Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

No cell wallNo cell wall HeterotrophicHeterotrophic MotileMotile Sexual reproductionSexual reproduction Three distinct layers of tissues (except Three distinct layers of tissues (except

sponges)sponges) Multi-celled/specialized tissues and Multi-celled/specialized tissues and

functionsfunctions Distinct body planDistinct body planBig Picture

Classifying AnimalsClassifying Animals Most do not have fur, feathers or Most do not have fur, feathers or

scalesscales Most do not have bonesMost do not have bones Most do not live on landMost do not live on land E.g. phylum arthropoda – largest # of E.g. phylum arthropoda – largest # of

animal species animal species insects insects Phylum ChordataPhylum Chordata all animals with an all animals with an

internal bony skeleton = vertebratesinternal bony skeleton = vertebrates Animals without a backbone are called Animals without a backbone are called

invertebratesinvertebrates

Invertebrates and Invertebrates and VertebratesVertebrates

InvertebratesInvertebrates 99% of the Animal Kingdom99% of the Animal Kingdom Absence of backboneAbsence of backbone Includes sponges, cnidarians, Includes sponges, cnidarians, mollusks, worms, arthropods, mollusks, worms, arthropods, and echinodermsand echinoderms

VertebratesVertebrates Internal skeleton (bone or cartilage)Internal skeleton (bone or cartilage) Includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, Includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds,

and mammalsand mammals

Asian ladybeetle Harmonia axyridis

Notice the “false” white eye

markings behind the head.

Invertebrate Animals IInvertebrate Animals I

SpongesSponges CnidariansCnidarians WormsWorms MollusksMollusks ArthropodsArthropods EchinodermsEchinoderms

Colony of sponges

Chambered Nautilus

Sponges (Porifera)Sponges (Porifera) Attached to solid surfaceAttached to solid surface Filter food from passing Filter food from passing

waterwater Single opening throughSingle opening through

which food enters and which food enters and

waste leaveswaste leaves Has no tissues or organsHas no tissues or organs Body consists of 2 layers Body consists of 2 layers

of cellsof cells

CnidariaCnidaria Jellyfish, Corals, and AnemonesJellyfish, Corals, and Anemones Their bodies have only 2 cell layers and a Their bodies have only 2 cell layers and a

single openingsingle opening Simple nervous system and muscle tissueSimple nervous system and muscle tissue

Allows for locomotion in order to capture Allows for locomotion in order to capture preyprey

Tentacles around mouth are used to stun Tentacles around mouth are used to stun prey, also release digestive enzymes that prey, also release digestive enzymes that carry out extracellular digestioncarry out extracellular digestion

2 basic body strucutures:2 basic body strucutures: Polyp: cylindrical, attached to rock (sea Polyp: cylindrical, attached to rock (sea

anemone)anemone) Medusa: umbrella shaped, mouths pointing Medusa: umbrella shaped, mouths pointing

downward (jellyfish)downward (jellyfish)

POLYP

MEDUSA

WormsWorms Most are aquatic, Most are aquatic,

some live in soil, many some live in soil, many are parasiticare parasitic

Size ranges from 1 Size ranges from 1 mm or less to several mm or less to several meters in lengthmeters in length

E.g.: acorn worms, E.g.: acorn worms, arrow worms, hook arrow worms, hook worms, pin worms…worms, pin worms…

1.1. Flatworms: least Flatworms: least complex, digestive complex, digestive system is a closed system is a closed pouch (only one pouch (only one opening), no opening), no circulatory systemcirculatory system

2.2. Segmented Worms Segmented Worms (Annelids): long, (Annelids): long, tube-like bodies tube-like bodies divided into series of divided into series of ringed segmentsringed segments

Development of a Development of a MesodermMesoderm All animals other than sponges and cnidarians All animals other than sponges and cnidarians

have tree layers of cells.have tree layers of cells. EctodermEctoderm (outer layer) (outer layer) produces the skin, produces the skin,

nerve tissue, and some sensory organsnerve tissue, and some sensory organs EndodermEndoderm (inner layer) (inner layer) lungs, liver, lungs, liver,

pancreas, bladder, and lining of the gutpancreas, bladder, and lining of the gut MesodermMesoderm (middle layer) (middle layer) muscles, blood, muscles, blood,

kidneys and reproductive organskidneys and reproductive organs

The The three germ layersthree germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm (endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm) encompass the precursors of and ectoderm) encompass the precursors of all structures and organs of the entire body, all structures and organs of the entire body, and are generated by a process called and are generated by a process called gastrulation (occurs at the early stage of the gastrulation (occurs at the early stage of the embryonic development). Body cavities of embryonic development). Body cavities of animals become increasingly more complex animals become increasingly more complex as one ascends the evolutionary tree as one ascends the evolutionary tree

Flash Animation

Body SymmetryBody Symmetry Body plan is important Body plan is important

as it allows the animal as it allows the animal to search for foodto search for food

Asymmetrical/Asymmetrical/irregular animals are irregular animals are the simplest animals the simplest animals (sponges)(sponges)

Symmetrical/ regular Symmetrical/ regular and balancedand balanced Radial symmetry: Radial symmetry:

bodies organized bodies organized equally around a equally around a central vertical axiscentral vertical axis

Bilateral symmetry: Bilateral symmetry: form a mirror image form a mirror image along one vertical along one vertical planeplane

Big Picture

Invertebrate Animals IIInvertebrate Animals II

SpongesSponges CnidariansCnidarians WormsWorms MollusksMollusks ArthropodsArthropods EchinodermsEchinoderms

Txodes scapularisDeer tick

MolluscsMolluscs

Soft-bodied animals: Soft-bodied animals: slugs, snails, clams, slugs, snails, clams, oysters and squidoysters and squid

Mostly marine, Mostly marine, some use a hard some use a hard external shell for external shell for protectionprotection

Originated about Originated about 600 million years 600 million years agoago

ArthropodsArthropods

EchinodermsEchinoderms All are marine: starfish, sea urchins, All are marine: starfish, sea urchins,

sea cucumbers, feather stars, sea sea cucumbers, feather stars, sea lillies and sand dollarslillies and sand dollars

Chapter 22 Big Picture

Vertebrate AnimalsVertebrate Animals

ChordatesChordates FishFish

Agnatha (jawless fish/lamprey)Agnatha (jawless fish/lamprey) Chondrichthyes (sharks, skates, rays)Chondrichthyes (sharks, skates, rays) Osteichthyes (bass, tuna, salmon)Osteichthyes (bass, tuna, salmon)

AmphibiansAmphibians ReptilesReptiles BirdsBirds MammalsMammals

Ardea herodiasGreat Grey Heron