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EU policies for increasing the energy performance of buildings
Bogdan ATANASIUBuildings Performance Institute [email protected]
Kiev, Ukraine, 7 Nov 2013
Buildings in the European Union
Important cultural, historic, and economic value• 501 million inhabitants living in ~ 160 million homes• Architectural protection of historic buildings• Large market for the construction sector, appliances and
equipment• Business opportunities, especially for SMEs
Status:•28 countries in the EU •42% of the energy consumption•35% of EU greenhouse gases emissions•9% of EU GDP•7‐8 % of EU employment
Several studies indicate large potential for significant and cost‐effective energy savings between 22% (by 2020) and by 46% (by 2030) compared to 2005.
Building stock 2010: old & inefficient
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
DE FR UK IT ES PL NL SE CH RO BE PT HU EL AT CZ DK
NO FI BG SK IE LT SI LV CY EE LU MT
Billion
m2
Floor Space per country
Residential Non Residential
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
CZBGPLSISKROHULVLTEE
UKDKSEFRDENLATIEFI
ITESMTGR
Cental & East
North & W
est
South
Pre 1960 1961‐1990 1991‐2010
Age profile of residential floor space
Final energy consumption in the building sector for the EU27
Source: Europe’s buildings under the microscope, BPIE 2011, available at: www.bpie.eu
EU Policy: long‐term framework
‐ Low‐carbon Economy 2050 Roadmap:
‐ Roadmap for a Resource‐Efficient Europe 2050:
‐ buildings among the 3 key sectors (together with food and transport)
‐ High efficiency potential: influence 42% of the final energy consumption, 35% ofthe CO₂ emissions, >50% of all extracted materials and 30% of waterconsumption.
‐ Energy 2050 Roadmap: “energy efficiency potential in buildings is key”
GHG reduction vs. 1990 2005 2030 2050Power ‐7% ‐54 to ‐68% ‐93 to ‐99%Industry ‐20% ‐34 to ‐40% ‐83 to ‐87%Transport 30% +20 to ‐9% ‐54 to ‐67%Residential and services ‐12% ‐37 to ‐53% ‐88 to‐91%Agriculture ‐20% ‐36 to ‐37% ‐42 to ‐49%
Residential sectorannual change [%]
’90‐‘00
’00‐‘10
’10‐‘20
’20‐‘30
’30‐‘40
’40‐‘50
Final energy demand [ktoe] 0,8 0,7 ‐1,0 ‐1,3 ‐1,6 ‐2,1Heating and cooling 0.7 0.5 ‐1,4 ‐1,7 ‐2,2 ‐3,2
Appliances & lighting 2,0 1,6 1,4 0,4 0,8 0,7
Short‐ & medium‐ term objectives
EU Commission to report by 30 June 2014 whether the EU is on track to reach its 20% energy efficiency goal and to take appropriate measures!
~25%
~75%
Actual building stock
Renovate deeper and
faster!
new buildings2012‐2050
Reaching for zero!
2050 building stock
Nearly climate neutral! Nearly zero‐energy!
One aim, two big challenges by 2050!
A complex policy framework for energy in buildings
Energy Efficiency Directive
2012/27/EU
20% energy savings by
2020
MS Periodical National Energy
Efficiency Action Plans (NEEAPs)
Eco‐design Directive
2009/125/EC
Energy‐related products
Specific delegated acts
Minimum requirements
Product regulations
Labeling Directive
2010/30/EU)
Energy‐related products
Specific delegated acts
Labeling
Complement eco‐design
Energy Performance of
Buildings Directive
2010/31/EU
Buildings
Renewable Energy Directive
2009/28/EU
20% RES share in gross final consumption
by 2020
MS Periodical National
Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAPs)
Source: European Commission
Energy Efficiency Directive (EED): Targets & savings
• Clearly defines EU energy efficiency target by 1474 Mtoe primary energy (1078Mtoe final energy) in 2020
• By 30 April 2013: Indicative national targets for 2020 (primary or final, savings or consumption or energy intensity)
• By 30 April 2014: EU MSs have to elaborate long‐term renovation plans (Art 4):
– Overview of national building stock
– Identify cost‐effective approaches
– Estimates of savings
– Policies and measures
• Exemplary role of public sector (Art 5 &6):
– Must purchase only products, services & buildings with high EE performance
– Must renovate 3%/yr of buildings owned and occupied by central government
– By 31 December 2013: EU MSs to set up an inventory of government buildings By 1 January 2014: EU MSs to start the renovation of central government buildings (or alternative approaches)
EED: main requirements related to buildings
Available at www.bpie.eu
How to Design an Effective Renovation Strategy
Buildings data from the EU countries:www.buildingsdata.euwww.entranze.euwww.tabula.eu
Energy Performance of
Buildings Directive (EPBD, 31/2010/EU)
‐ MSs: Minimum energy performance requirements‐ Cost‐optimal methodology (common framework)‐ Requirements for technical building systems
Energy performance &Cost optimality
Existing Buildings
‐ All the buildings undergoing major renovation should implement energy efficiency measures
‐ Minimum requirements for buildings and components
New Buildings
Nearly Zero Energy Buildings
‐ By 31 Dec. 2018 public admin. buildings‐ By 31 Dec. 2020 all buildings‐ National plans for nZEB
Energy performance certification
‐ Implement EPC schemes‐ Recommendation for cost‐optimal improvements‐ Independent control systems
HVAC inspection ‐ Regular inspections (heating > 20kW, AC>12kW) ‐ Independent control systems
Financial incentives &Market barriers
‐ MSs: to prepare lists of measures and instruments ‐ Take into account cost‐optim. for these measures
Energy Performance Certificates (Art. 11‐13)
• All EU MS established a certification system for building energy performance
EPCs: • issued for buildings or building units which are constructed, sold or rented out
• Issued for public buildings with a total useful floor area over 500m2 (over 250m2 from 2015) and frequently visited by the public; to be shown on the building
• obligation to include ’recommendations for the cost‐optimal or cost‐effective improvement of the energy performance
• provide information on the actual impact of heating and cooling, on its primary energy consumption and on its CO2 emissions.
• may provide an estimate for the range of payback periods or cost‐benefits over its economic lifecycle.
• The MSs should establish an independent control mechanism.
• The validity period of an EPC is no more than 10 years.
Cost‐optimal methodology (Article 5, EPBD)
‐ Delegated Regulation EU 244/2012 of 16 Jan 2012 published by the EU Commission in March 2012 on: a comparative methodology framework for calculating cost‐optimal levels of minimum energy performance requirements for buildings and building elements
‐ Implementation guidelines published by the EU Comm in April 2012.
‐ MSs: national calculations based on framework methodology: by March 2013 – 20 MS reported already to the EU Commission: http://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/buildings/implementation_en.htm
Aims: ‐ To set energy performance requirements, also by considering the
economic aspects as a driver for improving technical building codes‐ To shift focus from upfront investment costs to global life cycle costs
(including energy costs)
1. Select/define reference buildings/systems
2. Establish sets of buildings measures (energy efficiency and RES)
3. Calculate the thermal performance of elements and the energy performance of the whole building (for both new and existing)
4. Calculate the life cycle costs using net present valuation Cost optimal set of measures for optimising energy performance of a reference building in a given MS, in kWh/(m²/a)
5. Compare results with current building codesand if necessary adjust them!
• Cost optimum for micro or macro level (the latter including carbon costs)• RES options to be considered
Steps of cost‐optimality
Cost‐optimality in brief
Investment+ maintenance + running costsG
loba
l costs
Net global costs
Energy costs savings
Cost‐effective solutions
Cost‐optimal solutions
0
Implementing the cost‐optimal methodology in EU: Results for Germany (SFH, financial perspective)
Cost‐optimal level SFH: approx. 54 kWh/(m²a)
Current requirements of EnEV2009 do not yet achieve the cost‐optimal level
Tightening by about 25 % (SFH) possible
54
More info at : http://www.bpie.eu
Nearly Zero‐Energy Buildings ‐ nZEB (Art. 9)
• A ‘nearly zero‐energy building’ […] has a very high energy performance. Thenearly zero or very low amount of energy required (for HVAC, DHW andlighting) should be covered to a very significant extent by energy fromrenewable sources, including on‐site or nearby RES (EPBD)
nZEB is defined at national level, hence the approaches vary largely and there is a need for sustainable approaches!
EPBD recast nZEB:• All new buildings, by 31 December 2020
• All new buildings occupied and owned by publicauthorities, after 31 December 2018
• EU MS have to elaborate nZEB plans
RES Directive: EU MS have to introduce minimumrequirements for RES for new buildings and renovation,by 31 December 2014
BPIE studies on nZEB implementation in the EU
• BPIE nZEB studies for Poland, Romania and Bulgaria 2012
• For SFH, MFH and office buildings
• Evaluation on simulated improvement options towardsnZEB levels for new buildings
• Proposing affordable but ambitious nZEB definitions(aprox. 50‐80kWh/m2/yr, >40% RES, <3‐7 kg CO2/m2/yr)
• Proposing policy implementation roadmaps by 2020
2011
2012
• BPIE nZEB study 2011
• Analysing main implementation challenges
• Proposing principles for nZEB
• Testing principles
• Policy recommendations
Available at: www.bpie.eu
Examples of nZEB in the EU
Country 2015/2016 2020
Denmark Res: 30+1000/A 20 (kWh/m2/yr)Non‐Res: 41+1000/A 25 (kWh/m2/yr)
C.F. El(DH): 2.5 (0.8) 1.8 (0.6)
Belgium (Brx) H/C: <15 (kWh/m2/yr)Res P.E.: <45 (kWh/m2/yr)
Non‐Res P.E.: < (90‐2.5*C) (kWh/m2/yr)
Legend: A=the heated gross floor area; C=Volume/area
France RT 2012: 50 (40 ‐ 65) (kWh/m2/yr) energypositivebuilding
UK ‘Zero carbon homes’ ‘Zero carbon non‐res’ 10 ‐ 14 (kg CO2/m2/yr)39 ‐ 46 (kWh/m2/yr)
Roads to nZEB
Source: REHVA, Fraunhofer‐IBP
Roads to nZEB‐ Germany
Cost‐optimality as a tool for evaluating nZEB
Renovation of existing buildings & buildings’ technical systems
• Art.7: For buildings undergoing major renovation (more than 25% of envelope or costs) MSs to ensure that the building or the renovated part thereof is upgraded in order to meet minimum energy performance requirements.
• Art. 7: For buildings undergoing major renovation: consideration and taking into account of high‐efficiency alternative systems (i.e. RES, CHP, DH, heat pumps).
• Art. 8: To set requirements for technical building systems from existing buildings in respect of the overall energy performance, the proper installation, and the appropriate dimensioning, adjustment and control.
Financial incentives and market barriers (Art 10)
Main requirements• MSs to draw up a list of existing and proposed measures and instruments
including those of a financial nature:
• update this list every three years
• to be communicated to the EU Comm (also through NEEAPs)
• shall take account of the cost‐optimal levels of energy performance when providing incentives for the construction or major renovation of buildings
• MS shall consider the most relevant financing and other instruments such to catalyse the energy performance of buildings and the transition to nearly zero‐energy buildings
• MS have to undertake measures to overcome market barriers
Main challenges for effective financing of renovation
• Longer payback, high transaction costs• Impact of the economic crisis• Public authorities have limited budget • Not well tailored and not enugh ambitious programs• Split incentive issue
and• Technical challenges: quality of renovations, lack of experience
and skills, less ambitious building codes
andSocial challenges: awareness, occupancy impact on real performance of buildings
Financing deep energy renovation
EU financing: Cohesion Funds, European Investment Bank, Carbon financing
Economic instruments in the
EU MS
‐Grants
‐Subsidies
‐Funds Preferential loans
Tax & VAT incentives
Regulations & min.
requirementsWhite
certificates
TPF/ESCO
Energy and climate Levies
Energy audits
Varied economic instruments in EU MS:
BPIE 2012 study on existing financing measures in the EU available at: http://www.bpie.eu
ENTRANZE IEE project: www.entranze.eu
Example 1: Germany‐KfW programmes
Example 1: KfW impact 2012Benefits so far:• By 2010: financed renovation of aprox. 9
million pre‐1979 housing units
• 1 Euro invested generated 4‐5 euro back to public budget (by tax income, social security contributions etc.)
• Results 2006‐2009:• 1 mn homes renovated• 400.000 low‐energy new homes• Heating costs avoided: aprox 1mn
euro/yr• 1,2MtCO2/yr avoided (72MtCO2 on
lifetime)
• Aprox 300.000 jobs/yr created or secured
• Energy performance 2002‐2009:• New buildings from 120 to 60
kWh/m2/yr• Existing/renovation: reduction to around
80 kWh/m2/yr
Lessons learned:• Open to all investor groups• Focus on long term loans• Distributional network• Created a brand for energy efficiency• Higher energy efficiency is rewarded
Ex 2: Lithuania – JESSICA holding fund• A tool to support the implementation of Programme for the Modernisation of
Multi‐Apartment Houses: • to modernise by 2020 at least 70 % of 24.000 multi‐apartment houses
before 1993 saving at least 30% of the heating energy and fuel expenses as comparing to 2004
• Budget: EUR 227 mn. (EUR 100 mn National + EUR127 mn. ERDF)• Financing scheme:
• Fixed interest rate at 3% p.a.• Maturity up to 20 years• 2 years grace period (during construction)• No collateral or guarantees required; • 15% JESSICA loan write‐off if certain energy efficiency level achieved
(upon completion) 110‐145 kWh/m2 (Class “D”)• 100% grant for preparation of renovation documentation reimbursed
(paid from national funds)• 100% of reimbursement of installments to low income families;• 15 % additional support from Climate Change Special programme for
energy efficiency measures implementation JESSICA loan write‐off if not less than 40 % energy savings are achieved
• Results 2012: more than EUR14mn credits and EUR22,4mn planned investments, energy savings of around 50%
Example 4: District 1, Bucharest, Romania
Signatory of Covenant of Mayors
All residential block of flats of District 1 of Bucharest will be renovated
850 block of flats = around 45,000 apartments/families
All rehabilitated buildings <100 kWh/m2/yr
Costs: 376.2 mil Euros, co‐financed by European Investment Bank
Time frame: 2009‐2014
BEFORE
AFTER
CO2 emissions:>35%Heating
Consumption:>50%
Investing in buildings delivers benefits
Investments are required but benefits outweighthem (EED – €20 billion saved annually until 2020)
-60
-30
0
30
Bill
ion
Eur
o '0
8 EED costs
EED avoided costs
• increased costs for investment in energy efficiency- €24 billion annually
• reduced costs for investment in energygeneration and distribution - €6 billion annually
• reduced fuel expenditure - €38 billion annually
• increased EU GDP of € 34 billion in 2020
+
• increased net employment of 400 000 in 2020
Source: European Commission
• Frame the national/regional context: Identify the needs, opportunities, challenges
and benefits
• Identify targets and itineraries, set milestones:
– Define long‐term strategies and goals
– Set short‐ and medium‐ term binding objectives
• Elaborate specific legislation based on energy performance (e.g. dynamic building
regulations)
• Eliminate market barriers
• Train and educate workforce (compliance matters)
• Information and awareness
• Elaborate economic/financial/fiscal support schemes for trigger the buildings
market and including the macro‐economic benefits
• Monitor implementation and continuously adapt policies based evaluation and
on large public consultation
Lessons learned: EU policies for buildings
Big change and challenge: Low-energy buildings are complex systems and need holistic approaches:
• Need for integrated design methods, integrated skills • Need for new marketing, e.g. selling buildings with services
Low energy buildings: Are bright, hot and cool!Having market ‘sex-appeal’!
…Low-energy buildings are not only efficient but also more comfortable, sustainable, healthier, coming with new design and life
style…an evolutionary step forward!
Final destination: Transformation of buildings market!