMoHyr/reapHe xevr,Ijcre peaxqlrje, o6jacuu ura ce Aoro4l.{lo ca e.IIeMeHrapHI4M

rrecrr4rlaMa BoAoHr,ma nplr Hacrajar,y xerujyivra (nporoHr,rMa, HeyrpoHt{va u enexrponuva)?

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Ha(rlgofl r4xh€rmaa = oJlehxg.{q J)oHhaJ = oseurr omdsr = oHdtr:er =edl g'I0I u Jo 9Z eH e<f1eJ-) osre'rad're (I)

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Ono cy cauo HeKr{ oA npr{Mepa cyrrcraHrlr4 anKarrH X Merana Koje ralrajy npraueHy y cBaKoAHeBHoM xr4Bory.

Yilosuajuo ce ca caojcfitauMa anKatnHux Mei ana

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t t;dnult ZZ ei JCE-. euoJo€I,IJosoJJs{ etleuJ€d-{vofi awadg u?JJrr ,rHsr.{J?xollted ai,wl(trlrsrdo ,rlldr-,{ rrralnara r{q[au]oll uo.loer,r rsVodlrd[-]4HUtrg?Jt Heia[,,{[ewra r,{d[rr€ah r,1

ln,{(lrdng eL?Jal{ xr4HLexv€ aloroeu antodudr aJeH€orr ?€ a)eH€o,{f aHes

exr{drlI r{Lag€I d (l u:)) rsu ,{l],rhuddrlaQuox .{x:uodt)aua .{xhr.rHt1afu€ ps

exeH€o ef €[ o)lpJ tosr,rH wox]JaJdaHe wa.H[au]ou -,{ uod.lx:la HDVai,(fewr,I

r,rwoJ€ soxr4q{ afullrxvu-aee9 axe( aVed.r oJm oJe€ l{v€Jahl I,{HVe)ve xr{or iear4sPH ewarf,r4J JoH[ondeu a ddJ asdx r'rJHar,,{eua ,{: rg-lt,{(r,rfruedQr,r s]-w.,{[4€ah 'qu-w,thatrr,r9dd 'y-nr-(fuuex 'pN r rdf],rdr€H 'r-I rNtrfurvII

a6,riredd:u$noxarluodrrela esoxltsr ]4 ereHarrara dwer:n: raron)lor.rda11 ,t rreral,l trrve>rvy l@

r: _lrlr:

' , "o|;|

d p si'rii

i

'ew sJ,tlosr r ir4H€89 wlrHaxedelro)lef El EWEhHetJtl,{: r{l,rg: afpv rrHl1exua sr.I€pH a] IEHEII'ew,t(lrrex n end(udren rrenogde>raHtlht4(ox eHreH€ !gJ,rdtr'tdu,{: ehr.rvavto[,Erasdfi r{ac]Bsadol-pl eHafr'r9ol1 '?verIJrI eaJ][oar (enlexvE) uHsrg oaueu uH,{r'rgureut. otm'\tnb-p vhad aIf,[ede Vo Jh]aJo[ fiHLpxvE €u,r€EH

)n110ataw 14Huvxuvtrfasneau arytd1 [ tluHawaua n ouJmot

]! "d:.se "dz.,z .sL

Jf,a7.s7,sg

s7,qt

'"".;"UB't:"

<-'\Ss

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AflKAIIHYI METAnil Li Na K Rb Cs Fr

OO'Li "Na133 t57

W - floaynpevurxa.rlKarHL,rx Merara (pm)

@! - Mo4"o MeranHe Kpnc

ranne peue'rKe anrrjylra. 14:uelyno3r{TlrrBHrrr Me fa,rHllx joHa Li'l(yrnrlrleJ Hana3e ce ae/to(a/rr43o-BaH!r BalreHTHr'r eneKTPoH14.

lff!@ Ter.reparypa ronrbeba(T,), reuneparypa xnyvana (T.)r'r rycrrHa lpJ anKanHtlx Mera/ra.

YIIopeAr,r r'rx ca BpeAHocruMa 3a

rroxl';e.

T1"c Tp/"c

1. A'IKAIIHI/ METAJII/ KAO EIIEMEHTAPHE CYNCTAHUE

Anxa;rnr.r Meralru cy qBpcror arperarHor crar;a (25 "C, 101, 3 kPa) lt'ra-

xoBr,r aroMr,r rpage MeranHe Kpr{crarHe peuerKe (C1.3). Y $opnupany ueTallHe Be3e yrlecrryje cauo jegan Ba-rIeHTHI4 elreKTpoH cBaKor aroMa, TaKo Aa

cy Mera/IHe Be3e y oBI4M cyncraHIJaMa seoMa c,'Ia6e. Ca noeeharseNl aron4cKot

6poja pacre ee.ruvr'IHa aroMa, na je 14 BAneHrHI4 erreKrPoH cBeAalbeoA;e3rpa(Cn. l. u 2). Yrnqaj jesrpa na cee y4anenuje e[eKrpoHe cna6r, na cy u ue-

ra-nne eese cne cla6r,tje.

Y xpucrannoj peuerKl,l arKa.Ilnrix Merana nocroie cna6e lreranne sege.

36or cra6ux uera/IHI4x Be3a eleMeHru npBe rpyne xMajy xapaxreptrcrnv-ua Qr.rsl,rvxa cnojcrea.

1.1.0143I11,I KA CBO,JITBA A'I KAJIHI/X METAIIA

,{enorallrsoaaul,r e,reKrpoHl4 y weralnoj xpncraluoj PexrerKl4 cy Pa-3-[of trlTo a/]Ka./rHtrI Merarri4 npoBoAe rorllrory t{ elleKTpr4urrrer. Clree cy 6oie,

ta3y3eB rle3raiyMa Kojr,I je 3narHo-x(yr. Kapaxrepucrr'rqHor cy MeraltHor c.]aJa

(Cr. 4). Y nope!erby ca ApyrrM Mera./rI,IMa r'IMajy BeoMa HI4cKe reMneparype

ron./berba u K/byqama (Ta5ena 2). To uornpfyje 'runenrally Aa cy MerarrHe Be3e

cna6e. Ca noeehar+,en aroucxor lipoja, BpeAHocrr'I 3a reMneparype rorll:selna

rr K/byqar;a ora4ajy, a Meralrl{ cy cBe ueruu. 35or rf3pa3r'Iro cla6nx Ileral-Hrrx Be3a .rrlru,rjyl,r, narpl,rjyu u xalujyu cy MeKaHr4 r'I Mory ce cehn noxev.Py6lrgrjyM r,r qe:r',r.jyu HeKaAa cy ce cBPcraBanr{ y rer{He e/reMeHre, s6or HIa-

cKe reMneparype ron./belna (38,5'C ra 28,5 "C). flope4 HtcKI'Ix reMneparypaTolr/berba l,I K/byrlaba, KapaKTepl,lcTr{Ka aJrKa/IHr'Ix MeTana cy I4 ReoMa Ma/re

rycutre (Ta6era 2). Y6pajavo I{x y rpyny âKt{x

verana. .Iltarujyrt je HajlaK-

rrrr4 qBpcrr,r eJreMenr llepuo4nor cucrena.

Anxaffittc Meranv cy cure 6oje (oclrlr Cs), cpe6pNacro-ueranror cjaja'

r43pa3r{To Me(aHt4, /IaKr{ Meranl, npoBoAe TonnoTy 14 eTreKTpt{qr'Irer.

"\ flponepr caoje snarbe 4, 15.

ArranHr,r Meranl{ cy no $usrvruu cBojcrBl4Ma 6lnno 4pyravl'rjl,r o4

rooxfa,6axpa, onoBa, a.[yMr,IHujyMx r'r Apyrl4x Mera/Ia, Hx Koje [pBo noMla-

c/rr4Mo KaAa y cBaKoAHeBHoM xlrBory vyjeuo pev ueran. Og anxalnnx rr.reta-

rra He Mory ce npaBI,ITI,I rlBpcre MerarrHe KoHcrpyKIIIrje. Melyrtalt, aKo y3Me

lro y o5:lrp 4a je jeAHa oA rnaBHrlx KJpaKreprrcrlrKa Mera na cnojcrno ga rpa4e

rro3r,rrr'rBHo narerrprcane joue (rarjoHe M'-), 4a rpa4e {5a:e u 6asHe oKcI{Ae,

oH4a cy atrKanHr,l N{erJrn n,r ceojuv xevtticr.l,tv csojc rsuv.t uailtrpa rltrtljnnajrraruvnuir,r ueranu y fleprao4noM cI'IcreMy elreMeHara.

occ,'Cs

235

aToNla

,9K :,Rb203 2t6

1336

880

760

700

670

:LiruNa:,gK:

,,&b:

:,.Ft:

186

62,3

28,5

0,53

0,97

0,86,

1,53

1,87

2;01)

fl$l@ Anrarnr re"alt

28

'IloueTlaj rercr,,3a one rojn xele wttre"

_T=---i_'

6Z

ii ri i =ed€zst "dzrsz

,sI.'l6 r

)"'

.,r\. r,

€Nr I

w€Hawalla lloHgt4JtJaHodrxara PHsr4rEllad t €)(vC :loll]4dll.efr4llp€r4Hof ?f JdaHg € pIlJguI :.IoIIr4dII r

'atrl,r{r-,{: rarodolrnrdtr ef, ? 'atrIaHaJouex

€tÎI,IJHaWaLa 14HJJOUEX el 'a[]4dvI,IX,{iei r rOv HOVOA eJ 'eIl?JaWaH I IOHIIqaS

e:,{f,fuead oxeIr r,rvEJJIÎ I,IHV?xvE 'r'rJloHsurxuad auaeeder,r eioar rogg

V !JV-L] W X N LT U V Y U V V q1 ] 91 1,1 ffi T X fi H d V H U 9 J q1] qvd J

;fftgad a6 trpw ruoryaw nHuoxut) twrhuttrllt4,h wnfox a3

'8'Z Jq€H€ 3[osf ]td:aodX f

dvra.r,:r,r: wonloudall A uutrcw *rltrurtedelrfex eluuar,r[oa:l^lrxrfiawax ol r 'u:let aw u[vuaut>t?edfeu ,{] Itletanl l,rHr?)uv

dyrdfiasah elradu ewtr[ rfiy Yo trql\1tr

'e(od9 rox:wo.r,e wor,:edon e: ar:ed JtroHrrr{Jxted

'sodrxava rasrnaneg fos: dfermdrJoJm)ev asr uworu '(€ ?uagEJ) dieleuo a(r.thter,rsoi alr.,r.rdana v eu'aftigett extd[er,:ou rnod.lxara u ed.reaf ,{Qawelr alu: annelar,rdll ?dreai tro eHodJxava

JoHJHaLes rtronas1ev-{ alred eln:o.r,e aHfihrlvas ltor:edou eJ;n\ld1 I UJ1H-on14toad oaaw at ovov'uodu:txaua a14ttr4t11o oD ,(atra11 lxntae ,{[awn oxy

'I + ye{d af u{r{s{a*ur[ai.( fodg rzlrot{fi€fl]a3xo soxxq{ 'esra*ruVaf ex:uo{ n.rtr{ oHofmx aHIJJ49er: alludr'nodrxaua d(e,rm,tu;t o oxzu ureJ'aw lIHrIexYV

deag ,{xrh,rr^rax aved.r r,,roftral.raua wuiox e: rdlrsgo ea9 'Hesr4ua€on iaadu.,ur.rc{ac{ Va[,{ at (od9 lrHo]4h€thrtrxo aoxragl auodrxava a(.{r .{xdaudu tl,,{royt en nrsal,rara r,rso e[,,([-(eevd'(€ ptrageJ) l,tt:oltsllletanod.lxava anrafulr-r,r{aox ee u.l:oHlads e)Jr{H .I4J]oHsllterasodtxava r,u:iuhrQaox u.uer,,t

fen .,{iewu r4lerJr^r rlHle) e ,{wanu: wosloudag ,{ el,unar',rava xxsr tO

diutred.{.ruQuox,{x:uodrxava .(ullu9-er,:,'{(rwr'r r,ruof ule.lre11 *,1,t1 r,ruo( r,rue:r,rd.lvavaes oHsI,IUIsou d[e.l:es en-odlxala waslelmdurg odu,su .{flrhrd,{rllQuox ,tx:Hodlxava -{[ a.t owertr,r

oxe 'rsuslwdeed ,,(:a[ fihelol r:rsvrg6 uodrxala ,,{[trmdrro erenawava xus:Vo amxev[e11 ,a(uirtelrno|,((l,rrdasa ,{q;el,,rfen l.[el,rI{ IILeJaw unlevve 'dwat:r,r: wonloude11-,{ emHawaua xr4af, [O 'sodrxara se[af owe r ,(fe.lmduro ovtl

?woas prEHewava xr'rgo ralÎoru eV -,(f.,{sex.{ '(g era9el) eir,rhee lrso [ .,{(u.Idana dr-,(dV ee axuuas ornsede lr n afuhesuHoI dfi.,rrdana -'(sdu ee lt:ouflada auu1,rtr

; nnod,fin$uox lxsuodtaxava tutngatat [trnD]tot ntuu aw nHltoruo oxox

psr nde .se nd7rs7 ,s1

lrr-" ' 1

"d7rs7.s1nd7rs7rs1 r'ls€

(1f7,fa'

-ST I-T'

sHoI xuHerndJ,xavaeHoHau'rIr€o[ rdllHeiel rr D oJe

a(ulIud,{-rui[uox axruodrxaug

L'08'08'06'00'1

? cz 68'6t'La 8I'?8'tE VE','

t L, tl'g9'91 68',9

rs3":qu'q;xir

:gNIL

:n"

ê

(X) r{rloHar'{reraHodrrava rHa['Ih-rQaox r (ll),A'0),9 afufiee Ho(

efr,ridaua er,{dV n egdU - l[sp!!

SJse 'qUz€ '.)6I '?NII '.I-I€

SJSYd J]OHSI4JXVId

I

I

VUVI]W XIIHUV}IJV VSI)fO8] VX]f'] W]X'Z'I

AIIKAIIH]4 METAIIII Li NA K Rb CS FT

I

I

I

LI

Xugpugu MH ...LiH, NaH, KHIl-l

XanoieHugu MX ...NaR KI, RbCl

+t 2

CynQugu MxS ...LizS, NazS, K:S

+l2Oxcugu MzO ...LizO, NazO, K:o

l1nepoKcugu MzOz ...NazOu, K:Oz

Hn@ffi - soie nlraMeua alrKa-rrHlrx

MeTatra.

6)

@ - Konu,ruyaanu cner<rap (a);

rlrnrjcrr cnerrap (6)

lr '*"lr ..\

@opuyne 6nuapuux

ieAlrrbelr a anKanHr,rx Merala2Li(,) + Hr(g) - ziiH6l nvrtrjyr,r-xugpng

_t l2Na,1 Clr,g, + 2NaCl,,, narpujyv-x,roplrg

-2.

2K", + S1,y --r K:S1q r<a;rujyu-cyrQng

KaKo Pealyjy ca KuceoHuKoM upu caIopeBaH'y? Oxc,rgu, neporcra4n u cy-

nepoKcl,IAr,r cy rro3Hara 6r,rnapua jeglrmema aJrKairHr4x Mera/la u KI,IceoHtIKa.

Koju npor,rsrogu ce 4o6lljajy y peaxqnjn ca rnceonnxoM 3aBI,rcI,I t4 o[, arKalr-

Hor Mera)ra, r4 oA Ko/rr4ql4He Kr,IceoHr{xa, }Iutujyv caropeBalr,eM Aaje oKcriA.

+t 2

4li(t + Or(s) -t 2liro(t rrarlrjyrra-oxcrq

Harplljyv caropeBaH,eM Aaje rpere)xHo nepoKcl{A. AKo je Meran Ilpucy-TaH y Berrr,rKoM BI,Iuxy, Ao6nja ce u oxcl,t4.

2Na(s) + or(s) - niiro'r," uarpl.r;yu-nepoxorg

-l 2

4Na1.; + Ozlg; + 2Na2O1sy Harpujyu-or<clrg

Kauljytl py 6r4gr.1jyr'r r qesrjyr',r caropeBalbeM Aajy cyneponot4e.'

Al|jxanuu vezanu pearyjy ca Herr,reranulta, rpagehu 6lluapna jegulberLa(rrgpuge, xaaoreunge, cyn$wge...).

Caropena*,eu gajy oncv5e (li, Na), neporczge (Na)

r'r c1'rePoxgrge (K, Rb lr Cs).

Je4Ha o4 cneql,rQrqHocrt{ eêMeHara 1. rpyne je ra 6ojeme nnar,rena. Eojeme

rrrraMeHa Kopmcrr,r ce 3a noKa3t{Barne Merana y rbr,lxoBtln jegrlhetbur,'aa (Cn. 5).

Bena ceerrocr cacroju ce us crexrpa crlrx uoryhux ranacnux 4yNnna (ron-TrlHyanHr,r cneKTap) (Cl. 6a). Cgetroct uar'rena y KoMe ce Hana3e aroMl,r He-

Kor erreMeHra eMr'rrorahe cauo nere o4 6oja (nrauujcxr'r cnerrap) (Cn.66).

Axxan:ra ueranra 6oje nnaueu xaparrepucta':unu 6ojaua. Li-qpreno,Na-xy:o r K-ry6nuacro.fl

' 5t Py6vgtIjyM u \esrajyu cy Ao6lr;rr lnreua no 6ojauaxoje cy orxpraene cneKTpanHoM aHa./rr{3oM (caesius - [raB Kao

ne6o; ruber - qpeen)

7 flpou.pr .uole :naae 6,9, ll, 16.

no|le.naj TeKc | ..3a oHe Koira Ne Ie euure"

LE

(A) 0A !u€raw rphanHaJou rrljhodrralla r'rHhdehH€rC rJollr,rdll r

'_ r4daQroJl,rll -,( oJaH 'Er,{pvos I amr,rs oH

-J?Ht ?wI,I ulJol xr4sOW-{[]4dJeH ?wr,rde€af Nr4Hevt r4 €rÛrdor,,r 'eI,{r4H€axo d xr4

?wu 'eVrrdolx :IIII'1sf€H 'r4vor xr4HdosJled ,(xr4v9o I 'ev€daHr,rw .,{)r,rvgo ( af,

a6€veH (xdJ+roJllv) r,rdox foHrrsrwJt ^

rn14,Has{r4traf ,( owpJ gas ,ahHprlII-,(]

aHd€rHewava opx r4!'odudx { ar arereH aH J4l?rerr xHve)ve (ex-,{treaa elr wor-eus e) u woxrlHoerr{x e: r,r d[,{:r:ad) r.rr:oHsr4rxead arueede lr a[oa: rogg

2n0odnd4 tr a[omto4 ahnn74t4h auday4

Hawaua oDx w,{[neah n wt{n6ng[d 'w nuay ,wt[ndryau ,wf,lntanu nu oj]

VUVI]W XI,4HUVYtIV ]ql]XVIJVH'€' L

AIOtrO'I Bf, EIIEJ,A'\I XI4IIIEXIEafuhxEad eHI{r,EHia( arruug

(A) DE evBraw LEfr{hHaJo[nsvodrxava nnfide[ueJ,3 - !@

'Ber'{reHe eHtedrxe[] oE) moreH€-o[ ]eHEt/ 'wovolaw woHes'ldt-Jo )iar E[eJ'r,,]dfff€ah r,r w,{[ V

rgld dc unlrdxro iggl auufoJ

(r,88r-iz8r) (668r-t18r)fioxdny tatttg

r,da9o4 aendl lrrvaxvng rda9o4

'rvotr ecr?649oV ?s a: a.r,:udox as esr,rvaf,t4) r4 ev?Jat r

xr4Hvexve Jf hxead ,rar,toHsr'r€ouuf)a Jogg

I

I

nv 0s I+3H s8'o+BY t8'o+

Y n:) s€'0+'li !(rLt ll

fi qd €l'o-

! us il'o-ac ti'0-

Y sz gL'o

IY 99'IBw Lt'z

LI "N rr'ze) Lg'Z-

..l ) Z6'Z-sf z6'2qu €riz-

. c-t 'I JHer rudaIJx? \ti1

'lT 3s{€H€ J[os] rdesod[{'-

'oHsfigovrlfie la,tJead ettenltva:nx eO xr4Ho[oseqegovlo el ,tr{ar rldx aIr4triodUxx.{le[ wolos ?] nfuhxead

^ 'ewr4aor)d

nr[H9ororr d af, ,tiead6 'ea.l:had: enol4trx(Ved ehef[eH Lf, r]r ?Jaw r{HVe)uV

'I,,lowd-{)eg [oL EWuIdIIN€ r^luHJvxpJt wunasluoree -{ a: -{[es-,{r- lrveralu llnuexue r(rngr'{J.xeadi"H oex w,'(f eafi tr Ndir,r[],rgdd ?xL[€es €r4

r roJ€Ls n rrox14Hoaft{) pl €veJew txetgox uu.r,xadr,rV esehadu: w,,(avodrag,{r,rlarodral .{ -'(fes.{r, a: w,(fuvrx n w,{(r,rdres 'NAhrrvU er,ir4rlovi-{ wr4Hge:-ou,t dfegdr, a] r,[t€rarr ]tH exvp ex,(tlses €r,r wo)tdHoall4) I4 woJ€vs ,woflos

er afnhxead end,tg rogg e[ngo[ a: iox y Hotlos uveu?€ ?tl exoN eJovro.r€Haqogouro aHr\rdaJo€Ja .,(tr ewoas atros J4 ell€Jaw xr4HLexu€ alralt)pJd

Vr,r:xo dl?ux - 1,,1,{ irad.r.e n

0 >H'V {B)zg 1 {be)gge51 -

(t)gzg + (JeN

' ll i. il

'esJtrh'adr JoHorrneVn:xo :a[u9ev: oJoHr r oe) ,avos afi u qes (JH-grsovu:xe -{: afr,rhxeadl uuuvatlrx er4 onpJ aH 'xr,{Holos -{Htrr,lllfi e[ -{Jor,,r e[ehr4Hasrr4h r4 af-,{qdsJou '(nodr.xaua ,{(e.lmfu.lo oxru) esJlfiadf, €Hor,{n)d[ad?xe[ oJr€€d€r4 ]4 r4Hsr,txead oJ.raerd€r,t r,ruprafi r,rHr-fu)rve,(: e[ , (1 u3; trxrar.-oII WoI,,Ie] EH a€?L?H ?ueJaw .{€r'ru wox:noUtg,{ al aJ '€L€ir,rhHalou JoHtrodJ-xava .ronVdetlur:r: .r,:ont1adq .(xranfeu ,tfuwl4 ear:[ad: €Ho]4h),,{Yed €x€foJr,i€€d€14 d: uveralrr 14Hv€rlve 'HodJxeva ,{[e.lm,(uro wo(or agoxev rogg

V UVJ1 W X U H U V Y UI/ DO H S C)O U ) V H A U N X AV] d

a

AIIKA'IH14 METAIIt4

i' , Ilurujyu ce uaira3 y Be/rlrKoM

6pojy Mr'rHepana, oKo 150. To cyua.jveIIrhe a,ryLrocnn Karr,r Kao

[rTo Je Mr{Hepa.,r [eTa/II4T.

lloenaro je nr'rue o4 220 M Hepalay rIt{lu cacTaB yna3r'r HarPrrtyM.Oxeaun ca4pxe y npoceKy oro2,6% uarprajyv-xlopr,r4a []ro je

oKo 8070 pacrBopHtrx cyncraHqr{.

Cropo l87o 3eunlrHe Kope yrneMr'rHepanr{ ,,r3 rpy[e Qen4cnara(arylrooulrrara) Kojrr y cBoM

cacraBy caApxe Kanr4jyM.

Py6llgujyu u qesnjyM y rrpr4poAr'r

ce Hana3e y rparoBr4ua. Hajrlrueux,rMa y M Hepa/l{Ma Kan[jyMa.

@ Anaparypa 3a e/re(lponx-3y pacroIIa nr'rrr4jyM-xnopr,rAa

)I(. A. Ap{re4con11792-1841)loArHe 1817. orKp o[4r[iyM y Mr{Hepany

IleTanr,rT KoJr,r Je ,rr{-qr,lo Ha o6tlqaH KaMeH

(litio KaMeH).

Ha sace4any Enuecror Kpanercror 4pylrnoa 19. noeell6pa1807. Xeuopr leeu (1778-1829)caoluJT],Io je Aa je orKprro HoBr'r

eneMeHr Harpr'r.jyM. l434Bojwo rc jeereKrponr,r3oM pacrorra HarprrjyM--xnopuAa. HeKonrlKo AaHa (acHr.rje

orKpr{o ie KanrajyM.

32

6V

LiNaKRbCsFr

04 carx jegumema alrKalrHr,rx Merana, jeArtr,elr,a narpr,rjylra r,r xa,rrlrjylracy HajpacnpocrparneHrja y nprapoAr,t. IIo MaceHoM yAely, HarpujyM 3ay3i,{Ma

rnecro, a Kanr{iyM cegMo Mecro'. Bplro je re[rKo Hahr4 y3opaK HeKe cyncraHqexoja 6ap y rparoar,IMa He caApxra jone narprljyrrla n xan[jyMa. Ba>KHo ie 3Harr'r

Aa cy ynpaBo oBa ABa a./IKa/rHa uerala eceHqlrjanHa 3a cBa xrana 5uha. Jonr,rHa'rpu)yMa u Kanu)yMa, Kao Heorrxo[Hr'{ cacToJurl Te/recH},rx re{HocTr4, yqecT-sy il y oeolta BaxHr{M npouec Ma cBaKor x14Bor opraH14i\4a.

A;rxar;ryt t4.eram/t y npr{poAr4 ce Ha/ra3e ,rcKrrtyttrBo y je4r,rmemuua.

Og cnvx anxanumx verana jegnrt'erl a narpnjl.ua v xanujyMa cyHaipacnpocrpat eHr{ja y rrpi4poAx. }Srxoara najnosuarvjvr lltwuepar.rl cy

KaMeEa co (NaCl) (Cr. 8), wzncra ruarrarpa (NaNOJ, KapHarrar(KCl ' MgCL ' 6H2O) w cuxswu (KCl). Y6pajanro nx y.5r4orene eneMenre.

@ - Kaveua co (NaCl)

flpoaepr,r cnoje anane 3.

1.4. I06t/JAfbE AIKAflHt4X METAIA

C o6supou Ha BenI4Ky peaKrr4BHocr, alrKa.rrHr,r Mera/rr'r cy orKpr,{BeHr{ pe-narr4BHo KacHo, rex y 19. ll 20. eexy. )h,rrujyr,t,uarpttjyu tr xa.lnjyn ce qaHac yvngyctpuju po6ujajy us pacrona xnop14Aa etreKrpo/rr{soM. Yronuxo }r,r,rxoeuxxlropr{Aa HeMa y npr4poAr,r, Kao Illro je ro cny.iaj ca rrtru,rjylron, HeonxoAHo

te Aa ce r,{3 Ha.[a3r,[rrra - lrr4Hepaâ go6raje npno xnopr4A, a sarr{M ce Bpnr{enerrpo.lnsa (C.r. 9).

TOn16er!eNaCl19-' => Na-4; + Cl

111

xaro4a(-) 2Na* *2" > 2Nau

aHo4a(+) 2Cl 2" > clru

2NaC\'1'T*'P.S'o 2Na,", + Cl,,r,

llvrrt4jyM, Harpt/tjyM tt Ka trjyM y ttr^1ycrptrjtr ce go6u)ajy erreKrporrrr3oMpacrorra Ir r4xoBr{x xnoprrAa. 13

' Ilpraaor PacnpocrparneHocr eneMeHara y rrptrpoAr4 (uacenr 1'Aeo)'florneAaj AoKyMeHr ,,Harprjyu n ra,rnjyrl, nao 6uorenlr eael"reuru"

7

€€

acr€fr,rgov ?€ rEde[V - Elre

'JlovJagf,drdx a(Bv !rd,(.r.edaur,,ra.r. ioxo:ueeu rlfox lrdfirdren axduet axqrar-asD e.Hatuasro oHr'ru6 - ll@

worirdfraflng,{d erafr,rvaq aur.r,rdlxaraoroq [@

)0euJIoeJD[nHlltls[oH osoxnqi IJ nfov n 'o[ouaw xnHuoyuo t)qaqniaf ufnuxaefox [to[ox 'll.osu.x woHfiaHtroxes] ,{ esfisrHawe€aH ,{r aler,:ou eHogdexl,Ig etrof,

u ol e)tc{ x-,(X 'ewf,lfidJeH v e\\r,L(ux|->r eqros{ut1af 'am]4fif€H r4 €[xoj^r 'EWr{

efrave)ui,'rJx dH ll?Jew wosf ,{,{fr,lwax -{xtrH?JdoaH ?€ €fudoredoger exea3

VUVI] W X14 H tIV)I UV Vq]]9I IAVI{' (

"'D!oa oloHw fio[ n

'Ph?d€aJtr€d €r4 aloa as{ec{el1)d

es osJtrtradf, oHorlrer?dV xaV oex r4Jf,r'rdoi r4ft,rdoredogur .{ a: lu((udreg'noloa E] d{dJeed oHdig vlreraw uH

"vxv'everaw xlrx{xr r4 ux,{h,{p) Jo)Ihr,flaJ,Hu] as{?[I49otr ?€

'efog vfud,nlftuu d l, fl.rdren 'esoxav u(udl:,(Vsu ,{ u.l:r,rdov a: wl.{vrr'\I'esrf,xadr

"Hor,{llv,tlJd dtr nlrurew r{Hrre)rv

'(ZI 'uJ) raHranuflan d u wuaolodgru,rxhr{r rlov 'er^ren Hdowuou d ,,eqdvu €xh€Jmas" '?xr4Hoalr)] dogsr{ oexr{Jtrr4dox aJ r,rfo) Bilrl>todax,(r asre(r,r9oi ?s r4Jrr{do) a: w,,{(r,rve; xl4Ho[osafel r^roi]os e: rairluead .{ vbx eflvdflux as{efr.rgof e€ rrr]rddox n rrlfuL I'esraslag e€ r{Jtrr{do) ar r4fox E[ trxodeu asreiugo[ ee rar3 dox atr ],,L{fradJpH

'ewuxererileH ur d(d,read lrruraw lrxlexvy

'(I I 'rC) erHal,{elr Pne)fidg?+ d 'el^tI4Jmt,.tvl,t[edJ BH 'er\itHeIlJr{fid'aqraqrlas:o osr,lrv,{ ee u:,:rdox a: ?JoJ Jogg -{LJew r{ -,{nr,rmedr eodv adul-odu e (o) JrovJes: dr,,{x oHsr4eHalHrl dfefl elu,{fi,rd.r,es ltodel er afiuve[r,rl

',{fo9,tr,{x oxane HarHu J[eU w,{(udruf

'(0I vl) afir'{ur4JJv axr'r,rw:ox ee eleQadd

'edatrev 'as{€r,u4H: ee e[eQad-,t uaova[ nHsene: -{: afox efralaq xranr-udrxaua-ororp.,{[edeu ee ,,euoi exndge{" o?x a] emr.rdo) w,(flrsah ],r wf,ttr\ltigA4

'r,rJrorrrasf, asflqrlna u(lrldauaa( unlroao[ ur?Harrara xuso ur,{or? f,[ufiel.:,lrr,ol eg dwar,rr,r: wou[or,rda11

d e,lenaurala xustr !o a{xne€urrof ,t(ra.rdarra ,(qew(en ,t(ewlr s3 u qA

;ttuDryaw xnHunrvo auo41 ,(6asenod4 aumn6ol ll1aet I n:uaO at oryLmag

VUVI]W X14HUVYUV VH]WI/dU'9'I,

'axds: aHvefrahdehroy e6 oLew

ong revad aVoss odu,{.[agr d ac{mr{[o.r a: 1,u,,([ulex ra w,tiu.lr,ry'err(fr,reeh 1gg1-91 u ewd(ralln9dd enol rnurarai ovl4vovaH

'e yu.{ fildreu 1 6 90 00 I oxo ala s€uo 1"1.=r 1

=:y4:Ltr

t'

ANKAIIHI4 META,I]4 Li NA K Rb CS Fr

KMnQI

r l\K. MnO,,

'E

tsralnjyu-

-rrepMaHIaHaT

KCI

Kanr'rjyM-xnoPr'rA

@S - le4rarlen a a.DKarrlrr{x Me

ra.ra. ,Iby6Nvacra 6oja xaaujyu-oepMaHraHara florr'r.re oA aHjoHa

MnO., (o6ojenr aujouu naj.reuhecagpxe npela:ne verale).

Onrure jeguavuue pear<qraje

l('l[pr{Aa anKalIrII{x MeTa/ra

I{ BOAe

6a:ur,r xrgplr4 + roga ; 6a:a + Hrf

X{l1+llror\iOH+Hr1

-. Jlutuujyâ- xugpug, LiH Haj6pr,eoA cBr{x cyrrcraHrlr4 ca BoAoM Aaje

BOAOHI1K IIa Ce KOpr4CTr{ y rlOA-

ao4nnu pa4oer'nra sa 6p:oAir3a15e TepeTa.

Me'lloBrara xw1p l nuwujyM- anyMuHujyMxugpug, LiAlH, je

jaro pe4yr<qr'roao cpeAcrtso r.t Ko

pr,rcrr'r ce 3a peAyKr{rjy opranc<r,rx

JeAr{15e15a.

HajnaxnNje x-race jeArarberLa eneMeHara npBe rplrne cy xu1pmry , oKcn4lr,xtl4poKct Arr \t conu.

Ees o6aupa o xojoj uacra je pev, cBa jenr.{rberba e[eMeHara npBe rpyne cyqBpcre KpI,IcranHe cylcranqe ca joncxou ee:olr. Kpl,rcralHe peurerKe cacrojece r,rs xarjona uerara r,r ogroeapajyher an.jona. Eene cy 6oje, a ro4eur,r pacrro-plr 6es6ojnlr. I4sy:erax cy conr.r y rojnua je aujoH o6ojeH (Cl. 13).

Yiosuajuo csojcut6a uajaatnuujux jeguH,eLba anKanHux Meutana.

2.1 . Xt4APn!.V AII KAIt HI/X METAIIA

36or u,rnraqge joHcKe Be3e u nocrojama xr{Apr,r,qHor joua, ora jeglrnema[oKa3yjy K-apaKTeplacru.IHa xeMrajcxa ceojcrra. Jara cy peAyKr{r{oHa cpeAcrBa

2H:Hz. EypHo pearyjy ca BoAoM pu rreMy ce go6uja xugpor<cng (6aea)

u ocno6afa eo4ourax. 36or rora ux y6pajauo y 6asne xugpr.r4e.r =l 1r

LiH(, + HrOo) -t LiOH(uq) + Hr(s);rurnjylr-xugporcug

Xmgpugu anxatrnux uerana cy 6asHv xNgpugtt v jaxa peAyKqr4oHa

cpegcrna. !:

2.2. 0Ktt{ Ett AJtKAfl Ht4X METAITA

Cnra oxcu4n alrKa./rHl{x Mera/ra cy r{Bpcre cyncraHqe Koje y peaKrlrr.jr{ ca

no4ov 4ajy 6aae. Oxclrgl,t aJrKa/rHr,rx Meralra cy aHxr4Apr,rAr,r 6asa. Jegna o4Bax(HI{X KapaKTepLICrr{Ka OBI4X cyncraHrlr'{ Je Aa pearyJy ca Kr,rce./rr,rHaMa r{ Kx-ce_[uM oKcI,IAI,IMa.

Na'O,.; + HrOtrt t NaOHluq;HarPr{.lyM xr4ApoKcr,rA

KzO,, + HCl,uo, t KC\uqy + HzOgy

Kanr4JyM-xnopr'14

Na:O", + CO:,*, t NarCO3(s).

| -, o. Ha rpr4JyM-KapooHar

Csojcrro 4a ca no4ov gajy 6aae, ga pearyjy ca xucenuHaMa r4 ca KxcerrrrM

oKcr,{AI,IMa, cBpcrana ona jeglrnerra y rp1'ny l,r:paslrro 6a3Hr,rx oKcr,rAa

(aHxugpr4e 6aea). {fl

flpoeepl,r caoje aaarre -[.2,

+AHXI,{,4PI4A

LirO :

NazO r eKrO

i

Xl,lIPOKCI4I

LiOH

NaOH

KOH

E

3tHu

' Harpr,rjyu oKo{A, NarO BeoMa

ynrja uary (pearyje ca rogou),na ce r<opr,rcrr rao e$lrxacuocpeAcTBo 3a c}rlxer}e.

34

-?F:=-:--l_l-

st ,'

..,1,,

JoHJllostw[t4dJJtrfl:dt1

^

'wahPIrt{ue€ v\rlrHaw,{l

I{ I'{OII)IPIJ ]AI'{IIPhEIIJ€''I Ef EI{EY

lcou d diee,{h radosr:ed taHal?oa

trgoxr(lH al €rr HElahdou ovxEJl,{(eerdreH evtJ,al"{ xrtrruetrle vrflrt)xod[ux 'eee9 exe( orreedeia oey

edoaJ,red{allos(bt)HOeN 1 (3)213

.u (3)zg < *_-.*" (r)OzH + (be\leN

'u of Jso edosJl?d .ronaloa ee rodJxella a[ )"u-{J]on ? 'VudoLXwdindren ai ds{[os€l,rodx Axtftidnlfr:ntt ,{Hasr es eHr,raod ] eHsoHf,O

'1 000 000 0e 60 amns ?[ '€Dg aso oqt6osenodrJ oxt1San oumnOol 'ehuu:-{q uwr eul:ued.r lyuvgo -i( agmah

-fen afeflodu er phH€Jtrxdtr ea6 ftmr,rxdr en,(se9,{uo e.rrsegeH ,exlrloxrrt r.r

JoveJJo ,{qar^r€r{ 'efudoredoger exea: e)? a( onafeu,rgo6 e[os 14 €[ dtr x-wl,btdrev, vtu ef nryo w,{fudlen 'elr,{fr,rd.r,eu uft,rhxead I rau,rgoV a: axo1,ttr

nq{esox--,td r,rdu nesaduo

"woJa r,rJug egad; ',{r,uahodu wovew -,( u )eh 'tlulxodir4x-

ndfud.lrn axdlef, afoy eweIne.r.:ud: r: ?u 'dxox eeud,retr oyl; I tll,rrxodVlrx,,,L{[udJeH '(drevu r:[un{) ?Hxoy]odJlrx rr 'es?g exef af oJm oJ€t efrH€Jtr

-x-{f, €HsodJo a[ flutr)odfrrx-w.'(fndreg 'e)?o: Ear{x oe) eJeHsorr a[ .{Iod?H

,1 ?Uof, eHawe>r r,rrr:r enr,u.l:dex '?H]€r.[ e] esueeH ![:xodfux-w,(iladre11

(V EO) V fiV N E Dyo d E w X. W AIU d -LV H

'Ir4f,xodvr{x-

-w,{(r,rdren ewra ,(naltradrr -'{gatieu eveJar^r xr4Hrr€)r/E etlu:xodVnx xuar Vg

g',{l1lr:xodX:rx-wl(!Nealr ewadlellw)y,odfl x-r tl{urux Vo ldg&r,r 'a.:,f,ed e€e9 ?Hr{he{ 'dJ,[eJfr4f r roHilo]4delf d

ahe(feH 'a€e9 axef o leed| dJ cJJeLerN x HvB)xE rauralodurrx

J€Hogde){lrtdfr,rdren'o].FIrl)O.H I r.)rOJzeN

- ,s,,93 a ,.)ggu51

Iradorr-1,q,{fralex{r)ozH + (b'\l)

- G"\lH + (JHo)

' (.,(udd.r dnln:xodl?ux,{nl1a( l(rwu) e€€9 avatrfiyoH[af I xn ol,le[ed96 rtuo: tr[e[ugo\1a: .,(war, udu'€wfiVuJxo l^ruvelr{) ?J r4 emeHr4rra]r4x er r,r ,{[dread 'a€e9 asf, o€X dfadJ€€atr o€d9 ouds a[-,{:or anarxer: ?qegovJo a: rfox arovror Jo9€ e'oHwdaroe.re a( as{edesJ.:ed alovuoJ ar{r4hr4uox axr,t rs ries{eqegoloo a[ euaqedl

'asaa a)f,Hol wac{elr,rx:ed afer:es r,rfoy 'enoi roste;el,r eft4heJedlr,rx

(b") HC) + (b")+eN <-. (IHO€N

-ur?drr4 d ow€fEd9d e+,aura[ai eao 'auof us ,{f,(:o:ra[ ou-{urou #?:::fi€V r,{odr4€go ) (afl{gel1l orman tlr:xodlux-wtrluJ-u ) nvos .{ .'tfedearredetr odgo[ eueJar/\r xr4HU€xLE I,I[u]xodVux a€as axtrHof aHhI4IIl,IJ Jogt

,U", ll, , * (bfr I\ <_ 1.,lltrj\

orH

BIIBIAN XIIHIIE'UCBVlrtrxodtrl,tx afrhe(rrhoJull

enur.entle( er,mII6

drert ,{nafloa ,{ ar agrad

osradu ahr,l[],{sr rlrraduedl (ahnercu,(r

aH[ox]odJr,.{) ftELs r'rJe€as r'1 '.OOer r'rreao.readsr'r eq oedg orda'anadosres odgoh dr n afox ewehogd dfee,{r- 11ge1q nnr HO) aJ o)V

VUVllW XUHUVXUV t/t\t/t)y}dVI/rX t Z

AflKAIIHLI METAII14 Li NA K Rb CS FT

KarujyM-xugPoKcug, w

rru;*',iu}"-: ;fr1

lluutujyM-xugPoKCug,LiOH xopvcrn ce Kao e/IeKrPollur

3a,I3paAy aKyMy aToPa 11 anKall-

nrx 6areprja. FarePlrje Koje caAP

xe oay 6aey ur'rajy 2-3 nyra Behra

ranaqlrrer og 6arepr,Ija y Koj,IMa je

(/brrHr{ erleKTpolrrlT Kr{celr14Ha

i.=..l4axo cy jontr narPr;Yua n ra

llljyva ecenqnjalat{, coill4 oBa ABa

eneMeHTa, Kao Ixro cy Ha npt{Mep

xap6onarr'r, llory 6r'rrtI orpoBHe

s6or 6asne xr'r4polnge. 36or nr,t-

rparHor joHa Kant{jyu-utlrPar je

3ana/br'IBa cyncTaHIIa.

Kao pesynrar eleKrpoll'Irl4qKe 4r'rcoqlrjaqllje y BoAeHoM pacrBopy Ha

rplrjyu-x;ropuga nocroje jonu: Na., H., Cl ra OH C o6srlpor't 4a je uarse

enepruje norpe6no sa pe4yrqlljy H. joua, na KaroAI4 ce us4raja eo4onrlr'

Kopulrhersen rpa$r'rrnr,rx aHoga nocruxe ce oKcI'IAau ja Cl joua Y eo4e-

HoM pacrBopy 3aocraje uarpujyu-xnop"":lj

raro4a(-) 2H > H)'

anoga(+) 2g1 --2* - 91\

Ha ucrr,urauuH yungycrpnjr'r ce 4o6lrja lr ranujyu-xr'r4poxcra4 Harpujyv

xra4porcr,r4, NaOH Kopl4crl'r ce y I'IHAycrplajt{ TeKcrIl[a, calyna, nanlrpa' 5oja

r,r KoA MHorl oprancxl'rx clrstega. MHore cyncraHlle lrs ,,xyhue xeurje"' role

ce Kopr,rcre 3a ql{uheme pepHr'I lr ranpnaHor nocyfa, y cBoM cacraBy caApxe

oBy cyrrcraHqy.

? [porepn cnole snane lo iir

2.4, CONN AflKAII HI/X MITAIIA

Conu alxalrnr,rx Mera.[a cy rr'IrlllllHa ioucxa je4nnema, reoua go6po

pacrBopHa y rogw.I4v'a Ma/Io 3y3eraKa. To urje cr1'vaj ca colrl'IMa Meralra

Apyrl,rx rpyna IIepI4oAHor cr'IcreMa, o velry he 6raru pevl't y HapeAHI{M norrra-

n.rr,uma. Hajnehy npur'reuy l'ruajy conla Harpl'{jyMa I'I KanI'IJyMa (xnop'rAl4' Kap-

6ouaru, Hnrparr l'I nl'rrpr'trr'r). Bl'rue je pasnora. Tonll Harplr.iylta u Kalrl4ryMa

cy eceuur4anrur sa Nlrra 6lrha, na ce rlI4xoBe colru Kopl4cre y npexpar''r6enoj

vuyycrpuju. !o6po ce pacrBapajy y BoAI'I, na ce Kopl'Icre Kao I'I3Bop aHJoHa'

Pacnpocrpameue cy y npr'IpoAl't' s6or'{era ce Kao ieQrlaHe cI'IpoBI'IHe [Pr4-

nenyjy y r'rH4ycrPr'rjll 'f

Co.nr,r anxar:ltrx uerana cy rI{[]IqHa joacra jegumersa, Kpl'{cranl{e

cprcrauqe, go6po pacrBoplre y BoAr{'

Yuosuajno ce ca caojcmsuMa conu anKanHux Metuana, Koie gaHac y cqetuy

uMajy Haj BehY uPuMeHY...

HATPUJYIV\ XIIOPUI] QbNqHA NflU KYXNT\CKA CO)

ConrI cy rnaca xerlrjcrlrx je4nmena, a/II'I KaAa y cBaKo,4HeBHoM xI'IBory

Ka)I(eMo co npBo noMl{cllr{Mo na uarpnjyu-x;ropnA OBa cyrrcraHlla Je no-

3Hara Kao xyxltncra unn o6uuua co Y nprapoAla.ie BeoMa PacnpocrpalbeHa'

Y 3euu,rnoj ropu nocrojr'r y HacnaraMa KaMeHe co[I't. PyAapcrult KolaE'eM

6roroga r<anaene conlr, a sauln 4po6llelbeM I4 MlreBett'elt. go6l'rja ce co sa rsyA-

cKy r4cxpaHy. Oaaro go6l'rjeua co je uajvlrcur.la (ne cagpxla MHoro npt{Meca)

ra rocne jo4upana cnpeuua je sa rpxulrre. C o6sr'rpolt Ha ro ga ce uarpr'rjyu-

OZH +ZO3 +€OJZW <- €OJHWZcol

Pr?Ia )ofl{rP)lll? ?J-eHo gdpxHeJodul,fx e.r{pJ"v€Ed Jo)-httr{dal ?Hr.rhellvef er,mug ;_]

'olerur{vBrtrud) Bdosrf, 3d xnHaqr4JD€

6u e 'esEdeu,{ E[os "wr{Ha€Bg hrr4xJrIuu

^'By\tBH?Itof,

]{ etroa

asrgrrBdBllf,n e€ nHa6€S - lre

'Indorx--wd(r4dJEH B€ EHawB€ oEy r4H?dxf,u

d u oelrdg,$ oxle.r,mar orxI,{rJr4do) atr ICX '[r4dolx-n (uv

-ux 'er.r(firrex euol doaei.r oey

'uhudafiV[oux{,l tr {eu(,uc oug o.r, a( o.r,m otxEJBU€ [o amus DHelEah a( ulrag ew-"qr{as flrlxeH

^ egod aHar,,{€Bd u

eereqeuu oar,rfade oBx Brrr{rf, r4dox

EHarr'{ads "HsB[

d ef, oJ pHor{EX

.(okL.z et \e)-od\) o/og'Lz fto f)eN worHatroduuo afianercleq a[ adow osrdry B[

-udorx-lt {ftrd,r,rs [o ahr{rou r4daw

fogee(en d edow 'I,alvHvxei)

'eft4trxEad o[ xsBVoU,(wah r,rdr tu]xo-(Al)rl,rHes1r,(J,r re([Ho^'? a] x[oeI efiudot'J.-w1,(ud,nH dosJs?d r{Haqr4r?e

^ :u€uo I

'a€Bip aHsoHtro asuE r v(orae) 3r )ren{rJoll 'sloa I,I {xu(xEone 'tlxryo-(ll))rrHeqJi 3!r,rdorx-

-ld(ud.r,un,b eleuogdux-1rl((ndreu,(srioaeuodu ee anlrsodrl: aHsorDO

ttol{Ution! oa{aotroJ' oAtorrog ilt t-t6{ntlgot auo lngo 6 o,t lnd4t,$tq4Vs]VII4soE Vx J Iud, LJ AflHII VII4HXVS

!ol.H

(r)9zg + (3)zg3 a(rr\3e51<- tb"\311 + (s)€OJHeN

'et rervue)vt isrgsodJ l,rd

r.{rJr4doy af, err '(lJH) e)o] JoHhBY,tLax nova:r,rx al{s{ewJ ehHeJf,l,{f, eso

(r)6211 + @zg3 +@")e632e51 , =,

(')sOlH"NZ

E dDar,( exravn(m vsed v veexl r:e,r oex ralox tu:yo-(Al)xrlnasrJ,( e(r49oU .O. 0geH qas <wasr?Jell€ed wuxhrawdar atr orm oJe€ 'r4Jtr"dEH ag ortreJ 'osl4tlau e8

exmed[ )e(oJJef, a[ nHsBxJ da,r.:rurgelnrou woyea] I ehner:L(r BH€svr4go-D€ar{ a[ ev?rf,on ?Ho9du)r49 €UoJ 'tJr4 ebg ,edvtnts.aeorr(rah .ereHafidaJ

-3t 'EUyErtr 'endue: dsriogeuodu ee a: rrf, dox resogda{-wr((r{dJeH

'woyll,(r,:o[ w gafasvo3 ?Ur,r3yo-(Al))r{Haqr( ],r eur{dolr(--wlr,brd;es eu 1'[e[u9ol1 at u(ud;.,t/^frura 6 'uei.lllxor a(llu rexogdexnarodfnx--l r,{(udreg ehH"Jf,l,{J eHsodJo ewoea a( .r,enogdex-w,{[ud.r,en asr{LodirxaHseg rogt 'O,H0I . ,Ol.eN 'rEdtrri(ereu-teHogdex-lu{(ndreu opx a[os ev-,txauow .r,ara[ ec amv entrd>r r,euogdex-wd(rdr,eH 'ahHertrn(f, a:,:exmeduaxag,tr oJ 'eHogdgyug

"iof, o?x J?Hso ,{iodBH,t reHogdexualodtlrx-w,(flldr

-€H e(yot'"tof, Elrre)ulatrtrue>r trutr ehotr EsrlEEH ef, reuogdar-w,{(udreH '(eh

-EHo r4gas(eH ,{ferrrn €63ge51 '.r,enogdexna.roduwx-wJJvd,rztt u €OJZ?N 'JBH-ogd€x-rt,,(( drsH 'ereHogdeyHaJodtrrx r4 er€Hogdelr xtr*ne>ule xr,rs] UO

MHogdvtll/lqvVD)tv Hog dvx H1 J o d Vnx-w Ir n dM H u (WD) tv H os dvy - wA r n dtv H

'err.1\brdJ'ell^ truo xr4Jddu ,{ ?r?Hogd€) .Btlratr)odiux ,e)IrfHolos

'edorx 'ey{,{(IadJ,eH aue[ugofl et euutodro a[ enaer; 'iJ,l4 "vyEJ3

.pHwafido

'BHrhr?tr 'axox rae{foger4odrr ,( dnanrudrI trxytuaa ewu r,r enuaodra: enur$a(ovda a( [udorx-w,(ftrdr,e11 lreadaenox r4 Hr.{h?€ o€x r4Jtudox Vudorx-w,{6rd.r,-eH ef, eJah Joge e64dar)rBg foeeed dfeger,adu: er ',{[oa ,([r(eaa *BN nHol'(tI uJ) aios a)ldow r.^raqegeder: u,e:arreueuot /\e[ngo! emrlsfeH reH?tl ef

o: exrcr[x,{x 'rrdaQrorr,nr,{ o:au uda<pcodVr.rx,{ ueevex amug oroHrt [r4dorx-

x

Epxecr Corcej(1838 1922)

iJ E(onoNrr.rHocr Co-roejeeorrrocTyrr(a cacTo]r'r ce y ToMe rrToce ctopeAHr,r rrpor'r3no4 CO, nencnyura y arlrocQepy, reh ce

epaha y npoqec (I Qasa). Tarcofe,

lo6njeulr auourjyv-xaopr4,NH,CI npe4craalla yje4uo n

r/raBHr.{ r'r3Bop aMoHrjaxa. Pacreopca aMoHxJyM-xnoPr'raoM rIoc.ire

qefena uarprjyn xl,rAporeH

r<ap6ouara rperlrpa ce BoAeHoM

napoM r'r raueHr4M Kpe-roM (Kan-

qr'rjyrra-xn4poror4ona Ca(OH)r).

2NHrCl + Ca(oH), r 2NHroH + CaCLINII. + 2H,O

Ocro6ofear,r auoarjax apaha ce ynPoqec r [por,r3BoAba noHoBo

noqfilne. KpajI!rr crIopeAHn

npor,reeo4 Coneejeo0r nocryrrKa

Je KanrIr{JyM-xnoPr,rA.

Bas4ylrun jacryllr, nojr,r cygauac nesao6luaeur,r 4eloer'rcaaror ayrouo6nna, cagpxeralrrrjyu-nrrpar, uarplrjyr'a-ulr-'tptr4, u ctrnw\\r)YM-Ar,roKcr4A.Ilpr,r yAapy Aona3r Ao eKcrr/ro3r,rB-

He xeMnjcKe peaKrluje (anrljyM

Hrrrpara x Harpr{jyM Hr,rrpr{Aa.

A:o1 rojlr ce 4o6nja y oeoj pe-aKrlr{jn, 3a caMo 40 ms lrcnl.uuheYazgy :ll:ew jacryr, airb ag.

Li

NH31g; * COzrsl + HzO11y + NHaHCO3luqy

aMoHI4jaK H,co. auounjylr-xr,rgporerrKap6oHilr

(6asa + Kr4cenl4Ha = Kl{certa co)

C o6sr,rpov ua ro 4a ce u narpujyu-xnopr.rg ra aru,ron rjyM-xr4AporeHKaP60-Har Ao6po pacrBapajy, yBoAeHoM pacrBopy npr4cyrHl{ cyjoHla: Na-, Cl , NH1,HCO3 . I4a6opov norogHr4x ycnoBa, a flpe cBera reMrreparype (Hllxa oA 150 C)Tanor<t4 ce Halpujyv-xragporenxap6oHar ttrro je I{ 6t{o qlllb,

C\",,; + NHaHCO:1"qy + NH+C\"'1 + HCO.J

Incranoxenu Harpnjyvr-xngporeHKap6oHar v3aBaja ce qeben eM, {r,rMe ienpBa 4a3a [por,r3BoArr'e gaBprrreHa.

II faea: Y Aplroi <|a3u Lo6 je*v HarpI,rjyM-xtrAporeHKap6oHar 3arpeBa

ce y porarlr{oHoj nehl{. TepMu.{Kr{M pa3nara}r,eM oBe c}'rrcraHlle 406 ja ce

uarpnjyrr.r-xap6onar.

t,c.-- '' ---2 Ht .U <.r tlNa:COr r"qr I CO:rer + H:Orrr

HUTPATU t,l HUTPUTU KAflNJYMA U HATPUJYMA

04 conr,r arxa;rHr,rx Merana cnoMeHyheMo joru r'r Hurpare u Htr"tpv're Ka-

nulytn v Harpr.rjyMa xojlr l{}rajy raxofe Benr4Ky npr4MeHy. Ka;I,rjyu-nnrpar,uanr{rpa, KNO. rao r,r3Bop Hr4TparHr4x joua xopucu,r ce 3a npoI43BoAn'y 6a-

pyra, nr4porexHr,rqKr4x cpeAcraBa r4 Apyrr{x Bpcra Hr4rpo-excn.rrosl,rna.,[o6ujace r43 Mr.rHepala qr4./1cKe [Ianr.rrpe (NaNO3) u Kalrr4iyM-xJroptrga (KCl).

Baxua npnneua Hr4rpara r4 Htl'rpura Kanu)yMa u aarpvjyva je u ynpexpaM6eHoj r4Hlycrptri\r. Erl,rxere uecnr,rx KoH3epBI{, ErrMJbeHux u 6ape-

Hr4X CyXOMeCHaTT4X npOm3BO,qa, KOH3epBr{paHor MeCa CaApxe o3HaKe E249,

8250,825I, E252. Ose osnaxe xpnjy naa ce6e Hr4rpare u Hvrprnre xanr,rjynra

r,{ Harpr,rjyMa. Oae cyncrauqe 4oAaiy ce Mecy u cyxoMecHarr{M npoI43BoAr{Ma

Aa 6r.r ce o4pxana cBexxHa r{ 6oja nalrlrpnuqa. jJ

fl floreuqr,rjarua onacnocr ynorpe6e a|.WrtrBa E249, E250, E25\, E252 je yroMe rrrro oBe clrrrcraHqe Mory y3aJaMHo Aa Ae/ryJy ca APyrxM c)'rIcraHIIaMa, Ha

npr,rMep nporer{Hr4Ma, npu rreMy ce Mory 4o6rzrlr je4nren a a:ora roja ruajy r<au-

qePoreHo AeJcTBo.

ot

' I .:'

lfi,rdVr.,rx-lr-'{[uvev'- iuf xodeu-w.,([lrdres

-

lludor,x-ltl.(lre ah '- [uf,xo-n,{fud.lesflti|uLt-wtr[ti.tuu

'eluusraerulaI wugaflar: I rrenavrara aaa[od9 :noulre[r'r]xo ledlo ra av,{ltdoQ umureg 9

il]uogdexug elo: e[o] ?sr.D(

'of, pxf,srrlxdx on?ar4€?H d.loa x woHgaHlojpsl d eiox afiner:rL: dseJ,:ec wox:fuy{ax ou,{: elry'gieweh

-seru,{: rrl,rndersal,rava oey dn-,(iracan v ltntlJnflugld '(wtr[vtttu L ttbr:ou a€as e)](xwax ul,rr, u(oy 7iaJHawava ar{aJor{g.{ owe[ed9d averan auvexve afoy 'E

;etnnuauttfla{ A vw eral.r unvexve -{(enu (odg r'ruorheluxo uby'72rgr.. ewd(uhned{ uo.loer,r enu esodrdan oxuvoy 2ave;aw axrexre L owe[ed9,{ arualrana a(oy '1

g(IIYH€ gIOg] I4iI:I{OdU

(s)zgy -

(B)zg .r G);ill tr

{OsJ 'zOqU 'zO) rll-u:xodau-{: ,{[er:en el,rdfueah lr ew trbfiugld'ewl[uuex esresadore: r4fr4hx?ad

^ S'0- exunoarux (odg

,rHorafi?Ur4Jxo lr a[ el 'sodrxala nadeu:en lrxdle: ,zg uofne ewufox .{ es{as{ lafd: rflu:xodald3

;nqnrxodaa,b lb oam

'ar'e{ oHJen€ a€ag

aHu?raw r,r -{r €u'esr€IÎ oroslt a[ efoy *r1 ruof r ewoJ€ eHrrhr4ves a[ rovse6'eL€Jaw eHvexv? arl.di lr w,,{ftrdren ee elrlr.l:ontlads e: dsraQadou,{ esrew on-JeH€ €JHJWara Joso ?HuJf,{J r '?qas e( oHJBH€ EW tr(wtuu eqznf,q>t u Eqrasr-or eddredalwal es{endJtrflo EH]as€ ow€r,{r4 ar,,{d.r ago eHevr, .rogdu Vox

'erruar:[oa: wulrast l,tr:les e: e.r,esal,uava en{dr lrverar,r uuvexve,{r oxe;4

;auo4ha$o tr[owooI ow,ffnrynu 6ox aJ Llph logt

''i i.ir -:l: i l'. 1.1i. --

?'.1'7'g a+reue afoa: lrdaaodl 4

'naHawau2 nHalon9y n a1tr trt aD ohnua,xnu n nuo 'oHo[Ho Ds1]t[oot 'n6os I ratoenwdoemsod adg-o6 'n6odnda I tttouaqodtltodrjsud ,h olouead 6o uo6a1 ,Oqoonsr woueau6ox-oet tr ,(uawndu fi ayasoh at [ouaHe nxnuas ,(own ouurylaw xnHuoxuo nuoJ

L

fiIloeetru ceojcmla ca upuMeHoM

NaCl

NaHCO: S

Na ,S

NaOH

Aaje i{HreH3r.rBHo xyry 6ojy

je jaxa 6asa

sarpena*eu gaje CO2

caApxu eceHrl janHe joHe

3a ylr{qHo ocBeT/berr'e

sa neyrpanusa4ujy Knce l/rr:.a

Kao flpallraK 3a neqr{Bo

Kao 3aqrH ,{ KoHSePBaHC

3

3aorpywu cnoeo ucfrpeg tra4floi ogioôpa

8. Y r<orr,r nusy eneMeHara onala Bpe,qHocr 3a npBy eHep rujy jotusa4nje (pearrunnocr pacre)a) Rb, Cs, Li, Na, K, 6) K, Na, Li, Rb, Cs s) Cs, Rb, Li, Na, K r) Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs

9. Koje je4r,rmeme raua joncry nesy, a oxcN4aqnonu 6poj jegnor eneueNra je -1. Kaxo ce aony HaBe,qerajegrar6er$a?

a) NarS 6) Li,O? n) H,Oz r) CsOz A) KrO10. Elextporlreorr BoAeHor pacrBopa narpnjyu-xlopupa go6uja ce:

a) Na 6) NaH n) uacna coga r) coga-6uxap6oua 4) rauena co

HaihflM jegfla.qufle xenujcrux pearquja

Ilpe4cranu jegnavnne peaxqr{e caropenarre nr.rrnjyua v uupnjyuaflpegcraou pearqrje y xojuua ca nogou pearyje:a) uarpnjy,u 6) laa'rpviylr-orcnq, u a) narprjyu-xra4pr,rg.

I flp"r.u*" .n.gehe npor*,rene:

I Ha cxnqlr je nprxasana 6oja rngr,rKaropa 3a pacrBope Harpr,rryM-Kap6ouara, narprjy'r -xropv4a tr

xarpr.rjyu-xu4poxcuga.Yropegu 6oje ca cKanoM Koja je gara u o6jacun pasnuxe xoje nocroje y pHcpegr{Hr4 oBr4x pacraopa. Hanmlr,r jeHayr.{Hy x ,qporlrlse xarpujpvr-xap6oxara.

Na:CO: N.d N{OHutwuDH 1 3 5 7 9 11IIIrIII

trIspatynaj

! Kornro aroMa Harpr,rjyMa ce r'arrasu y 2,3 g oBe clncraxqe? Kojy eanpeuuny 3ay3r,rMa oBa Maca

uarpr,rjyrr,ra aro je neroBa rycrr4Ha p = 0,97 glcmjKoja clmcrauqa cagpxr.r aehn upoqeHar Kr.{ceoHI4Ka: Harpr,rjyrr{-flepoKcr.rgutltuarpujyu-oxcua?

,{a nr,r ce reha sanpeMr,rHa BoAoHrKa (Hopr'aannu yc;ronr) go6uja y pear4uju 5 gurrpujy,ua nnn 5 gxa.nlrjyua ca ogrorapajyhou ronrvrnou noge?

K-)KH+KOH+(rCO3

LV

afi,rhesuHof .,{(r,rrdana dvew (ree{aqruor .{d,{J,e daur^rar dx:un (a

aioa !o Luur.:d.r dgae (9a)1oa [o .{nlt:dr .,{srew (e

;er{r4 oJm orp€ rruot or er,,{lu ru'(frdrepl

€ ecre)k€r]et

uuallrxead ogevr ,{r rarreraw ranvexve (rlrn{d: L e[euo afuheer,troI elrrdaxa (a

.HA]Î€[ AJ

:oJm

oree .,{w,(auod.lel L a: ,{fesdh wAbmev u rrdfildregI aci€)€u€t

pdosoJflo JoHheJ tlJdxtrr4 osovJ ux-,tdxoeg'wowA[wuex et usoHox a] VevJO dlos

trat u\e96 '(ennnduu eude Vo rqas aH) ew.{(udr.es

lewox atr ar,::n -,{duueu danuQ ell lnowdarodral€J ahog r ew,lftidles l1€wo) I,{oJJ[Hrr e) tr\1es.21,4

'tdorexuisu JoH€€9-oltatrr{x I,I[?x oxr{voxeH I{

?!os ?H?soul{Jlatr af, B r4tr . U.4rou,{nauxtr: ,{q.{(ed

-egoruo ,{r,(d[ f,yas uuu,(srom -'(aafradral ,1 '1

ira.r,:onxodr:-oladu adaw asJ €d )r,rHs?rf,eH Irlos€n larrJo

'aqrux{efis€ uHalaaen ue a+ra*rme(9o

{etl n utal,ro asraQoaeu es oa.l:.l,(ld (ul.rr'od1

e[od9 .roxrr,,rore was{?qasorle: urddr .( eleuo rf,oHsr4r)eed (9

ernrdiuvex\1o vh'ruavrxead, a[ wL[udmu (e

ioJm?trwas vqow,{fudlen er uldrou 6

9 ecrex@ €€

or,Ivelee a: wdlurex (r^l I -^- ^^ -t,.,s-,.- / , JIAUdS dJ cltlJuJHJ (g

eurqdaro[na aI e(uhxead (9

OI,IUEIIeA atr )I{HOtrOA (E

:oJm?gor,raelor wor{,,{fr,lu€x Pf rau,{io[

^ s a'He)(?Ueg

l>Hd (reuaf,u) el/?rlofl etros (s

xnnolloa uailrgoil (9

e*9 euahrgofl v(uhxead ,t (e:aI da[,(io9 aI onnawodl doa,r:ed rnaiog

t ac{cx(err?t

e€es aHIlEJaJ,{ a9Bvf, (J

a€as aH eJaw axef (aaeaa anuraveaox axe[ (9

asaa ax:noIe9ev: (e

:d[enu orm oresr,r uHe)arr 1o w'lfutex lr l,u.'{iudrepl

z acr?xen€€

ex,,{[ees su ,,{orera er ,{(,{.read 1r.{vu-,(avodrau ,{ Lfea-{n rale;aw a: (a

raHsraJ,xead l.r o9€r1r (9pr!r{hr,rHouosocll e:,{i.,{.read 1e

waxos a: -{xa:

ffit .?HAIAIEUII

l

3{-{3 W 14d3 u)}!E

AOKyMEHT

Harpujynr u xanvjytrt xao 6lroreulr enerrenrr,t!

Crrrvpuo cre vynr.r [a l]peKoMepaH yHoc Ky,{r4r6cKe corru }rrr,{rre Ha roBr4lrrerle KpBHor rrpr.rrrlcKir; Ailce oco6ana ca roBrrrrreHrrM r(pBHrrM npfi l14cNov lperopl^r1'je HecnaHa xpaHa; Aa Ko;1 Ko.rauca ,vc/Ie]I

AexraAparau ie nerapu gajy $n:uorourxr.r pacrnop 0,9% pacrBop HalprajyM-xnop Aa; Aa ce,v ron.,rr4M

,qaHr'rrra, KoA npeKoMepHor sHojerla, npenopy,ryie vrtrc eneKrpo,rr4ra, Ha rrpi,rMep, .rajeBr{ a He.rr,rclitro71a. Ono cv cal{o HeKrr oA nprrMepa Kojfi norepffv n:y:erH?v RaxBOcr rrarprriyrra u xalujyva ser opraHr,r3ar.r qoBeKa. AaHac ce 3Ha Ar cv AB.r nrjnaxutrjr urjoul r.ojr,r ce Halra3e y re/recHuiu rer{riocruMilynpaBo ioHr,1 Harpnjyua n ralr'rjyraa. 3auno?

Gt

@€'*BI@s

(a) (6)

dlftA I4urep r'r nurpahenrajcKu npocrop y KoMe ce Hana3e joHn narpnjyua n ranw)yva (a), axrnsHr,r

rpancnopr jona (6)

Kourpar<ql,rja r.l,ruir,rha, r,{ crBapaHre HepBHrrx xMrryrca ArrpeKrHo 3aBr{ce oA rpaHcnopra yflpaBoona gra jona. Tpaucnopr Na- u K' rpos henujcry r'.reu6paHy npoy3poKyje npoMeHy HaeneKrpr.{carbaueu6paue ra crnaparae uenr6parrcxor norenqlrjana. 14axo jona Harpr,rjyr'la una N{Horo suue saH he-nuje, a joua Kanr,rjyMa y herruju, veu6pancrr norenql,rjal nacraje rpenacxorr oarx jona y npocropca eehoM rouqeurpaqr.rjolr (Na' nan heauje, a I{' y hernjy) (Cn. 16). Osarae npoqec je rraoryh ea-

xnanyjyhra nporefiHr{Ma ,,nocaquva" xoju ce nanaae y herLrjcxoj lreu6panlr r4 yrporrrKy eaepruje.Hasnea^4o ra aKruBHr,r rpaHcuopr jona. Cna6ocul y uwauhuua xog gujapeje u ipeKovepHoi 3Hojetua

Jaqlba (e, u3Mehy ocutanot, Kao uocnegu4a iopeMehala KoHqeHrupa4uje joHa u tuuxoaoi mpaHcnoputarcpos henujct<y xem6pany.

IIpolrena roHqeHrpaqlrje joHa Na. y opraHr,I3My Ar4peKTHo yrr4qe r,r Ha Koxrq],rHy Bo[e y opraHr'r3M]'i

a rr,rlre r.rsucf,v ocrarror r{ Ha npr,rrxca( KpBr'{ ). Kanr4[apr4wa. Arco ce Haino ioseha yHoluetue Hatupujy-Ma xpaHoM, 3aupeMuHa eKcutpa4enynapHe we.ffiocmu Moifie ga ce ioeeha u go 18o/o, IToauweuu rpsxutputuucaK y opIaHu3firy qoseKa Mo1ffe gosecu,Lu go os6umuux sgpasclu+eHux uopeuehaja. Harptrjytn uxar l,rj1 v cy oa xx Bor He Ba/K Hoc lr4 (eceuuu.jal u u ) Ja qoBeKa.

Ilpouraraj rexcr u oAroBopr,{ Ha nr{Tarr'a:

a) llpenopyxa je ga ogpac.rra oco6a r,rcxpaHoM AHeBHo ynece og 50 go 200 mmol Harpr.rjyMa. Ko[r,rKo

mg Anenuo rpe6a yHerl{ Kyxr.rrbcKe conu 4a 6r'r ce y opraHr43My yHe/ro 100 mmol uarpujyua?

6) Konuxo je g eoAe, a KorfiKo g Harpnjylr xlopuga norpe6no oa npnnpel',rane 250 g SnslronorrrKorpacrBopa (0,97o NaCl)!

e) Koja cyncrauqa r{ 3alrro, yclreA 3Hojerla y irerrbr,rM Mecerlr4Ma, Ha rapAepo6r,r ocranra 6ene lrpne?O6jacru.

t' owncHaqn0a I wnfnutros fou wns oxncH nbubryaw xnHuo)rubottwa€ owneryc{oet oc at ow[oueo4rl

'ev?JaIÎ xI{HIlevVeOHtÎa0 eq{3q{fi tralaxdier e[ox afiner:u,{: es e:raures xusrmvxad [o lrxas

d: onie: ',wolû{[raean.relt u ltortdfuhu?] rf, aJaxger egar{,{m"',ehHer r?) suJodII HoJLex au{Jf,udox"',ra.l:ox n ag,{e ee degot af w-'((uhvey"

''wor{d[ullLe) oJBJo g oxaLtv"

'r{rr{llr4r^r?a r4 axor,rr a: oxmar,l(o9 -,{nalae l,r

dHasdh dfeV ra(ox (eg) erudir,rdeg u (rg)ewdfi,rhnodr: es{asrr,ria ( ea g rarrlodre g

.?HI,IHg€tr trO

... ta.r.ensou dr d)esoh '(u (HO)?J)nadx uxamer r.r (O€J) ,{Hem?JaH

r r.rre€ '(OZHZ . |OS€J) lxur'(,O]BO) dawdaw'xeqrnadv

'eVod) ,ttr oJm oex ahxer:u,{3

lr t,,- ' 'as{adeg es uHerdo .,(sJrr^ruH: fid r,{Hr,rhr,rEaI^r

) ," .,{ a: ur:radox (r6geg) .leQv,{r-w,t(ndeg-,

."a.€n-* \

uU Bfl rS eJ 8W efl nUVriW LtHuVyuV0HWl€

3EM HOAII KAII H 14 METAII 14

2.

I

I 4be_ 6eprarftjw ^ ), ) 1s' 25-

- ''Mo I

' yll,ry E z,,zp" f,a'^, ,n\.o+, -- ) .)Kalu]tlyr.r 1s2 2s,2p" 3s.lp" z+t

c assr ])' .tp'o'rq";y"] tJ zr'zpu :r':pu:a'o +r'+pu5s2

ts' 2s'2pu 3s'3p63d'o +s'+pu +d'o ss'spu 552

7. ts'? 2s'z2p6 3,r3p63d'o 4s'z4p64dro 4f'o5s'5pusdn u4 uoa Js2

pl;,". I

t,]soBa l..!::

:

ooRa

trt*,'^,, l

@ - IloroNaj :eMHoa/rKarrHr4x Merara y llepno4uou cracreMy x rbr,rxoBe

ererrponc<e xonQrrypaqrje ca rrreMarcK14M npr'rKa3oM

Eepranlrjyu-Be, rraruesnjyn-Mg, xanqujyu-Ca, crponqujyr'r-Sr, 6a-

pr4jyM-Ba r,r pa4r,rjyv-Ra cy e.rreMeHarrr Aplre rpyne llepr,ro4Hor cl{creMa.

I4s nplrrcasaHr,rx e/reKrpoHcKr,rx xon$llrypaqlrja Br{Ar4Mo Aa rbr,rxoBr4 aroMrr

y s-noAHr,rBoy nocneAber eHepreTcKor Hr,rBoa caApxe ABa eneKTpoHa

(Cr. l). 3ajegHuqKa e/reKrpoHcKa xonQrarypaulrja je nsz. Y npr4poAr4 ce

javnajy y Br{rre u3orofla (Ta6ela 1). Csu ,rsoronu paArjyMa cy paAI{oaK-

u,renrlr. fI'eros uajpacnpocrpan eHuju t43oTon "uRa nua BpeMe no,IlypacnaAa

1600 rotrraHa.

Be

MgCa

Sr

BaRa

Mapuja (1867-1934) tr lljep Kupu(18s9- 1906)

loAraHe 1898. orKpnnv cy pagtajyrry pyln ypana. Y6pso no orr<pr,rhypagujylra, geQ[ulrcaH ie 14 3aKoH

paAuoaKTr{BHor PacnaAa.

iffitq - flp poAnr'l tI3ororll,r 3eMnoa/rKanrrax lrerala (rlpnerrou 6ojoiur cy o6erexeH rt,14\oBLl r-,r'p.r. nl'n. r1 . tl,,,rrj.r L rJ6.r rrn tt.roronlr)

3errasoarxannlr nreram{ cy eleMeHTN 2, :pyne llepro4Hof cr,rcreMa.

Kao r,r anxanglt Mera./rr{, m 3eMHoa/rKalrHr{ Meranu lrefyco6no lrlrajy apnocrnvua caojcraa. Mefyrr'ru, ;rsyserar je npBr.r .rnaH rpyn e,6epunnjyu roju jecnutrutju anyt'tuuujyruty rt rlr,rHKy Hero eJreMeHrr{Ma rpyne xojoj npr4naAa.

Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra

3auto ce erelreurir 2. rpyne uaar.tajy3EMHOA.7IKA,lH14 uerartr?

Hena4a cy xennvapl4 cBe HoBoorKpuBeue c1 ncr anue xoje cycra6lrnue npr'r sarpeBarly Ha3tIBant{

3eMrr,e rpaAllTe/6r'r pyAa.

3eune xao ruro cy MgO n CaO ca BoAoM Aajyaaxaluy (6aauy) peaxqr,rjy. Ory4a n uasrn.

"Be tBe toBe

'*lvtg "Mg ,uMgtoca n'ca n'ca nnca nuca ntca

"'sa "uSt "tsr t"sr130Ba r32Ba 13aBa t..Ba truBa t.tBa ,rnBa222Ra "rRa 226Ra

44

sv

'rri,q !,.r - 8r.L.l

ulri 3 /'z = fdw)tB 6'/ = rd

!ur/8 6'8 - n:)d

lV fo I'ImxEL

rrr{[ E'I r.r eC ho ]4m)reu EJiu f i'n) io rmieL EJ,{n 9 af BW l

i euagel :rovr{dll z

,,alnr4fr avax r,llox aHo tg ".lf,)er tellJvJoll r

'wnLa tty.ett I) w.tfi,rh[ex r,r rt({raearuew 'w.(ira[r'rdag'?v?Jar r xr4Hvexvs Io ltqmdar, d: ul?Jarir r4r{r?)usoHwa8

, ,

nsouhx-{dr:nox oex nt:ttdov au ar r,r'e 'llreal,Iqeclgo a, "*"^

'*#:frXXtJ}w,,(irahvry r4sor^rr4u r{ ahl4x I4rtrsedu ,fuol,,I ar eI,,L'{fueaurew flg l4Jeso) exol I

a: el? rrdgh oHqrosov )€ l{lr? 'xew aI rldiraeaurell ldsr ewoas a[ :,tlbluud-ag Jf,r,rh dnur:dgr,,tqar dfelnn r{veJew r{ao eJoJ Jo9€ ru 'au,td.I I ?ueJaw

[ox o.ran ar,eI aeag asve .r,al',1 d: eV Lhr,rnasrur',,(fd(dtrou eqrer'dslx I4 eqraq.ruor

ad-{rudaulrar amr'rg (Z €vagel) Jx.,{d.r asd eveJ.al',I lov oralr eqaa a[ wn eur'rrr-,t.r ertole anr'rwadn"€ Js{?hI aJew aqas Jogt ,el,ruveraw wr,tr-,{dn er dsraQad

-or { ax:us vaa,{ mof ve'eqrerJqx r{ eq{eqluoJ addredauwal, amr,rs dltwutr^rr4L€Jar r lrr4Hv€rve r:: ,{+raQadol 1 (7 v3) e(ei: ronveraw 'afo9 -,(r aau3 'ar

ou oJ r,{ €Jau4h dJxala Iahr,IHlosodu rdgofl,{: I,IveJaIri ]rHll?xveoHweg

VUVI]W XIIHIJV)IIJVOHW]€ VSI)IO€] VYh1/€LlO'L't

'errrc€aa wxHrteJaw /w,rveI e: xel,asr(er4 a( wlfuuudeg'BreJahI xI4H e)v€ ewatas

wr,rHv?Jarir ef .{qre(adou d anef ,,{: ano r{ve 'a€as eH eJaI,{ ag€Irtr a(or)otrzvtl{udug u ewl{nhHodr)'?wdfuhrei'er{,(frasaHr?w rulemad foHU?JaI4[ ,q

'ad,(rx,{dr: asltr:udx aur'r,rQ

r,rfiau: aeredegrr eatq,(rolto EJHaIÎaLa Joso ?woJE enlrltaduee ?utw €)I'lH

-radu,(rou JoHU?raw JosoJaqt woHr4hr'rnaa r'trun:e[go a: .,(:ow 'er,{,{iuIrudag

'au-{dJ €H€vh rosd lox e€as aHv€Jaw ar.rl oroulAl trtole eH r''tadues ec{etÎ

aI ru 'euod.lxala ac]ar,evafldu ehe( ,r ed,re:i esrerradJ,xaveeu a( aqaa 'esorodueiodgraqaarogg,(€ vl) aVo dan aJlI,I eveJaw xl4lllexr€ eI"IoJ€ lo,{l I4clel',l

auddt aso eJ€HaNaue unroly uodrxaua H€uJf HesoxeJHe BU?rarl xt{Hv€>ttt?

lox aI xov ewore roxest eHodJxave enrHavra eg[ d: eH?so](eJH€ e€as aHvEr

- ar,n -,{+raQe dr rl ; o 4r mo€ eu!-J"ew x\lHreive Vox oJaH ah?( lt vte'(ewtrftruudeghox r,,r ro) axef ,{:I,IH atea aHtEJaW (7 'v3) woxramad wourertudx wonver-aw r: alrutr:ud: ar:dsh dt r,rvpJal{ r4HlluxvuoH e€ 'uHU?)Iue I4 o?X

rnhvt)u^l] H d VlH ] W ] IJ] OVY 14 tI VI ] W'1 H IJV )| IlVO H |/\J ] €' L

'I asreH€ 3(osJ l4desodll

'uut)laaw xnHuoxltaoHwa€ owngoll[oot ot at owfauto4t1

'adoso16o owoO a6 agadu afox oH oqotgn!] lio trau h oe6 2ntnrylawxnHulJ'ltoouwat no1ltfoet o[nurtos[nH ,h afoy ;ouo'4aw xnHuDtuttoHwat n

xnuuaxuo lQawtn avnutod a[ox a 'n11sounrun ft afox ;al ldl DsoHouh xruJDI1,Jo

aungon 6o a4lqt6o ouryLaut awnerylt[on wn[ost o4 w rutndag ogmag

EU]]JAW

Val.rey - !@BC

'(eveJaN

aHI/?xu€ e€ €Nr.rrtoHEodg el xr{ rah

-adoxd) (rrrd) EvEJaN xr4HvexreoHr^ras elrore rhunladu-,(nog - l@

!..4 ()La aLla l: l r'fl!)l ' \j f\ ,l'

LI7 €IZ 96I?9,! rss €1f

ooo09I tt I

3n-2, :ar

co'lttiodt)lava tttttgareg rgeg

osr4vE)oval1 al 3ser/eH (ahrrvJlr)

-,311 euof xr'rHrerar{ xwrstrltll-on dQanel4 endlnsen.nlu lxram-ed enrenlrdx eunerery - !@

3EMH0AIIKAIIH14 METAflil Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra

lE6l+|i3, - Henpanuuocur y T,,

Tk Ia p TyMaqe ce Pa3nuKoM y KprI

cra.rr}roj crpyrrypu (6poj aroMa rr

Be/Irrqr'IHa aroMa oBrrx Mera./ta).

p@/cm")T1'c Tpfc

zoCa:

3sSt:

seBa:

810

800850

1100

14391366

1737

l1,7 4

1,55

3,6

3a pa3[ Ky oA anKa]rHIlx ]Iera/Ia, 3eMHoanKa[HI{ Mera/Irr no cBoM I{3r.[eAy

r.r $rsuvxl,ru crojcrerana ruue o4rorapa)y yo6lrvajenor.r cxBaraHry Mera.rra.

Mory ce o6paflrrarir (xoearr,t n npecoearlr). Mefyrun, Mera[Ha-xeM],'IjcKJ

cnojcrna orlrx ereMeHara Herlrro c/ra6lrje cy nrpaNeua y nopet)eroy ca anxal-

llpoaepu cnoje suane 2.

1.2. XEM',IJCKA CBOJCTBA 3EM HOAII KANH ilX M ETAIIA

3atuwo cy sennoanKairHu MeEtanu Matue PeaKluuBHu og &nKanHux MeLua-

na? KaKo uocutuvty ctaa6unHy eneKtupoHcKy KoHfulypaL\ujy? Koju tuut N 3e

ipage y jegutuetuuua? Kat<o ce ne*'a peaKwusHoclu y lPyuu?

AroLru aellHoanra/IHr{x Meraâ y noclreAl-beM elteplercKoM Hr'lBoy 14MaJy

ABa tsarreHrHa eileKrpoHa. I4s 'Ia6ere 3. BI4AI,IMo Aa ce npBi4 BeJrt'IKr{ cKoK

sa enepru.jy joHr,rsaquje jaen'a KoA ornyuraba rpeher elexrpona. ORe 4neuuneurqe yxasyjy Aa aroMx eneMeHara Apyre ryyne ornyurajy o6a eaneHt-

na enexrpona'. Hacranlr joHu r'rlrajy cra6lrnny enexrponcr<y noH$vrypa4n)y.Bpegnocrr.r:a xoeSlrurjeur eneKrpoHerarl{BHocru, xoje cy nehe o4 tlpegno

crr{ 3a anKalrHe Meralre, aJrm y nopefelr'y ca APyfI4M eleMeHrr{Ma jou ynex

BeoMa HrrcKe, yrasyjy 4a aroun ueuajy uoryhuocr nPl{Marba enexrponat

3euuoanxa,tnu MerallJ{ He Mory Ar npaBe JeAl4lterba ca HerarI,lBHrrM crene

HOM OKCI,IAarlrrrje Beh lrcrnyvlrao no3I4TIrBHI4M.

AKo Moty ga outlrycwe 2 eJreKulpoHa u uuajy nucrce spegHocwu sa toeSu-

4ujeHa e eKmpoHetatuu\Hocluu, ga nu lpage joHcKa jegux,e*,a? Czw eneuen

rr,r gpyre rpyne, ocr,ru 6epn[l,rjyMa, ca HeMeranuraa rpage joucxe eese. Eeprnlrjyu je ra:y:eraK. 36or sHaruo Maner rtolrvnpeqnl4Ka aroMa r'r sef]er xoe-

$r.rqujeHra enerrpoHerarltBHocrr4. xenu,rjcxe nele yjegutsertuua 6epunr'rjyua

xMajy KoBa-/IeHTHI4 KapaKTep.

3eusoanxa,rslr lreralrfi rpaAe joHe rii-' lr joncxa jegranen a. I4:yserax je

Be rojra rpagN xoraneHTHe Be3e. Oxcr,I4aqlronn 6poj seunoa.nxalnr'Ixnera.na y je4umersuva je lnex'.2.

Karo ce neu'a peaKwu7Hocut y ipyuu? Rao Inro ce la ouexyje npeAHocu't

sa eneprrjy jonlrsaqlr.je ona4ajy y rpynl4 ca rlopacroM aroucxor 6poja (Ta6e-

la 3). Balenrnu elreKrpoHl,{ cy Aa./be og jeslpa ll jesrpo ux cla6llje npl'rcnavu.

36or rora ca roeehaseu arolrcror 6poja pearrr,ranocr pacre y rpyrll4.

3eugoanxanHu naera/IJ,I cy peaKTI,IBHI4 eIeMeHTIl, anI'I I4naK Matt,e

peaKTr4BHr{ oA anKanrrax uerana. PeaxrunHocr pacre lrpyhlrog 6epvrrjyi\aa nperua pagnjyuy. ')

'Iloraegaj rexcr,,3a oue rojtr xele ontre' Ilpnlor: 'fa6ena 2

@ - Bpe4uocrn :a: npey,

rlp)'r)' r rpeh,\' eHePrri)' joHt13aqxje

E,(l), E (ll) E'(lII); r<oerfnqujenre,{eKTpoHerarrtsHocrr'r (1) sevuo-anKaJlHtlx rIeTana.

(r) (n) (rrr)

rBe:,,Mg:zoCar

:esr:seBa:

9,33 18,2

7,64 15,0

6,11 11,9

5,69 11,0

5,21 10,0

80,1

f41\36

1,2

1,0

1,0

0,9

E.rrerrponcxe ronQr,rrypaqujearoMa u ABarlyT rlo3r'lTrrBHo

Hae/reKTpr{caHr'1x JoHa

1s'?2s'2p6 3sdn,f ^2

+12rvr5 1s' 2s'2po ,ir..

,lls'2s'2p'3s'3p'4C-'1s'? 2s'z2P6 3s23P6

PEAKT'IBHOCT PACTE

aBe lrMg zoCa:sSr soBa ssRa

46

LV

'([J,lr Ehr{ve)r]du 'eJaxEd 'er-arirodlps) €Ee Jrhadr xrlDrhr'rHxar

odr{u xr{rr{h]4I/€ed d,H[os€uodue€ al r{lrr'fdo) (orovas eg

'' '.r r r rr rrj .,:i - JS'

- rJ) Er'.[efo9 l{r4Hhlil]r{d-erxrdrr rlJWeI/ Jfog Pll euurarr

xr{HvE)rIlEoHr ra€ osJ]rosJ -

rr)veoHr^ras eHewrvu ?fog - Ere

?o?g ..oel .. zol^J trorl.todalll:

OPI'O8tr\t'Oag . OW tnrloz i1

SPg'S?l'S8t{ S.t/{,trdrli3a-

zllpg rzlu)rzJ8l I zXW nqnHalouDxli

zHrl rzHSI l 'i.Hrg .HlN i16 d6nx

cIlEJar{ xttH(etreoH}\ra€ Dqlaqr x-a( xundeulrg ar,tr,tdo6

'9I '9'€ as{"H€ e[os] I4daaodlI

'o*auet tttr{t/tdeg r onaadh wdfuhrodr,: n lr{fuhuex- ev{e(o9 r,{fiHhr4J:uderxedex Hav{eun a[og wrcLew \txrexreorl 13€

'(9 vl) ?w?[o9 lulunr'tr:udarvedex uawevu a[o9 uuvexte-oHiraa r{ r{veJal{ I4Hx?)Ilt x o?11 e[e[: ovewta ea9 thnertu,{: eau]oHrreJ o?v

eVaLJ€r,r eV axow w,{flreau.rernr ErJeJaw JouagoJf,eudgad: or:aw,t pV ox?r'(aledr,rerau:eu) ?reHogdex JoH€€9 r'r ellr:xo r,rafor: raneusadu ar rar-,{[r,Ieaure111

'[e[: unverayu ag,,fu oxell ol1da dx,{Veeg eH 'r,,,roxuHoJ]u) el afralrxead rogg

'vn:xodar ll o(e! w,t(udeg'aHloxo d(e[ was{gsadore: l,rrlerarl 14Hrre)ru?oHwar rla3 ?s.las{xueI

eudeuwg wpfted; ev?rawaH r^roar4qes el .{[dJead xx?Jaw ]dr{x?)r eoHrr3t

luryodal-l^ldfudeg h),O€g -

(3)26 1(s)egtt+

llr:ro-4diue as.irr,,r G)OfiWZ -

(3)z9 "r

(s)3117

z al'lu:xodar u e[eI evusoa:lrx r'^roxmna er n,'{(r,rde9

ouul?al 'aVu:xo ,{[e[ e)IaHoaru)r ufddl:,t rareraw usve)uroHWa6 usJ ']:IleJeI{xllHv€)u? [o ,,{xnveed eg ;[uaeadopt ndLt wovnuoatnv as ,(t1aad oxry

il'rQud:-wdfiadeg G)qpg -

C')5 .r (^)eg

z a+

Ir,rdovx_wdfuean.r€w C).1OfiW -

{3)213 1 G)Byg

la+lllrdvr,rx yqdfr,rh(ex G)zHeJ <- G)zH + (s)e)

Ii+. a[nQv,(: wodou

-w,(: e: e 'aflr,rHaJov"x aU€dJ (1 '.]S '.ll 'rg) au,td,r 'lI Ewr'rJr{ar{av, ?f, 'aflI{dtrrlx a[?dJ eweddredauwar wr,Ixo]rrs

"H wox HoVos pJ €lreJewaH I{oHr'Iqas

r: onrxaduU di,'fuead au.td.r a.r.td[ ltsalrara 'r'lveJan r,rHU?xLe r{ oe11

v u vJl w x !,'t !-! uvv uvo H t/! $ v91 I q u El f x n H dv H us 1 q] qvdJ

2l[trryad a0 [1ow nuot]aw nHL/lJxuooHwae rwohuotJ stl,b wn[ox o3

L

L

IIII

'6 'g asrene e(oa: udasod[

3EMHOAIIKAnHil META,Iil Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra

Onurre jegnaulrue pearqr,rje 3eMHoarKanHtIX Mera-lra ca BoAoM 14 KrcenrrHaMa

Mera./r + BoAa --r 6a:a + H:1i\l + 2l l:(l o \'l((fH),: + Ii.l

Meran + KrrceJrtrHa + co + H.?,\!+2HLl + l'l(-l' + l::t

P t.0v KIJ n O H A Ctl O CO 5 H OCT 3 E l\4 H O An K A, H n X M ETA Il A

3enuoanxarnn Merturr{ cy gotipa pe4yrqr'roua cpeAcrBa. J4vajy nncxe

BpeAHOCTr,r 3a craHAapAHl'I e/reKrpoAHIr noreHul4lalr, Inro [oTBpDyre q]ftbeHI'I-

uy 4a ca ranoholr ornyurajy BaneHTHe enexrpoue (Cr. 8. Alransu ltera-nu). Pe4}.aqv6s3 cnoco6nocr pacre ca noeehalbe^,r atoucror 5poja, r'Icro Kao

r,r lbr,rxoBa peaKTr,IBHocr. Kao jaxa peAyKUIloHa cpeAcrBa ca.naxohor'r uctr'I

cKyjy BoAoHr,rK rr3 KucenuHa. Peaxqr,rje cy er3orepMHe. ,{a ce pagu o jarnlrpe[yKrlr.roHr4M cpe4crrlrua norrpfyje ].{ rrI{}neHI{IIa Aa Ka.{qlljyM, crpoHIllajoM

u 5apnlylr 6ypno pearyjy ca xI{cerrl{HaMa.

Mg(s) + HC\uq) --> Mgcl,(uq) + H,(s)MgClz,un, + Hz,g, A'H<0MarHe3r4lyM -xnop14A

!,a nu uoly ga uctuucHy BogotluK us soge (pegyrcyjy nonet<yne eoge)?

Marnesujyu pearyje reK ca K[,yqa,roM BoAoM, AoK xaaqnjyr't, crponqnjyu n6apujyu pearyjy 6ypno aeh na co6noj reuneparypra.

: tllCa1sl + Hu O,1, --> Ca(OH)z,un, + H:,g, A.H<0

Ka/rqr'rJyM - xI{ApoKcI,IA

Xeuujcre peaKrtr4je 3eMHoanKaJrHI{x M€ralra (uarne:l,rjylra ra ranqtajyua) ca

Kr4celr{HaMa r'r BoAoM Koptlcre ce ll:a ra6oparopr,tjcro 4o6r,rjarle BoAoHr'IKa.

Ka.rqujyu, crponqlajyM r,I 6aplajyv s6or nenlrxe peaxrtIBHocrI'I, Peary.iy ca

BoAoM r.{ BrraroM x3 Ba3Ayxa,,{yBajy ce. Kao l{ alKa,'lHI4 Merarrl,r, y nerpo/re-yuy. Pegyrqnoua ceojcrea uatresnjyMa Kopt4cre ce u sa 4o6l,tjarre enelreua

Ta I{3 rbr{xoBI,IX OKCl't[a.

3emlroarxanuu rraeralu cy jaru peIyKIlI4oHa cpeAcr3a. Mory,4a t{crr{cHy

BoAoHr,rK r,r rr3 Kr{ce;rraa u us e o4e. Ca xuceruam gajy conu, a ca soAoM

xr4gp oKcr,rAe (6ase).

Mefyuu, 6eplrll,rjyu je pasnnullr oA Ap)TIIX 3eMHoaJrKa/IHr'IX Meralra.

He cauo nro je I{3pa3r'Iro rBpA, I{Ma 3Harno BI4r.[y reMneparypy ron;r,eria I'I

K/b}alalrra I{ rpaAl4 KOBaIIeHTH€ Be3e, OBaJ MeTan MOx(e Aa I'ICTI{CHe BOAOHT'IK

l,r lrg 6asa.

Eepnnujyu je runlrvaN au$orepau eneueur. Pearyje ra ca Kvce unaMar,r ca 6asaua.[[

flponepu croje snase 4, 11.

flpuMep peAyKIIIaje oKct{Aa

MarHe3r{jyMoNI

oxclr71 + Mg -+ enelrenr + MgO

, i) ir :/'r , -'\t^n

uv2 TZrvrS.L T z!a5v

i Eepra,rnjyrljercrpaxr'rBaquMalaAaBao nocra lrpob.tc.\1i1. na u ca-

lrou Meugenejeoy. Pa:lor je 6illoMeclo Kole Je 3a rnefa fipeAnaraHoy llepuognou c'rcrevy. 36or rora

[rro ce pa3nxKyje oA ocranuxrr/raHoBa rPynei Hel(l4 [PeAno3r'I cy

AOBOAI4nt{ y nr'rrarse rlcnPaBHocl

saronr'rrocrn flepnoAHof cI,IcreMa.

Orxplrhe uarue:njyMa, (anqr{jy-Ma, crponqujyMa ra 6apulyva

npnnr.rcyje ce Xer',rSpujy \ejrnjy( 1808). tr43 Mr{Hepana 6ept{na,

6epnmjyn je orrpuo Qpauqycr<raxeurauap Bomeu, 1797. roqfiHe.

48

A Excnepnr',reur 1.

TER-FT-l

6V

'eHEd-{

eweEddd ew EJ amr4sfrH rHawallau)lfrarrax )e[ad rwoas af wdfrfted

drsahoduwox[rag d af uaslrl(r]?t eNI,ILErewwrr.(dr er ,{sraQadou 6 ew,{(ndegevedenr'rw gg oxo aVJaH a( oreH€oU

'EIl\1.{11{IItex

eu€daHr,rN hell JEdu oex ne.rdrrduaf aqmeh(EH r,rdox four,r<rwag Lueqrn{rcee ewoar af w((ulnod.r,3

'eJ,I{HoiEde xerntruer 'eJ r,rrovo[ weuogdex d)i-lrugo trewv amw[en ero{{ufitey

'II1€JHJeI I 14 Jrt!'{OVOtr

dcewdfireagrewr,rvedaHr,rr,{ [r'rH

-alrednoduced[r11 ew,{(ueanwweledaulrr^r ggE [o amna r,rfor,ro11

'er,,rusoredr,{ HeJdt14dIel nlox enodx [o arl[ou el?redenc

eiog eualag'rroldag.r,ar-abtdes af V.redewr nar,tex r,rredfi

'vlrdag rexlrvuror,l,{ve aI erHawavaJoso dos€n r{H€eLJ 'ew([ulfid"grredaulrw 69 oro af oJeH€oU [_-

rf oHasredrlodured :rovnd1,

'SI as{"H€ afosf, r4desodlI

'r{rsawava J4HeJor4g tr) w{\brqel,1'Je]r'|. u tt {flh:'ey'(€O]8W) rx€aHr?w r,r (€O)eJ) rrdHor?d€ tr{|Ivex '(€O33W . tOJEI)

Ltfti0,aofr 113 wuedrlIxn uf4zBHson{cH'efraHasredJ,:odr:edfes ibprlfx€eHJeInI 14 er{,{[nnvEx Ec{as{r4[a('eleraw xunveyv?oHhra€ ]l,tsf UO

'Er,Î4s{esrtief d ol,{ef 'ttiodr{dll d ef, assveE r4[erew r,rHIr")IIlBoHr,{e€

'('OOPI) ereHogdex t{lfrh-Lpx ho ouasJlHasdl ,{r ranaQedtell loed>L{ r,ucuuqeu r eHarl erhesrlJdx - EE

'aearuIa]o.r.oQ d:ahodx ,{ aI neloxlIoanu rytrsifig lur4+od,orx,{ r,rseves enrl(lrsaHrew HoI ar xov ,raQav.r aug,{s r,rstVed.r

€r,r ,( efdsrrerJ zge3 '[ndo,{vQ-l,u tr[vrhllex ,e9it l[urox {r€Jf,e] d r4€ev-{.(oOd) t?:)'J?Qro+-r{d[unuey'r4rr{arrava ]4HaJor,rg uHx€s r{ oHhe f-,{ .{r w.,{fus

aHJew r,{ r,L{fr,rhuDx 'vfrodtrd lv[u*es{edl:odu:ed(eH.{tr orm eJoJ [adolf.l,rloa fox:dolt d u ewrlos r.u4HvedaHt4w l u urtt4t uuox (os.r,rse

-{ ewu en.{(ueau.rer,r esrasrulla( rdaQ)onm i wrno cOJBW . tOJeJ 'p.r,r,rrrorr

-ot lio.,ttr uHeq?dr€x r{hHes uxtHfiHeur r4spu{h (9 v:)) .Ol€:) ,reHogdex

-r,[d[ hu€) aI pHJr] xr4yheq{hady ehse.ltud: eHsoHf,O ?JeHogdpx xr4soxr,rst

[o oHasr:Hasdu rna(edelr refndarer^r Jr{soHaJ] r{ aHaJf,,(J Btr efir{Hac{r4h tro

owa(ol oxe ow?tr 'psr4s1rlu,{€ed a[ eJxar ra(a es[ eso J]oHaqn,{.r,:es exnlag'rr,rdo) foHlrs/y{eg d (dva[d fioHaf,?r^l) r,r.r,roHaqedr:oduf,?d orr oJ]er^[ owf,owdlragan.rerr e 'olau ewuedee rtdinhvert ?reJer^l xl4rrf, VO w,{(usaH.rew u wd[r,rh

v?x -f,1 pv€Jerr esveyveosl^ras efrnaqred.ltodu:rdieH ?a[ erretrdd d a€er?Haf, ulox rv€daHr,rr^r oex esrasrr4fa( esoxr+r ol,ler nqen Lrow eror .ro9e a: r,rtlod

-r,rdu 1 rx,{tsea €r4 wo)r4Hoelr4y n A1:rad'r{o[oa pJ d[,{.read ,eal:Vad:

€Horrhx,tVad pxel .{] u eJer{ r4HvexleoHwer ,{ r{v?Jaw l,rHvt?yvg l{ oerr

;n6odndg I a[om)o4 ahuotllt1tt au(olJ]Hawaua ooywt[n6od n wtfndag 'w nhuodrys 'w,t[nhuox 'wtfn€aHew 'wf,[nundag nu o[/

L

VTIVI]W XI/HtiVYUVOHW]T ]qJ]XVUVH'€'L

1.4. A06l/JAl-bE 3EMH0AnKAtlH14X METAIIA

Hajnehe xonnvuue 3eMHoa/IKalHt{x Merarra AaHac ce go6vjaiy uz pylaxap6ouara. Kap6oHarl't ce npeBoAe y xnopI,IA€, a 3arI'IM ce BpuI{ eêKTpolru3a

cTon/beHor xnopI4Aa.fonIt)erbe

MgCl:cl + Mg'+11y + 2Cl 4;

raroga( ) Mg'?+ 14--t14*o

ano4a(+) ,at -"- , atro

e/IeKTponr'IJa r fivl$L121.1 --- --> lvlg{.r + Ll2(g,

llope4 enexrpo;l'I3e, MarHe3l'tjyM ce AaHac cBe onure 4o6uja r{3 MopcKe

BOne.

3ervrsoanra;rav lreraxv Ao6trt jy ce y taHilycrPvtjfi eneKrponllsoMpacTona xIoPI4Aa.

1.5. N PilMEHA 3EMHOAIIKAIIH14X META'IA3awwo ce gauac upou3Eoge 3eMHoanKanHu eworu?

3ellxoanxannu Merdrn cy naKx Mera v, a tr Behe rBp4ohe oA anKalr-

I tx Meratra.Bepvttulyttt Kao rBpA Meran, a ,{3pa3r4ro Mare Mace' KopI4crI{ ce 3a KoH-

crpyxqrajy cBeMl4pcKr4x nerrrnvr\a, carelrl'ITa, y aBI'torexlII4qI'I, 3a I43paAy

aMoprr43epa, nexajeaa I'I Aplrl4x BaxGI4x AenoBa MaIrr4Ha 3a Koje ce rpDKI'I

xlt]raBocr, qBpcroha, a r'IcrorpeueHo I4 /raKoha (nax veral). Marne:lajylr ce

Kopr,rcrrl 3a u3paAy naKrlx flerypa Kao uro ie 4ypanyttunnjyu.

3eunoanxannu ueranu cy jaxa pegyKllxona cpegcrBa.

Karqujyrra ra varneanjyrlr ce Kopl{cre y ungycrpvjtr :a 4o6,tiane gpFuxMera/ra, Kao uro cy qe3l4jyM u py6t4ryaiy\a.

Marneslrjyu caropena 6relrranr.lm rrraMelroM.

Panuje ce ropracrl4o Kao 6nI4q 3a +oroanapare, AaHac 3av3paqY rrpcKa rr-

rla 14 BarpoMera (cI.7 v 8).

Pagnjpr je pagr.roarrranuu xeuujcxu etreMeHr.

Oa 1910. roAI{He IIoq]IIte ce ca lUupoM npr'IMeHoM pagltjytlta 3a ]IeqeIIe

snohygurax rylropa. IaHac ce y MeAI'IqI'IHr{ yMecro PaAI4JyMa Kopl4crr'l I'I3oron

ro6arr a, 6nCo, xojra je je$laHnjll tt gocrynHrajr.r oA paAujyMa.

n iout Mrroio ruoia"'

I

@ Brurq Qoroanapara

@ - Caropename uaruesujyua(a). llpcr<arrqe (6) ca4pNe onrn-Ke MarHe3r'rjyMa rojr caropeoajy

6ne rragrrv []raMeHoM. (UV cner/Iocr Mor(e l43a3Bar orurehe6esr{ga.)

I

I

50

L9

't toxuHo[ogeHoLug JCreaH,{rr e0 orf.r.lr4don

etreraH Jl BJah Jo9€')il.fHofios afEfr{ofios pf, .Hr, 'ind1nx wt[nhuay

w t [nu n da 9 a I xa 4a t i.t 14

J-|z +'iH(lll\i < oilTz+ 'ilr\lJzH + D5P9 <- ellos + Ilr4dvr,lx r,1Hrp9

avos uErreJaw x14IlLerveoHna€ eiudtxxafutreed aHr.rI'EHVaf aJrflrlo ,

r'rIor lroa]rqldoalte4 :rornrd11,

'ahiadlxx eH€€9 -,( ow?f?dgd erleJew xr4uv?)LeoHl^rar efr{dtrr4x

lli,rtxodVux - nd[ultll:x(3)zH + (b z(HO)eJ <- (l)6211 + (s)zHpJ

'exr4Hotros

aeip0"gouro €-,( VlrlxodVlrx,tfr[ wotros rJ eV dl x xxH€rg,{xldr ,{ or refedg.,(

(.HJg rrraro) rcrJqri,ivai e)fHoi ?so x '?LpJJr\r xr4Hr/?)y€ afifidfl x op)

vt{vl1t/\J xt/HUV)tUV0HWlg firfidrilx'r'z

t{H€89.{l ev?Jal{ xr4Hv?xueoHIta€ l4l1l,{lxo J4Itprfo ?

'(ewE€?9 ?tr r'{ ewEHr,rualr4x er 14 J[,{Jead) HedaJoq)lte aI Vra:xo-lr,tflruradaga6nsxo oe tatfost bHrog oLaJnX

',raloa d dleder.r,:ed a: ogev: u.leQroQr'r l{JcHogdDx 'r,r.r,er}v,{r dal,rlrdl es,tl orm oe>r au,tdl 7 rrr:nelnava e,Haq{l{[a[[od9 uruvaa t'u[os,'( lfedesJ.:ud at oclgo[ preJer/,] xrdHUe)ue eeiaenll?l

tlltoonwdoaryno4'trmrxo (AI))IxHeqlr.'{ fi Er

e.r,:rr Vr,pxo eH,{xrlsed rad-,{J.edarl,rtar ionamr'raou eH aJ €veJaN xl{HU?xv€oHtla€ LlJuHogdllx t'tIHvl,IgeJf, lrxlul,ldar,{: ev?Jaw xr,rHUE)rue rareuogdey

aryLauo9dtr tpoHungl!1 1 oxhflNd4L'Bselrfos: oxi,rloxJH owaqLrd.lollre e6 ecraclr4faI x go eI{ gJtrlogf d

err'rverd,{: yode,{ esas uHr4r,?[ ]4 r4J.:da,,{ aluvee4 *,1,,g ev€JJl,t xr,rHlt,xlE uHolVo anolne Jr]€vsud ahei,.W r'rHol oJm or a( rover4 ahel olmaH,i: auld; 7€.lpHawavJ eI{I{q{as{ulla[ .'( asas ax:uo['eror l"lutg wogas rroHJHauEso)r oHx-aradrr e: eslasJr{l1ef ntrrdr 'lr{fr.rvndag 'ax,(dJ Z rnaltele r'rsdr ,uctactflU:f

r:x:noi os!rr,-,{crx:u athd.r ufox ?uuraw xrtHrr€)u? [o,{xlrveud p€ Jx]4v€edeH)r(?fl r,r aforrou 'rulr.r.dQay,,g (6 13) (ustogo e(r,rH Ho[He oxrrox,{) J4Hio9€a9

do{JJ?d 14Halos e'allH€Jtru,{l eHrleJtrr4dx orag au,{dlZ "JeHawera

?c{ac{utr-aI eg: i: orm or ai rlelaw xnglexve ewr'rc{aquflaI et r4r]oHhr,tvl Vo uHVJl

'14[o] t{ t4fi{f )odUvx, t1Yt1)>ro

'vfrudfltrx,ta eur-l.aw xr'rHr?xveoHr rae eqasJr4llaf a:etx afi,lHxzafell

2oot1lLt[oot o[nuttcog[au agoxnot lt o[oy n otbl! aN xnHltotuooHwa€ LlqaqnjaI afnHtrbsfau h a[oy {.uawud ,(Hxes r,r dxodlam dieltlr

'pJidV x lldr14H i,^{.,{fr{frHodrl '[ndovx ltdilrdeg ,nQv,(:-t^ldftade9,{f, oJm o€x'eu?taN xuHU?xyBoHhtae xur.,(dj1 ?qasrl,IuaI J4 dxJsoh r,rrunsou eHr,firsei Vo -,{t

ew,{fusas:rr l u rr,i,{[r,rhvex r.rreQv,t: r.r ltenogder 'rrlr4])odtl x 'rril4f,xo

i'ol + ()i"r ? tilllT:)01

JZOJ + Vr4l)o a rexogde>rlol

PrsIar{ xuHxexx?oHIîaaer,eno gdex esre,rureed

.roxr,raltda.l enur,entlaf BJmuO

'(Ealogo e[]aH HofHr orr'rtox,( arr

-ner:rri: axrtu.t :rdx auag) euerawXI4HIl?)II/EOIIIÎJ€ E!HAEITTAI IP

...oL.oa JW

xnHuoytooHwa€ oqteqnia[ xnfnutrus[ou ownsl4i[o at at owfruto4r1

CIh.6

@drY{xl

@VIJVl]W X14H TIVHTIVOHW]T VqI]q] UVSI' Z

BeO

Mgo

CaO

3EMHOAII KAII H 14 M TTAII 14

AHX',I,qPI,,IA 4 XJ4APOKC',IA

Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra

2.2. OKCULI| 3EMHOAII KAIIH I/X METAIIA

Cnu oxcr,,r4l,r seunoarKairHrrx Merara, ocuv 6epwnujyM oKcl4,4a, cyr nuq-uu 6azant oxcr,'Lgu. Y vnpcrou cy arperarHoM cral+,y, a pacrBopnldBocr y Bo,qrl

pacre r,r4yhr,r o,q MarHe3lajyM oKcr,rAa rrpeMa 6apr,rjyu-orclr4y 4. Ca no4ou

4ajy xr,rgpoxcr:rge. Pearyjy ca rlrcennHaMa I,1 Kr{ce/II,IM oKcrrAtrMa.

MgO1s, + H,Orrr - Mg(OH),1",1yMarHe3r4JyM-Xr{ApOKCr'rA

CaO11 + HC\"qy --> CaClzluqy +HzO41Kanqr!yM-xnop14A

BaO,", + CO:,r, + BaCO_:1',

H,cor 6aPujYu xaP6onar

Og cnrx sel,troanxarul,rx rrerana, jeguno 6epr,rnujytvt-oKcxA npl4rrana rpyrr,r avQorepur,x orcuga.

Eepurr.rjyu-orcu4 je arraQorepaH oror4. Ororge MgO, CaO, SrO u BaOy6pajauo y 6aale or<clrge (auxragpNgN 6asa). I

04 cal,rx oKcr4Aa 3eMHoalrKa/IHr4x Mera;ra najnehy npnueuy IrMa KalI

IIIIJYM-OKCI'IA.

KAflUUJyM-OKCUq ( KPEq)

Ona cyncraHqa je qoBeKy no3Hara oA AaBHrrHa Kao Kper{, luerauteHtr tr ur<r,rBr.r Kper{ (Cn. 10). Moxe ce go6tnw y peaxqlrjlr xanqujyna I{ KI,IceoHr.I-

Ka, a[r,r oBaKaB [ocrynaK go6njana xlrlraro ur,,tje eKoHoMflqaH. 36or lrsy-

3erHo Belrr{ke nprlMeHe) Kao 14 HeKaAa, r{ AaHac ce oBa cyncraHlla go6vja t'rc

uajpacnpocrpaneHrajer jeAr{rielna (nnnepa;ra) Ka/rqrajyMa, a ro je Kpeq}baK.

UHglc6tpuj cKo go6ujame xpeua

Kpev ce y uugycrpu)u go6uja us KperrrbaKa.

tocCaCO3le ? EaOll,y + CO,1g; A.H=+167kJlmol

Peaxquja je eHAorepMHa, na je Heo[xoAHo Aa ce KperrE'aK cBe BpeMe

:arpera. Ilorpe6na ronnora rrocrr,rx(e ce AoAaBalbeM yrrsa, uaj'reurhe xoxca.

Kpev*ax uyram y6ayyjy ce sajeguo, ca Bpxa jaMacre nehr,I, a ca crpaHe ce

yAl'laBa Ba34yx xojlr je norpe6au 3a caropeBalne ropura (xoxca) (Cl. 11).

lo6ujeuu nevenr xpev je go6por raa.nrrera aKo ca,qpx(r{ 92 99,5o/o ,rr,rcror

xanqr.rjyrr-orclrga. fac xoju ce lrsgeaja cagpxu orco 35o/o yrnelnr(IV) orcu-ga.W xangvjytr-oxcr,rga 4o6uja ce rarrreHl4 Kpeq Ca(OH)' .

€an$orepau ) Be(OH),

SrO

BaO

E

€ 3>Hn

Mg(OH)r

Ca(OH), i

Sr (OH):z I

Ba(OH): i

@[ - Xr,rslr rpe.r Koju ce Hana3r,r

na cro6o4nou rp)r<t4rllry, n Kopllcrtl yAoMahr'IHcrBy, HI,Ije q14cra clTt-crauqa (ca4pxu 4ocra nprueca).

@lt Jauacra neh sa go6ljameKPerra

52

I

€9

l l. j ri'. <- i ;i , <- . r.lr!oir rJr,rolTos er ai,{.reed asrPh

l4lo)r irrl)ro er €f[9o[ ereHogdext\.,]pjesadr1tt : [r]du1 i6H, A

I + l_i(_rti\, < 1_r ;i + Ili,,lj,zH + €€e9 < elos + !re.Lat',r-l/]4di1l,fx

: iir)rj'.t e,t:ll + alrlPCD9 <- €EOA + PllJa^ Ut4lto

i i+' Ir(rrl.i<- i) jlZ+l\lJzH + r€e9 <- r[oa + LlroN

eIlEIaI,\l xllHI/UXVB-oHr'{a€ nfrr:txodllrrx d(efugo[ arsxr{fox,{ a(rftxpad avJ(nrrax

(bD r i(lz F(bt).,1i -(t'lH(]rrri ()zH

EIIEIAAI X'tII-xExxBoH a€ eYnlxodhux e{uh

-effi hof, I{i eHnr,rrH[aI armuO

(]l!{f,xo rt,{(reaurer^r) ere lr{derer,,r lonv?oodr€s flo rtawtadl !l@

']'{otros pl fralrxEad d tllrlxo u etrr,rdvrax 'cuDJer{ €r.r r{ rgoll al ,{Jow (pV

uJxod[r{x-t'rt,'([]rLJ4da9 raur:o) uLuJai^r xr,rHvexvp6111,13s 11fl14,rw,rrlvurz

rPrroodri orrodrltx r.ril rrH.r!I^J rO)?(HO:it\')

.Lr+rir or)od\i11x r{ifi{dE9'OS,(HO"s)

iiudoux oriod[xr n.{h111,,d.9 ]lHOrI

'IHC)]{

rr:uo9dr:r'n,{{ur::u.nw'9331,1

J.tou1r r'{if df9 tosis

x dolx r"rlirrlrrrdrg 1la{

':'\ rxor rHrrdrlrn

+ (s)r(HO)?:)

'r,rlotr dfu[r49otr a] l.wJhra,([,{read'as"9 aa] u oex

rnox.LE.l.tro ^r4x:rH

Uatt4x lat Haltee a:,{tor,{ au,{dr anvlr:xodluxago ,{Lr{ tH[al a€"9 aLJf,]{)Osv,(: tverav,r xr,lHUe)LEoHrr'\ra€ uilfll)odtlux

rexogdex-r'rrdfnde9,ol.u(t)9211 + G)e g3eg <_

(B)gOJ + (bp)?(Ho)eg

Vr.rdorx htdiuhuex(l)OzHZ + {rr)213e3 * ibr\3l]7

Irdl ewu[lDxo r'{ va]r{) "r

r4 phJpHtvall{) ?f,

6'?r,oxodflux uedaro$rtt rf z(HO)ag ,{rtdflrdeg enadrerrdlreax;elu [o raq,tlN 'ar:ed eeeg uHr4h€I 'eL€Jar^r x]4Hv?xle ?trxf,todfl4x

\1o a(ugeto mue 'es?9 exef .{r .(HO)eS '.(HO)rS '.(HO)?J '.(HO)8W

'ec{as{l,ttla[ ?Hdaro{nu ,( e.r or',leied96 ?Np€€9 ?] r{ rlr" EI reHr4lrJl

ux e: u af,{lead e[ axo] r €Jah Jog€ 'a€as aHJHeu?sor erun Vu:xod[ux-w,tflrlrudag Vll:xodllux ln,{fravlrdag aI xe.laedel4 'eurJan xr4Hvexue E[]lJxodi1l,rx

lo alug?ur xLE 'a€?g axef dr u,!a,rr4l1aI xso alufie( ho]uv audrrou .togg

(b", HOZ + (b")n,3W

't'(Ho)Bw

'aL(:o:raV os,{urou r'r[os ,,{ 'Hrdoar:ed al rafox oaV 'r{],rJ,{qal1J'ulog ,( ,,{ledear.red a: ogen pu?.r.aw xr'rHr/u)ru?ounae r'rflr'r:xodltu ua3

VUVl]W XL4 HIJVX UVOHlA]€'1Ti4)XOdTI|/IX't'Z

'et1oa un.r.r,rde9 oex or?H€ou .(HO)eg "lir{rxodi

x ac{?ha9oV

re ur:udox O€g'[ f,xo r'tdindeg a: xofl 'Edo€r,rsarrar entdxa ser:e: d euvd

uHur,u:o>t losleleue ,{'g:5 'flr,r:xo-w,tir,rhnodr3 (pJfi€aHJ€I,{) erenogde>t

nas{esadree aqo)€r er etragoli 'kl vl) aqbox oHvet:odr?s r.r r,rqau aaedlar xlrloy io rxolo xraHl"fiahautr .{[€deu rs lrr:udox amus("H ]?H€[ eJoJ Jo9€

ar ?u'(J. ggg 7) esravuor dd-{redauwar .'{xo:r,rs r'r -,{v.renrad .{nutr:udx ,{x:noIdxrI ouleedeu ewn aq{as{I4[aI os11 ,,elueaurtrt eva9" oex ra .r,eueort '9311

'irallo wdffi€aHJer r 14 ewl{ dnalrradu -{xodr{m 'EiuJxo-ntdir'rhutx tradort

.

-,. -,. t- .

.tt:.,,

3rMHoAJrKAnHil MTTA'U be rMg Ca Sr KA

:: -i

Mefyruu, ocHoBHe cl{poBr4He y vngycrpujtr 3a rr,r4xoBo go6ujawe6ouarr (xpevmax, MarHe3r{r, 4onorr.rur). 3arpeearlelr xap6ouara ce

oxcug r<ojr,l ce Earbe rperr{pa BoaoM.

O4 car,rx xr,r4poxcr{Aa 3eMHoa/rKarrHrax vera.rra najrehy nprlMeHy \tMa KaIr'

4t rjy r'r - xr.t pp oxct'r p, Ca ( OH):.

KAn UUJyM-XUAPOKCUA [Au EH U KP Eq )

Karqlrjyu xuApoKclaA je y Hapogy no3Har Kao ralxeHll Kpeq. lberos sa-

cuheu pacreop Ha3r,rBa ce KpeqHa BoAa, a cycnen:llja oBe cyrlcraHltre 14 BoAe

Kper{Ho MreKo (Cn. 14). To je najje$rnuuja jaxa 6asa. ,{axac ce go6r.rja ,,ra-nemeu" xl,rsot rpeva.

a) aarpesan e 6) BoAa

CaCO3 ---+ CaO > Ca(OH)zKper*6aK xtBr kPerr ralreHr, (peq

toca) CaCO3py ? CaOls; + COzlg; A.H>0

6) CaO(s) + HzOrlr t Ca(OH),(aq) A.H<O

Pearqr,rja xa;rqujylr-orcrga r soge je v3pa3trro er3orepMHa. C o6enpouga ce go6nja jara 6asa, y peaxqlrjn ce ocro6ola Ber Ka Ko[LIqr,IHa rorr[o-re, urro npor,r3BoAn e$exar ,,xnyuane roge". 36or rora je npu ralrrerry Kper{a

HeorrxoAHa BelI{Ka oIIpe3Hocr. Xvgpara4ttja ce AaHac rrecro Bpntl,lr y caMrlM

rfa6puxaua. Y rpaferrncxe cBpxe, Kper{ ce racl,r y jaMaMa Koje cy o3I'IAaHe

caMo rro crpaHr4. flopoeno gno (:evra) nplrua nr,rrxaK Bo4e ca pacrBopeHl4M

co./rr{Ma - uevucrohava lrs xpeva.Kao najjeQu.rnrja jaxa 6aza, xan4rljylr xragpoxcug je aarrrao rI,IpoKy npl{-

ueny y 4ouahraucrny, rpafeauuapcrsy v vngycrptrjv. Koprcrr'r ce 3a Kpe-r{eEe 3r,rAoBa (gesuHQerq[jy), ueyrpanusa4ujy (yxnamau'e Kl'Ice./rr{x KoM-

ronenrr), go6ujawe Ma/Irepa r{rA. (Cn. i5). Y na6oparoprtrjt'r ce KopI4crI'I 3a

AoKa3r4Balbe )' beultr(IV)-oxclrga.

ca(oH)1" + cozlg; J QnQQ.l + Hzo1tl

H"co, KanIII'uYMKaPOoHar

Axo ce y 6r,rcrpn saorhenr{ pacrBop Kairr{r,rjyM-xlaApoKcI,IAa yBo-

4u yrnenlrr<(lV)-oxcl,Ig, 4o6raja ce ranqr,rjyv-rap6onar rojr g6or cra6epacrBop./br4Bocrl4 flaAa Kao ra.[or Ha osoj xeuujcxoj peax4t'rju oaclutrBa ce tIovrpnharane lra/rrepa. n

cy Kap-

Ao6vja

(a) (6)

@$ - Ka4rlpa-xr,rApoKclr,[(a) BoAeHr,r pacrBop (anq iyM-x -

apoKcriAa rpevuo nirero (6)

ilE - Maarep ce 4o6rja ue-uamerr xpeva (Ca(OH)J, qeNreHra,

necKa ,{ Bole

fl flopeg xpevne eogev 6apvrruaeo4a (6rcrap eao,rheH pacrBop

Ba(OH)) xopncrlr ce y ra6oparo-prjr,r 3a AoKa3xBarbe

yrrr,eulrr<(IV)-or<cu4a.Eucrplr sacrhenr,r pacreopr,rxr4APOKCr'rAa KanrlrrryMa rrn

6apujylra 6peo ce eaMyre r,r rpncrajarby Ha Ba3Ayxy.

7 [po""p, .uo;e snane tu,lll t7.

ozH + zoc + 'ochtr^? "('ocH)w

aI(eraI4I xuHrl?tr(BoHxa€ererrogd?xHarodxr{x Psr?Jov€?d

rovhr{r{dar eHrrhatfa( srmuo ]i ]

'alenogdux d erenogdex-HaJodvr{x euaQoaedu tttlJ\BadeH a) BgrrHtrB€ eredx,( xuxnr,rqauu efiHawex asredea,r3 - m

ludor,x-rd(ra.trrexu€evDH aqmahl"H atr

ewulox,( ewndolexr,rc-xa d ,{(esd}, ex,fteeesr{ dJevs,tfdeae oxBr

afox allHer]u,t) aluflrdowdogev

^ U

'eHhlIc)IoJ

er,loeq uuoc oHdosJ,ced osoxusru ,{c

"u IjHhxorot ,(J ?v{oes +z€g

ri *zeg IjHo['e {ev{ere er{eJor.rg

,{fesrs?Jcved[ ]rfox ?MfIj€eHJer,{x efi,,(fr4hren Vo ,,futr rmd ?t

,,eios aqofdsr ]oded oex wd(ltsaH.Iev{ u wd(utrvey" lurawdxof [P[avJoII z

IIoJ r]oar{ludogrJ"d :Jovr{ou r

'(l,I'xJ) eu4HorEde'ErBHogd?r-w,t[vt\ruet extntgo

:aQad onrexs Uo d: ltra{ed:eu e.r,lrxeu ,{[?d€]'I €s ar3udox a: r(ox uda:Ng du

-awudu hrxes v b.odum LftNu (ruhre)-LedaHIaIÎ) r,znogdtx-lt (fi,rhlex ^r(e

-erlz: woxcfvr.tax ou df, I4fo) ?tradv tI,rHedJ 'daIÎdaW 'e[lr:xo,(e{tosejaodu ee

aJ aJ:r4do) erreral I BHTeIIII?oHI Ia€ ?ei eao erenogdex axr,t'ulox agaa(e11'(9I 'ul) 'rl u eredx-,( xlrx:nuqau

'erpa<rad roxr,e+rnadx a+re(e.r.:zn 'EsadJe€ etos a: elzx e{d:ou v ewgldas{edu ?€ eweHr4mell[ 'ewudal(og ,( ewur'efadr 2H 't/tdl.u)v P[os eue) Iameh

eH shHawer eeefou al ealrx:ee (or,dndgo I,I ar?Hogdexl{aiodiux audoar:ed,{ eleuogdex xr.trdoar:edaH asra(oaadu) lrluhxead [ox:[r'rr lax foeo e11

(3)zOJ +(r)OzH + 1€OJEI ? (s)z(€OJH)eJc"r

-l '?r"Hogde>r esredesrled o[ ag r,rqou

'[r{])o-(Al)ir4Hasfi I ullotr enuogdex dosJred u],iêllos '{, af, oxe 'aH€dJf,

aJ,{d[ J 'ehHe^'?x 'ahne.lcu,tr e eg eJex)eH.,([er,:o ei,{:ol r,*rr,rmdsol eH e

'esedelcrl elog r,r,lllrrolx,( ,kow af oxe atlos r{as{esadJe€ .'atoa ,tgotder,fureevod aHr,rn u ehleloa wl,rnlodl4dn ,{ a: aeelen r,euogdexuarodVlrx rnr,(fias

-aHJsr r r4 w,{(uhvey 'lrxdosJ,:edaH d: er,r,(fr.{saHrer,{ v ew'lfthwex r,rr,enogdex,ufroa L lfudesJJed odgotl ao r.,r(ox erexogde)Haroduxx \1o

'lxuueed eg

vw Ar nn uvv u v w Arn Ez H JV wn lv Hog dvv H1 J o ddnx n nw H ogdwl

* a[o9 anavae a+re[vgoi ee

u\tusxatodwt L vl,:udov a: !3eg 'Uudorx-ltdfiadeg fl a+ram,b ex vttudoxe) efi'tr :cvs e{uxi ox€v ?hHeJf,fi,{f enuox:odrr.rx af zy3e3 '!udorx-w-{(n[vey'fitlos ,{ -((edegJ,:ed a: odgo! ererafir xr,{Hre)rrr€oHwa€ rllrlHaJouex I4sO

il na o ux-w tr n avg n il fi d oux- w Arnfi uvx

... tuawndan [anoxt n4ae[ol ,(nnrt auaqaw xnHlro)tuooHwa€ nuot afox owa6au1o4 oll

'r er,l€xJemad wr,{Hver,:udx wrax:no(.,(eeea auumIYo r,rJusee u erevtvr.ue>r-l?oHwa€ aledl alov ]rvo: r:osrsldoslted 'erteJar r xl4l{uevveonwae xlaJr{diewuuotet (enlut al n olm 'lr[oa d,{[ed?{r]ed el odgo[ ewl(uuudaguuo3

vuvH t/I xt4 H uv)t uvoHwl€. ullo)' v' z

'(t('oN)?g "lJ"s) eMftrdeg redr.uu z V doffx et

ri.lcudox'u.rexgdurldu oHtadnoeged.l efox edwe excre.lreg eg I

3EM H0AII KAn H U M ETAII l,l Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra

![@ - |Ipurtena runca

KA n UU Jy M -Cyn A AT ( rU nC)Karqujyu cynQar nosnarujr,r Kao rr{rc rocroju y o6;rlrxy 6e:no4ne colr,r CaSOo, noTryxr{Apara

CaSOa . 0,5HrO n gr,rxlrgpara CaSOn . 2HrO. flpu roHrporurcaHoM 3arpeBany na 160 "C 4rxrrApar npe-na3r,r y nonyxr{[parj a/]r,r r,rcro raKo AoAarKoM BoAe rrorryxr4Apar BeoMa 6p:o o.rnpuhaea y Ar,rxtrApar.

CaSO. . 2H ,O 2 CaSO" . 0,5H:O + l,5H,O

Ha onoj xelr,rjcroj peaxqlrjlr 3acHr{Ba ce 14 BeJrr4Ka npr,rMeHa rr4rrca y MeArrrlr4H}r

aa r,rspa4y lruo6lrnr,r3arlrroHrrx 3aBoja r,r y3r4MaHre orrrcaKa Bl,rnr4ua r{ ay6a. Y rpafe-Br,rHapcrBy ce Kopr4crr'{ Kao noAaraK rleMeHry r4 Ma/rrepy, 3a r43paAy rr4ncaHr,rx Il]roqar,r Be rraqKor Mepvepa (Cn. 16).

Og crlrx cyl$ara seunoarKaJrHr4x Mera/ra cnouenyheuo r,r 6aplrjyr'.r-cyn$ar,BaSO., rojra ce Kopr{crr,r y MeAr'rrli4Hr4 rrpr4 cHr{Marby )i<eny\a opraHa 3a Bape}ne,

3aro ruro He nponyrrrra peHAreHcKo ;paveroe. Oaa co ce Kopr,rcrr{ y MeAr,rqr,rHr,r, r,raKo

?]\.I

cy jonr,r 6apujyua Ba2* jaxo roxcr'r.rHr.r. Pasnor je nro ce 6apujyu-cynsar ne pacreapa y BoAl{ Kao Hr4 yKuce]Ioj cpeAr4Hr4 KaKBa je y )Kenyqy.

Conu aeuuoant<anHux Memana, Kao uuro cy xnopugu, rcap6ouawu, xugpoIeHKapSoHaruu, cyn$autuanu u gplte, u;vtajy aenuriu suauaj sa uoaerca u ,puMeHy y claKogHeBtloM Huaoay Hajsuue ce Kopuctuey tpaheauuapcwey, anu u y MeguuuHu u ,upoulexHu4u.

Ilpoaepr cnoje sHawe 5,7,15.

Ercnepr.ruenr 2.

?A OHE KOJtl iii.r.n; Blltl,:

3awwo autoMu seMHoanKanHux Metuana Ipage L4:' joHe, uaKo je sa gpyiy eHeplujy joHrca4uje ,o-wpe'Ho go1ecutu senuKy eHepiujy?

Y jegumemnua vrpcror arpefarHor crarna, Kao r{ y H,r4xoBrrM BoAeHr4M pacrBoprrMa, 3eMHoalrKar-Hu Merarru> octl 6epunujyva, nocroje xao M'?* jour,r, a ne xao Mrt. BenraKa eHepr ja joHr,rsaqlrje ua-goxuafyje ce eueprujon Kpr,rcranHe perxerKe r,r eneprr.rjou xr,rgparaquje xoja ce ocno6afa y roKy xe-lrrajcxe peaxqlrje. OBr4 Meranlr He Mory Aa rpage M'* jone. jep ce Benr4Ka Ko^rr.ruHa eHeprfije Kao urro jerpeha eHeprr,ria jounraqnje He uoxe HaAoKHaA rrl y xevrajcxoj pearrlr,ljn.

3awmo 6epunujyr,r ogcluyia uo csojct BuMa og ocutaiux qnaHoBa tplue?

flpslt rnanoer rpyna xojr,r ce Hala3e y apy'roj neprao4ra eec [o ce pa3nnKyjy o4 ocralux ereMeHaray rp1mn. Ibuxoea crojcrna no4cehajy Ha cBojcrBa e.rrenexara rpehe nepr.roAe cyceAHe rpyne no 4lrja-roHa/Irr.

Taro je nurujyn no cnojr.ru ceojcrenna cnutnujw narnel,rjyuy, 6epvnujyur anytruuujyvry, a 6opclrnr,rul,ril vy. Paslor cy nonynpeuHr4ux arova r joHa oBr{x e/reMeHara Kojra cy JHarHo Marbr4 otr oAroeapajyhux nolynpelrHuKa elreMeHara r4cre rpyne. OuN cy cnuuuu rony[peqHr,rrlr4Ma elelrenara rpehenepr{oAe. Malra 6poj flporoHa r{ eneKTpoHa npBlrx qnaHoBa rp]Te y3poK je fi pe/rarr,rBHo Benr4Ke eHep-

rlrje jonu:aqlrje lr e/reKTpoHerarr4BHocrr{ y oAHocy Ha ocra.rre e/reMeHTe r4cre rpyne.

56

EF!€s='i'

ts

'osJtrUadl oHor{lxd[ad alov r 'osoufrevuJxo LJ aIrH?J:u,(: olov idsrr

,dErsg nd7rs7 ,s1 (a

,d7,s7 ,s1 (e <c rIz c7 cr t^ ?-c 9-LZ"r i" r \7

ehner:ud: esuoytodr x oJrr€?d€rr afal edeaJf,ed oH 'exed€ exf,HaJVHad er,mdlodu aq

-,{se9 ,(xeI a(e[ l,uoloa r:eaeqmdano afloa ruoxreloi

rroHal lev wuseJmawg rado.r

3v1

otH s'o oos?:)

1lE:)oe:)

uosBfl

L

l)

":)ry8w €Nt\r\Ngag n

eloradarg

eflotrdau 7

: tOSzH + 3W (s IIH+ 3W (9 O.H + eJ (e :,{f,|ead ewulox d a(nlryead el.resuneufiaf l.raer:Vedl ffin[nhxoad xnxt{nwax aunnot0a{ nmn4og

UOS?C (! 'OleJ (r DJ (s .(HO)?J (9 llp3 (e

;nadx uuame.rau efugo\|vfudtatrfluu.{ ar ahsrr:ll: afo>r €14 0I.H3W (t ,CEJ (r .llag (s OeS (9 1l€3 (e

;aeaa darxedex ,{HrHar?sox lriunaxeder,rfen ewr,r aearruVa( a(oy '6

,d7rs7 ,dg,sg ,d7,s7 .s1 (r

:at (71=7 y7=y) ewdfreamew uro[:ouvuger: e0rheddruQuox ex:uodrxavg g

odosol6o 1otnory 0adaLtn oson n$tdvooe

"' Pranodres'eh Ley:dr-,{[ede]aer,ayvVadu xun:edx.( -{Uedeta

ae{adea es eHBJdo ac{?wrtHi)

r4hH?Jf,L,{f, aq{amdlcnadr rosamet aste[u9ov

r,{oHawl,rdr e: eaJ,:foa: LfiHer:rd: uxasoll 'l

' fli,tQu1o-tnAfudeg '- Vr,rdVux-wl(nhrex

' hutr)odal-r,u,{fiadeg '

-

flt'tt>ro-wlfu:ludeg

:eyruuasrr?aI lrIlrqafar1] d eJ€Hawara aaa(od9 auouhetlulxo r,I[adlo r4 al.,lnrdoQ umllueg '9

;:lrr n ladx uuameJ'hod) usr{x 'yee{hady,(gel:e: wox:(nwax oud: er,111 'g

iEUEJehr xr4Hrlel'tue [o egJ:Vadr eHo Itnv,4\led, e[vgev) uueJar^r r4HvexveoHwas dr ormeg 7

;?veJaw xr,rHr?xveoHl,{ae wes{eaedo.rr: -,{(e[ra9oi1 a: esraulrVaf efoy g

;uQda.r.feu ai nfox ? 'Hesr4rx?orfed auddr '7 ural,uava af lrfoy 7

;-,{oaux l,loxla,rdane rtas{far:ou d I4LeJer^r r{Hvexrreonlrae ,{fewu enodrxaxa oxr{LoX I

g(IIYH€ glo{) udasodr

ffi Marnesujylr ce Ha Ba3Ayxy rrac\lBrnsupa. Kojy cyncranqy (xenr,rjcxy pear<q jy) Mox(eru Aa I'IcKo

pucrlrur ga 6u uaruesr.rjyuona rpara nocrala oner cjajHa (Hecrao cnoj oxcuga)? llpe4crael'I jeqnaqI,IHOM.

ffi |Iprraxn cnegehe npornrene: BaCO, -; BaO > Ba(OH), -t BaSO,l

f Kaxo ce soey conu go6r.rjene nornyHoM ,{ HenornyHoM Heyrpanl{saIIujov 6epunvjyt r xrrApoKcI{Aa

xnopoBoAoHr,rrrHoM KI,Ice'II4HoM. 11an14lIII,I JeAHar{uHe oB14X peaKLII4ra.

trIspatynaj

15. tr4spavynaj MaceH yAeo Kr,rceoHr{Ka y AonoMr,rry u BoEe y avxr.rhpary rr4nca.

16. Kojaje aanpeur{Ha Ba3A}xa norpe6ua ga 6r,r carope;ro 2 g vr,Icror uarueaujyr'aa? 3anpeuuncKuy4eoKr{ceoH14Ka y BaJAyxy je 2 | o/0.

17. Ko;urro ce ronnore ocno6afa npl4 ralxelby 1 kg xpeva? (ArH(CaO) = -635,5 kJ/mol ArH(HrO) =-285,8 kJ/mol AsH(Ca(OH),,,, = -986,6 kl/mol)

EKENEPKIfu'!Fh,{T

llocy4a rao uro je, na npuMep, epleHMaiep unr'I

6a.non narynlr ce yr.rr'eurx(IV)-oxcuAoM, a 3arI{M

ce yHece 3ana/beHa uarneslrjyuona rpara. Orne4ce Mo)r(e !,r3Becrr,I r4 ca rrBpcrI{M yr.beHux(IV) or-cIrAoM.

a) 3auro ce Ha 3r,rAoBrrMa 6a,rona nojanu.ta vaf?6) Kaxo ce o6jaurmaea qurreHl{qa Aa je MarHe-

3r,rjyM peAyKrI oHo cpegcrro?r) Hanlruru jegnavuuy xerrujcxe peaKllrrie

yrrp4lr 6poj ornyrrreHl,rx I4 IIpI4M./r,eHtIx e/IeK

TpoHa.

Y gre enpl.eere HanpaBr4 ce BoAeHI,I pacrBop

CaC! (ronqenrpoeaH) ra BaClr. ,{oga ce neronr.r-

ro nanu pas6naxeHe cyMnopHe Kr{celtI1He.

a) Koje cyncrauqe na4ajy rao ra,ror no AoAarKycyMnopHe Kr{cenr,rHe? 3amro?

6) Hanrarun je,axavuxe xelnrjcxlrx peaxuuja y no-neK y,'rcKoM 14 joncxolr o6nuxy.

58

I#W:'='/" ;-o)'JH14lr/:f !1r :rrJqdlt:

u ereuogdex-w([r{€or{JEW 14 oex eHr4ueJJ4) anhunolosodolrx u erenogdex l,udirahvex abrhxeadaxr[r,nrax asunen[af umlrrell HOO]€H) 'eragdu: .rox:sl,rxdx gol.tot tl.v uae 'llH aqmah[eH

'axdlle: efox es{aq[uh ee eseJ,:[ad: gonrou s.,{ vttt;lotlxl axon da.llruqelrotr d atr n?Hewey (a

;aidar er,,roaa uve'e:,,{x.{,ron,refi,rdr.I

aios aHnasVou .,t: xoU '(e:,{x,{ €ag) €[oa emxawles phr4Hm x a( ei .(fiuHasrl,rn nrunreigo oxry (9'elLrhvead xux:fultax asunus[aI umr,rxeH auuos (oYdar d,((lrluead

1,,ute9 tr[efr auauod[ux l1avf,,{ r4vof, a(ox 2o.Imeg (eul,I[ad: ?H€?9) Jdx ravos lofdar orutedsla d aI

xnedo-vuralu 'dawudl r11 'edolexr,r[nu xltrse9-oxe]r,D gohrou ed r4reeexol a: .,{Jor r atlos a[dsJ (e

uqerur zx udosoJto r,{ nrar (tl,ur'od1

'(lI 'Ll) (ev{dil4hr?) EI

-r,rnoI e,ras: adu e:,{(-{s{ewee e},esr4sraweiaouo( er,'uellue.l:u,{: .{ uuof) exo{ ewuneuraerar.te lr :(?s{as{utaf

xnndosJ,:ed oxmJJ eq{axoveJ ouedv\ttttu etr I49 o>r€x ',lenogdex-rt,{(ud.r,en uru nadv.{r oJm oex eh

-ser:rd: a: dfzfotr) wasrav{ox"r wvxr(ur.tax :(.,{fesrevxd afr.rroev a: lrfox lr;enogdex axoleJ af, weq{€{-adree) woxld.r,:ou nr,rvnr,rltdar ;eHr4heH aml,Is ?H lrgl4Jf,o arxow al orm 'euo( *.3ytr u +-EO ?xml4s

as{es{elx,{ esanrdeedi?ou a[os aq{Baem)ano 'Bs{es€m)awo xeu,{l:ou lcrawudu 'dar:uuqewo[ ra r,Ire

'vh,rdntrY:orq Late[ egad;ou ufor:ou'ollos a[dsr ?9edr,old u.r.:asofl axow xuiox oI ewargodl.rogg

'eve.lerr efi,reodox eneedg,{ e+raqa;mo enrur:aw en aI e[ oxEJ '?fidrr o)erthpHawe)'?Jor wr4lo 'BweHr4mer,{ maavewuda og lraVos aqesad.ree ee a(.(d.r,: am s oroHw r,r"r,nmod.r,-,(

ougadron a[ eu'dorevos r,rHJouror u a[ osfla|l 'heuer,{Dr oex reneou dtroden ,t 'ew-{fueamevu r,I elt-.{fiahrex reuogdey urenogdex er ax{o eJ 'aHum€r{ eaasrg,(9 'edari[o9 ewlrneiad.r 'enunexr numdsou

'?V.{tro[ EWr4sotlus eH ,{qesadres ]4d11 'elrrargodn e,r:ot1 lteseflre .{.row ,,{sr)Hngrrwotr d eloa a[da;

t4u\1. t4nfloetdr or.m oev er^rr{h'ru4qaAr€r4o'of eu agmar,(en ". "J:TJ:'A"Iifff3,l]l"g""

'a[dsJ ?I,,roas atlos aHWa€Vou ,{ ai]Hr,{mdsox dr )otl 'e)al,{ouds aIBuos ?xf,daQroltry a)1da.r, n axaw r,nr9 ,|row alos 'ev,L{ft4eaH.Iew u ewl(ulruex utot xI'IHa[as?H

alrahDdrHehHox tro ou:fieeg r()53yr1q tg5er '133W "IJEJ aH h (I,[es{€eadres l4r[Hovv.,( af, axoli aH)

dqotldal ,{ule,r.3 .('OIH)3W u ,(,OlH)"1 :anr.n (waueaadres u rle'ou:i.i. ar ax(ow) ,(goHdar ,txtel-odn afoa aqoldar d: vodrd lll,,1,{[ueanrernr u ew.,{iuhu ex ureQttrt t ufludovx 'rareuogdexua.Iod[ra1

'aVos € eHo( .-3W 'aaow,{[ue aulelt u , -t3'esor",rdir,rhu?x uHolxd etl a{ er,ealrmx.arNo eJorJ^'nhosnmxawo tt ota o 'waugodu [a! ot n aqamad a[ ou

-aQouod11 aundoex oedg at [t oHnmow t) '9,kfi ong 'lrJnh ovon 'a[ mag auwoeo1tstau auoratou odon'( ttahn4awob 'oenu nmno nu nu1n6t,( otnhotnunsnh aqoda at ounmow n ouuahday4a6 waqndxrao at oxo11'a4ndx7yo ouua[nua1oun9 ahn4owo6 aamn6rryl ot a{ oygm lmas aqoda ne aHnmow agdu tt auaslsndnttxoun6ol xn1 'nxas pumodg oun6ol xntrataCau a[ auano4at amae aqodu at osoxmo[4 xnt[a6ow odg

iafios aqold{r xods,t oux r.t,{{r,reanluw r r.t,{(r.rtruey

rHlWAvOu

EnenreHrr p-6norca

ATOMCK'{

222

so Rn --""""'- """"""-paAoH

JI

pelarrrBHa aroMcKa Maca, Ar

cuu6on (r)6poi, ZHA3I,IB C/IEMEHTA

,r,paAraoaKrtleHocr >|1ilt

BpeMe nonypacnaAa I43orOIIa

(1) arperarHo crawe sa25 'C lr 101'3kPa

lpBeHo = fac IIpHo = rrBpcTo rllraBo = TeTIHOCT

' '., , | . .r': :l : ! ll

(r) BPeMe nonyPacnaAa I'I3oTOna

r-roAI{Ha q-qac M-MI4HyT C-CeK}'HAa

17.16.15.14. 18.

4,OO

zHexenniyM

20,18

roNe1{eoIl

rsAraproll

131,30

s+Xe

222

ao Rn

META.II

HCMETA,/I

MCTAIIO'{A

IIACMEH''ITI4 IAC78,96 79,90 83,80

:rSe ssBr :eKrcelelr 6PoM KP,mros

2.

3.

4.

10,81

sB6oP

26,94

r:AlarryMvIJn)yM

69,72

rGaranr4lyM

't14,82

+g l4,4118i)yM

204,37

srTllat lyM

12"01

).16eH'{K

24,o9

r +Sictlnu\vjl'M .

szGefePMarrrlyM

11a,71

soSn

207,2

ez Pb

14,01

7Na30T

30,97

'rPQocQop

74,92

::ASaPcelr

121,75

srSb

208,98

16,00 19,00NE8\-/ 9 |

xnceonrrK Srryop

32,07 35.45

roS rzClcyM[op pIoP

127,60 126,90

szTe 5?lrery" JoA

210

ssAt

5.

16.

209

e+Po

IIE

tloL

F

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'elt,( [n n lrr,rdle tloxranaqeedueH e[oaeuodu eVeqruxaHr,rJara[ [o rDraH,{3 or.,[eJ exHawr4v

'euouse r4 e rtgottol,(e uao a['€aoxav ex(?veglÎe ' so oJ,'ahn ortr 'xda+ort 'ereda 'r,rdoeod11

'evo acrtd u:u ?e'I,iqunt'rne\\I l, \t tlxD '€JexeJHrr aq{pser,mlrsd es l{J:udox

(.O:leH) eHravalr,{n urdog ar :euefl r'rdeh],rwaxvr:

u et trt uuuttudoy asredu es orr:fladr oex:xedogon.l:r,rdox a: amua(e11 eHr4troJ dtresrux tro aruus

adu mo[,(xasoh e.rensou d: evug '(t1) edog e<raerLrla]

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,troruo.l r,rVoaodu odgof'ouefonor'oxev ai (t --)er,r,( fr,runw,,tve [o aQd:og

IJ UI EC IV II

www. zovod. co. rs

www.shd.org.rs

www.Wikipedio.org

www.hemijc.net

periodic toble history (Google Web)

chemistry (Google Web)

chem istry experiments (Google Slike)

c hem isf ry exper iment (G o o gl e Slike)

www.mojohemijo.com

www.svethemije.com

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af olrdxro nedflogc,(g aV xoxay'(Sl8I) a(fiHrex eHra[oJ o)I{I/o)aH

'wdfi,rnlo,L{re-yyga[ e.r oeeeell (IlgI) w,(fr'rrcJ

ai or49 psJllosl esoraqr oerl{rio oH

c/?rau r,r oatrr,rs[adu aalacraf nayg

a[ efox B.r,sanava udr Vo ue[al(zr6r-8t8r )

uodOogotg aO xoxay

afnnr,rl asvedrxau: e[o9 (ehr,rruedl euarc€) oqloql

afeV,{(ox ed.lvaur u(NHrllr foqeruo.r fgr,r orr

nagndxro ai fofox.{ wsrt\er: olt ollloterexurrrowdre en e) r4[one)'eFtrrlJ ualunla€qacrr{Vef r{VedJ oheda:d da( 'teYeto\1 wntoq:ur,ad or>adou

'v elar^r [)er{arf,l4f, JoHVor4d3II alddJ '€I r{rH3r rarla r4vertrO 'flnoreraw a( dog

'eveJaw

-aH r{ eurJarr 14 esJtrfosr ewu'do9'au(dJ gI nevr. uadl €VDJJWaH [od9 a]?s?qasor u 'r,rqJew asl aI eve.r,aw (odg exovg-d

"J€Har rella eweuddr ,'{ '(exl,Ilr

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(nlroro€ra r'1HvlI9erl uir,tnes{edrtodrrred[en nsoxr'rqr

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-HodJxara .{ihl{Hla(ee ,{goxuqr e€ extH€O 'ewaJrr4l ron)1orada1 anddJ €I ,{rn.lnar.tara y;-w.{[ratreJ ul-I,,I-{frruHr,r 'e) r'{dixrl?r 'ly wdfr'tnr.tw.{ue 'g dog

afr.rhedd.ru6sor

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@ rooy.rpeonrlqr, aroMaereMeHara 13. rpyne (pm)

@t - Kpuctaltte pe-e"ne6opa (a) r.r a.,ryuuanjyua (6)

@ - I4o.aeg elerenutu13. rpyne

64

Arolrr 6opa cy noresanra Be3aMa.

Al, Ga, In u Tl rpaAe Mera[He Kpr4crarrHe pelrerKe.

3awuto je y iltpuHaeclttoj iPynu up'u eneMeHut Mewanoug?

3awwo ce cBojcwga eneMeHaiita 13. IPyue nepuogHot cucLueMa Euue pas-

nuKyjy og csojcltaaa eneMeHquta 1. u 2. ,Pyne?

Koje cy cnu,aHoculu, a xoje pasnure?

yto3HajMo ce ca csojcLuguMa eneMeHauta 13.Ipyre.

1. EJlEMEHT14 13 PYNE KAO EJIEMEHTAPHE CYNCTAHUE

Ouo no veuy ce rrpBr4 elreMeHT 6op pa:nuxyje oA ocrarrl,r-K e.IleMeHara

13. rpyre, jecy xeunjcre rese xoje nocro.je y oeoj elenenrapuoj c)rncraHllrrr.

3a pasluxy og ocrarx4x q/IaHoBa 13. rppre arouu 6opa rpage jaxe xoeaneur-ne rege. Mana 3anpeMI,IHa arolra 6opa ouoryhaaa tfoplrlrpane r{Bpcre aroM-

cKe Kpr,rcranHe peuerxe (C.r. 2. lr 3a). Aroucxa Kpr{cranHa peuerxa l,l jareKoBaleHTHe Be3e r{uue onaj enelreur 4ppauujulr o4 ocra,' 4x t{[aHoBa rpyne.

Y a n yv u n r,rjyuy. ra,r r,r iyr'r y. r.ru4njyuy u ra nfijyuy noc roie ve r anHe xev .icxeeese. Heuro cy jave Hero KoA Mera/ra 1. r.r 2. rpyne (uay:erax je rarurjyu). I4nar<

cy re nese cra6lr.je Hero rxro 6lr ce ro oqexlrgaro Ha ocHoBy elreKrpoHcKe KoH-

Qlrrypaqrje rpu na./reHrHa erreKTpoHa. Pasnor je ruro aroMt4 Meralla 13. rpyne yuerannoj xpucrannoj peuerru nncy rornylro jonusoaaun (Cn. 3).

-

Yiosnajno ce ca fBuaKuM csojcwauMa eneueHama 13. lpyue.

1.1. O143I/IlKA CBOJCTBA EII EMEHATA 13. TPYIIE

Eop je y xpucrannou o6nr.rxy gpyrr.r e/reMeHr no rBpAohu nocne 4ujauau-ra (yrneHr.rxa) ,4 Ma r73pa3r4ao Br4coKy reMneparypy ronrbelr,a (2 300 'C).la.rrlrjyu ce s6or uucre reMneparype rorr;belba (29,8'C) y npyhr,Iu gaHnua

rrperBapa y rerrHocr. Cne anorralr,rje npr{Ka3aHe y Ta6ent't 2 uory ce o6ja-cHr,rrr,r Har,r3rne4 HerrpaBr{nHoM npoMeHoM aroMcKor rronynpevuuxa (C;r. 2)'.3a paanuxy o4 6opa xojlr je cure 6oje, cBr4 ocra./rr{ ueranr'r uttajy KapaKre-

pncrr.rvuy cpe6pnacro6eny 6o)y u MerarrHr,r cjaj (Cn. 4). 04 cwrx ener,Ienara

13. rpyne HajBehr,r 3Ha.{aj 14 npr{MeHy rrMa ar'yvunujytl Koja cy tuo $usuurcacsojclu6a roja tuue anyuunujyru ioce6uuu?

36or 4eloxanusonaHr{x eneKrpoHa y ueranHoj r<plrcranuoj peruerKrl, any-

ulrur,rjylr je neoua 4o6ap nponognrr eneKTpr4ur,rrera r{ oAllr4qaH flpoBoAHXK

ronrore. Kao vrpcr, cpe6puacro6enu Meran ca BI4CoKI{M uerannnu c.jajeu

n crojcreov ga peQnerryje Br{A.rbr4By cBernocr, a.rryMuHrajyM je npt{BnaqHoru:uega. 36or vane rycrlrne y6paja ce y rpyny BeoMa narnx uerara. Mex je,

' florne4a.j rexcr ,,3a oue rojr xere wnle"

s9

A:.1

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6'62 9'02 rr'9 :11-"

8z 0'61 6l'9 'tt1uu8'ot 9'oz o'9 :egtern'82 0'61 8G'g :lyslo'8t z sz o€'g rgs

,,Jmr4{ avet< r'rlo) ollo P€".t.1)a.L l€trarrJolI r

it[,tuad o6 tpw awahua4lt1lt wnfor o'-t

'g+ rtaiodg l,rznonheilr4trxo e) ?ctastuVaI ahed.r au,{d: €I r.rJ.Hefiara fis)

'g+ iodg r,rHor.rhe[n:xo d[ur'tu unralral: uso e],,,rJrlox -,( eso,{: au,td.raao ecracluVaf eil,rHxesfeH on[a(,( e 'euvugw: '1+ lnra(odg wuHofih"flr4]xoe: e,rra,rr,rlal aYrd.rrs audd.r'€I rlJHer{ala eV aq,,ftow r,rxrfudoa.r, a[ oxrT

'ax:nof l,r w,tfNtu; v, \q,fbafiuu,w,f,fu et'wlk t;r:lqtr ee 'eses aHrHavcso) d?ed: dog .,1(O,H)lvl alos:L.{xavow

;:am e: ase:uledirax r[os ,{ ',.1y auo( aavrger: rdedl lt,tfur:rundvy

dsas atredr twlaiox €l erpHJr{Jle ltrtongllte:agodt-xava rruafuhnQaox [o ]4ll4ser oJm 'esrac{r4[af ?HJHalrsox r,r ey:Ho[ fi ar,{d.r

aoH€Lrr l,lrt?rf,o ?'a€as eHJHevesoi r'rttud.r dog txnur,adr,{lou Joller{ Jogg',elr-,([uulrwdve ewo.le dinhesraHoi ee umodr,{ a: efoy alurdaua [o egaa alnirerediiax -'{xor -'{ ulogou:o a: efox t: fu.rdaHa a[ tltr r4Hrrh 'ec{?rr4drxalaeH ovr,rvag

u ,.1y exol enr'rwadues tvu1,1 aHo[ aver:eH ai,{eurugtr: efox alnlteledtrnxafrl.rdana uvr.r :xlemad asrerrndx afr,rrdasa tro r,r qaa aluItreuuo(,{(r,r,rdana ue

u.ltoHVadg [o owe] aH I4fl4se€ 'rHawJla flyl[uwax r,rxar-r uVed.r auoI afoy *,11uofrer uevugrr: r,rVedr uV ouaQdarou ouve.r.uawudau:xa ru,{[uver r€ JI xoI'r,rH€souo€r,r .,{:ur.r udog J4Ho1 (€ erJgpl) , rN JHofr€) JIludJ ?[ -{:ow wi(utl-ulr r'r w-,tfnlrer 'lt,,{[lrsnw,{rt 'a(uheeuuof ,{irardana -,(xnrraa -,(fewlr oxrT

I 14 tuofmnx a0o an,( TI nryH)^dud nt DV' ;A )Ho[lJ_1

-oy a1adl nuDlliaw nHtbxuaouwag ' ,yy auo[taoy a6ad] nuotlaw nxuaruy ; nhadtr1n$tot trxtuodt!:taua ,(urn9r1yt f,tcnryno4 attdt tf nuJHawalra otox

ru^dr'€L vIVHlt^tut v81)t-08) v)l)ftly\llx z'L

'aa[& ,I oa-auawan xnltrd0 n uwtrfntnwtuo ownsryt[oet wnyt[nwax as as owfouco4r1

'I II4H9a1OII Ire.LaW

feso anr4n aQoxer ewdfu,luultdl? esr:fog: ux:furuay i{sawlrdu -,(xrruas oxeJ,

uI\14 r-reJaw [eao orm .rolrsud el,{,{[r,rHr'1wlve ear:{og: rrnuerarf oruc: L:ru11

1 asrene afoar lrdaaodgL

'aJovuor yr4H[osodu selravlo ra er,aJffh]rdJ)ara x{Hlloaodu a( dego[ rer,-r4,rr?va ?woas r4v" 'aI HtxJJ,nd u?Jaw y?r 'oag oJ:exdgad: af lt-{iuxl,rxdvy

'a(nvoQ axuel oul/adHrser4 r,r vc 'r'rsoiÎl.rv 'Jhux ur,naedu,{,rowpJes{ t1o al Ei oipr ewlrnstdl wus:,{ a: udug '(Hehr,rr.l?ue) gtrcrJalrpd oref

a[,{d|gy r.I,enaluel/e (X) raDouer'Iler-esodrxal/a rHairft r4QJox rr :(III)rA(II)lS'0)lA ebrhter'ruoI efn.ldaua

eqadr, n r.r,{dt? 'eed1 []s!![!

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a[ddJ €I e.l?HohJava

etrrloar exrrrr.rcp !!$!!!!

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<Dopuyae 6unapnuxje4un erra ereueuara 13. rp)'ne

rlXugPugu XH....'BzH6

XdnoieHugu XY. ... BFr, Aiclr..-

OKcuqu XzO....B2O,, ALO,, Ga'O. ...

Hajje4uocraaunjr,r xlr4pr4 6opaBH. ur,rje no:uar, alr4 je 3aro no:nar 4u6opan BrHu

ffi! - ero ce .rucr anyMuHr{.jyM3arranf y rLrIaMeHy 6yraua, oc.ro-6a!a ce relur<a Konr{qr'rHa eHep

rr'r.je, lrro roBopr{ o cta6lt.rrttocrlrBe3e Al-O y arylruulrjyv-or<clrgyI<ojr'r Hacraje y oBoj peaKq!'Iju.

t--l- XeMt{jcKa or[opnocr a/ryMr,r

HrajyMa Mo)Ke ce noeeharr nocrynxou rojl.r ce na:rna e/roKct{parbe.

Enexrporlrsoll ce npeAMer oA

aryulrnlrjyua (ano4a) npeelavuoKc14AHOM nPeB,la(OM.

IPAEEI-bE 6U H APH UX J ENh hETbA EII EM EHATA I 3 PYN E

Ereuenrr'r 13. rpyne Mory Aa pearyjy ca nelrera,rrnua. Mefyri,rv, sa rehr,ruypeaxq.r,rja norpe6Ha je nonnrueua reuneparypa, lrrro roBopr,r r43Mefy ocralor

o ja.ruHu Besa y oBr4M elreMeHrxpHr4M cyncraHrlaMa. Cra6lrnuu xm4p\[Ancy rro3Harrr caMo KoA 6opa (6opaHtr), [oK xa.[oreHrrAe r,r oKcrrAe rpaAe cBr4

C)ICMEHTI,I. -

. ,-r -2

q Dr., - JLr2r-, - Zl52U j1,1 OOp OKCI4A

-r I

2Bc) + 3cl,(s) -t 2BCl3(,) 6op-xnopug

9ucr a.lyulrHlrjyu caropeaa 6neuraBr{M rrnaMeHoM, rrpr4 qeMy ce ocno6abaBerrr,rKa Ko/rrnr,rHa enepur)e (Cn. 5). Tewneparypa nnaMeHa je r,r Ao 3 000 "C.

f r -2-f. e1,,, + Or(s t AlrO3(.) anyMr,rHr4jyM-oKcrrA ArH=-1686kJ/mol

3a pasrury o4 eehr4He Mera.[a Kojrr Ha Ba3Ayxy BpeMeHoM y nornyHocrr,rr<opo4npajy, alryMr.rHr.rjyM .je Ha aar4yxy eeona nocrojau. Y xonrarry ca

Kr'rceoHr,rKoM r43 Ba3Ayxa MoMeHTa^Ho ce [peB7laqr4 KoMnaKTHoM oKcr,rAHoM

npeB.[ar{oM ge6nnue 2,5 Ao 3,0 nm. Qopulrpana oKc],rAHa npeB.[aKa m-ttTTtI

anyMr,rHr,rjyM oA Aa/be oKc [aqrrie r . aHu oBaj Meran Matl,e peaKTr,{BHr4M.

Anyuttuujyl je ua aaegyxy nocrojan. llpee;ra.rr ce c.rrojeu oxcrga, AlrO,xojn ra nacunusr,rpa (urrraru og galle or<crgaquje - xopo:uje). fl

Kapaxrepr'rcrnna Qr,rsl,rvxa cnojcrsa. afira ta cBojcrBo Ax He Kopog]4pa Ha

Ba3Ayxy, qr{He anyMraHxiyM jeAHraM oq uajrpaNeHujnx ueraJra ArHac y cBery.

Karcaa cy pegyr4uoHa cBojcwBa anyMuuujyua?

flpoBepr{ cBoje sHalbe 2, 9.

PEEJ'K Ui,t O H A C 8d CTBA A,, y tt u H rt Jy i\4 A

Ha ocuony uare epeAHocrr4 e/reKrpo4nor noreuquja;ra (E,f-,.r = -1,66 V),ovexnrano 6r'r ce 4a je anyur.rHrajyw reorra iaKo peAyKtl,roHo cpegcrno. Mefy-rr,rr,r, g6or nacr'rsltaaquje, aa pasnuxy oA MeraTra l. l,r 2- rpyne, alyrul,rnl,rjyrv uepearyje c nogolr. He pearyje ulr ca Kr,rcelrr4HaMa r<oje aa noepuunu anyMu-nr,rjylra raxofe crBapajy 3alrrr4rHrl cloj orcuga. Yro.ntrxo ce oKcr{AH14 clrojHapyur,r, a caMa Kr{celrlHa ra He crBapa, anyMuHr,rjyM BeoMa 6ypno pearyje.

t,' l

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Ddog Led.H r,1w

ll fr.rHJqEdJ todtr]pdfEH m

o?H8 ['(Ho)'o'g]'ENr)edog

..efl4 rldJJoH]a n,{irV" rHrwA)otr/ r

'(OzHu . rozly) rroxog a( p!,{d effHas{edr]odrf,edfeHtBoJasr e '(tO1V) fgddoy ai ew.(fnBwwitte ar.d::avt^r tlir.le:re oufeg

'eretvtmtow4ve ,\xffugo .( ,rdoy foHrsrwag,( ew:l e: amusftll'r,rl1odr/td;r I nlvqaqredmodn:edfen a { br\tr,ruuwinte zuzrar r xfisf, uO

(1 13) :xrdog al lrdoxfouuwwag .,{ edog rredaunll r,r[usaqredr:odu:td[e;1 .ewe fr,rhedruelrHoy w]4rr-rw -'( lrdox fonusr.,,rag,,(

"wx EJpHawarra x Ll]JlO .(9 .n3) ulur.(v>rc: :>xolr

,(Varreu ou lr a: oJm'(eJ€Haweue xr4.r,{dV esra+rufiai) al:wudu arr,rr,lrvsed ry,rr4

tV,{d pso 'pJmu€ey?H Vo r,rJloHf use€

^ O.Hu

. tOzly .rn:xo9 aI t:w,tflruuw,(vecV,td efranas{edr:odr:edfeg '€rvpgox [o Jhrarou edu$e: e[o9 eaevU (9 v])toiv dserrer worl[4nrax ou af tafox eln(dox lurdastari [o ef oHJqEdJ-€u 'dr{4)€l r,r Hxg.{d dr oJm o?x 'Jc{awrr o.n:d[ .radox louuvlrag d aeeresa: a(ox eulrr.r {?,rtretr { aetu,{ uledanlrw xso Hl4vo€y u tevxordo ,t: ormoey erexurr'rrondvc dxurgo ,{ nllodlldu i enrn amugleH tw,,([r,rul,rr,{ry

'l? r'r,{fr,rfiuu}I] r,r e>rr'rHoalrrx avlou xer.ttvo,rHe alla I,tqed,r, e ,r,rtodlrdu d ner,-aw usd xJloHas{edJlodured ou af rsawava feag .lrtrodudu d efr{Hacl€dJl-odu:ed(rs.{: ew-,(futrurnldve ecla+ruVai ,au,,(d: g1 ereHar rJLe xusJ VO

11.if ,1 i'tL 1I\l11ViIlt) 1.+11',y''1U',1fr ,;, 1

'I rH3r,{r4da lxg v

'lI ?I'? as{eHs afoa: udaaodl f'e(nwdar,onr,rt,ftre egr,rssg a: N(oy y{oxnd.l:ol :Elr:xo xl,raoxlrqr

ut euetaw aue{v.gofl ee a: artradox ex,{itrHuw,(ve ea;t(oat eHouhx,(tra6

',allrrdaHa exnnulox Eyr,rvJs uQegov:o at,{rtar, r4du ,eueJaw rIr4]rtor.rfuhxdVad eu a: esxHtres e 'e[4r,{daloHfil,ldve egr4s?H a: xeld.ltog .Ht?JH?^r rr

l,r,([ feHus 'nerir.r. 'nrodx ,tr oJm oux ?u?,rew xl,rlrHVadg e[od9 ragaa aslelng-o[ es nfurdr:-,(l7nr ,'( e: ur:lrdox ew,{inuuw,tve J]oHgoloul euorahx,,(Va4

'e€eg Eu u eufiua)rDi 8t1 uxlanofos a[dxr4r:p 'ea.r.:[oel eudaroQwe orreu daa zwn v,tt{vtuwwluy

rel zyl,irlr l,r,{ir.rdrts(s)zHt + (br)z{)lyeNz <- (I)O.HZ + (bdHOnNZ * clVZ

X

'x,rHollos p[es[€],I

a: dr'rer, r.rdu '"r,{tseg r ruxeI r] J4 xv€ ,pneHt4tralux er afdrea6 .r,1,(flrvudag ,ew

-ar:u: .roxlolrdag ar,(dr'7 uevr-,rsdu u oey ear:loa: uudaroQwe a[,(eexolve.r,en fuag rerar'n nenutlultaut ,tsr:[ogr nontraf oIr moI af lar-,(il.rr.rraw,,(uy

EWAIIIH14IÎAT]E

anddnravedaurl,q-p@

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o,Hu.'o.lv rr4rxog

lHddoy

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o1Y + us€ <- IYZ + OUS'ilt|:

| |1r.i\ir.rrl

.OzlV + L"Jaw <- Iy + llxtxo

rtort,{(lrrrun,{ve eir,rrxoafiatlx,{lad udel{udll

'o1v

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ffi! Eaiepoe nocrynar<go6njarla rannrqe Irg 6orcura

1.4. IlO6I/JAIbE ENEMEHATA 13. TPYNE

Anyurnlrjyu ce He Moxe go6vrt'i ttz alryMocl'I/Ir'IKara' rge cy ,,sapo6.te-

He" uajnehe KonuqtHe oBor Meralla. I4crna lstr rexHo./rolrrKl'I nocrynllr4 Ao-

6v.jatra atLyt"mnujyMa I43 rnl{He (anyuoo'uuxara) ur'tcy npouaf enr"r' 3aro ce

ganac anyvttutrjyu go6r,rja uajwrure r't: pyAe 6orcura, ALO.'nH:O. Y npsoi

Qasu ras 6oxcr,rra ce 4o6r,rja'{Iacr alyMIaHIaiyM-oKcr{A raKo3BaHa rlrr4Hl'tqa,

A1.O:, a saruv ce y cneqll$r'Ivnllu yclroBr{Ma Bplllt'I ereKTponl{3a rrrt'IHI4IIe'

Yjllli:"".T' e.eh,DorLi,aAl.zO, nH:0 -MIa1 Al,O,

" '--Al6oh(tlI II H ux-en.iirlvvHriyM-- u4

B$KHI4]A I4HIYCTP'{JCKA AOET{)AIbAIIlt ous e o grc a any nuuuj Y ua

EnexrpoueranyplxKr4 nocrynaK go6vjat+a anyMn:auiyMa vs 6oxcuta

cacrojl,r ce r,Ia 4re Qase:

I Qasa: [o6ujarte r{ffc tor alryMrHlrjyu-oxcraga (rlrnnuqe)

Y 6oxcury ce nana3e 3HarHe Ko/r qr'Ine npuveca. To cy najueuhe oxcragrl

reoxba u recax (SiO:). Heonxopro nx je yxrour'rru. 3a )rKrran alse npI'IMeca I{

go6 iabe rnrnuqe Hajvenhe ce npl'Iuemyje Fajepoe nocrynar, rt-tro.le npu-

rasauo Ha cnuqn 8.

Eoxcrar ce cavene O. 3arpela ce ca 30-40o/o pacrBopoM NaOH na relr-

neparypl{ og 150 go 21'0'C v nputvcxy og 600 go 800 kPa. Haxon 6-8 carr'r

go6vja ce aarptrjy lr- alynr,cr ar @

AlzOr(ca npr.nrecal'aa)+ 2NaOH1"o1+2NaAlOr1"q; +HzOtLl(+ np Mece'')

caMneeeun 6o(cur BOAeHrl pacTBop

Harpujyu-anyuuHar ocrare y pacrBopy, a rpl,{Mece 3aocraJy Kao rallor'

Ta;ror qpneaor My/r,a y KoMe uua uajalrure Fe(OH),, u SiO, o4naja ce geKaH-

ToBalr,eM r qefemelr xaro 6lr ocrao ql'Icr BoAeHI4 pacrBop HarpuiyM-aly-

vr,rnara @. fio6vjeuw pacrBop a/ryMl4Hara sarl4M ce xnagr4. ,{ogaje ce I'aano

atyvvtuujyx'r-xugpoKcl4ga Aa 6 ce vsassano raloxelLe. Y roxy npv6nvx-

Ho 100 carl,t uarplljyr',r-alyr'.runar xl4gponl'I3yie. fio6via ce anyttvruuiyt't-xu-

Aporcug @.

NaAlO,l"oy+ 2H,O1v;>NaOH1,,1y +A1(OH)3't

flo6t\eutr ranor aty*mnvjyM-xI{ApoKcr'IAa o4Baia ce qef en en. I4:gnojeu

rator, anytrunujyM-xr4ApoKcr{,q, xaprl ce y poraquouoj nehra @. Ha reune-

parypll oA I 200 go 1 300 "C npereapa ce y aHxI'IApoBaH anyM\1Ht\yM-oKcr^['

NO3HAT KAO I'II{HI{IIA.

e:r'f-f,(ulduwl\xB

3BBEawudII-@

'€IIeraw Jor?vr{dxre t\7? ewv w(furri.rrrli;1ûB'rrfitrrl

-eHodo? d eHewrrdn eHr.{odJo ro9€

'rrfr4HuJ(pef oJoHW r4 umxBIIeriu dr wlttrHuvdte oree e[ ue

'a[,{dr,c >runvosodr uwog al dexeg

'evPtreu a( BHalI 'r4r,.BsBmds-er,( l4hn{rf,ou af, df, ov"X'pr"v€Vo uqfi,(xJ o 9 e( r,{dlta[ttwl'uB

'Hatras€r4odu rdu usdn ef eYPX

'afia.rddremw anafogo uneugo 1,

rsrfloeeuodu eqaa(en a( o1 ewdfru-r4r{,{LE etloJ erion(r4t{ 0€-02 oxoafaser{odq dlaer d af, asrmyfoJ E

wt\(usuw1:teranr'a.r, equ,txc at ar,{ox d

"irHol wl,{xes faru EIA - re

'VJr4 aso))xV Jw IÎo) bfos€rlodx aHagh-edxadl asoval es exex€gl I€

'e9,(J 'asda€Hox 'a>rnanrl 'efuroQ Bx]srr,rxd>t a[,(qed€ $ err(fu.uerwlxeio'IrErer,{ Hehuf,ror afxH e '[rDsof,adn I{ I{reqlrs 3t exofi 'Iltbffrf,"Il3 a{ fv

'Ilrt4

e(eqa&( Br{r,rrr>r 'asieaadree v a+raQzrx ee enra.lluc,{s{Voseuodl ee 'tdo.r,eenai-Hox 'esor19e) xr4xtrHo+ar6J 'Esotlos xr,rnr,r,rdJvava ,(iedelr ee a: ur:r.rdoy

'erorlroJ r,r erarfihud.r,xala xranUosodn dugoh a{ Iy

'[ 4 ?irr4 r4Jor 'EHr,lmen mas 'edal-rxndrp :e,redeuu xlr.lranuleed ,(s{[osrr4odn ee lerotlodg 'euouae 'et,tgot f,e

eHouwex 'exfigor ror,{e eso etl :tsoriow e€ ehrlH(olrf 'esoeod),{fI4hx,{dJJHo)'ereds 'edo€od es edu$Io ,{tludsla ee dal:denlraaQedr ,( a: al(srawudg

',{{ueodon en nudo[ro reJar{ )ru[ a( w,(uulrluftty I

'(t.00zr)ede.r,awor rdar xr,rnhdeev xlru/x: el:ds xlcrlletahar: ,{!ed€rr e€ vrtudoxal val,[uue1'exllvar' er:ds xunve(lriraur ras{[oasl4odu ,{ ulcrdox a: dog

'uqaqluor,,(d,(redaII-lral lylnn onesuvanoan urur ltI/;rflll-r e 'flrlorl.el,;elt tdal, uwoas aJ dog

]UAdJ'TI VIVHlW]tI] VH]W14dU'5'I

'0/06'66-5'66 oy,o e( ew,{(nsr,rwlve roHa(r{gotr o)lEso egor]uh '(6 'r))eheuorl rdr(ves qofiol sI vflee u uqatt luft EH €srrr,{>r] n w-LfufiuvrthrY

( o)z-"o + Jz) 'ot + ft ,::_j_.-'ozvz

'e{ea[er,r (oer en a: ufoxrro)r{HoaJr.Dr ?tr esado$: orm oJ,ee 'ar umodl enr,((r,rsr,Ilt { e eere(lagot dxo.r,

,{ 'eyranaerJd Uo a[ efox eioxy 'w1'[utttltl,ve e[e8lfrxu at xuorex BH 'el{e)auowunrol rem ,{c anaxorgo 'eqx{oal [o ,b aHaqedJ€]r ,{€I4 odrvava P€ ugalI

'3o 000 I uH r,Inor e) Lrfov 'eCIV€BN ',{rraroudx won-asruorJ.( Bd?sJf,ed ae uodrxaua adr ehnnrn ar daf'uaQueeaadu r,ralrgodu

feao a[:ene[ 'etnl'[tnwtw(tte as;Le(ugofl ee exaduadu eutrg e[ oJ,f,fl'J. Sbry Z

'ei rxo-wr(fr{Hrdr r,{Le JorJI{h eqe(r]oJ ed,{redanwe,t e>,o:vrs oL EedEyI

r{o€rrnoduaxa aIIIIlg.l/.ITJ xtr vrurltu'F.uwrke aee(ugof :eee{ 11

. 'e€eo aedu c/rah ou9 u a[orme:ar,,cudu %I'0 io aq?w uxdflec u JrI4h a( efioas [;r:xo rna(r,r9o[ oxeag

<- (l)OzH€+'(s)I(,)€(HO)tVZ

B Al Ga In Tl

'i ,{ypalyr'runnjyu je cacrannenjou 1908. roglrne. flocrojn .UIlaea

,,nopoA14Ita" AypanyMt{HIajyMa,rrpr{ rreMy npoll3Bo!avra 4pNe yTajHocrrr ra.raH cacraD rr rexHo-

/rorxKrr rrocrynaK Ao6njarsa one

nefyPe.

@[ Iprt"era lypa.nyr'rlnn jyna

Al je peglxquouo cpelcrBo; npu caropeBalr'y ce ocno6a!a rennxa xo-

]II,IquHa ToIIIoTe.Koprucru ce 3a r{spaAy eKcnloaura, 4o6ujatle Merana, 3aBapI,IBaH'e npyra

r'r qelrtrrqHl{x KoHcrpyr<qltja.

Al petprexryje 997o nr4ir''IBe cnetnocru.Kopncrr'r ce :a npor'I3Bolll{ry orneAa./ra (crarno ce npeenavl'l ran rntr cnojeu

anyuunr'rjyua), yrpacHL{x npeAMera, HaMeurraja, peQ.rrerropa, IIyrHe cIrrHa

nnsaquje r'rrg. (Cr. 10)

Anynuuujyn je gatlac )t csewy claKarco jegau og HajlupaJ{eHltjux )lewona'

ca najaehou upou3sogtlloM y oSnacwu o6ojeue xetuanypruje. Beh uua ipou s

eoga og anyuuuujyMa cagp)\ru y MatueM unu aehen rPo4eHtuy u HeKe gpyte

t.rcu?Htte. y uuw,ttby,) rctypt,t tyuuuujyua.

Y csaxoj relyplr npeoentrfyje jegan Meralr, AoK ocra;rr'I ereMeurr'I. Haj-

qetlthe Nleraru, arlr uory 6nru 14 HeMeraJrI,r r'I Mela;IorlArl, canao nonpaenajy

nerora cnojcrna. Kou6unaqr,rja uua 6es6poj, na ce y nHAycrpl4jn cpehe ee-

rr'rrlr t5poj nerypa. Konuvrua AoAart4x e.rreMeHara y pacron rlraBHor Meralla

Moxe ce Merbart{, y 3aBr4crlocrrr ou rora IrITa ce ;r<enlr nocrr,hl't. ./lerype ce

AaHac npolr3BoAe 4a 6lr ce nonpawrna vnpcroha uetana, noctojanocr ua nlr-

cKr4Nr r'1 BmcoKr'rM TeMneParypaMa. ornopHocr npertrr Loposrju, TorllrorHa l'I

eIIeKTpIIqHa npOBOA/I'j{BOcT, I'I MHOta Apyra CBoJcTBa

leaxa o4 Hrj rpaNeH fiju x ,rer ypa a,ryrv r,r r r,r jyrua je a ypany MIaHtAiy M.

Y ocnoelr cy ro anytuauvjyv u 6aKap ca MaHraHoM 14 uaruesl'rjynorra. lll

I4:noc 6arpa TlocuaNe go 5,5 %, uaHraua Ao 1% u uarae:lrjyua or<o 0,5%

Ora.nery.pa noxa:yje :Harno 6ona uexantauxa caojcrna, ornopHl'Ija ie npe,va

gejcrey oo4e u xopoer'rjr'r, eeoua 71o6po ce tloHatrta Ha rroBI'luIeHr{M ll cHrlx<e-

Hr4M reMneparypaMa, raKo 4a joj .ie ocnonua nplrMeHa y r'I3pa[I{ aBuoHa I'I

MoropHr.rx KoHcrpyxquja (Cr. i 1).

flpoBepn cBoie sHaH'e 3.

2. )EAI|r-bEt'bA EIIEMEHATA 13. tPvnE

3a pas,rnxy og .je4ran'ena Merana 1. Ir 2. rpyne, pa3[I{Ke y xeMt{.]cKI4M

cBojcrBraMa oKcr'{Aa r{ xr'IApoKcr'IAa eêMeHara 13. rpyne MHoro cy I'I3paxe-

urja. To nlr.je liec pa3nora, aKo r4MaMo y nugy ga je 6op Mera,'Ior'IA, a Mera.,rHa

cBojcrBa ocrall X q.[aHoBa rpyne pacry ca noeehaneu arol,rcror 6poja.

YuosHaj;vto ce ca c1ojcLusuMa u tPuMtHoM uajeatuujux 1egtrtuetua eileMe-

Halua 13. ipyte.

?

Il.bixrnia jc/r,'6.6r JINnHxJv!. n liopi

ALO. n,y"unuir o*o'r

,{l(OFI)r rnr\rH!lv! rulpo(..n

B:Or oop oxcnr

H.BO. riupnn.".""uno

-r': Ajl]'llllH,\TJl,,lBOI-\'Lj!COlltl aTl,lIlal

70

IILL

"-o-.- € -3o_*

.rup/lour i. 0I.9=')(be) .OgzH + (bp)+H

e (s).Og.H

eHr.illa]r4r e[]4ht€rdHo(

'r:rtrd,{redauwe.i, nr.r)rotrrs Eri{oaa

eH a.Hu{adre€ Eserxeg a(oy 'oyclnd-oredogev a( orm oe)l 'PUreJl JoH

-uE['Iharrt r,{,Hllosrir.rodu ,( af lgzg' x 6 ncto - io 9 euawudu eqas teg

o'ti + t)t{ <- ,(t t( )) l{lo]

( )rH + 'Orl.\ <- '(HO)]\i)nl

OzH + trufxo <- hrrlxodtlux]J

BIntxodiI,fr esrBJr:v€ud Jox-r,undar enr'rr'au[a{ u,r,mu6

i(Ho)ly e Hr:Qdor,re ) 'O1VrogrH <l'Ilr3rxr) totfi

l/r.Jl)odtr -\ i: llj4.Ul,rxHy

' YH14T:I]],1)I

,,amr.rs arax r4loI aHo !t" Jtral ltllevJoll I

'pVlrlxo was{pdesJr€d Jxgo[ atr Jx(ot{ I ?u?Jfr,{dx xr,rHd]4rod xxuag oH

i?f: i{srer: nroHreJadJ? woJldsh d aI eHuvalrx rudog ,ewesas r{r,rHhr{HolosI{gdfdqlesxe€ r,rJrdog r'rvof € 'eHfivalt4x rHdog r,rvr4

"HdogoJdo aJ esr4reH

' dsarar: lrostra(,t a(,t:o:nV r,r nfos ,t ?desrltd al odgofl euuva:r.rx ugev:ollds ,rfradoer (oeo:,,(fr.ruady ou af .OgrH r4rlr4 r(HO)g edog Vntxodvxx

tu^dt €t vrvHll/]lllul tAvtA)\I}dEt{y,' z'z

'8 ssreH€ e(oaf, r{dasodu Z

'PC{JWCX IOJEdV Joxhcrmas Jslpfr4goV p€ ta nve'etle( daren xr,rHlrellodrts Js{pfugo[

"€ llJrlldox al e '(€iJemad ?Hv"Jt dx r>tei) DcraslnoJ ,,(d.(redaul,lar ,{yo:l{a or-r,r€e dr pwt4 ehHe.l:u,t: aQdarieu i ei€dg,{ ar toly 'tr,Irxo w,{ir4r.rrw,{uv

(lo 00zI) (8)ozH + (s)€olv i,

,',.(go)tvz

(r)OzHt+ (')'O?g ;

0).Og.HZ

'r[raryod[fix xr.rsoxr,r+r (r,ta.{leaadree) r,,]asradex r,t r4ve,t:r?HJt r

-alla rro€aJHr4l r,{oHJ)adur r,rJl.r9oI a:,{rolr rw,{irenl.rw,(ul r.,r edog r.lllratrg

'tlr:xo uedaroSneaI tozlv Ur{])o-},,1{fiaalrw,(ry [r.r:xo r.rra:rax a( egtg hN:xo-dog

'rfod9 rox:-wote lrtor:tdou r: arrud ar.{d,r eso eJaHawaue xxrterfo EVxlxo JfoHspg

ieH rarirle-r^L{lxdreH

{l)9zg 1 {bttzglyuNZ <- (.)ggr517 1 ts)tgz1y

fl lrdolx wilrtrr.tr,(lr(DOzH€+ {rer131y7<_{b")np19 +(s)€O.lV\-

r'er{€€u9 €l r{ ewpsuvarux e: r afdlea6 rer:[oa: endaro0N€ ef-,{€?xo

r4ue ' ?os d ed?sJ:ud an a: fintxo-w,tiuunlr,{ue 'edo9 efutxo [o -,{xnv:rd rg

tenrratur rudogordo

'.""Og Ha -' 'O Hf ,,'',O,U \dxrva:ru ludogoJdo alpfl r{o[os etr

fifmirxtad ^

esrlfosf, eva:ux a[,(euxou au-,td.r ago ?rHar^tala .rosdrr Vu]yn

Y

lu^dt'€L vlvHty\]lul t/lvtt)\o L'z

llopeg opro6opne, nocrojaua je lr rvrera6opaa r.vcerrrHa HBOr, ca jegnuvMo/reKynoM BoAe Mane o4 6opue xracennne.

flo Apenujycoeoj reopttjvr anyuvnujyv-xlrgpoxotg je rpoxncena 6aaa.

Jegua, 4ee tltrt4 cBe rptrxvapoKcl{AHe rpyne Mory ce 3aMeHI4TI4 KI'Icent'IHcKI4M

OCTATKOM.

HeyrpanHa co: AICI, anyr'urHnjyv xnopr.ra

iasrre conw: (AlOH'z-, Al(OH)'r.):AIOHCI, anyuunujyxrxwgpoKco-xnopl4AAl(OH)rCI anyur.rnujyn4r.rxugpoxco-xnopI,rA

Mefyruu, s6or KosalreHrHr,Ix Be3a oBo jeguroerue t{cno/baBa av$orepnacrojcrea.

\Al(oH).("q) + 3HCl1"e -r AICI3(aq) + 3H2O1t1

a,ryMr{H r'{ryM-xnoPr,IA

X Al(oH )r*q, + NaoHLaqr -; NaA)o:1uq, + 2Hro11/\Harpr,rryM- anyMI,IHar

Anyuvnujyr,'t-xrtgpoKcr'rA ie y BoAr.I reuKo pacrBopHo ,eAl4rbelne, na ce

y na6oparopuju 4o6uja 4ejcreorr.r 6asa na pacraopre conv alryMurrtiyMa(Cn.12\.

',

XAlCl3(aq) + 3NaOH1uql t AI(OH)30 + 3NaC\"qy

Xenar nosHr,r ranor anyMI,IHI,tjyM-xI,rApoKcI,IAa Ma cBojcrBa Aa ,,3apo-

6ra" vecrr,rqe rehr,rx glrueaenja, rra ce HaiBehe KolI'tqI'IHe oBe cyncraHlle Ko-

pr{cre 3a rpevuurhaaa*e - 6ucrpeme noge. A;ryrraunujyv-xr'Igporcr'rg Hlrje

rorcr.rvan, y6paja ce y cna6e 6a:e (avQorepna je4umena), na ce xopracrra ra yMeE r\rlllrf Kao cacraBHr4 ,4eo /reKa KoJfi HeyTpa/Il4ue Bu raK xelyAar{He KI4-

celruHe.

5,ro,IlIm

fl Benr,rra npe4nocr anyMnutlj)'Ma y oAHocy Ha Apyre Merane

jecre ga cy je4r,rnena anyMtttt\yMay Hajrehev 4ery neorpoana n6e.ronacua. Hexa je4nrlerua 6opa c) rohcuqHa. aoK cy cea ie4urrerta

ran[jyMa BeoMa orpoBHa.

I

L ll ttopHa I<I4c e rrI,I -

Ha je roKcr,r.rHa 3a

Hrrxe opraHr'r3Me,

rla ce KoPrrcTu Kao

r'rHceKTr,lqrlA, anr{

,i y MeAr'lqrlHr,r Kao

AHTIICEIITI4K

Koplrcur ce r,r yII].lPOTeXHtlIlr'I, 3aTO

urTo Aare rrnaMeH

I{HTEH3IlBHOcpnpup 6nip

@S - Ar<o ce y 6r,rcrap pacrBop

coau (na nprMep, AlCl), goga

pacrnop 5aee (uajveuhe, NaOH)r,r3ABaia ce xelrarr{Ho3Hr,r raTror

A1(OH), (a). Y erury 6aae goraeu

,qo pacTBaparba lracTa/ror ranora,

co + xrrAPo(cr,rA --> xr4poro,rgJ + co

MCl. + 3NaOH' NI(OH): + 3NaCl

I

Onurra je4uavuxa 4o6rajarla

:Hof l,rHl>revflr{ox eier:eH u aloa er.,{xelow .l,f,arrI ef, arnra.ledlux *.1y uo]

joutmo€ 'ruloJ 2Hxrau4wox trfo6 owa€Dg n owlHnuaJnt ns tdostltad wou

-a6oe tr a[ox 'ahuorytp,b audaryoSwn 'h 6ntxod|nx-wtfnunw,luo n |ntvo-wf,tnunw,fua 'w'(nunwtuy

'xr4H?srrDraho [o e lv,geut ataa auuetar^r ,{tr ?x ')I4Hhadu,(vou nvel,r -,{feltl4 t4rtoJ? eV aHt{h

'mosr,rH[o (y) p lrxasr-{uo 'td.Iea( as{e:I4dJ,xeuaeH oxl4vag ?xoxg-P I4JHaIÎJUJ J] 3€€u?H ew([nuet u

Bwlbtlsu.ewtrftiue: [adl:ra ,ldlondal 'E.( ueeveu a: r,riox ew,{fr,trurtdve [o,{xlrused eg exr,rnladu.{uou

JoxfhroJ€ l,uogawodu wonv aeduaH fleul:ve:u rarnr:eigo aJ dJot^[ 'xl{Hest{xeho Io axuH ,'i.f alo) eqreh

-.ts.ax N es{aquor ad.,(redalr,na.r, es firoHiada dawudu es '7 \lxege1-,{ aneeexl,rdu afr'rvenone aa3

2owns14t[oet wnxnnenfi t a{nunwoutt ,(oqtsof aaidl E1 oryruawaua 6ot n otimoe

lm|/]B JLIIX roy llo vt

El+

.i9! !'z '9 a+reue a(oa: udaaod 4

'ewg,{d a+awag Lr acledu er evmcdu oJE lJ uHsEJJe)

€trr,rf)odau )uHo[os fi eredog wasremarar aua[r'Igo[ llvo:'uredogdal rs{aslrîav adu eHI{mdaor xI{Hveraw es{aqmI'Ih

ee a: ar:r,rdox l,rredog - aulrla:ux audog uvo3

'rgoV-{: xuHgdv as{eslrlx: es segl4 oJm oJDs'?[adsou xl4uew liox

aeradesdy rslgel:,{es da[ 'usuhr,rflal,r -{ u axox u(udnlfl:pv J"elog oex a: u.lludox OTHZI ' t(uOS)lV)

Lar:driog L a[ vtuutt xvi,J,\dfl u \rue 'e:irrv:, asolÎdfi4Hul ],{Le exawl'tdu EHhIa+ ha J

.OzHZl . .(oOS)lyJ .Jedtrr4xexaho[ re Q t-wtrbmutn/tue-wt(mrcx a( |eluun esow,((r{Harutre e(ra;ensou(e11 ereQv,{: uuo: axloaf - a:lra'll nVedt vrlttvsu:ur"1.uY I

.et fir: ?gor^r-'{fuHrar L,{ve a: esr,rseH ot euioav raxeag 'o?HzI ..(tos)lv)'J?dvux€xJflo[ reQu-,(:-nrdfunuwdve lt,,tfnlex a: e[es[el{ amawl aH:[u9oV t'to[n[ee ule r,:rudy

-,{f,'(colrh on-{urou uVoe ,1 -tsterr worder' ,{ owel,{l anclorlog

*.rc 'rcrc'rrlv ,,'llN'*,){ ' r,cN o.HzI .z(}os) af+

(€+) elreret"l xlaJ'{dfxr'rxan n tQxoar 'er',rodx 'er{,{furHr{wdu? alllt{r] dl aJ€H€oU (€+)

n:-'(dr ' (1+) wafodg t{tluollheilt]xo el HeEa( aI xnlox t1o esohex€u{hr{L€€d EsV exdflt3 'eretpri,(r lrnor an{ortldr arullr3

:.leQud:-l'tl.(l,ruum.{ve r'l re{vL:-ln-'{fr, vex

emar,{orr a] ?t1px €s€maE a: ier'-{v: s?xel otr esiaf owe: ]4.ll49o[ axow PtlelreH a] woluheeulurrudx,l,r[os ,( .{[e[ar,,]o r{vot asu etr €Ue) elnr,rJr aHestox€J 'el^d.(r,rur,rwdle r,rlo: aH(oaV dfelrir'r ,tsal'uudl

,,(qaaieH 'lÛ[.,{(ary '"uos asreseqflt{hadu ee u afurdtx I'I el;reJ] l,lcl[ossl'Iodu ,{ af, I'IJ]rrdo) zOIVeN

'resuw,(ue-nrlflrd.lug ,J-

J (tr'erie uqaafen dlewl,r el'1,{[trnl,rw,{ve l'rvo: 'au-{d.r 't1 ureHawalra xus] VO

ozH zI 'z(ios)fia) . z

e[os+t('OS)zlY+]OSz)

IHtiuIIt4}| IHd09 l/ vl^^r-llH14ti!ûv 1,4u0)'t z

BAlGaInTl

1el{u,o)o]'. xeKcailr{BaaryMr{Hnjpl(lli)-jon IA(H,O)6]Cl3 xeKcaaK]rilaryML{Hltjlar(lll)-uopnl

2Al+6HCl + I2 HzO -' 2[A1(H,O),,]C], + 3Hz

AlzO: + 6HCl + 9HzO -.> 2[A1(H,O),']CI3AI(OH)3 + 3HCl + 3H,O-> [AI(H,O)"]Cl3

Y 6asHoj cpeAr4Hr,r, y npr4cycray OH joua, $oprlrl'rpa ce xounnexcrl,r jon:

Al(OH)., + OH- <+lAl(OH).1 rerparr{/tptiKcoanyunuar(Ii I)-.jon

NaIAl(OH)a] narpnjyu-rerpaxngporcoalyuNnar(lI1)

2Al + 2NaOH + 6HzO -+ 2].{n[{l(OH);] + 3H,Al,O. + 2NaOH + 3HzO + 2Na[Al(OH),]AI(OH)3 + NaOH - NalAl(OH),1

7 IIPOBEPI4 CBOJE 3HATbE!

1. Karo ce uen ajy MeralHa cBojcrBa e/reMeHara 13. rpyre ca nopacrolr aroucxor 6poja eneueura? Koju

e,.reMeH I oBe rpyne nP14naaa vela,tol,t4ltva?2. Kar<o ce o6jaunaBa r{ubeHrqa Aa anynl,ruujyl"l ne no4,reNe xopo:t'Ijr'r?

3. lllra cy.nerype u rcoja je najeaxnuja lerypa anyur'tul'rjyrla?4. LlIra snavn repMr4H e/IoKcr,Iparr e, a ntra alyvl'ruorepur'rja?5. Koie jeAr46ebe elreMeHara 13. rpyne ce KoPr'Icrrr Kao I4HceKrI,IIIxA, a roje sa go6ujan'e BeuraqKor

Aparor raver+,a?

6. Hanr4urr{ $opr,ry.ne u oApeAI,I oKcr,IAaql{oHe 6pojeae e.leuenara y cle4ehrllr jegnmenuua:

6op-oxclrg

-,

opro{5opHa xncenuHa , nera6opHa xucerv.Ha

-,

xa,rr,rjyrv anynlruar -

. Kan14iv\'l-anyMfiHujyu r,roplta

7. noseJffu cyucursH4y, ceojctuaa ca ipuweHoM:

Al o r4Ma BI,IcoKy reMneparypy rorl./berba

H3B03 ! rpa71u xerarrHo3aH ralrorAI(OH). 3 je peAyKrlroHo cpeAcrBo

AlrO3 s ,j" to*art"u au HI,Ix{e opraHI,I3Me

3aoxptyxu cnoeo ucupeg tua4Hol ogioaopa

8. Ha ocnoey apcre u ja.rt.ne xeMrlicKnx Be3a

reMneparypy ronnema (oxo 2000 o C)?

a) ra'rr'rjyr'l 6) r,ryvuHu jyv9. Koju rr,rn eese rocrojn y glr6opany?

3aKJbfrr4 xoja oq nonyfeullx cyncraHl1l{ l,rua uajrlrny

a) joHcxa 6) ronalenrHa10. Koja cyncranqa, ycfleA xLIApoJrr{3e, no AoAarKy pacrBopa anyMI,rHI,rjyu cyn$ara 4aje ra/Ior a;ryMl4-

arajyu-xr,r4porcu4a?

go6r,rjane,l.rera-rra I,I3 lbr,IXoBlrx oKcI{Aa

npor'{3BoA}ny BarpocranHl{x MareplrJana

IIcnI{PaE e OKa

npevl,rIrrhaean'e eo4a

n) alyrr.r,rur'r.jyv-oxcr,rg

n) uerarna

r) 6opna xl,rcenr'Iua

r) no4ouravna

74

a) NaCl 5) CH3COOH e) Na,CO, r) H,SO., s) CH.OH

<aFq!Ff!F*-- _,/

l. .t/>L

duulgo ntox:-Ho[ r,{ r,,roxJvdxe ow ,{ e(r'rh)ead xr4x]fr4 JxaHr4heHtaf rrmj,{xeH :firasddlla I o]4s?loxel 14lox JoLeJ -{seJ]El r^roxlfu{wax ou af eJm (9

dxravgo rtox:uof u woxf, x.i{xolorr'{

d efrlrxead aHrlh€Hia( umr{r]"H i"rIr{HJr J

-odu eluJd?x trd]n[xev asev efog aJ oJmet (p

'iewr{u Joxrw,tfr4Hr,{r{-{Le [?I\io) or,rseJ]uvu dxedu,{ ru{iuHr4wlr? o€uuf alnlo+ Jx]ntdft,firul,rdve oJf,ar,,{,{ J] r49 oy? afr4iri?ed

axf,fr'rwax woHr4sdg etr our4[oJo[ a] r{9 eJm (9LeIPslEu

a: :e.r r,r(oy 2unot aua[vigofl,{aoe a: oxey'efuhxead xi4xtrfr4r^lex annr,eniaf r4mr4 eH (€

eft,rrorflyeH3.rJ.t14l

'r(r,ruo{ ex:ndir,runr{,{vr rHasru.r:d al e[oll (yooz-) ?fr{f,yod[r4x-

-w,{lud.les doslred ,{r,{dt ,( e 'eHuve]r4) oHrrr4Ho[

osodorx dosrJed J) eux) ,{ LJs,{duJ .{HfJf li

"$.ia,/

11d esreanulrr:r'r uo>rrudnret l,{r',lxll r'reer,,11

HOTHNettetrotr HoxllH

oerleH JoueI

'lr[os [oHefadJes d r4xdi araredg oxaH a: doar:e4'rtrral)odtrxx-wl.fuHowe r{re) oxldvo>raH af,

"flotr 'auuladr 11d e.r.r,ru:r,r e: wor,{r,txey t(iOS)1V xn

1.-11y a: radosr:ed e[os oven e: .,{raa (dua ,1

rHsWt4dtu)x$

2edoar:rd roua[u9oV oxeso ?fuh€d.lnahnoy esdevowai e(o;tr ledoar:ed Joso ,ruf, gg1 aerewaduudl ?€ uJxdawflo egadr aulrrarux aao ewedr oxrloy'xlrJU:lr{Jr{e op) r{.1:lrdox rrup 73 gg ailrhedurahnox astrrarr,rx audogo.ldo dosJ,:ed ar uHuh naw

^'i.L i(?dI t'I0I r{ Jo 0Z €H Iou/.rup o'tz - "A) woHr4rarr,rx hroHhunovosodorx e: ,{fu4Ir

-yead d eyr.rHo[oa ,urp gg ovuioafler Jo 0Z €H e] ra9 €f oHgadJon ew,l'[nt]|lurl'ue ewed: af oxuroy t41

1a:ur,n: eaonr,{filurarar,,(ve 3 gg1 .4 neeven alos ey,red.I a: oxr,rvoy,'9i

[rntroilel4

'OTHZI z(tOS)lYuHN I4 OTHZI 'COS)lt) P€ 3fl1h€frahorlafi dHr{heHllJl ].{ tHawn xmfiueH m,{xrarrgo wox:uo[,( r{ mmr{r?H aHr{h€HVa{ ;dxmna I .{(elo[ raVmf)od[r{x r4so erouel age(ou

Ho)pH Jl ox€ urxVoro[ a] aq erlfl llu:yodfiux-w,tir,rl/?x (9 '[rlr)Iodl]rr-w.{franowe (e eioV e.r.u$vd:-w.{flrguwdve dosr:ed rauaVoa ,{ ar oxe rtru:xodhr,rx-rtdftanr'rtdve e.ne[r,r9oV anl,rnesVai nmuueg ffi

'(HO)ly <- .IOIV -,Oiy <- .(HO)ly:lrhser:u,{: eqrer: rsr,eradre op} 'eftahx?ad asov:d r{[aseH 'aHa],,iodu agaflaxtr lrxexlrdl f,

'enod.lxeua xnnaqnurdr lr xusarm.{l.lo iodg ufldar.t v ,txuugo wox:so[ -{ atrrll-a:ux asdonw,,{r anaxergeed u el,u,{ftutttwLue uhtttead.4 exr,trolos eq{eiu9ot,{nnr,eaVai r,rmlrueg S

'eVl,rrxodVr,rx-w,{iranr,rr.n,{ve Lr elln:xo-w,,(flrsrlrdle 'rw,t[usuwlue r:osdaroQwe f,{dl:,{l14 ffio [nluaad xnxt [nwax aunnou0a I nmn4o11

floKvMEHT

Anyur,troreprruja - repnrraruu [ocryrraK

Kaga ce atyttttuttjytt sana.[u, ocro6afa ce rernra Ko]rr4qr,rHa rorr.rrorHe eneprnje(A.H = -.'1686 kJ/mol). Tenneparypa nnaMeHa Aocrllxe u 4o 3000 oC! Oao ceojcreo anyMtr:r.lrjyManaln]ro je ceojy npurvreny u y paruoj tr.HqycrPvj\,t. llosuare cy repMr{rHe 6olr6e xoje zr,lajy orpor..ruymoh, jep Br4coxa reMrrepar)?a Koja ce y

"epMl4ruoM nocrynry paarr,rja. rorr 14 ).Hr4urraBa qaK r{

neralHe rpaf;ennncxe xoucrpyrun,je.

Llwa ]e rueDMuwHu uocu.tvuaK:

Cuerua cnpalreuor Meranrror anylrunujyua r,r rnoxfe(Ill)-oxcr,{Aa Ha3r.{Ba ce repulrr. Ka4a

ce oBa cMerxa aanallr (uajveuhe yo nouoh MarHe3l,rjyMa Kao Aa/br4HcKor yna.rrava), Tonnora Koja ce

oc;ro6ogn rorr,r 4o6rjeno reoxle. Pear<qnja ce eacur,rBa Ha peAyKr1r{-

ouoj croco6uocrlr anyvunvjyua.I,4s anyuuuujyua ce g o6uja anyur,r-nujyu-oxcra4, a r43 oKcrlAa Meralra Ao6rrja ce Meran senlrre qucrohe.

Jana./beHa TepMrrTHa cMeIlIa

36or ron,rrore xoja ce oc;ro6a!a repur{r ce KopI,Icrr4 3a 3aBapr,rBarLe rBo3,qeHr4x npeAMera Kao rrrro cyrl{He, Mera^He Koncrpyrqraje nocroea nrq. Caojcreo anylrunujylra ga pe4yxyje orcu4e uerarra AaHacce najaurrle xopncru za go6ujan e perKr,rx r4 cKynr{x Mera/ra Kao rrlro cy rr4TaH, naua4ujyu, eonQpau,MaHraH. xpoM. flocrynar ce Ha314Ba anyulr Horepu uja.

Hauuutu jeguauuue rcoje utycwpyjy godujaroe )reLuana u3 HqsegeHux oKCuga o 1y \,ruHoruepuujo.u.

uoMonu ne wu gau.tu upuuep goou|atua raut{na o6uu uoca)tuKoM.

Iw

l.+30 0+l

FerO.+2Al-'2Fe+AlzO:

03e

+3 +3e-Fe -

+3

AI

Fe

76.)

ffi-.,LL

ietru))o(1)dexeg 3 0S urra etrrar)o-(I1)dexe9 3 gg dlufixdlad ee ongadrou ew,{(uuuw,{re amua ai rav e[ (a

qour ll) z'zzg - - ((s).ozac) Hrv'loul/fi 0/9I- = ((tso1v) Hrv)

; u[u:xo-(11i)aQxosr evow roHlaf r,r(nwdalonnl,rdve ndu n[o9ov:o a: arovuo; ev.,{fiovux oxravo) (9

:€[r4]xo odgadr 3 gg1 oveaox{iad rafurfiread .{ a: lr9 e[ ougad.lou errtfuur,rw,{vr er,red.r ai oxravoy (r:

:eqreluu uH r,rdoaoJlo ,r Jtr)ral (eurr,od1

#+-[]{rxo- (I)odgadl

Vralxo (lII)r,,rodx

-:".: i ' .''

+-

+-FS'.":11lro

I f l,r-rro (AllHnrr4l

i:- J

€-l? trxo-(A)w,1(uVEHes

Vrarxo (l)d€x€9

rrrrxo (II)de>r€9

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