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Power Small wind turbine technologies Small wind turbine technologies Katerina Syngellakis Katerina Syngellakis IT Power IT Power 30 30 th th August 2006 August 2006

Katerina Syngellakis IT Power 30 August 2006 - … · Katerina Syngellakis IT Power 30th August 2006. Power Presentation Plan Introduction to small wind turbines Applications of small

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Small wind turbine technologiesSmall wind turbine technologies

Katerina SyngellakisKaterina SyngellakisIT PowerIT Power

3030thth August 2006August 2006

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Presentation PlanPresentation PlanIntroduction to small wind turbinesIntroduction to small wind turbines

Applications of small wind turbinesApplications of small wind turbines

Turbine systems, manufacturers and Turbine systems, manufacturers and specificationsspecifications

5 tips when choosing urban wind sites5 tips when choosing urban wind sites

Wind Energy in the Urban Environment Wind Energy in the Urban Environment –– The The WINEUR projectWINEUR project

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Small wind turbinesSmall wind turbines

Small?Small?Anything from 0.5 kW to 50 kWAnything from 0.5 kW to 50 kWMany shapes and sizes (unlike large Many shapes and sizes (unlike large wind turbines)wind turbines)First developed for yacht applications First developed for yacht applications but now used for a variety of but now used for a variety of purposespurposes……..

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ApplicationsApplications

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Wind Energy for remote areasWind Energy for remote areas

OffOff--grid electricity grid electricity for remote areasfor remote areasWindWind--diesel systemsdiesel systemsWindWind--PV systemsPV systemsWeather stationsWeather stationsOil rigsOil rigs

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Wind Energy on YachtsWind Energy on Yachts

Very small turbines Very small turbines for yacht applicationsfor yacht applications–– Battery chargingBattery charging–– LightLight–– RadioRadio–– TVTV–– ……even computers!even computers!

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Wind Energy on BuildingsWind Energy on BuildingsTwo main options:Two main options:–– 1. Small wind 1. Small wind

turbines mounted turbines mounted on top of buildingson top of buildings

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Wind Energy on BuildingsWind Energy on BuildingsOrOr……

–– 2. Fully building 2. Fully building integrated wind integrated wind energy systemsenergy systems

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Wind Energy on BuildingsWind Energy on Buildings

New area for wind energyNew area for wind energyIssues to consider:Issues to consider:

–– TurbulenceTurbulence–– Wind speeds affected by buildingsWind speeds affected by buildings–– VibrationVibration–– FlickerFlicker–– Noise Noise –– Planning IssuesPlanning Issues

So what are the technologies available?So what are the technologies available?

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TechnologiesTechnologies

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Small Wind TurbinesSmall Wind TurbinesHorizontalHorizontal

VerticalVertical

In between?In between?

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Types Types -- HorizontalHorizontal

AdvantagesAdvantages–– EfficientEfficient–– Proven to workProven to work–– Widely used Widely used ––

many examplesmany examples–– Most economic Most economic ––

produces more produces more energyenergy

–– Many products Many products availableavailable –– UK and UK and abroadabroad

DisadvantagesDisadvantages–– Does not cope well Does not cope well

with frequently with frequently changing wind changing wind directiondirection

–– Some say visually Some say visually unappealingunappealing

–– More noiseMore noise

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Types Types –– VerticalVertical

AdvantagesAdvantages–– Less noiseLess noise–– Wind direction Wind direction

immaterialimmaterial–– Less sensitive to Less sensitive to

turbulent flowsturbulent flows–– Creates fewer Creates fewer

vibrationsvibrations–– Some say easier to Some say easier to

integrate into integrate into building architecturebuilding architecture

DisadvantagesDisadvantages–– Comparatively Comparatively

uneconomicuneconomic ––produces less produces less energyenergy

–– Fewer models Fewer models availableavailable

–– Fewer working Fewer working examplesexamples

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Turbine componentsTurbine components

Three bladed (advanced aerofoil, rigid & low speed for low noise and long

term reliability)

Furling hub (furls into wind even in turbulence, rapid

passive over speed control, continuous

power)

Large tail (quick response in urban

turbulence)

Brush gear housing (ocean

proven)

Alternator (brushless, rare earth

magnets, good startup & high

efficiency)

Pivot assembly (ocean proven, on

balance point)

Alternator housing (sealed, non-

corrosive, compact, light)

Colour scheme to suit(white+red; grey; black; blue; green)

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System configurationSystem configuration

Wind turbine

Mast or wall bracket

Grid tie inverter

2 kW0.6 kW

£4000£1000

£300 £500

£500 £1000

£3000£3000Installation

£5300 £9500

Other electrical £500 £1000

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ManufacturersManufacturers

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Manufacturers Manufacturers -- UKUKOver 10 UK manufacturersOver 10 UK manufacturersOver 15 products already on the market Over 15 products already on the market –– Eclectic Energy 0.4kWEclectic Energy 0.4kW–– Windsave 1kWWindsave 1kW–– Swift (Renewable Devices) 1.5 kWSwift (Renewable Devices) 1.5 kW–– Proven 0.6, 2.5, 6, 15 kWProven 0.6, 2.5, 6, 15 kW–– Iskra 5kWIskra 5kW–– GazelleGazelle 20kW20kW–– XCO2 6kWXCO2 6kW–– Sigen 1kWSigen 1kW–– Ampair 0.6 kWAmpair 0.6 kW–– Marlec 0.3 kWMarlec 0.3 kW

At least 4 prototypes under development At least 4 prototypes under development

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MarlecMarlec

6 blades6 bladesUp to 0.34 kWUp to 0.34 kWVariable diameterVariable diameter15 years15 years

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Eclectic EnergyEclectic Energy

5 blades5 blades0.4 kW0.4 kW1.1 m diameter1.1 m diameterLifetime 20 yearsLifetime 20 years

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AmpairAmpair

3 blades3 blades0.3, 0.6 kW0.3, 0.6 kWVariable diameterVariable diameter10 years10 years

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WindsaveWindsave

3 blades3 blades1 kW1 kW1.75 m diameter1.75 m diameter10 years10 years

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SigenSigen3 blades3 blades1 kW1 kW

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SwiftSwift

5 blades5 blades1.5 kW1.5 kW2m diameter2m diameter20 years20 years

Photo: Berwickshire Housing Association

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IskraIskra

3 blades3 blades5 kW5 kW5.4 m diameter5.4 m diameter20 years20 years

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XCO2XCO2

5 m high x 3.1 m5 m high x 3.1 m6 kW6 kW20 years20 years

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ProvenProven

3 blades3 blades0.6, 2.5, 6, 15 kW0.6, 2.5, 6, 15 kWVarious diametersVarious diameters20 20 –– 25 years25 years

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GazelleGazelle

3 blades3 blades20 kW20 kW11 m diameter11 m diameter20 to 25 years20 to 25 years

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Manufacturers Manufacturers -- EuropeEuropeOver 20 manufacturers based in Europe (8 in the Over 20 manufacturers based in Europe (8 in the Netherlands)Netherlands)Over 40 products to choose fromOver 40 products to choose from–– Ecofys 3kWEcofys 3kW–– Eoltec 6kWEoltec 6kW–– Fortis 0.8, 1.4, 5.6, 10 kWFortis 0.8, 1.4, 5.6, 10 kW–– OY Windside 1, 8 kWOY Windside 1, 8 kW–– Ropatec 0.75, 3, 6 kWRopatec 0.75, 3, 6 kW–– Turby 2.5 kWTurby 2.5 kW–– Venturi 0.5 kWVenturi 0.5 kW–– Windwall 2.9 kWWindwall 2.9 kW–– Mechatron 1 kWMechatron 1 kW

Some have been around for longer than othersSome have been around for longer than others

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EcofysEcofys

Neoga 3 kWNeoga 3 kW2.8 m rotor 2.8 m rotor diameterdiameter4 m high4 m high20 year lifetime20 year lifetimeDutchDutch

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EoltecEoltec

6 to 250 kW6 to 250 kW25 year lifetime25 year lifetime2 blades2 blades25 year lifetime25 year lifetimeFrenchFrench

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FortisFortis

5.6 kW5.6 kW5 m rotor diameter5 m rotor diameter12 12 -- 24 m height24 m height200W to 30kW200W to 30kWManufacturing for Manufacturing for over 20 yearsover 20 yearsDutchDutch

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OY WindsideOY WindsideFrom 100 W to 1 kWFrom 100 W to 1 kWInefficientInefficientBut easier to integrate But easier to integrate into buildings?into buildings?Examples: Examples: –– Ecohouse Nottingham Ecohouse Nottingham

UniversityUniversity–– Canal boat in Canal boat in

AmsterdamAmsterdam

FinnishFinnish

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RopatecRopatec

0.75 to 6 kW0.75 to 6 kW3.3 m diameter3.3 m diameter2.2 m high2.2 m high15 15 –– 20 years20 yearsItalianItalian

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TurbyTurby

Relatively new Relatively new turbineturbine2.5 kW2.5 kW2 m diameter2 m diameter3 m high3 m high20 year lifetime20 year lifetimeOn market for 2 On market for 2 yearsyearsDutchDutch

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VenturiVenturi

0.5 kW0.5 kW1.1 m diameter1.1 m diameter15 year lifetime15 year lifetimeDutchDutch

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WindwallWindwall

Modular designModular design2.9 kW per 2.9 kW per modulemoduleExample: on top Example: on top of office building of office building in suburbs of in suburbs of AmsterdamAmsterdamDutchDutch

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Windwall Windwall -- videovideo

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Wind turbine specifications Wind turbine specifications ––what do they all mean?what do they all mean?

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Power and energy productionPower and energy production

Rated power: maximum power output Rated power: maximum power output occuring at the rated wind speedoccuring at the rated wind speedRated wind speed: Rated wind speed: –– not the same for all turbinesnot the same for all turbines–– Check when comparing rated powerCheck when comparing rated power

CutCut--in wind speed: the lower the betterin wind speed: the lower the betterCutCut--out wind speed: out wind speed: –– the higher the betterthe higher the better–– Some turbines do not cut outSome turbines do not cut out

Power curves: impact on energy productionPower curves: impact on energy production

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Power curvesPower curves

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DimensionsDimensions

Rotor diameter and swept area: Rotor diameter and swept area: –– relates to energy productionrelates to energy production–– larger swept area means more energylarger swept area means more energy

Rotor weightRotor weightRotor heightRotor heightHeight of mastHeight of mast–– Higher could mean better wind speedsHigher could mean better wind speeds

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Other informationOther informationNoise levels: Noise levels: –– testing still going ontesting still going on–– Impact depends on background noiseImpact depends on background noise

0 dB 30 dB 55 dB 85 dB 91 dB 103 dB 120 dB 130 dB

Leaves rusting

Normal talk at 1,5 m

Lorry running at 50 km/h at a distance of 7,5 m

High Speed Train running at 300

km/h at a distance of 25 m

Jackhammer at a distance of 3 m Jet take off at a

distance of 500 m

Threshold of pain

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Other informationOther information

LifetimeLifetime–– Longer lifetime gives a better return on Longer lifetime gives a better return on

investmentinvestment

SelfSelf--starting: most small wind turbines are starting: most small wind turbines are selfself--starting starting Upwind and downwind: direction that the Upwind and downwind: direction that the turbine captures the windturbine captures the windMaintenance:Maintenance:–– Some smaller models require no maintenanceSome smaller models require no maintenance–– Bigger urban turbines = 1 every yearBigger urban turbines = 1 every year

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Any questions?Any questions?

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5 tips for urban wind sites5 tips for urban wind sites

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Urban wind characteristicsUrban wind characteristics

Small wind turbines require less wind and Small wind turbines require less wind and land resources than large turbines, so their land resources than large turbines, so their installation is feasible in a wider variety of installation is feasible in a wider variety of locations. locations. However, small scale wind projects in urban However, small scale wind projects in urban areas do face some constraints:areas do face some constraints:–– Lower annual mean wind speedLower annual mean wind speed–– TurbulenceTurbulence–– Potential difficulties in obtaining planning Potential difficulties in obtaining planning

permissionpermission

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1. What is your objective? 1. What is your objective?

Good practice to consider all the aims and Good practice to consider all the aims and objectives of the project: objectives of the project: Obvious objective = Generate electricityObvious objective = Generate electricityBut there may be other significant objectivesBut there may be other significant objectives……

–– Promotion of electricity generation from Promotion of electricity generation from renewablesrenewables

–– Demonstration of support to sustainable energy Demonstration of support to sustainable energy –– Use of the installation as an educational tool. Use of the installation as an educational tool. For example, educational value could be For example, educational value could be maximised by placing the turbine near a maximised by placing the turbine near a school, environment centre or on a school, environment centre or on a community landmark building.community landmark building.

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2. Location 2. Location Output is dependent on wind speedOutput is dependent on wind speedIn addition to measuring or using the NOABL In addition to measuring or using the NOABL database, it is essential to know the direction of the database, it is essential to know the direction of the prevailing wind prevailing wind Ideal positions are elevated positions with smooth Ideal positions are elevated positions with smooth approachesapproachesThe wind speed increases significantly near the top The wind speed increases significantly near the top of the hill and the air flow should be free from of the hill and the air flow should be free from excessive turbulence. excessive turbulence. Existing nearby obstacles such as trees, houses or Existing nearby obstacles such as trees, houses or buildings can significantly affect wind speedbuildings can significantly affect wind speedLocate as far away from obstacles as possibleLocate as far away from obstacles as possibleAlternatively, the turbine height can be increased to Alternatively, the turbine height can be increased to compensate the lack of distance.compensate the lack of distance.

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2. Location2. Location

Site clear of obstacles by at least 10 times the height of the obstruction (BWEA)

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3. Point of connection to grid3. Point of connection to grid

It is recommended that the wind It is recommended that the wind turbine is located reasonably close to turbine is located reasonably close to the point of energy use, or to an the point of energy use, or to an electricity connection. electricity connection. Otherwise the cost of underground Otherwise the cost of underground cabling could prove prohibitive to cabling could prove prohibitive to carrying out the installation.carrying out the installation.This is an advantage of domestic This is an advantage of domestic installationsinstallations

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4. Noise and visual impact4. Noise and visual impact

Particularly sensitive issues in a Particularly sensitive issues in a residential arearesidential area

Both these issues can be subjective and Both these issues can be subjective and therefore are often difficult to judgetherefore are often difficult to judge

Guidelines are still being worked out Guidelines are still being worked out

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4. Noise and visual impact4. Noise and visual impact

Noise:Noise:–– Try to minimise contribution to noise levels above the Try to minimise contribution to noise levels above the

normal noise level for a sitenormal noise level for a site

–– ETSU R97: turbine noise level should be kept to within ETSU R97: turbine noise level should be kept to within 5dB(A) of the average existing evening or night5dB(A) of the average existing evening or night--time time background noise levelbackground noise level

–– A fixed lower value for these limits of between 35 and 40db A fixed lower value for these limits of between 35 and 40db (A) is also specified when background noise level is very low(A) is also specified when background noise level is very low

–– This means that it is advisable to maximize the distance This means that it is advisable to maximize the distance from housing as far as is possiblefrom housing as far as is possible

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4. Noise and visual impact4. Noise and visual impact

Visual impact:Visual impact:–– Highly subjective issue. However, the Highly subjective issue. However, the

visual aspects as perceived (either visual aspects as perceived (either positively or negatively) by the community positively or negatively) by the community should ideally be assessed at an early should ideally be assessed at an early stage in the projectstage in the project

–– Consider early community consultation and Consider early community consultation and awareness raisingawareness raising

–– In some cases a study on shadowIn some cases a study on shadow--flicker flicker from the turbines should be carried outfrom the turbines should be carried out

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5. Monitoring5. Monitoring

Consider carrying out wind resource assessment Consider carrying out wind resource assessment prior to installationprior to installation–– this can be costly and cause time delaysthis can be costly and cause time delays

Consider monitoring the power and energy Consider monitoring the power and energy production of an urban installationproduction of an urban installation–– could cost as little as could cost as little as ££800 extra800 extra–– reliable data improves educational value of reliable data improves educational value of

installationinstallation–– Provides information for future installationsProvides information for future installations

There is not enough monitoring of small wind!There is not enough monitoring of small wind!

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Wind Energy Integration in the Wind Energy Integration in the Urban EnvironmentUrban Environment

The WINEUR projectThe WINEUR project

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WINEUR PartnersWINEUR Partners

Intelligent Energy Europe Intelligent Energy Europe –– ALTENER projectALTENER projectEuropean partners: European partners:

–– Axenne and ADEME (France)Axenne and ADEME (France)–– IT Power (UK)IT Power (UK)–– Horisun and City of Amsterdam (The Netherlands)Horisun and City of Amsterdam (The Netherlands)

Windy cities networkWindy cities network–– Government OfficeGovernment Office–– ESTEST–– Yorkshire ForwardYorkshire Forward–– SunriseSunrise

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WINEUR projectWINEUR projectStart: January 2005Start: January 2005Finish February 2007Finish February 2007

What?What?–– Technical and economic information on small wind Technical and economic information on small wind

turbinesturbines–– Investigation of planning and social issuesInvestigation of planning and social issues–– Workshops for local authoritiesWorkshops for local authorities–– Creation of a national Windy Cities networkCreation of a national Windy Cities network–– Creation of a European Windy Cities networkCreation of a European Windy Cities network

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WINEUR results so farWINEUR results so far

Wind Energy brief profiles: Europe and Wind Energy brief profiles: Europe and worldwideworldwideCatalogue of European Urban Wind Turbine Catalogue of European Urban Wind Turbine ManufacturersManufacturersCatalogue GuideCatalogue GuideTechnoTechno--Economic reportEconomic reportGrid connection reportGrid connection reportReport on planning and legal aspectsReport on planning and legal aspects

Website: Website: www.urbanwind.orgwww.urbanwind.org

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UK vs EuropeUK vs Europe

Many problems the same Many problems the same butbut……the UK the UK has some advantages:has some advantages:

More manufacturersMore manufacturersMore installationsMore installationsFavourable microFavourable micro--generation policies generation policies (even if not wind specific)(even if not wind specific)Local authorities taking the leadLocal authorities taking the lead

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Thank you for your attention!Thank you for your attention!