Kingdom Fungi Today we will learn how to identify a “Fun Guy”

Kingdom FungiToday we will learn how to identify a “Fun Guy”

Lesson Objectives

Learning GoalsMinds ONHomework Questions – Questions?Yesterday’s RecapFungi lessonFungi lab

Learning GoalsWe are / will be learning to…• Analyze the risks and benefits of human intervention (e.g. pesticide use, fish

stocking, tree planting, antibiotic use and creation etc.)• Analyze how climate change could impact the diversity of living things (e.g. Global

warming, increase in precipitation)• Become familiar with terms such as: species diversity, structural diversity,

bacteria, fungi, binomial nomenclature, morphology• Classify, apply, and draw dichotomous keys to identify and classify organisms

according to kingdom• Explain concepts of taxonomic rank such as genus, species and taxon• Compare/contrast characteristics of prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses• Compare/contrast anatomical and physiological characteristics of organisms

representative of each kingdom• Explain structural and functional changes of organisms as they have evolved over

time• Explain why biodiversity is important for maintaining viable ecosystems

Minds ONName that picture

Source: Hype Much


Source: LiveScience


Source: National Geographic


Source: The Blog is Mine


Source: The Blog is Mine

Homework Questions

Protista sheet…..any questions?

Yesterday’s Recap

Kingdom Protista:Difference between eukaryotes and

prokaryotesCharacteristicsTypes: Plant Like, Animal Like, Fungi

LikeMalaria

Kingdom Fungi - Characteristics Cell Type: Eukaryotic: nucleus is enclosed in a

membrane and organelles Cell Number: Multicellular Habitat: Terrestrial - Nutrition: Heterotrophs

Saprobes: Organisms that obtain their nourishment from dead or decaying matter

Reproduction: Sexual (gamete transfer through spores) or asexual (fragmentation and budding)

100 000 species known

Characteristics Continued…

Hyphae: (hypha) thread-like filaments that make up the body of most fungi. Most contain cell walls made of chitin, not cellulose.

Mycelium: tangled mass of filaments formed by the hyphae of a fungus.

These structures allow fungi to absorb nutrients.

Some hyphae are used for reproduction (spores)

Fungi Reproduction Fungi can reproduce asexually and sexually Sexual reproduction occurs through the formation of

spores Spores are single reproductive cells that have a haploid number

chromosomes (# of chromosomes in a cell that contain a single set of chromosomes)

Fungi are divided into separate phyla (divisions) based on spore structure

Types of spore structure: Sporangium (case-like structure), ascus (sac-like structure), and basidium (club-like structure).

Asexual reproduction can occur through fragmentation (hyphae break off and grow into other individuals) or budding (when an outgrowth grows off a parent organism, matures and break of into new individuals)

Case-Like Fungi (Division Zygomycota) Terrestrial saprobes

An example is bread mould (Rhizopus)

Contains several types of hyphae

Stolons: thread-like hyphae that extend over food

Rhizoids: “roots” that extend into food source, absorbing sugars and water

Sporangia: grow at tips of reproductive hyphae; when they break open spores are carried to germinate and grow on another food source in ideal conditions.

Rhizopus can produce two genetically different types of hyphae, creating a dormant zygospore.

How might this be useful?

Sac-Like Fungi (Division Ascomycota)

Sac structure used in reproduction

Examples are mildews, some moulds and some yeasts

Two types of spores produced

Ascospores: result of sexual reproduction; produced in ascus (sac)

Conidia: result of asexual reproduction; formed in chains at the tips of reproductive hyphae.

Yeasts are unicellular; reproduce through budding or sexually through ascospores

Yeast can ferment in anaerobic conditions, in which yeast cells break down sugar molecules and release alcohol and carbon dioxide as a by-product.

Yeast budding

Conidia

Club-Like Fungi (Division Basidiomycota) Some are saprobes and others are parasites

Examples include mushrooms, puffballs and rusts

Mycelium mass of hyphae form knobs that absorb water underground. Once they push through the ground, they become fruiting bodies that produce spores.

Caps form and have a characteristic shape

Caps contain gills (thin sheets underneath) bearing thousands of reproductive cells called basidia, which contain haploid spores.

When two complimentary spores fuse, the fruiting body (reproductive structure) forms and a new mushroom grows.

Penicillin

Scottish bacteriologist Sir Alexander Fleming (1928) observed that the green mould that grows on fruit Penicillium inhibited the growth of the bacteria known as Staphylococcus. In time, he developed Penicillin, the first antibiotic.

Mushroom Dissection Lab

We will be dissecting a piece of mushroom to observe the structures within it.

This will be an informal lab due Monday, February 24th. This includes all the questions and diagrams.

(NOTE: Bacteria Lab due Friday, February 21st, quiz is Thursday, February 20th and Parasite Project due Wednesday, February 26th and final test Friday, February 28th).

Using a Microscope

http://www.biologycorner.com

Using a MicroscopeFocusing Specimens

1. Always start with the scanning objective. Odds are, you will be able to see something on this setting. Use the Coarse Knob to focus, image may be small at this magnification, but you won't be able to find it on the higher powers without this first step. Do not use stage clips, try moving the slide around until you find something.

2. Once you've focused on Scanning, switch to Low Power. Use the Coarse Knob to refocus. Again, if you haven't focused on this level, you will not be able to move to the next level.

3. Now switch to High Power. (If you have a thick slide, or a slide without a cover, do NOT use the high power objective). At this point, ONLY use the Fine Adjustment Knob to focus specimens.

4. If the specimen is too light or too dark, try adjusting the diaphragm.

5. If you see a line in your viewing field, try twisting the eyepiece, the line should move. That's because its a pointer, and is useful for pointing out things to your lab partner or teacher.

Source: http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/microscope_use.html

Using Microscopes Continued…Drawing Specimens

1. Use pencil - you can erase and shade areas

2. All drawings should include clear and proper labels (and be large enough to view details). Drawings should be labeled with the specimen name and magnification.

3. Labels should be written on the outside of the circle. The circle indicates the viewing field as seen through the eyepiece, specimens should be drawn to scale - i.e. your specimen takes up the whole viewing field, make sure your drawing reflects that.


Using Microscopes Continued…Making a Wet Mount

1. Gather a thin slice/piece of whatever your specimen is. If your specimen is too thick, then the coverslip will wobble on top of the sample like a see-saw, and you will not be able to view it under High Power.

2. Place ONE drop of water directly over the specimen. If you put too much water, then the coverslip will float on top of the water, making it hard to draw the specimen, because they might actually float away. (Plus too much water is messy)

3. Place the coverslip at a 45 degree angle (approximately) with one edge touching the water drop and then gently let go. Performed correctly the coverslip will perfectly fall over the specimen.


Documents

Kingdom Fungi Today we will learn how to identify a “Fun Guy”