Khor Paper 2

8/13/2019 Khor Paper 2

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SOMALIA: TERRORIST HAVEN AND PROXY WARS

Laura Khor

PhD Candidate

ni!er"it# o$ St Andre%"

Art" &a'u(t# )ui(din*+ Li,rar# Par-The S'ore"+ St Andre%"+ &i$e+ S'ot(and

KY./ 0AXE12ai(: (-345"t1andre%"6a'6u-

Wor- in Pro*re""

.
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


2/25

Introdu'tion

Anar'h#6 Chao"6 Terrori"t"6 Sa$e ha!en"6 War(ord"6 n*o!erned S7a'e"6 Ar' o$

In"ta,i(it#6 Hu2anitarian 7ro,(e2"6 A(( o$ the"e %ord" ha!e ,een u"ed to de"'ri,e the

7heno2enon o$ 8&ai(ed State"96 The rea(it# o$ 8&ai(ed State"9 7o"e" a 'ha((en*e $or

'on'e7tua( $ra2e%or-"+ 7o(iti'a( nor2" and "o'ia( 'on"tru'tion and re'on"tru'tion o$ the

a2or7hou" ter2 and idea6 &ai(ed "tate" are hard to 'ate*orie+ a" nu2erou" "tudie" and

de,ate" ha!e hi*h(i*hted the 7ro,(e2 o$ "tate %ea-ne""+ $ai(ure and 'o((a7"e6 The"e are

a(( ter2" u"ed to de"'ri,e ano2a(ie" in the "tate "#"te26 One 'ountr# in 7arti'u(ar+

So2a(ia+ 'an ,e 'on"idered a $ai(ure a2on* $ai(ed "tate" $or the (en*th and dura,i(it# o$

it" $ai(ed "tate "tatu"6 So2a(ia i" a 'ountr# that ha" ,een in a "tate o$ 'o((a7"e "in'e .00.

%ith the 'o27(ete di"inte*ration o$ the 'entra( *o!ern2ent6 The 7o(iti'a( rhetori' and

i2a*e" o$ in"e'urit# a""o'iated %ith the ter2 8&ai(ed State"9 are o$ten i2a*e" o$ !io(en'e

and 'o27(ete anar'h#6 I2a*e" $ro2 the 2o!ie )(a'- Ha%- Do%n and the e!er#da#

'hao" re7orted in So2a(ia+ the 'a"e,oo- e;a27(e o$ a 8&ai(ed State9+ are the $ir"t

a""o'iation" o$ the 8&ai(ed State"9 $or A2eri'an &orei*n Po(i'# 2a-er"6. La%(e""ne""

and 'ri2e ru(e in $ai(ed "tate" %here *o!ern2ent"+


3/25

inter!ie%" %ith 2i(itar# 7er"onne( and 7o(i'#2a-er"+ "u'h a" )ri*adier @enera( Lati$$

%ho headed the Ma(a#"ian troo7" $or the nited Nation" in NOSOM . and = %i((

hi*h(i*ht the 'on'e7tua(iation and en*a*e2ent %ith 8&ai(ed State"96 The u"e o$

7ro'e""1tra'in* -e# e!ent" and A2eri'an $orei*n 7o(i'# re"7on"e" %i(( $o'u" on the 7o"t1

0.. "e'urit# en!iron2ent and the ri"e and $a(( o$ the I"(a2i' Court" nion6 There are

"e!era( 'ha((en*e" to the u"e o$ the 'a"e "tud# o$ So2a(ia+ a" $e% re"ear'her" ha!e ,een

to the "tate and in$or2ation 'an ,e "7oradi' due !io(en'e and other "e'urit# i""ue" and

'on'ern"6

Con"tru'tin* a De$inition

The ter2 8$ai(ed "tate"9 i" a re(ati!e(# ne% ana(#ti'a( ter2 u"ed to de"'ri,e a

"tate+ ,ut the ter2 and it" de$inition and theor# 2a# not re$(e't 7o(iti'a( rea(it#6 The"e

ter2" ha!e ,een u"ed to de"'ri,e !irtua( "tate" in the internationa( "tate "#"te26 The

de$inition" o$ 8&ai(ed State"9 are a2or7hou" in a'ade2ia and 7u,(i' 7o(i'#+ 7re"entin* a

'onte"ted i""ue $or "'ho(ar"+ re"ear'her" and 7o(iti'a( a'tor"6 The 'o27(e;it# o$ de$inin*

and 'on"tru'tin* the threat" 8&ai(ed State"9 ,e'o2e and 7o"e i" the $oundation $or the

,roader i""ue o$ "tate $ai(ure and ?in"e'urit#6 The 'on'e7tua(iation o$ 8&ai(ed State"9 i"

ne'e""ar# to under"tand %h# the hi*h(# "e'uritied 'on"tru'tion o$ $ai(ed "tate" re7re"ent"

a "hi$t in a""e""in* and under"tandin* tran"nationa( "e'urit# threat"6 Author Ro,ert I6

Rot,er* ar*ue" that "tate $ai(ure i" de"'ri,ed a"+

Nation1"tate" $ai( %hen the# are 'on"u2ed ,# interna( !io(en'e and 'ea"ede(i!erin* 7o"iti!e 7o(iti'a( *ood" to their inha,itant"6 Their *o!ern2ent" (o"e

'redi,i(it#+ and the 'ontinuin* nature o$ the 7arti'u(ar nation1"tate it"e($ ,e'o2e"

Fue"tiona,(e and i((e*iti2ate in the heart" and 2ind" o$ it" 'itien"6

Ro,ert I6 Rot,er*+ When State" &ai(: Cau"e" and Con"eFuen'e" ?Prin'eton: Prin'eton ni!er"it# Pre""+

=>>4+ .6


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Thi" de$inition doe" not de$ine 8$ai(ure9 in de(i!erin* 7o"iti!e 7o(iti'a( *ood"6 In

other %ord"+ ho% do %e inter7ret a (e!e( $or $ai(ureG

The Cau"e" o$ State &ai(ure

The u"e o$ the 7o(iti'a((# 'on"tru'ted ter2 8&ai(ed State"9 entered 7o(i'# and

7o(iti'a( rhetori' in the ear(# and 2id1.00>" to de"'ri,e the 7o"t1Co(d War %or(d64 In

7arti'u(ar+ the 2ain"trea2 Internationa( Re(ation" 'on'e7t o$ 8&ai(ed State"9 i" not an

ana(#ti'a((# e$$e'ti!e too( $or $u((# 'o27rehendin* the d#na2i"2 o$ "tate $ai(ure6 The

d#na2i' 'au"e" and 'on"eFuen'e" o$ "tate $ai(ure and 7o(i'# re"7on"e" ha!e ,een (i2ited

to neorea(i"t and neo(i,era( thin-in* %hi'h ha" re"u(ted in 2i;ed 7o(i'# re"7on"e"6

Thi" "hort introdu'tion to '(a""i$#in* "u'h 'au"e" and indi'ator" (eadin* to "tate

$ai(ure ho7e" to hi*h(i*ht the 'o27(e;it# ,ehind thi" ter2ino(o*#6 The !ariet# o$

indi'ator" u"ed to deter2ine "tate $ai(ure 'an !ar# $ro2 the "i27(e to the 'o27(e;6 The

&ai(ed State Inde; ,# &orei*n Po(i'# Ma*aine and the &und $or Pea'e uti(ie" .=

indi'ator" a" 7art o$ a Con$(i't A""e""2ent S#"te2 Too( ?CAST %hen ran-in* .4

"tate"6The .= "o'ia(+ e'ono2i' and 7o(iti'a( indi'ator" $or "tate !u(nera,i(it# ran*e $ro2

8Chroni' and Su"tained Hu2an &(i*ht9 to 8Cri2ina(iation andor De(e*iti2iation o$

4He(2an+ @) and Ratner+ SR+ JSa!in* $ai(ed "tate"+Foreign Policy+ 0+ .00=1.00+ 776 1=> and L#2on+

Prin'eton+ JThe ri"e and $a(( and 7o""i,(e re!i!a( o$ internationa( tru"tee"hi7+Journal of Commonwealth

and Comparative Politics+ . ?.+ .00+ 776 0/1..>6&orei*n Po(i'# and the &und $or Pea'e+ 8The &ai(ed State" Inde;9+ Ma#Bune =>>/+

htt7:%%%6$orei*n7o(i'#6'o2"tor#'2"67h7G"tor#id4=>7a*eCAST i" 86 6 6 i" a $(e;i,(e 2ode( that ha" the 'a7a,i(it# to e27(o# a $our1"te7 trend1(ine ana(#"i"+ 'on"i"tin*

o$ ?. ratin* .= "o'ia(+ e'ono2i'+ and 7o(iti'a(2i(itar# indi'ator" ?= a""e""in* the 'a7a,i(itie" o$ $i!e 'ore

"tate in"titution" 'on"idered e""entia( $or "u"tainin* "e'urit# ? identi$#in* idio"#n'rati' $a'tor" and

"ur7ri"e" and ?4 7(a'in* 'ountrie" on a 'on$(i't 2a7 that "ho%" the ri"- hi"tor# o$ 'ountrie" ,ein*

ana(#ed69

&orei*n Po(i'#+ 8The &ai(ed State" Inde;9 Ma#Bune =>>/+

htt7:%%%6$orei*n7o(i'#6'o2"tor#'2"67h7G"tor#id4=>7a*e

4
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3420&page=8http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3420&page=8http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3420&page=8http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3420&page=8


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the State9/The !ariet# o$ indi'ator" to identi$# a %ea-+ $ai(in*+ $ai(ed and 'o((a7"ed "tate

i((u"trate" the de7th o$ the 'ha((en*e o$ de$inin* "tate $ai(ure6

A(( "tate" are not the "a2e in 'a7a'it#+ 'a7a,i(it# and 7o(iti'a( %i((6 The !ariet#

o$ "tate" in the internationa( "#"te2 i((u"trate" the di$$eren'e ,et%een "tron*+ %ea-+

'o((a7"ed and $ai(ed "tate"6 The"e (a,e(" are not inter'han*ea,(e a" the# denote di$$erent

(e!e(" o$ "tate" in the internationa( 7o(iti'a( "#"te26 Author" Pinar )i(*in and Ada2

Da!id Morton ar*ue that+ 8TQhe notion o$ a J$ai(ed "tate+ $or in"tan'e+ i" u"ed to de"'ri,e

the interna( 'hara'teri"ti'" o$ a "tate+ %herea" Jro*ue "tate" are (a,e(ed a" "u'h ,e'au"e

o$ their $orei*n 7o(i'# ,eha!iour"69

3

A !ariet# o$ ter2"+ re$errin* to a 'ontinuu2 o$

trou,(ed "tate" in the internationa( "tate "#"te26

State" are the 8,ui(din* ,(o'-" o$ %or(d order9and are %h# the 'on'e7t o$ "tate

$ai(ure i" trou,(in* to 'on'e7tua(ie and re"u"'itate6 Throu*hout hu2an hi"tor#+ nation"+

re*i2e" and e27ire" ha!e ri"en and $a((en6 Nation1"tate" are the nor2ati!e $ra2e%orin

internationa( re(ation" theor# and are the 7o(iti'a( rea(it# that *o!ern" 7eo7(e+ (a%+ and

"e'urit#6 Nation1State" are the 7o(iti'a( a'tor" that are a"'ri,ed %ith "7e'i$i' ru(e" and

e;7e'tation" a""o'iated %ith "o!erei*nt#+ ,ut not a(( "tate" ha!e the 7o(iti'a( %i(( or

'a7a'it# to $u($i(( their "tate o,(i*ation"+ 7o(iti'a( *ood" or "o!erei*nt# e;7e'tation"6

State 'a7a'it# and 'a7a,i(it# di$$er $ro2 'ountr# to 'ountr#6 Author Ro,ert H6

Ba'-"on introdu'ed the 'on'e7t o$ 8Fua"i1"tate"9 to hi*h(i*ht the *(o,a( 7o(iti'a( "#"te2"

de7enden'e on "u'h a unit o$ ana(#"i" and 7aradi*26 Ba'-"on %a" 'on'erned %ith %ea-

"tate" that did not $u($i(( the traditiona( 'on'e7t o$ "tate "o!erei*nt#6 Ba'-"on ar*ue" that+

/The &und $or Pea'e+ 8The T%e(!e Indi'ator" o$ CAST9+

htt7:%%%6$und$or7ea'e6or*7ro*ra2"$"i$"indi'ator"67h73Pinar )i(*an and Ada2 Da!id Morton+ Hi"tori'i"in* re7re"entation" o$ J$ai(ed "tate": ,e#ond the 'o(d1

%ar anne;ation o$ the "o'ia( "'ien'e"G Third World Quarterly+Vo(6 =+ No .+ =>>=+ /6Ro,ert I6 Rot,er*+ When State" &ai(: Cau"e" and Con"eFuen'e" ?Prin'eton: Prin'eton ni!er"it# Pre""+

=>>4+ .6
http://www.fundforpeace.org/programs/fsi/fsindicators.phphttp://www.fundforpeace.org/programs/fsi/fsindicators.phphttp://www.fundforpeace.org/programs/fsi/fsindicators.php


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8TQhe 7ro,(e2 i" that underde!e(o7ed "tate" '(ai2 ,oth "e'urit# ri*ht" and de!e(o72ent

ri*ht" and the internationa( 'o22unit# de"ire" to a'-no%(ed*e ,oth '(ai2" ,ut '(a""i'a(

ru(e" o$ "o!erei*n "tate"1"#"te2" *et in the %a#690State" that "hou(d not ,e 'on"idered

"tate"+ in the '(a""i'a( (e*a( "en"e+ are o7eratin* on t%o di$$erent de$inition (e!e(" o$ a

nation1"tate and are "ur!i!in* due to "tron*er "tate" aid and the $(e;i,i(it# o$ the 8ne%

"o!erei*nt# *a2e69.>A 8&ai(ed State+9 then+ i" a 2e2,er o$ the internationa( "#"te2 ,ut

the 7o(iti'a( rea(it# i" "tri-in*(# di$$erent $ro2 'on'e7tua( rea(it#6 State "e'urit# i"

'o27(i'ated %ith the "e'urit# i""ue" and $ai(ure indi'ator" o$ 7atri2onia(i"2+ %ar(ordi"2+

7oor e'ono2ie"+ (a'- o$ or deterioratin* 'i!i( "o'iet#+ and %ea- *o!ern2ent in"titution"

e;7(oited ,# e(ite"6

State 7er$or2an'e ,a"ed on de(i!eran'e o$ 7o(iti'a( *ood" i" 7i!ota( to

under"tandin* the di$$eren'e ,et%een $ai(in*+ $ai(ed+ and 'o((a7"ed "tate"6 State" and "tate

7er$or2an'e "hou(d ,e 'on'e7tua(ied a" a 'ontinuu2 o$ *o!ern2ent e$$e'ti!ene""

de"'ri,ed a" "tron* "tate"+ %ea- "tate"+ $ai(in* "tate"+ $ai(ed "tate"+ and 'o((a7"ed "tate"6

Stron* "tate" and %ea- "tate" ha!e -e# di$$eren'e"6 Author Ro,ert I6 Rot,er* arti'u(ate"

that "tron* "tate" out7er$or2 %ea- "tate" in 7er$or2an'e o$ 7o(iti'a( %i(( ,# de(i!erin*

7o(iti'a( *ood"6..0Ro,ert H6 Ba'-"on+ ua"i1State": So!erei*nt#+ Internationa( Re(ation" and the Third Wor(d ?Ca2,rid*e:

Ca2,rid*e ni!er"it# Pre""+ .00/+ 446.>Ro,ert H6 Ba'-"on+ ua"i1State": So!erei*nt#+ Internationa( Re(ation" and the Third Wor(d ?Ca2,rid*e:

Ca2,rid*e ni!er"it# Pre""+ .00/+ 4>6

..

Po(iti'a( *ood" de$ined ,# Ro,ert I6 Rot,er* a":8There i" a hierar'h# o$ 7o(iti'a( *ood"6 None i" a" 'riti'a( a" the "u77(# o$ "e'urit#+ e"7e'ia((# hu2an

"e'urit# 6 6 6 The "tate" 7ri2e $un'tion i" to 7ro!ide that 7o(iti'a( *ood o$ "e'urit#to 7re!ent 'ro""1,orderin!a"ion" and in$i(tration"+ and an# (o"" o$ territor# to e(i2inate do2e"ti' threat" to or atta'-" u7on the

nationa( order and "o'ia( "tru'ture to 7re!ent 'ri2e and an# re(ated dan*er" to do2e"ti' hu2an "e'urit#

and to ena,(e 'itien" to re"o(!e their di$$eren'e" %ith the "tate and %ith their $e((o% inha,itant" %ithout

re'our"e to ar2" or other $or2" o$ 7h#"i'a( 'oer'ion6 The de(i!er o$ a ran*e o$ other de"ira,(e 7o(iti'a(

*ood" ,e'o2e" 7o""i,(e %hen a rea"ona,(e 2ea"ure o$ "e'urit# ha" ,een "u"tained6

Ro,ert I6 Rot,er*+ When State" &ai(: Cau"e" and Con"eFuen'e" ?Prin'eton: Prin'eton ni!er"it# Pre""+

=>>4+ 6

/


7/25

Strong"tate" unFue"tiona,(# 'ontro( their territorie" and de(i!er a $u(( ran*e and a

hi*h Fua(it# o$ 7o(iti'a( *ood" to their 'itien"6 The# 7er$or2 %e(( a''ordin* to

indi'ator" (i-e @DP 7er 'a7ita+ the NDP Hu2an De!e(o72ent Inde;+Tran"7aren'# Internationa(" Corru7tion Per'e7tion Inde;+ and &reedo2 Hou"e"

Freedom of the World Report6 Stron* "tate" o$$er hi*h (e!e(" o$ "e'urit# $ro2

7o(iti'a( and 'ri2ina( !io(en'e+ en"ure 7o(iti'a( $reedo2 and 'i!i( (i,ertie"+ and'reate en!iron2ent" 'ondu'i!e to the *ro%th o$ e'ono2i' o77ortunit#6 The ru(e

o$ (a% 7re!ai("6 Bud*e" are inde7endent6 Road net%or-" are %e(( 2aintained6

Te(e7hone" %or-6 6 6O!era((+ "tron* "tate" are 7(a'e" o$ en!ia,(e 7ea'e and order6 .=

Stron* "tate" 7ro!ide "e'urit# %ithin their ,order" to their 'itien"6 In 'o27ari"on+

%ea- "tate" do not 7ro!ide "u'h (e!e(" o$ 7o(iti'a( %i((6 The de$inin* 'hara'teri"ti'" o$

%ea- "tate"+ arti'u(ated ,# Rot,er*+ are:

Weak"tate" ?,road(# "tate" in 'ri"i" in'(ude a ,road 'ontinuu2 o$ "tate": the#2a# ,e inherent(# %ea- ,e'au"e o$ *eo*ra7hi'a(+ 7h#"i'a(+ or $unda2enta(

e'ono2i' 'on"traint" or the# 2a# ,e ,a"i'a((# "tron*+ ,ut te27orari(# or"ituationa((# %ea- ,e'au"e o$ interna( anta*oni"2"+ 2ana*e2ent $(a%"+ *reed+

de"7oti"2+ or e;terna( atta'-"6 Wea- "tate" t#7i'a((# har,or ethni'+ re(i*iou"+

(in*ui"ti'+ or other inter'o22una( ten"ion" that ha!e not #et+ or not #etthorou*h(#+ ,e'o2e o!ert(# !io(ent 6 6 6 In %ea- "tate"+ the a,i(it# to 7ro!ide

adeFuate a2ount" o$ other 7o(iti'a( *ood" i" di2ini"hed or i" di2ini"hin* 6 6 6

Wea- "tate" u"ua((# honor ru(e o$ (a% 7re'e7t" in the ,rea'h6 The# hara"" 'i!i

"o'iet#6 Wea- "tate" are o$ten ru(e" ,# de"7ot"+ e(e'ted or not6

A(( %ea- "tate" do not ne'e""ari(# "(ide into $ai(in*+ $ai(ed or 'o((a7"ed 'ate*orie"6

The thre"ho(d ,et%een "tate %ea-ne"" tran"$or2in* into "tate $ai(ure ha" additiona(

indi'ator" ti77in* a "tate into $ai(ure6 There are "i*ni$i'ant di$$eren'e" ,et%een a

$ai(ed and a 'o((a7"ed "tate6 8&ai(ed State"9 do not re2ain $i;ed in their "tatu" or

hi"tor# and 'an e;hi,it 2ore than one $ai(ed "tate 'hara'teri"ti' at on'e6 . S7e'i$i'

indi'ator" identi$# 8&ai(ed State"96 Author A6B6 Chri"to7her hi*h(i*ht" the

di"inte*ration o$ 'entra( and (o'a( ad2ini"tration" a" one 'au"e (eadin* to "tate

.=Ro,ert I6 Rot,er*+ When State" &ai(: Cau"e" and Con"eFuen'e" ?Prin'eton: Prin'eton ni!er"it# Pre""+

=>>4+ 46.Bean1@er2ain @ro"+ 8To%ard" a ta;ono2# o$ $ai(ed "tate" in the Ne% Wor(d Order: de'a#in* So2a(ia+

Li,eria+ R%anda and Haiti9+ Third Wor(d uarter(# Vo(6 .3+ No6 + 76 4/.6

3


8/25

$ai(ure6.48&ai(ed State"9 2a# ha!e re*i2e" that tar*et their o%n 'itienr#+ en'oura*e"

or i" e!en the 'au"e o$ 'on$(i't"+ %hi'h re"u(t" in e"'a(atin* 'ri2ina( !io(en'e %ithin

"tate ,order"6 The (e*iti2a'# o$ the "tate i" (o"t a" the "tate in$ra"tru'ture deteriorate"

or i" 'o27(ete(# de"tro#ed the e'ono2# $a(ter" then 'o((a7"e"+ -e# indi'ator" to

identi$#in* "tate $ai(ure6.O!era((+ 8&ai(ed State"9 are either una,(e or un%i((in* to

'arr# on %ith the Ho,,e"ian So'ia( Contra't6 The 'o((a7"e o$ the "tate in$ra"tru'ture

and "o'ieta( $ai(ure are !ie%ed on a 'ontinuu2 that are inter'onne'ted and

interre(ated to one another6 One "ta*e o$ $ai(ure ine!ita,(# (ead" to the other6 ./A((

$ai(ed "tate" 'annot ,e re"ear'hed a" the "a2e entitie"6 State $ai(ure 'an ,e under"tood

not a" one (e!e(+ rather a !ariet# o$ (e!e("6 S'ho(ar Bean @er2ain @ro" 7ro7o"ed $i!e

t#7e" o$ $ai(ed "tate 'ate*orie" or "ta*e":

&i!e t#7e" o$ $ai(ed "tate" are thu" identi$ied6 &ir"t+ there are anar'hi' "tate"+%hi'h ,# de$inition ha!e no 'entra(ied *o!ern2ent %hat"oe!er 6 6 6 A '(o"e

'ou"in o$ the anar'hi' "tate i" the 7hanto2 or 2ira*e "tate+ o$ %hi'h toda#" aire

i" an e;'e((ent e;a27(e6 The di$$eren'e ,et%een an anar'hi' "tate and a 7hanto2one i" that %hi(e a(( anar'hi' "tate" are ipso facto7hanto2 "tate"+ not a(( 7hanto2

"tate" are anar'hi'6 6 6 Third+ there are anae2i' "tat" %ho"e "tatu" "te2" $ro2 t%o"our'e"6 State" 2a# ,e anae2i' ,e'au"e their ener*# ha" ,een "a77ed ,# 'ounter1

in"ur*en'# *rou7" "ee-in* to ta-e the 7(a'e o$ the authorit# that i" $or2a((# in7o%er6 6 6 State" 2a# a("o ,e anae2i' ,e'au"e the en*ine" o$ 2odernit# %ere

ne!er 7ut in 7(a'e a" a re"u(t a" 7o7u(ation *ro%th 7ut" in'rea"in* de2and" on

ar'hai' "tru'ture"+ "tate a*ent" are in no 7o"ition to a""ert e$$e'ti!e 'ontro(6 6 6&ourth+ there are 'a7tured "tate"+ %hi'h t#7i'a((# ha!e a "tron* 'entra(ied

authorit# ,ut one that i" 'a7tured ,# 2e2,er" o$ in"e'ure e(ite" to $ru"trateand

in the e;tre2e eradi'ateri!a( e(ite"6 6 6&i$th+ and $ina((#+ there are "tate" that are$ai(ed in vitro ?the# are 'a((ed a,orted "tate"+ 2eanin* that the# e;7erien'ed

$ai(ure e!en ,e$ore the 7ro'e"" o$ "tate $or2ation %a" 'on"o(idated6.3

.4A6B Chri"to7her+ 8Jation!states"# $%uasi!states"# and $collapsed!states"# in contemporary &frica9+@eoBourna(+ .003 76 0=6.Ro,ert I6 Rot,er*+ When State" &ai(: Cau"e" and Con"eFuen'e" ?Prin'eton: Prin'eton ni!er"it# Pre""+

=>>4+ /106./Ti2oth# Rae#2ae-er"+ 8Co((a7"e or OrderG ue"tionin* State Co((a7"e in A$ri'a9+ Con$(i't Re"ear'h

@rou7+ Ma# =>>+ 76 6.3Bean1@er2ain @ro"+ 8To%ard" a ta;ono2# o$ $ai(ed "tate" in the Ne% Wor(d Order: de'a#in* So2a(ia+

Li,eria+ R%anda and Haiti9+ Third Wor(d uarter(#+ Vo(6 .3+ No6 + 776 414/.6


9/25

@ro" $ai(ed "tate t#7o(o*# ar*ue" that "tate $ai(ure i" "u,t(# nuan'ed and o''ur"

in di$$erent "ta*e"6. State" 'an "i2u(taneou"(# e;i"t %ithin the $i!e "ta*e" de"'ri,ed ,#

@ro" or *o throu*h !ariou" "ta*e" ra7id(# or ,e*in an a*oniin* de"'ent6 State %ea-ne""

and $ai(ure are not ter2ina( de$inition"6 State" 'an ,e'o2e "tron* "tate" and re!er"e the

'au"e" and indi'ator" o$ their "e'urit# "ituation6

Co((a7"ed "tate" ha!e a !ariet# o$ e;7(anation" $ro2 "'ho(ar"+ ,ut the theoreti'a(

$ra2e%or- to e;7(ain thi" 7heno2enon ha" a("o 'ha((en*ed a'ade2i'" and 7o(iti'ian"6

Ro,ert I6 Rot,er* de"'ri,e" a 'o((a7"ed "tate a"+

6 6 6 i" a rare and e;tre2e !er"ion o$ a $ai(ed "tate6 Po(iti'a( *ood are o,tainedthrou*h 7ri!ate or ad ho' 2ean"6 Se'urit# i" eFuated %ith the ru(e o$ the "tron*6 A

'o((a7"ed "tate e;hi,it" a !a'uu2 o$ authorit#6 It i" a 2ere *eo*ra7hi'a(

e;7re""ion+ a ,(a'- ho(e into %hi'h a $ai(ed 7o(it# ha" $a((en6 There i" a dar-ener*#+ ,ut the $or'e" o$ entro7# ha!e o!er%he(2ed the radian'e that hitherto

7ro!ided "o2e "e2,(an'e or order and other !ita( 7o(iti'a( *ood" to the

inha,itant" ?no (on*er 'itien" e2,ra'ed ,# (an*ua*e or ethni' a$$initie" or,order"6.0

Rot,er* e27ha"ie" the (a'- o$ or e;'e"" o$ 7o(iti'a( *ood" to e;7(ain a 'o((a7"ed "tate6

Thi" i" one 7er"7e'ti!e on "tate 'o((a7"e6 Author I6 Wi((ia2 art2an de$ine" "tate

'o((a7"e a"+

State 'o((a7"e i" ,oth the 'au"e and the re"u(t o$ interna( or 'i!i( %ar"+ a" %ea-

and i((e*iti2ate order 7er2it" !io(en'e and !io(en'e 'on"u2e" (e*iti2a'# andorder6 A(thou*h no t%o 'a"e" o$ "tate 'o((a7"e are the "a2e and 8'o((a7"e9 'an

ta-e on a !ariet# o$ "7e'i$i' 2ani$e"tation"+ the $unda2enta( $a't o$ the

8To "u22ari"e+ in the t#7o(o*#


10/25

di"a77earan'e o$ "tate in"titution"+ (a%+ and order 'reate" inhu2anitie" and

in"e'uritie" that a$$e't the "urroundin* 'ountrie"6=>

art2an $o'u"e" on "tate !io(en'e a" the 2ain i27etu" to 'au"e "tate 'o((a7"e6

Whi(e Author Dou*(a" Dearth de"'ri,e" the "hi$t $ro2 a %ea- "tate to a 'o((a7"ed "tate

a"+

$Qir"t in"titution" $ai( to 7ro!ide adeFuate "er!i'e" to the 7o7u(ation6 Se'ond+

i27ro7er(# 'hanne(ed ethni'+ "o'ia( and ideo(o*i'a( 'o27etition" erode the

e$$e'ti!ene"" o$ the"e %ea- in"titution" and e!en 2ore6 &ina((#+ the 'u2u(ati!e

e$$e't" o$ 7o!ert#+ o!er7o7u(ation+ rura( $(i*ht and ra7id ur,aniation+ a" %e(( a"en!iron2enta( de*radation+ o!er%he(2 the %ea- "tate to the 7oint o$ 'o((a7"e6=.

A(( o$ the"e de$inition" and 'on'e7tion" o$ the 'au"e" o$ "tate 'o((a7"e i((u"trate

the !ariet# in a77roa'h and 'on"tru'tion o$ "tate %ea-ne""+ $ai(ure and 'o((a7"e6

In order to under"tand "tate $ai(ure+ one 2u"t under"tand the "tru'ture that a((o%"

"u'h "tate" to e;i"t6 State" are the unit" o$ 7o%er and "o!erei*nt# $or a 7eo7(e6 A "tate ha"

a '(ear de$inition and $un'tion6 ua"i1"tate"+ tho"e "tate" %ith 8(i2ited e27iri'a(

"tatehood9+ ha!e ,een o7eratin* in an internationa( "#"te2 that a((o%" the2 to o7erate

%ithout $u($i((in* the ,are ,a"i'" o$ 7o"iti!e "o!erei*nt#6==In the We"t7ha(ian "#"te2+ a((

"tate" are treated eFua( e!en thou*h 2an# "tate" are "tron*er than other" in de(i!erin*

7o"iti!e *ood" to their 'itienr#6 Author Ti2oth# Rae#2ae-er" ar*ue" that+

The di"'u""ion on "tate 'o((a7"e thu" "ee2" to ,e 7(a'ed in a *ro%in* dead(o'-,et%een '(a""i'a( "tate1'entri"t a77roa'he"1%hi'h -ee7 7ointin* at $un'tiona(

=>I6 Wi((ia2 art2an+ Co%ard(# Lion": Mi""ed O77ortunitie" to Pre!ent Dead(# Con$(i't and State

Co((a7"e+ London: L#nne Rienner Pu,(i"her+ =>>+ 36=.

Da!id Car2ent+ 8A""e""in* "tate $ai(ure: i27(i'ation" $or theor# and 7o(i'#9+ Third Wor(d uarter(# Vo(6=4+ No6 + 76 4.46==Ro,ert H6 Ba'-"on+ ua"i1State": So!erei*nt#+ Internationa( Re(ation" and the Third Wor(d ?Ca2,rid*e:Ca2,rid*e ni!er"it# Pre""+ .00/+ =.6

Ba'-"on de"'ri,e" 7o"iti!e "o!erei*nt# a"+ 8Po"iti!e "o!erei*nt# (i-e%i"e 7re"u77o"e" 'a7a,i(itie" %hi'h

ena,(e *o!ern2ent" to ,e their o%n 2a"ter": it i" a "u,"tanti!e rather than a $or2a( 'ondition6 A 7o"iti!e(#

"o!erei*n *o!ern2ent i" one %hi'h not on(# en


11/25

7ro,(e2"1and 2ore "o'iet#1oriented in"i*ht" that tr# to e;7(ain other 7o(iti'a( and

e'ono2i' (o#a(tie" that ha!e e2er*ed in the 'onte;t o$ %ea- "tate 7er$or2an'e6=

The theoreti'a( a77roa'he" and 7o(i'# i27(e2ented $o'u" on a 'o27(ete re,ui(din* o$ the

$ai(ed "tate in"titution" and (e*iti2a'#6 In the 'a"e o$ So2a(ia+ the ter2" are u"ed to re$er

to a !irtua( "tate+ it e;i"t" on a 2a7 ,ut the 7h#"i'a( rea(it# o$ "e'urit#+ "o!erei*nt# and a

'entra(ied *o!ern2ent doe" not e;i"t6 A" )ri*adier @enera( Lati$$ de"'ri,ed the "ituation

in the ear(# .00>"+ and the *o!ern2ent "ituation in So2a(ia durin* N o7eration"6 In an

inter!ie%+ )ri*adier @enera( Lati$$ hi*h(i*hted the "7oi(er a*enda" 'ha((en*in* the N"

2andate o$ re'on"tru'tion and "ta,i(iation e$$ort" $or So2a(ia6

At that 7oint in ti2e+ there %a" no 7ro7er *o!ern2ent+ there %a" no 7ro7er

*o!ern2ent in the "en"e+ #ou -no%+ there %a" no *o!ern2ent in So2a(iaThere %a" a interi2 Pre"ident+ interi2 Pre"ident+ ,# the na2e o$ A(i

Mahdi and that %a" a te27orar# "ort o$ arran*e2ent that %e had and %e

2o!ed in 6 6 6That 7arti'u(ar o7eration to 2e %a" a "u''e"" ,ut in ter2" o$o!era(( ti2e %e %ere there ,ut un$ortunate(# %e did not 2ana*e to do

%hat %e %ere "u77o"e to do to ,ui(d u7 and to he(7 $or2 a *o!ern2ent

,e'au"e the 7eo7(e+ to 2# 2ind+ there are a (ot o$ a*enda" di$$erent

a*enda" e"7e'ia((# the (o'a(" e!er#,od# %ant" to ,e'o2e the (eader+e!er#,od# %ant" to ,e'o2e 7re"ident+ e!er#,od# %ant" to ,e'o2e

2ini"ter"6 So ho% do %e doG Ho% do %e "tart $ro2 thereG The# *ot a (ot

o$ '(an" e!er# '(an %ant" a re7re"entati!e in the 'oun'i( to 2e the# ha!enot "u''eeded to $or2 a *o!ern2ent6 6 6=4

There ha!e ,een nu2erou" atte27t" to $or2 a 'entra(ied *o!ern2ent in So2a(ia

the 'urrent *o!ern2ent i" the Tran"itiona( &edera( @o!ern2ent %hi'h ha" ,een o7eratin*

"in'e O'to,er =>>46

So2a(ia: Terrori"t Paradi"e or @WOT Pro;# WarG

So2a(ia *ained inde7enden'e on Bune .+ .0/> %hen )riti"h and Ita(ian 'o(onie"

%ere 'o2,ined to $or2 the So2a(i Re7u,(i'6 Inde7enden'e on Bune =/+ .0/> $ro2

=Ti2oth# Rae#2ae-er"+ 8Co((a7"e or OrderG ue"tionin* State Co((a7"e in A$ri'a9+ Con$(i't Re"ear'h

@rou7+ Wor-in* Pa7er No . Ma# =>>+ 76 .6=4Inter!ie% ,# author+ Kua(a Lu27er+ Ma(a#"ia+ Au*u"t =>>36

..


12/25

)riti"h So2a(i(and and Bu(# .+ .0/> $ro2 Ita(ian So2a(i(and %hen the t%o %ere united to

$or2 one united 7o"t1'o(onia( ru(e 'ountr#6 The So2a(i 7eo7(e in the"e t%o 'o(onia(

'ountrie" "hare a 'o22on (an*ua*e+ re(i*ion o$ I"(a2 and 'u"to2" and tradition"6

So2a(ia ha" $i!e 2a"+ %hen he "ou*ht the $inan'ia( aid o$

the nited State"6 So2a(ia i" (o'ated in the Horn o$ A$ri'a+ a 'ountr# %ith *eo1"trate*i'

!a(ue in ,oth the Co(d War and in the @(o,a( War on Terror6 The Co(d War $ound

=A '(an i" de$ined a":

A (ar*e *rou7 o$ 7eo7(e ,e(ie!ed to ,e de"'endent" throu*h 2a(e" o$ a 'o22on an'e"tor %ho"e na2e i"

a("o the na2e o$ the '(an6 Se!era( '(an" 'on"titute a '(an1$a2i(# ?F6!6+ and ea'h '(an i" di!ided into a

nu2,er o$ (inea*e" ?F6!66

Nina B6 &it*era(d+ So2a(ia: I""ue"+ Hi"tor# and )i,(io*ra7h#+ Ne% Yor-: No!a S'ien'e Pu,(i"her"+ In'6+=>>=+ 76 36=/Nina B6 &it*era(d+ So2a(ia: I""ue"+ Hi"tor# and )i,(io*ra7h#+ Ne% Yor-: No!a S'ien'e Pu,(i"her"+ In'6+=>>=+ 76 .6=3I6 Wi((ia2 art2an+ Co%ard(# Lion": Mi""ed o77ortunitie" to Pre!ent Dead(# Con$(i't and State

Co((a7"e+ Co(orado: L#nne Rienner Pu,(i"her"+ In'6+ =>>+ 76 336=Hu""ein M6 Ada2+ JSo2a(ia: Mi(itari"2+ War(ordi"2 or De2o'ra'#G9Review of &frican Political

'conomy+ No6 4+ ?Bu( .00=+ 776 ./1.36=0Ken Men-hau"+ So2a(ia: State Co((a7"e and the Threat o$ Terrori"2 ?O;$ord: O;$ord ni!er"it# Pre""+

=>>4+ 776 ./1.36

.=


13/25

So2a(ia ,ein* "u77orted ,# ,oth the SSR and the nited State"6 A" Bohn Preder*ra"t

a""erted+

Durin* the Co(d War+ the o$$i'ia( de$eren'e a''orded to "tate "o!erei*nt# %a" an

i27ortant e(e2ent in We"tern aid1re(ated "7on"or"hi7 o$ anti1'o22uni"t a((ian'e"in the Third Wor(d6 The e$$e't" o$ interna( %ar %ere a" rea( then " the# are no%

,ut donor "tate" %ere in'(ined to di"re*ard e!iden'e o$ hu2an ri*ht" a,u"e" on

the 7art o$ a((ie" and 7otentia( '(ient "tate" %hi(e hi*h(i*htin* tho"e o$ad!er"arie"6>

The nited State" and So2a(ia ha!e a 'o27(i'ated hi"tor# o$ 7o(iti'a( and

2i(itar# en*a*e2ent $ro2 the Co(d War to the @(o,a( War on Terror6 So2a(ia"

'onne'tion" %ith A(1aeda and the ri"e and $a(( o$ the I"(a2i' Court nion are a $e%

e;a27(e" o$ the "e'urit# threat" 7re"ent in and $ro2 So2a(ia6 The u"e o$ the So2a(ia

"tate in dire't 'onne'tion to nited State" E2,a""# ,o2,in*" 'o27(i'atin* the "e'urit#

intere"t" in the Horn o$ A$ri'a $or the nited State"6 In 7arti'u(ar+ the 7o(i'ie" and

2i(itar# "trate*# uti(ied to re"7ond to the 'o((a7"ed "tate o$ So2a(ia6

Thi" 7a7er %i(( addre"" the Fue"tion" o$ "tate 'o((a7"e and the 'ha((en*e o$

en*a*e2ent $or "tate1'entri' 7o(i'ie" and $ra2e%or-"+ $o'u"in* on So2a(ia and

A2eri'an en*a*e2ent in the 7o"t10.. era6 Author" )oa" and Bennin*" ar*ue+ 8J"Qtate

$ai(ure a""u2e" a(( "tate" are 'on"tituted and $un'tion in the "a2e %a#: on a "7e'tru2

$ro2 *ood to ,ad69. In "hort+ i$ a 'ountr# i" a (i,era( de2o'rati' "tate then #ou are

7o"iti!e(# 7er'ei!ed+ ,ut i$ a 'ountr# i" de$ined a" a 8$ai(ed "tate9 that re7re"ent" a %ea-

"e'urit# "ituation $or not on(# the 8$ai(ed9 'ountr# ,ut a("o $or other 'ountrie" "e'urit#+

"7e'i$i'a((# (i,era( de2o'rati' 'ountrie"6 The rea(i"t !ie%7oint o$ 8$ai(ed "tate"9 !ie%"

"u'h "tate" a" an ano2a(# in internationa( re(ation"6 State $ai(ure i" 7er'ei!ed a" an end

>Mar- Du$$ie(d and Bohn Prender*a"t+ 8So!erei*nt# and Inte!ention a$ter the Co(d War: Le""on" $ro2 the

E2er*en'# Re(ie$ De"-9+(iddle 'ast Report# No6 .3.+ ?Mar61Bun6+ .004 76 .>.Morten )oa" and Kath(een M6 Bennin*"+ 8In"e'urit# and De!e(o72ent: The Rhetori' o$ the J&ai(ed

State9+ The Euro7ean Bourna( o$ De!e(o72ent+ 76 6

.


14/25

and thu" the "tate i" !ie%ed throu*h a ero1"u2 a77roa'h that dire't(# i27a't" ana(#"i"

and 7o(i'# re"7on"e6=

The 7o"t1Se7te2,er ..+ =>>. terrori"t atta'-" ha!e re"u(ted in $ai(ed "tate" ,ein*

redi"'o!ered6 Pre"ident @eor*e W6 )u"h" ad2ini"tration ha" dire't(# e"ta,(i"hed the (in-

,et%een $ai(ed "tate" and terrori"2 "in'e the terrori"t atta'-" on Se7te2,er ..+ =>>.6 The

=>>= Nationa( Se'urit# Strate*# o$ the nited State" o$ A2eri'a e;7(i'it(# "tate"+

8A2eri'a i" no% threatened (e"" ,# 'onFuerin* "tate" than %e are ,# $ai(in* one"69 The

nited State" De7art2ent o$ State O$$i'e $or the Coordinator $or Re'on"tru'tion and

Sta,i(iation ?SCRS $urther arti'u(ate" the threat o$ $ai(ed "tate" that 'o22uni'ate" a

'(ear (in- ,et%een $ai(ed "tate" and terrori"2 threat"6

&ai(in* and 7o"t1'on$(i't "tate" 7o"e one o$ the *reate"t nationa( and internationa(

"e'urit# 'ha((en*e" o$ our da#+ threatenin* !u(nera,(e 7o7u(ation"+ theirnei*h,or"+ our a((ie"+ and our"e(!e"6 Stru**(in* "tate" 'an 7ro!ide ,reedin* *rou7"

$or terrori"2+ 'ri2e+ tra$$i'-in*+ and hu2anitarian 'ata"tro7he"+ and 'an

de"ta,i(ie and entire re*ion6 E;7erien'e "ho%" that 2ana*in* 'on$(i't+

7arti'u(ar(# interna( 'on$(i't+ i" not a 7a""in* 7heno2enon6 It ha" ,e'o2e a2ain"trea2 7art o$ our $orei*n 7o(i'#64

&unda2enta( 'han*e" in A2eri'an $orei*n 7o(i'# are reFuired $or addre""in* the

'o27(e;it# o$ $ai(ed "tate" and a'-no%(ed*in* $ai(ed "tate" i27a't on+ not on(#+

A2eri'an "e'urit# ,ut *(o,a( "e'urit#6 The 8Mo*adi"hu e$$e't9 in nited State" &orei*n

Po(i'# ha" tran"itioned $ro2 O7eration Re"tore Ho7e %hi'h re"u(ted in a (a'- o$

=

ero1"u2 a77roa'h i" de$ined in thi" 7a7er a"+ 8tQe'hni'a((#+ %here one 7art#" *ain i" the other" (o""%e "hou(d re$er to constant!sum'on$(i't"+ and %here ,oth 'an (o"e or ,oth 'an *ain+ no1'on"tant "u26

Ho%e!er+ the ero1"u2 and non1ero1"u2 (an*ua*e ha" 7a""ed into *enera( u"a*e+ thou*h it i" (e""7re'i"e69

O(i!er Ra2",otha26 To2 Woodhou"e and Hu*h Mia((+ ?ed6+ Conte27orar# Con$(i't Re"o(ution

Ca2,rid*e: Po(it# Pre""+ =>>+ 76 =6Nationa( Se'urit# Coun'i(+ The Nationa( Se'urit# Strate*# o$ the nited State" o$ A2eri'a+

htt7:%%%6%hitehou"e6*o!n"'n"".6ht2(4The nited State" De7art2ent o$ State+ 8A,out SCRS9

htt7:%%%6"tate6*o!"'r"'.=0/6ht2

.4


15/25

en*a*e2ent %ith $ai(ed "tate" to the ne% 8tran"$or2ationa( de2o'ra'#9 to 8toda#"

*reate"t "e'urit# 'ha((en*e69

The &ai(ure o$ So2a(ia

The pro)lem of state!failure is one of the greatest political and humanitarian challengesfacing the world in the twenty!first century* * * &lthough the pro)lem of state failure has

moved to the forefront of international concerns in recent years# we know very little

a)out what to do in situations where it has occurred6

6

In the 7o"t10.. %or(d+ the "i*ni$i'an'e o$ So2a(ia and the Horn o$ A$ri'a ha"

attra'ted inten"e "'rutin# a" a "e'urit# threat6 The Coun'i( on &orei*n Re(ation"

Inde7endent Ta"- &or'e re7orted that+ 8tQhe 6S6 Centra( Co22and ?CENTCOM

re'ent(# announ'ed that it anti'i7ate" hi*h ,a'-12i*ration into the Horn o$ trained

>4+ .6/

Coun'i( on &orei*n Re(ation"+ 8More Than Hu2anitariani"2: A Strate*i' 6S6 A77roa'h To%ardA$ri'a9+ Inde7endent Ta"- &or'e Re7ort No6 /+ =>>/+

htt7:%%%6'$r6or*'ontent7u,(i'ation"atta'h2ent"A$ri'aTa"-&or'eWe,67d$76 63nited State" De7art2ent o$ State+ 8=>> Countr# Re7ort" on Terrori"29+ Cha7ter 1Countr# Re7ort":

A$ri'a O!er!ie%+ 76 /+

htt7:%%%6"tate6*o!"'tr("'rt=>>/46ht2

E,en Ka7(an+ 8So2a(ia" Terrori"t In$e"tation9+ Coun'i( on &orei*n Re(ation"+ Bune /+ =>>/+htt7:%%%6'$r6or*7u,(i'ation.>3."o2a(ia"terrori"tin$e"tation6ht2(G

.
http://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/Africa_Task_Force_Web.pdfhttp://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2005/64335.htmhttp://www.cfr.org/publication/10781/somalias_terrorist_infestation.htmlhttp://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/Africa_Task_Force_Web.pdfhttp://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2005/64335.htmhttp://www.cfr.org/publication/10781/somalias_terrorist_infestation.html


16/25

(i2adda I"(aa2-a ee Soo2aaa(i#a ?Ma Thi"

7arti'u(ar *rou7 i" (in-ed to the 2urder o$ $our $orei*n aid %or-er" in So2a(i(and6 The

'o2,ination o$ A(1aeda+ a(1Ittihad a(1I"(a2i ?AIAI+ and a ne% *rou7 a""o'iated %ith

A(1aeda o7eratin* %ithin So2a(ia i" a 7re""in* i""ue $or "e'urit# and 'ounter1terrori"2

e$$ort"6 The AIAI ha" in'rea"ed a'ti!itie" throu*hout So2a(ia and i" *ainin* in$(uen'e

throu*h it" 2e2,er"hi76 S'ho(ar Dr6 B6 Peter Pha2 ar*ued:

In "hort+ the 'haoti' "ituation a'ro"" the entire $or2er territorie" o$ the de$un't So2a(iDe2o'rati' Re7u,(i' ?%ith the e;'e7tion o$ So2a(i(and 'reated the 'ondition" $or

the ad!ent o$ the I"(a2i"t" o$ a(1Itihaad in the "a2e %a# that the Ta(i,an o$

A$*hani"tan aro"e out o$ that 'ountr#" anar'h# a" a $or'e $or order a2id $a'tiou"(eader" and their ra7a'iou" 2i(itia"6 6 6 So %hi(e the"e 'ir'u2"tan'e" the So2a(i

7eo7(e" e2,ra'e o$ the undenia,(e ,ene$it" ,rou*ht ,# the I"(a2i"t" doe" not

ne'e""ari(# i27(# a77ro!a( o$ the a(1Itihaad 7o(iti'a( a*enda+ it %ou(d ,e de(u"iona( to

,e(ie!e that the# %i(( not ,e'o2e+ ho%e!er *radua((#+ ideo(o*i'a((# and 7o(iti'a((#in$(uen'ed ,# the I"(a2i"t" "o'ia( 7ro*ra2"+ %hi'h are $o'u"ed on the (on*1ter2+

"u"tained *ro%th o$ the 2o!e2ent64.

AIAI ,e*an o7eratin* a" a 2i(itia1$a'tion durin* the )arre re*i2e+ ,ut ha" a -e#

di$$eren'e in that the 7o(iti'a((# 2oti!ated I"(a2i"t 2o!e2ent ha" the a,i(it# to 8'on"tru't

0nited State" De7art2ent o$ State+ 8=>> Countr# Re7ort" on Terrori"29+ Cha7ter 1Countr# Re7ort":

A$ri'a O!er!ie%+ 76 3+

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&or 2ore detai(ed in$or2ation re*ardin* the"e *rou7"+ 7(ea"e re$er to the

nited State" De7art2ent o$ Sate+ 8=>> Countr# Re7ort" on Terrori"2+9 Cha7ter 1&orei*n Terrori"t

Or*aniation"+htt7:%%%6"tate6*o!do'u2ent"or*aniation/43067d$

4>Internationa( Cri"i" @rou7+ 8Counter1Terrori"2 in So2a(ia: Lo"in* Heart" and Mind"G9 A$ri'a Re7ort

No6 0+ .. Bu(# =>>+ 76 i6

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Co22ittee on Internationa( Re(ation" Su,'o22ittee" on A$ri'a+ @(o,a( Hu2an Ri*ht"+ and Internationa(

O7eration" and Internationa( Terrori"2 and Non7ro(i$eration+ Bune =0+ =>>/+ 76 6

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./
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17/25

a 'ro""1'(an and nationa( 2o!e2ent ,a"ed on the a77ea( o$ I"(a2i"t ideo(o*# a" an

a(ternati!e to a $ai(ed nationa(i"2 and di!i"i!e '(ani"2694=AIAI ha" 'on"o(idated 7o%er

throu*h 2i(itar# 2o!e2ent+ "o'ia(+ 7o(iti'a( and e'ono2i' 2ethod" ran*in* $ro2

e"ta,(i"hin* Sharia 'ourt" to re2ittan'e 'o27anie"64It "hou(d ,e noted that the 'ountr#

i" not 'o27(ete(# ri$e %ith >+ 76 .6

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Te"ti2on# ,e$ore the Hou"e Co22ittee on Internationa( Re(ation" Su,'o22ittee" on A$ri'a+ @(o,a(

Hu2an Ri*ht"+ and Internationa( O7eration" and Internationa( O7eration"+ Bune =0+ =>>/+ 76 .6

htt7:%%%a6hou"e6*o!internationa(re(ation".>0"2ith>/=0>/67d$

.3
http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/africa/horn_of_africa/095_counter_terrorism_in_somalia.pdfhttp://wwwa.house.gov/international_relations/109/smith062906.pdfhttp://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/africa/horn_of_africa/095_counter_terrorism_in_somalia.pdfhttp://wwwa.house.gov/international_relations/109/smith062906.pdf


18/25

Re"toration o$ Pea'e and Counter1Terrori"2+ a *rou7 $or2u(ated ,# Mo*adi"hu"

2o"t 7o%er$u( %ar(ord"64/Ne%"7a7er" ha!e "7e'u(ated the "u"7e'ted (in- ,et%een

the nited State" and So2a(i %ar(ord"+ ,ut ha!e "u'h a""ertion" ha!e not ,een

'on$ir2ed ,# an# nited State" *o!ern2ent o$$i'ia(643The"e ru2or" do not i27ro!e

the i2a*e o$ A2eri'an 7o(i'# to%ard" So2a(ia $or So2a(i 'itien"6

Se!era( ne%"7a7er" ha!e a""erted that the nited State" ha" a(i*ned it"e($ %ith

%ar(ord" in So2a(ia to addre"" the "e'urit# "ituation64Author E,en Ka7(an ar*ue":

The a2ount o$ 6S6 "u77ort $or the %ar(ord"+ i$ an#+ i" "2a((6 There are no 6S

troo7" in So2a(ia+ and an ar2" e2,ar*o $or,id" 7ro!idin* %ea7on"6 E;7ert" "a#

the nited State" i" (i-e(# 'o22uni'atin* %ith the %ar(ord" and 7o""i,(#7ro!idin* the2 %ith "o2e 2one#6 E!en thi" (e!e( o$ in!o(!e2ent ha" 'au"ed

"o2e di"'ontent %ithin the T&I"6 A" Pri2e Mini"ter A(i Moha2ed @edi to(d the

Washington Post# 8%e %ou(d 7re$er that the 6S6 %or- %ithin the tran"itiona(*o!ern2ent and not %ith 'ri2ina("6940

In the ti2e 7eriod $ro2 Bune to De'e2,er =>>/+ a 2i(itia run ,# the nion o$

I"(a2i' Court" ?IC de$eated %ar(ord" in Mo*adi"hu6 The IC i" a ,od# that

in'(ude" a ran*e o$ I"(a2i' ideo(o*ie" and I"(a2i' *rou7"+ ,ut a 2a>/+htt7:ne%"6,,'6'o6u-.hi%or(da$ri'a44..3>6"t2

4Su'h e;a27(e" are: ))C Ne%"+ CNN6'o2 and the Wa"hin*ton Po"t640E,en Ka7(an+ 8So2a(ia" Terrori"t In$e"tation9+ Coun'i( on &orei*n Re(ation"+ Bune /+ =>>/+

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Internationa( Re(ation" Su,'o22ittee" on A$ri'a+ @(o,a( Hu2an Ri*ht"+ and Internationa( O7eration" and

Internationa( Terrori"2 and Non7ro(i$eration+ Bune =0+ =>>/+ 76 /6

htt7:%%%a6hou"e6*o!internationa(re(ation".>07ha>/=0>/67d$

.
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19/25

other area" in the 'ountr# %here the Court" o7erate6 Mo*adi"hu ,u"ine""2en

$inan'ia((# $und the nion o$ I"(a2i' Court"+ a net%or- o$ e(e!en I"(a2i' Court"+ ,ut

the $undin* and 2i(itar# ar2" o$ the I"(a2i' 'ourt" 2i(itia i" a2,i*uou"6 The ))C

Ne%" and CNN re7ort that Saudi Ara,ia and 2an# other %ea(th# $orei*n in!e"tor"

ha!e "u77orted the I"(a2i' Court 2i(itia6 The %ea7on" "u77(ied to the I"(a2i' Court

2i(itia are re7orted(# $ro2 Eritrea+ %hi(e Ethio7ia "u77(ie" ar2" to the So2a(i interi2

*o!ern2ent6.The $i*htin* ,et%een %ar(ord" and the I"(a2i' Court 2i(itia ha"

re"u(ted in the de$eat and e;i(e o$ 2an# -e# %ar(ord"6

The ))C Ne%" re7ort" that Moha2ed A$rah an#are+ )a"hir Ra**e+ and Mu"e

Sudi Ya(aho% ha!e $(ed Mo*adi"hu to E( )ur in 'entra( So2a(ia6 A,di Ha""an A%a(e

e#,did i" re7orted to ha!e $(ed the 'it# a$ter a de$eat ,# the I"(a2i"t"6 O2ar &ini"h

i" re7orted to ha!e 7(ed*ed a((e*ian'e to the 'ourt" and i" "ti(( in Mo*adi"hu6=The

nion o$ I"(a2i' Court" and the I"(a2i' Court 2i(itia ha!e "u''eeded %here the

nited Nation" and nited State" $ai(ed+ de$eatin* the %ar(ord" in Mo*adi"hu6 The

de$eat o$ %ar(ord" a$$ord" 2ore "e'urit# $or So2a(i 'itien"+ ,ut rai"e" 7o(iti'a( and

"e'urit# 'on'ern" $or the re*ion and %or(d6

The ri"e o$ the I"(a2i' Court" and the I"(a2i' Court 2i(itia %ith the %ea-

Tran"itiona( &edera( @o!ern2ent e(e!ated "e!era( "e'urit# 'on'ern"6 A" "'ho(ar Ken

Men-hau" arti'u(ated:

There are "e!era( di"tin't threat" %hi'h radi'a( I"(a2 2a# 7o"e in So2a(ia6 The

$ir"t i" the ne*ati!e i27a't o$ a"'endant 7o(iti'a( I"(a2 a" an a(ternati!e "#"te2 o$

.))C Ne%"+ 8 A: So2a(i I"(a2i"t Ad!an'e9+htt7:ne%"6,,'6'o6u-.hi%or(da$ri'a43/>336"t2

The A""o'iated Pre""+ 8So2a(ia "a#" Eritrea "endin* ar2" to 2i(itant"9+

htt7:edition6'nn6'o2=>>/WORLDa$ri'a>3=/"o2a(ia6a7inde;6ht2(=))C Ne%"+ 8 A: So2a(i I"(a2i"t Ad!an'e9+htt7:ne%"6,,'6'o6u-.hi%or(da$ri'a43/>336"t2

.0
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20/25

*o!ernan'e6 6 6 A "e'ond 'on'ern i" o!er the 7o""i,i(it# o$ So2a(i I"(a2i"t"

en*a*in* in dire't a't" o$ terrori"26

The 7er2ea,(e 7o(iti'a( '(i2ate o$ So2a(ia ha" 2ade it ri7e $or an in'rea"e in

7re"en'e and 7o%er ,# the nion o$ I"(a2i' Court" in it" a$$air"6 Thi" rai"e" a

'on'ern $or the (e*iti2a'# and 7o%er o$ the Tran"itiona( &edera( @o!ern2ent6 The

(eader"hi7 o$ the I"(a2i' Court" i" in the 'on"u(tati!e 'oun'i(+ or 2a>/+htt7:%%%6',"ne%"6'o2"torie"=>>/>/=4%or(d2ain.3404>6"ht2(G

"our'eRSSattrHOME.3404>Sha,e((e Media Net%or-+ 8@o!t Co27are" Shei- A%e#" %ith )in Laden9+ Bu(# .>+ =>>/+

htt7:a((a$ri'a6'o2"torie"7rinta,(e=>>/>3.>>>06ht2(/Shei-h Sheri$ Shei-h Ah2ed+ 8We Den# That We Are Har,orin* Terrori"t"9+ Ti2e Ma*aine+ Bune >/+

=>>/+ htt7:%%%6ti2e6'o2ti2e%or(darti'(e>+00+.=>.=0.+>>6ht2(

3Shei-h Sheri$ Shei-h Ah2ed+ 8We Den# That We Are Har,orin* Terrori"t"9+ Ti2e Ma*aine+ Bune >/+

=>>/+ htt7:%%%6ti2e6'o2ti2e%or(darti'(e>+00+.=>.=0.+>>6ht2(

=>
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21/25

Dahir A%e#"+ the (eader o$ the I"(a2i' Court" 'on"u(tati!e ,od#+ the 2aIn an 'o7# o,tained ,#

Ne%"%ee-+ the I"(a2i' 2i(itia" interna( ne%"7a7er ran the head(ine: 8TERRORISM+

EXTREMISM AND &NDAMENTALISM ARE PART O& ISLAM AND

@OOD69/.The ro(e o$ the I"(a2i' Court"+ I"(a2i' Court 2i(itia and the (eader"hi7 o$

Shei- Ha""an Dahir A%e#" are ne% "e'urit# i""ue" in So2a(ia6

The ri"e and 'o((a7"e o$ the I"(a2i' Court" 7re"ent" 'on'ern" o$ a 7o""i,(e

re*iona( %ar in the Horn o$ A$ri'a6/=The IC 2i(itia ad!an'ed to %ithin /> 2i(e" o$

)aidoa to e"ta,(i"h a Sharia 'ourt 'au"in* Ethio7ia to "end troo7" to aid the

Tran"itiona( &edera( @o!ern2ent6/&ran'oi" Lon"en# &a((+ the nited Nation" "7e'ia(

Bo"e7h Winter+ 8Pro$i(e: So2a(ia" I"(a2i"t (eader9+ ))C Ne%"+ Bune >+ =>>/+htt7:ne%"6,,'6'o6u-.hi%or(da$ri'a.=>=4=6"t20Matt S2ith and E(i"e La,ott+ 86S6 Wont Dea( %ith So2a(ia I"(a2i"t9+ Bune =/+ =>>/+htt7:edition6'nn6'o2=>>/WORLDa$ri'a>/=/u"6"o2a(ia6inde;6ht2(/>Rod Nord(and+8So2a(ia: An A$ri'an Ta(i,anG9+ Ne%"%ee-+ Bu(# .+ =>>/+ 76 46/.Rod Nord(and+ 8So2a(ia: An A$ri'an Ta(i,anG9+ Ne%"%ee-+ Bu(# .+ =>>/+ 76 46/=))C Ne%"+ 8So2a(ia %arnin* $or Horn ri!a("9+htt7:ne%"6,,'6'o6u-.hi%or(da$ri'a=.0.46"t2/The A""o'iated Pre""+ 8Ethio7ia troo7" 'ro"" into So2a(ia9+ Bu(# =>+ =>>/+

htt7:edition6'nn6'o2=>>/WORLDa$ri'a>3=>"o2a(ia6$i*hterin*6a7inde;6ht2(and

htt7:edition6'nn6'o2=>>/WORLDa$ri'a>3=."o2a(ia6$i*htin*6a7inde;6ht2(

=.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/5120242.stmhttp://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/africa/06/26/us.somalia.index.htmlhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/5219514.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/5219514.stmhttp://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/africa/07/20/somalia.fightering.ap/index.htmlhttp://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/africa/07/20/somalia.fightering.ap/index.htmlhttp://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/africa/07/21/somalia.fighting.ap/index.htmlhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/5120242.stmhttp://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/africa/06/26/us.somalia.index.htmlhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/5219514.stmhttp://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/africa/07/20/somalia.fightering.ap/index.htmlhttp://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/africa/07/21/somalia.fighting.ap/index.html


22/25

re7re"entati!e $or So2a(ia+ %arned the N Se'urit# Coun'i( that+ 8i$ "o2ethin* i" not

done no%+ thi" 'on$(i't 2i*ht ha!e "o2e re*iona( di2en"ion96/4The 'on$(i't no% ha"

re*iona( and internationa( di2en"ion"+ %ith Ethio7ia 'ondu'tin* 'ounter1in"ur*en'#

o7eration" %ith the "u77ort o$ the nited State"6 The nited State" i" "u77ortin* a

7ro;# %ar in the Horn o$ A$ri'a under the au"7i'e" o$ 'o2,atin* terrori"t" in the

@(o,a( War on Terror ?@WOT6

The Internationa( So2a(ia Conta't @rou7+ the nited State"+ A$ri'an nion and

Ara, Lea*ue ha!e ,een en'oura*in* dia(o*ue ,et%een a(( 7artie"+ in'(udin* the IC

and T&I+ in So2a(ia6/The dia(o*ue $ai(ed re"u(tin* in 2i(itar# a'tion ,ein* ta-en ,#

Ethio7ia dire't(# a*ain"t the I"(a2i' Court" nion6 Thi" en*a*2ent re"u(ted in the

I"(a2i' Court" (o"in* 7o%er and 'ontro( o$ Mo*adi"hu in De'e2,er =>>/6 The

'urrent "e'urit# "ituation i" $o'u"ed on 'ounter1in"ur*en'# a*ain"t I"(a2i"t $i*hter"

"ti(( in So2a(ia6 The 7o(iti'a( "ituation i" e!er e!o(!in* in So2a(ia a" it re7re"ent" a

7er2ea,(e 'a"e "tud#6 So2a(ia" 7o(iti'a( "ituation i" ne!er "ta,(e and "ad(# (oo-" to

,e the 'a"e $or the near $uture6//The ri"e o$ the I"(a2i' Court"+ the I"(a2i' Court"

2i(itia+ the (eader"hi7 o$ Shei-h Ha""an Dahir A%a#"+ and the $ra*i(it# o$ the

Tran"itiona( &edera( @o!ern2ent 2a-e" So2a(ia a !irtua( "tate $or the "tud# o$ $ai(ed

"tate"+ terrori"2 and A2eri'an &orei*n Po(i'#6

I27(i'ation" o$ Pro;# War"+ @WOT+ and &ai(ed State"

/4nited Nation" Pre"" Con$eren'e+ 8Pre"" Con$eren'e ,# Se'retar#1@enera(" S7e'ia( Re7re"entati!e $or

So2a(ia9 Bune .0+ =>>/+

htt7:%%%6un6or*Ne%",rie$in*"do'"=>>/>/>/.0&a((6do'6ht2/Nor%a# Mi""ion to the nited Nation"+ 8Nor%a# 'hair" the Internationa( So2a(ia Conta't @rou79+

htt7:%%%6nor%a#1un6or*Ne%"=>>/>/."o2a(ia6ht2//Ne%" arti'(e" 'on'ernin* the "hi$t in 7o(iti'a( (and"'a7e ha!e a77eared in ne%"7a7er" a(2o"t e!er# da#

durin* Su22er =>>/6

==
http://www.un.org/News/briefings/docs/2006/060619_Fall.doc.htmhttp://www.norway-un.org/News/20060615_somalia.htmhttp://www.un.org/News/briefings/docs/2006/060619_Fall.doc.htmhttp://www.norway-un.org/News/20060615_somalia.htm


23/25

T6E6 La%ren'e "tated that+ 86 6 6 to 2a-e %ar u7on re,e((ion i" 2e""# and "(o%+

(i-e eatin* "ou7 %ith a -ni$e69/3Ethio7ian troo7" ha!e ,een en*a*ed in %hat ha" ,eende"'ri,ed a" 'ounter1in"ur*en'# a*ain"t I"(a2i"t in"ur*ent"6 The nited State" i"

"u77ortin* thi" e$$ort+ ,ut in (i2ited a!enue"6 The nited State" ha" o7ted to %or-

%ith non1"tate a'tor" a" a 'ounter1terrori"2 "trate*#6 Ken Men-hau" $ound+ 8tQhe"e

(o'a( 7artner" in'(uded ,u"ine""2en and 2i(itia (eader"+ in'(udin* "o2e %ho ar*ua,(#

'ou(d ,e 'on"idered %ar(ord"2Qa-in* 2atter" %or"e+ the !ariou" A2eri'an a((ie"

%ere (o'a( ri!a(" and their 2i(itia" $reFuent(# '(a"hed+ "o there %a" (itt(e 'o((a,oration

a2on*6 S a*ent" 7re""ed their (o'a( 7artner" to %or- to*ether69 The (a'- o$

'o((a,oration and de!e(o7in* "e'urit# "ituation 7re"ent" "e!era( 'ha((en*e" $or

"ta,i(it# and re'on"tru'tion e$$ort"6

In an inter!ie%+ Le Sa*e ar*ued that Ethio7ian troo7" %ere $a'in* an in"ur*en'#6

Le Sa*e+ an a""i"tant 7ro$e""or $or terrori"2 and 'ounterterrori"2 at the A$ri'a Center

$or Strate*i' Studie" at the Nationa( De$en"e ni!er"it#+ ar*ued:

And Ethio7ian troo7"+ the "ooner the# *et out+ in 2an# re"7e't"+ the ,etter6 It %i((

7re!ent the So2a(i 7eo7(e $ro2 ri"in* u7 a*ain"t the Ethio7ian" a" an o''u7#in*$or'e and the ,e*innin* o$ an in"ur*en'#6 That in"ur*en'# 'ou(d


24/25

the $ir"t nited State" air "tri-e on three "u"7e'ted A( aeda o7erati!e" in Southern

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Documents

Khor Paper 2