KINE 6/8300KINE 6/8300

Human LocomotionHuman Locomotion

Human LocomotionHuman Locomotion

Lecture Instructor: C. Armstrong

Phone: 530 – 5369Office: HHS - 2503

Email: charles.armstrong@utoledo.edu

Text: Whittle, Michael, Gait Analysis - An Introduction, 3rd Edition, Butterworth-Heinman Pub….Amazon, Barnes+Noble, etc.

Human LocomotionHuman LocomotionObjectives:

#1 To provide students with an understanding of the biomechanical

principles that form the basis for human locomotion

#2 To provide students with an understanding of the kinematic,

temporal/spatial, kinetic, and electromyographic

characteristics of normal human locomotion.

#3 To provide students with a general overview of the influence on

gait of selected pathological conditions.

#4 To provide students with an understanding of the technical

procedures involved in the analysis of human gait.

Human LocomotionHuman Locomotion

Date Topic Reading Assignment 8/25

Course Introduction - Historical Perspective9/1

Basics of Gait and Research

Basic Sciences and Normal Gait 9/8

Determinants of Gait and Phasic Considerations

Terminology, timing, determinants9/15

Normal Gait – Kinematics: Motion Patterns

The Gait Cycle9/22

2-D GaitTrak Lab

GaitTrack Manual – Assigned Reading

9/29 Normal Gait – Kinetics: Forces, Moments and Powers GRF Moments, etc.10/6 3-D OrthoTrak Lab OTManual – Assigned Reading10/13 Normal Gait - Muscle patterns Muscular Activity10/20 Gait EMG Lab10/27 Biomechanics of Running11/3 Energetics of Locomotion Gait in Rehabilitation – Chapter 411/10 Pathological Gait Pathological Gait

11/17 Gait Across the Lifespan Gait in the Young...Elderly andGait in Rehab – Chaps 7 and 8

11/24 No Class – Thanksgiving Break12/1 Case Study12/8 Case Study12/15 Case Study

Human LocomotionHuman Locomotion

Readings: Gait Analysis- An Introduction, Whittle – class text Gait in Rehabilitation, Smidt – Chapters On-Line

GT and OT Manuals – Chapters On-Line

Assignments:#1 Research Paper - 50 %#2 Case Study - 50%

The Study of HumanThe Study of Human

LocomotionLocomotion

Historical PerspectiveHistorical Perspective

Significant PeriodsSignificant Periods

Antiquity - Antiquity - 650 B.C. - 200 A.D.650 B.C. - 200 A.D. Middle Ages - Middle Ages - 200 A.D. - 1450 A.D.200 A.D. - 1450 A.D. Italian RenaissanceItalian Renaissance 1450 A.D. - 1600 A.D.1450 A.D. - 1600 A.D. Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution 1600 A.D. - 1730 A.D.1600 A.D. - 1730 A.D. EnlightenmentEnlightenment 1730 A.D. - 1800 A.D.1730 A.D. - 1800 A.D. The Gait CenturyThe Gait Century 1800 A.D. - 1900 A.D.1800 A.D. - 1900 A.D. The 20th CenturyThe 20th Century 1900 A.D. – 1980 A.D.1900 A.D. – 1980 A.D. The Computer AgeThe Computer Age 1900 A.D………present1900 A.D………present

Antiquity - Antiquity - 650 B.C. - 200 A.D650 B.C. - 200 A.D..

Significant Significant People/EventsPeople/Events• Pythagoras - all Pythagoras - all

phenomena expained by phenomena expained by numbersnumbers

• Hipprocrates - Scientific Hipprocrates - Scientific method applied to method applied to medicinemedicine

• Aristotle - Wrote “About Aristotle - Wrote “About the Movement of the Movement of Animals”Animals”

• Herophilos - Foundation Herophilos - Foundation of modern anatomyof modern anatomy

• Archimedes - Math Archimedes - Math and mechanics, C and mechanics, C of G., buoyancyof G., buoyancy

• Galen - Sports Galen - Sports Medicine Doc, “On Medicine Doc, “On the Use of Parts”, the Use of Parts”, “On the “On the Movements of Movements of Muscles”Muscles”

Antiquity - Antiquity - 650 B.C. - 200 A.D.650 B.C. - 200 A.D.

Instruction concerning a dislocation of a vertebra of the neck: “if you examine a man having a dislocation of the a vertebra of his neck, should you find him unconscious of his arms and legs on account of it......then you should say an ailment which cannot be treated “

Edwin Smith Papyrus (1800) – Egyptian circa 600 BC

Antiquity - Antiquity - 650 B.C. - 200 A.D.650 B.C. - 200 A.D. Relevance to the study of LocomotionRelevance to the study of Locomotion

• Separation of Knowledge and MythSeparation of Knowledge and Myth• Mechanical and Mathematical Paradigms Mechanical and Mathematical Paradigms

developeddeveloped• Anatomical Paradigms developedAnatomical Paradigms developed• First Biomechanical Analysis of Human First Biomechanical Analysis of Human

MovementMovement

The Middle Ages - 200 A.D. - 1450 The Middle Ages - 200 A.D. - 1450 A.DA.D..

Significant People/EventsSignificant People/Events• Spiritualism diminished scientific inquirySpiritualism diminished scientific inquiry• St. Augustine - “the only type of knowledge St. Augustine - “the only type of knowledge

to be desired was the knowledge of God to be desired was the knowledge of God and the soul”and the soul”

• Arab scholars saved the work of the Arab scholars saved the work of the Antiquity period by translating the works Antiquity period by translating the works into Arabicinto Arabic

The Middle Ages - 200 A.D. - 1450 A.DThe Middle Ages - 200 A.D. - 1450 A.DRelevance to the Study of LocomotionRelevance to the Study of Locomotion

• Interest in anatomy, physiology, and Interest in anatomy, physiology, and locomotion discouraged.locomotion discouraged.

• Greek and Roman Art depiction of Greek and Roman Art depiction of human movement remainedhuman movement remained

The Renaissance - 1450 A.D. - 1600 A.DThe Renaissance - 1450 A.D. - 1600 A.D..

Significant People/EventsSignificant People/Events• Individual genius flourishedIndividual genius flourished

• Leonardo da Vinci - artist, scientist; Leonardo da Vinci - artist, scientist; anatomical studies of bone, muscle, anatomical studies of bone, muscle, nerve through dissection. He nerve through dissection. He described the mechanics of the described the mechanics of the body during standing, walking up body during standing, walking up and downhill, rising from a sitting and downhill, rising from a sitting position, jumping, and human gait.position, jumping, and human gait.

• Versalius - described muscle Versalius - described muscle function and related to movement, function and related to movement, advocated human dissectionadvocated human dissection

The Renaissance - 1450 A.D. - 1600 A.DThe Renaissance - 1450 A.D. - 1600 A.D..

Borelli –Estimated the center of mass of nude men by having them stretch out on a rigid platform supported on a knife edge. The platform was then repositioned until is balanced, thereby indicating a location corresponding to the center of mass for the entire body.

The Renaissance - 1450 A.D.- 1600 A.D.The Renaissance - 1450 A.D.- 1600 A.D.

Relevance to the Study of LocomotionRelevance to the Study of Locomotion

• Scientific study revivedScientific study revived• Foundations of modern anatomy and Foundations of modern anatomy and

physiologyphysiology• Movement and muscle studied as Movement and muscle studied as

connective entitiesconnective entities

The Scientific Revolution - 1600 A.D. - 1730 A.D.The Scientific Revolution - 1600 A.D. - 1730 A.D.

Significant People/EventsSignificant People/Events• Intellectual freedom Intellectual freedom

highly respectedhighly respected• Experimentation - the Experimentation - the

basis of the scientific basis of the scientific methodmethod

• Galileo - Studied human Galileo - Studied human jumping, horse gait, jumping, horse gait, structure of bonestructure of bone

• Harvey - described blood Harvey - described blood flow through heartflow through heart

• Descartes - Cartesian Descartes - Cartesian coordinate systemcoordinate system

• Borelli - the “Father” Borelli - the “Father” of biomechanics, of biomechanics, wrote “Du Moto wrote “Du Moto Animalium”; used Animalium”; used geometry to describe geometry to describe walking, running, walking, running, jumping, described jumping, described muscle contractionmuscle contraction

• Newton - Laws of Newton - Laws of motion and gravitymotion and gravity

The Scientific Revolution - 1600 A.D. - 1730 The Scientific Revolution - 1600 A.D. - 1730 A.DA.D..

Relevance to the study of LocomotionRelevance to the study of Locomotion

Experimentation and theory Experimentation and theory linkedlinked

Formation of Newtonian Formation of Newtonian mechanicsmechanics

The Enlightenment - 1730 A.D. - The Enlightenment - 1730 A.D. - 1800 A.D.1800 A.D.

Significant People/EventsSignificant People/Events• Applied Mathematics advanced Applied Mathematics advanced

- Euler, Lagrange- Euler, Lagrange• von Haller - irritabilty and von Haller - irritabilty and

contractility of musclecontractility of muscle• Andre - “Orthpaedics”, muscle Andre - “Orthpaedics”, muscle

imbalance causes skeletal imbalance causes skeletal deformitiesdeformities

• Emil Du Bois-Reymond – Action Potential

The Enlightenment - 1730 A.D. - 1800 A.D.The Enlightenment - 1730 A.D. - 1800 A.D.Relevance to the study of LocomotionRelevance to the study of Locomotion

• Force, momentum, and energy Force, momentum, and energy relatedrelated

• Muscle function related to bio-Muscle function related to bio-chemical and electrical chemical and electrical phenomenaphenomena

The Gait Century - 1800 A.D. - The Gait Century - 1800 A.D. - 1900 A.D.1900 A.D.

Significant People/EventsSignificant People/Events• Muybridge - motion Muybridge - motion

analysis - horses, people; analysis - horses, people; Animals in Motion, The Animals in Motion, The Human Figure in MotionHuman Figure in Motion

• Weber brothers - “On the Weber brothers - “On the Mechanics of the Gait Mechanics of the Gait Tools” 150 hypothesesTools” 150 hypotheses

• Marey - (huge) the first gait Marey - (huge) the first gait lab (force plate, lab (force plate, cinematography, cinematography, synchronized cine and synchronized cine and forceforce

• Braune and Fisher - Braune and Fisher - 3d analysis of gait, 3d analysis of gait, mathematical mathematical analysis, “light” suitsanalysis, “light” suits

• Duchenne - EMGDuchenne - EMG

Étienne-Jules Marey (1830-1904) Studied soldiers…energy cost of locomotion…..economy of movement

Unique techniques

Eduard Muybridg - The “Father” of Eduard Muybridg - The “Father” of CinematographyCinematography

The Gait Century - 1800 A.D. - 1900 A.DThe Gait Century - 1800 A.D. - 1900 A.D..

Relevance to the study of LocomotionRelevance to the study of Locomotion

Measurement methods devised and Measurement methods devised and applied to gaitapplied to gait

Electrical activity of muscle quantifiedElectrical activity of muscle quantified Engineering principles applied to the Engineering principles applied to the

locomotionlocomotion

The 20th Century - 1900 A.D. -The 20th Century - 1900 A.D. - 1980 1980

Significant People/EventsSignificant People/Events• A.V. Hill - Structure and Function A.V. Hill - Structure and Function

of muscleof muscle• Elftman - Force plates, energy Elftman - Force plates, energy

exchanges during gaitexchanges during gait• Huxley - sliding filament theoryHuxley - sliding filament theory• 1967 - First ISB Meeting in Zurich1967 - First ISB Meeting in Zurich

The 20th Century - 1900 A.D. –The 20th Century - 1900 A.D. – 1980 A.D.1980 A.D.

Relevance to the study of LocomotionRelevance to the study of Locomotion

• Biomechanics becomes a unique Biomechanics becomes a unique “discipline”“discipline”

• Biomechanics used as a clinical toolBiomechanics used as a clinical tool• Professional Biomechanical and Gait Professional Biomechanical and Gait

Organizations formedOrganizations formed

The Computer Age 1980 AD ….The Computer Age 1980 AD ….

Significant People/EventsSignificant People/Events• Abdel, Azziz, and CarreraAbdel, Azziz, and Carrera - -

developed the DLTdeveloped the DLT• BasmajianBasmajian - expanded - expanded

EMG techniques and EMG techniques and understanding of muscle understanding of muscle functionfunction

• WinterWinter - refined - refined experimental techniques experimental techniques for the analysis of gaitfor the analysis of gait

• SutherlandSutherland - classic - classic studies on the studies on the development of gait in development of gait in children, and influence of children, and influence of CP on gaitCP on gait

The Computer Age 1980 AD ….The Computer Age 1980 AD ….

• Murray - classic studies on adult gait

• Gage, Sutherland, and Perry - integration of gait analysis in surgical treatment of orthopaedic disorder

• Development of the Miocrocomputer

• Nigg, Cavanagh,Bates - biomechanical assessment of running gait

• Expansion and refinement of video technology

• Greaves - Video Processor• Founding of the Clinical Gait and

Movement Analysis Society

Patricia Murray – 1925 – 1984

Ph.D. Anatomy…PT …..lab at VA Hospital in Milwaukee and at Marquette Univ. – neuromuscular disease and prosthetics

The Study of LocomotionThe Study of LocomotionThe Future ???The Future ???