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Resistor Types

PRECISION WIREWOUNDThe Precision Wire wound is a highly accurateresistor with a very low TCR and can be accuratewithin .005%. A temperature coefficient ofresistance (TCR) of as little a 3 part per millionper degree Celsius (3ppm/oC) can be achieved.However these components are too expensive forgeneral use and are normally used in highlyaccurate DC applications. The frequency responseof this type is not good. When used in an rfapplication all Precision Wire wound Resistors will

have a low Q resonant frequency. The powerhandling capability is very small. These are generally used in highlyaccurate DC measuring equipment, and reference resistors for voltageregulators and decoding networks.

The accuracy is maintained at 25oC (degrees Celsius) and will changewith temperature. The maximum value available is dependent upon

physical size and is much lower than most other types of resistor. Theirpower rating is approximately 1/10 of a similar physical size in a carboncomposition. They are rated for operation at +85oC or +125oC withmaximum operating temperature not to exceed +145oC. This means thatfull rated power can be applied at +85 ( 125) oC with no degradation in

performance. It may be operated above +125 (85) oC if the load isreduced. The derating is linear, rated load at +125(85) oC and no load at+145oC. Life is generally rated for 10,000 hours at rated temperature andrated load. The allowable change in resistance under these conditions is0.10%. Extended life can be achieved if operated at lower temperaturesand reduced power levels. End of life requirements are generally definedby the manufacturer or in some case by user specification. Somedegradation in performance can be expected. In some cases, particularlyif the tolerance is very low and the TC is low, the rated power is reducedto improve resistor stability through life. Precision Resistors regardless oftype, are designed for maximum accuracy and not to carry power. The

materials used in these resistors are highly stable heat treated materialsthat do change under extended heat and mechanical stress. Themanufacturing processes are designed to remove anystresses induced during manufacture. There is littledetectable noise in this type of resistor. The stabilityand reliability of these resistors is very good andtheir accuracy can be enhanced by matching theabsolute value and the temperature coefficient over


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their operating range to achieve very accurate voltage division.

NIST STANDARDThe NIST (National Institute of Standards and

Technology) Standard can be as accurate as .001%

with roughly the same TCR as Precision Wire woundResistors and are very stable. These are used as astandard in verifying the accuracy of resistivemeasuring devices. They are normally the Primary Standards of acompany's test lab.

They are returned to the NIST for measurement and their accuracy istracked through out the standards life to determine the Standard'sstability. Most companies will have two sets of standards so that they cancontinue to measure while one set of standards are being measured bythe NIST . They will alternate returning these NIST Standards to the NIST, one set one year and the other set the next year. For extremely

accurate measurements, the Standard with the longest history and thebest stability will be used. If erratic readings are received from the NISTover a period of years, the Standard is retired. Also, if the reading hassignificantly changed since the last NIST reading, the standard is suspect

and all measurements made using that standardmust be checked. Normally, a standard will takeabout 3 years to stabilize and becomes morestable with time unless it has had excessivepower applied or has been dropped. Thesestandards are generally stored in an oil bath at+25oC. During measurement, a thermometer is

placed in a cavity in the top of the Standard,called the oil well, and the temperature isrecorded for each measurement so that theexact value can be determined. That is the

value at +25oC plus or minus the change in value caused by thetemperature coefficient. Each standard will have a temperaturecorrection chart for exact values. Being stored in the oil bath preventsthe Standard from being stressed by changes in room temperature. Theseare highly precision devices and are expensive to buy and expensive tomaintain, but they are the primary resistor reference for any test lab.

These resistors are furnished in a totally enclosed metal case and for

values above 1 ohm, this enclosure is filled with mineral oil (other typeof oil may contain additives that can cause corrosion in later life). Thevalues below 1 ohm may be built in an enclosure that is perforated andthese must be submersed in oil. If power is applied without it beingsubmersed, the Standard will be ruined.

All NIST Type Standards are equipped with provisions for two, three, orfour terminal measurements. The applied power is calculated and thetemperature of the Standard is monitored during test. The lowest power


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level consistent with sufficient resolution to get the desiredmeasurement is used (in the area of 0.01 watts) and any appreciable risein temperature will dictate that the measurement should be suspendedand the test set-up reviewed for ways to reduce the power level. TheseStandards are rated for operation at room temperature only but their

other characteristics are the same as Precision Wire wound Resistors.

POWER WIREWOUND RESISTORSPower Wire wound Resistors are used when it is

necessary to handle a lot of power. They will handle morepower per unit volume than any other resistor. Some ofthese resistors are free wound similar to heater elements. These requiresome form of cooling in order to handle any appreciable amount ofpower. Some are cooled by fans and others are immersed in various typesof liquid ranging from mineral oil to high density silicone liquids. Mostare wound on some type of winding form. These winding forms vary.

Some examples are ceramic tubes, ceramic rods, heavily anodizedaluminium, fibreglass mandrels, etc.To achieve the maximum power rating in the smallest package size,

the core on which the windings are made must have a material with highheat conductivity. It may be Steatite, Alumina, Beryllium Oxide, or insome cases hard anodized Aluminium. Theoretically, the anodizedAluminium core has a better heat conductivity than any other insulatedmaterial, with Beryllium Oxide being very close. There are specificproblems with the anodized aluminium cores such as nicks in the coating,abrasion during capping and controlling the anodized thickness. Thereare various shapes, oval, flat, cylindrical, and most shapes are designed

to optimize heat dissipation.The more heat that can beradiated from the resistor, themore power that can be safelyapplied.

There is a group of thesecalled "Chassis MountedResistors". These are generallycylindrical power resistorswound on a ceramic coremoulded and pressed into an

aluminium heat sink and usuallywith heat radiating fins. Theseare designed to be mounted to

metal plates or a chassis to further conduct heat. This result in a ratingapproximately 5 times or more its normal rating.

These resistors come in a variety of accuracy's and TCRs. They can becustom made as a cross breed between a Precision Resistor and a PowerResistor; capable of handling more power than the standard Precision


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tolerances, low TCRs, and the range of values is extremely limited. Theyare often found as surge resistors in TVs and other electronic /electricalequipment. Their main selling point is low cost. They are often sold withan enamel coating for a low power precision wirewound resistor that iseven lower in cost.

One more item to consider, Power Wire wounds are made using alloyswith melt temperatures ranging from +1200o C to +1500o C and may beoperated cherry red without failure for short periods of time, howeverthe resistance value and TCR will change significantly and the insulatingmaterial will severely degrade. The bathtub boat type cannot besubjected to this type of overload, the fibre glass winding form willdisintegrate.

FUSE RESISTORSFuse Resistors serve a dual

purpose, a resistor and a fuse. They

are designed so that they will openwith a large surge current. Thefusing current is calculated based onthe amount of energy required tomelt the resistive material (the melttemperature plus the amount ofenergy required to vaporize theresistive material).

These resistors will normally run hotter than a normal precision orpower resistor so that a momentary surge will bring the resistive elementup to fusing temperature. Some designs create a hot spot inside the

resistor to assist in this fusing. Calculations are made and samples areproduced to verify the calculations. The major unknown is the heattransfer of the materials, which can be quite significant for pulse of longduration, and is very difficult to calculate. Mounting of these devices iscritical because it will effect the fusing current. These are quite oftenmade to mount in fuse clips for more accurate fusing characteristics.

CARBON COMPOSITIONCarbon composition resistors were once the most common resistor on

the market. They still have a very large market and prices are highlycompetitive. They are made from carbon rods cut in the appropriate

length then moulded with leads attached. The mix of the carbon can bevaried to change the resistivity for the desired values.

High values are much more readily available. Very low values are moredifficult to achieve. A 5% tolerance is available. This is usually done bymeasuring and selecting values. Normal tolerances withoutmeasurement and selection is in the area of 20%.

The temperature coefficient of resistance is in the range of 1000ppm/oC and is negative, that is when the temperature goes up the


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resistance goes down and when the temperature goes down, theresistance goes up. This is due to the carbon particles being relaxed(with increase in temperature) and being compressed (with the reductionin temperature).

These resistors also has a voltage coefficient. That is the resistance

will change with applied voltage, the greater the voltage, the greaterthe change. In addition to a power rating, they also have a voltagerating. (The wire wound voltage rating is determined by the value andthe wattage rating). The voltage rating of Carbon Composition Resistorsis determined by physical size as well as the value and wattage rating.

One more item to consider is that due to their construction, theygenerate noise and this noise level varies with value and physical size.The power capability in relation to physical size is greater than PrecisionWire wounds but less than Power Wire wounds.

CARBON FILM RESISTORS

Carbon Film Resistors have many of thesame characteristics as carbon compositionresistors. The material is similar thereforethey have noise, a voltage coefficient, the TCRcan be much lower because the formula can be varied to achieve this,the tolerance is much tighter due to the difference in manufacturingprocesses.

The Carbon Film Resistor is made by coating ceramic rods with amixture of carbon materials. This material is applied to these rods in avariety of means, the one most familiar to me are dipping, rolling,printing , or spraying the rods in the appropriate solution. The thickness

of the coating can be determined by the viscosity of the solution. This aswell as the material composition will determine the ohms / square. Someof you may not be familiar with this term. It simply means that if amaterial has a resistivity of 100 ohms / square, one square inch withhave the same resistance as 1 square mm, or 1 square foot or 1 squareyard or 1 square mile all equalling 100 ohms but the power handlingcapability is proportional to the size.

One batch of material can produce resistors in a wide range of values.These rods are cut to the length required for a specific size of resistor.These rods can then be spiral cut to a wide range of values. The originalmethod of spiralling these was done with grinding wheels on a machine

similar to a lathe. I am sure that later processes use lasers that areprogrammed to cut to specific values. The maximum ohmic value of thisgroup is the highest in the discrete resistor group.

Tolerance of 1% can be achieved with out measuring and selecting.Tolerance of less than 1% can be achieved by measuring and selecting.You should use caution in getting tight tolerances in this type becausethe temperature coefficient, voltage coefficient and stability may meanthat it is only good for that tolerance at the time it was installed. The


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TCR of carbon film resistors is in the neighbourhood of 100 to 200 ppmand is generally negative. Measuring and selecting can yield even tighterTCRs.

The frequency response of this type of resistor is among the best, farbetter than Wirewounds, and much better that carbon composition. The

wirewound resistors are inductive at lower frequencies and values andsomewhat capacitive at higher frequencies regardless of value. Alsowirewound resistors will have a resonant frequency. Carbon CompositionResistors will be predominately capacitive .

METAL FILM RESISTORSMetal Film resistors are the best

compromise of all resistors. They arenot as accurate and have a highertemperature coefficient of resistanceand are not as stable as Precision

Wirewounds. They are moreaccurate, do not have a voltagecoefficient, have a lowertemperature coefficient than CarbonFilm. TCRs of 50 to 100 ppm can be achieved.

They have a very low noise level when properly manufactured. In factsome of the screening processes measure the noise level to determine ifthere are problems in a particular batch of resistors.

Metal film resistors are manufactured by an evaporation/depositionprocess. That is the base metal is vaporized in a vacuum and depositedon a ceramic rod or wafer. Several attempts have been made to vaporize

low TCR materials and deposit on these substrates, but to my knowledge,these attempts have not been successful. This is partially due to thedifferent boiling points of the various base metals in these alloys (I usethe word alloy not entirely accurately, for these materials are not truealloys but amalgamations --- they do not bond to form a molecule as doesa true alloy). The very low TCR resistive materials are heat treated toachieve the resistivity and low TCR. This is not compatible with anevaporation process.

The frequency characteristics of this type are excellentand better than Carbon Films. The one area that carbonfilms exceed metal films is the maximum values. Carbon

films can achieve higher maximum values than any othergroup.

FOIL RESISTORSFoil resistors are similar in characteristics as metal films. Their main

advantages are better stability than metal films and lower TCRs. Theyhave excellent frequency response, low TCR, good stability, and veryaccurate. They are manufactured by rolling the same wire materials as


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used in precision wirewound resistors to make thin strips of foil. This foilis then bonded to a ceramic substrate and etched to produce the valuerequired. They can be trimmed further by abrasive processes, chemicalmachining or heat treating to achieve the desired tolerance. Their maindisadvantage is the maximum value is less than Metal Film Resistors.

The accuracy is about the same as metal film resistors, the TCR andstability approaches Precision Wirewounds but somewhat less becausethe rolling process and the packaging process produce stresses in the foil.The resistive materials used in Precision Wirewound Resistors is verysensitive to stresses which result in instability and higher TCRs. Anystresses on these material will result in a change in the resistance valueand TCR, the greater the stress, the larger the change. This type can beused as strain gauges, strain being measured as a change in theresistance. When used as a strain gauge, the foil is bonded to a flexiblesubstrate that can be mounted on a part where the stress is to bemeasured.

FILAMENT RESISTORSThe Filament Resistors are similar to the Bathtub Boat Resistor except

they are not packaged in a ceramic shell (boat). The individual resistiveelement with the leads already crimped is coated with an insulatingmaterial, generally a high temperature varnish. These are used inapplications where tolerance, TCR, and stability are not important butthe cost is the governing consideration. The cost on this type is slightlyhigher that carbon composition and the electrical characteristics arebetter.

POWER FILM RESISTORSPower film resistors are similar in manufacture to their respective

metal film or carbon film resistors. They are manufactured and rated aspower resistors, with the power rating being the most importantcharacteristic. Power Film Resistors are available in higher maximumvalues than the Power Wirewound Resistors and have a very goodfrequency response. They are generally used in applications requiringgood frequency response and/or higher maximum values. Generally forpower applications, the tolerance is wider, the temperature rating ischanged so that under full load resistor will not exceed the maximumdesign temperature, and the physical sizes are larger, and in some cases,

the core may be made from a higher heat conductive material and othermeans to help radiate heat.


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CapacitorCapacitor is defined as device to store electric charge .The capacity of acapacitor to store charge is known as capacitance.

Types of capacitor

Structure of a surface mount (SMT) film capacitor.

Capacitors have thin conducting plates (usually made of metal), separated by alayer of dielectric, then stacked or rolled to form a compact device.

Many types of capacitors are available commercially, with capacitance ranging fromthe picofarad, microfarad range to more than a farad, and voltage ratings up to

hundreds of kilovolts. In general, the higher the capacitance and voltage rating, thelarger the physical size of the capacitor and the higher the cost. Tolerances incapacitance value for discrete capacitors are usually specified as a percentage ofthe nominal value. Tolerances ranging from 50% (electrolytic types) to less than 1%are commonly available.


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Another figure of merit for capacitors is stability with respect to time andtemperature, sometimes called drift. Variable capacitors are generally less stable

than fixed types.

The electrodes need round edges to avoid field electron emission. Air has a low

breakdown voltage, so any air inside a capacitor - especially at plate edges - willreduce the voltage rating. Even closed air bubbles in the insulator or between theinsulator and the electrode lead to gas discharge, particularly in AC or Highfrequency applications. Groups of identically constructed capacitor elements areoften connected in series for operation at higher voltage. High voltage capacitorsneed large, smooth, and round terminals to prevent corona discharge.

Types of dielectric

CapacitorPolarized

Capacitor

Variable

Capacitor

Fixed capacitor comparisons

Capacitor type Dielectric used Features/applications Disadvantages

Paper CapacitorsPaper or oil-

impregnated paper

Impregnated paper was extensively

used for older capacitors, using

wax, oil, or epoxy as an impregnant.

Oil-Kraft paper capacitors are still

used in certain high voltage

applications. Has mostly been

Large size. Also, paper

is highly hygroscopic,

absorbing moisture from

the atmosphere despite

plastic enclosures and

impregnates. Absorbed

moisture degrades


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replaced by plastic film capacitors. performance by

increasing dielectric

losses (power factor)

and decreasing

insulation resistance.

Metalized Paper

CapacitorsPaper

Comparatively smaller in size than

paper-foil capacitors

Suitable only for lower

current applications. Has

been largely superseded

by metalized film

capacitors

PET film

CapacitorPolyester film

Smaller in size when compared to

paper or polypropylene capacitors

of comparable specifications. Mayuse plates of foil, metalized film, or

a combination. PET film capacitors

have almost completely replaced

paper capacitors for most DC

electronic applications. Operating

voltages up to 60,000VDC and

operating temperatures up to

125C. Low moisture absorption.

Temperature stability is

poorer than paper

capacitors. Usable at low

(AC power) frequencies,

but inappropriate for RF

applications due to

excessive dielectric

heating.

Kapton CapacitorKapton polyimide

film

Similar to PET film, but significantly

higher operating temperature (up to

250C).

Higher cost than PET.Temperature stability is

poorer than paper

capacitors. Usable at low

(AC power) frequencies,

but inappropriate for RF

applications due to

excessive dielectric

heating.

Polystyrene

CapacitorPolystyrene

Excellent general purpose plasticfilm capacitor. Excellent stability,

low moisture pick-up and a slightly

negative temperature coefficient

that can be used to match the

positive temperature co-efficient of

other components. Ideal for low

power RF and precision analog

Maximum operating

temperature is limited to

about +85C.

Comparatively bigger in

size.


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applications

Polycarbonate

Plastic Film

Capacitor

Polycarbonate

Superior insulation resistance,

dissipation factor, and dielectric

absorption versus polystyrenecapacitors. Moisture pick-up is less,

with about +/- 80 ppm temperature

co-efficient. Can use full operating

voltage across entire temperature

range (-55C to 125C)

Maximum operating

temperature limited to

about 125C.

Polypropylene

Plastic Film

Capacitors

Polypropylene

Has become the most popular

capacitor dielectric[citation needed]

.

Extremely low dissipation factor,

higher dielectric strength thanpolycarbonate and polyester films,

low moisture absorption, and high

insulation resistance. May use

plates of foil, metalized film, or a

combination. Film is compatible with

self-healing technology to improve

reliability. Usable in high frequency

applications due to very low

dielectric losses. Larger value and

higher voltage types from 1 to

100F at up to 440V AC are used

as run capacitors in some types of

single phase electric motors.

More susceptible to

damage from transient

over-voltages or voltage

reversals than oil-

impregnated Kraft paper

for pulsed power energy

discharge applications.

Polysulphone

Plastic Film

Capacitors

Polysulfone

Similar to polycarbonate. Can

withstand full voltage at

comparatively higher temperatures.

Moisture pick-up is typically 0.2%,

limiting its stability.

Very limited availability

and higher cost

PTFE

Fluorocarbon

(TEFLON) Film

Capacitors

Polytetra-

fluoroethylene

Lowest loss solid dielectric.

Operating temperatures up to

250C, extremely high insulation

resistance, and good stability. Used

in stringent, mission-critical

applications

Large size (due to low

dielectric constant), and

higher cost than other

film capacitors.


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Polyamide Plastic

Film CapacitorsPolyamide

Operating temperatures of up to

200C. High insulation resistance,

good stability and low dissipation

factor.

Large size and high cost.

Metalized Plastic

Film Capacitors

Polyester or

Polycarbonate

Reliable and significantly smaller in

size. Thin metalization can be used

to advantage by making capacitors

"self healing".

Thin plates limit

maximum current

carrying capability.

Stacked Plate

Mica CapacitorsMica

Advantages of mica capacitors

arise from the fact that the dielectricmaterial (mica) is inert. It does not

change physically or chemically

with age and it has good

temperature stability. Very resistant

to corona damage

Unless properly sealed,

susceptible to moisture

pick-up which will

increase the powerfactor and decrease

insulation resistance.

Higher cost due to

scarcity of high grade

dielectric material and

manually-intensive

assembly.

MetalizedMica or

SilverMicaCapacitors

Mica

Silver mica capacitors have the

above mentioned advantages. Inaddition, they have much reduced

moisture infiltration.

Higher cost

Glass Capacitors Glass

Similar to Mica Capacitors. Stability

and frequency characteristics are

better than silver mica capacitors.

Ultra-reliable, ultra-stable, and

resistant to nuclear radiation.

High cost.

Class-I

Temperature

Compensating

Type Ceramic

Capacitors

Mixture of complex

Titanate

compounds

Low cost and small size, excellent

high frequency characteristics and

good reliability. Predictable linear

capacitance change with operating

temperature. Available in voltages

up to 15,000 volts

Capacitance changes

with change in applied

voltage, with frequency

and with aging effects.


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Class-II High

dielectric strength

Type Ceramic

Capacitors

Barium titanate

based dielectrics

Smaller than Class-I type due to

higher dielectric strength of

ceramics used. Available in

voltages up to 50,000 volts.

Not as stable as Class-I

type with respect to

temperature, and

capacitance changes

significantly with appliedvoltage.

Aluminum

Electrolytic

Capacitors

Aluminum oxide

Very large capacitance to volume

ratio, inexpensive, polarized.

Primary applications are as

smoothing and reservoir capacitors

in power supplies.

Dielectric leakage is

high, large internal

resistance and

inductance limits high

frequency performance,

poor low temperature

stability and loose

tolerances. May vent or

burst open when

overloaded and/or

overheated. Limited to

about 500 volts.

Lithium IonCapacitors

Lithium ion

The Lithium Ion Capacitors have a

higher Power Density as compared

to batteries and LICs are safer in

use than LIBs in which thermal

runaway reactions may occur.

Compared to Electric Double Layer

Capacitor (EDLC), the LIC has a

higher output voltage. They both

have similar Power Densities, but

Energy Density of an LIC is much

higher.

New technology.

Tantalum

Electrolytic

Capacitors

Tantalum oxide

Large capacitance to volume ratio,

smaller size, good stability, wide

operating temperature range, long

reliable operating life. Extensivelyused in miniaturized equipment and

computers. Available in both

polarized and unpolarized varieties.

Solid tantalum capacitors have

much better characteristics than

their wet counterparts.

Higher cost than

aluminum electrolytic

capacitors. Voltagelimited to about 50 volts.

Explodes quite violently

when voltage rating,

current rating, or slew

rates are exceeded, or

when a polarized version

is subjected to reverse


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voltage.

Electrolytic

double-layer

capacitors (EDLC)

Supercapacitors

Thin Electrolyte

layer and Activated

Carbon

Extremely large capacitance to

volume ratio, small size, low ESR.

Available in hundreds, orthousands, of farads. A relatively

new capacitor technology. Often

used to temporarily provide power

to equipment during battery

replacement. Can rapidly absorb

and deliver larger currents than

batteries during charging and

discharging, making them valuable

for hybrid vehicles. Polarized, low

operating voltage (volts per

capacitor cell). Groups of cells are

stacked to provide higher overall

operating voltage.

Relatively high cost.

Alternating

current oil-filled

Capacitors

Oil-impregnated

paper

Usually PET or polypropylene film

dielectric. Primarily designed to

provide very large capacitance for

industrial AC applications to

withstand large currents and high

peak voltages at power line

frequencies. The applications

include AC motor starting and

running, phase splitting, power

factor correction, voltage regulation,

control equipment, etc..

Limited to low frequency

applications due to high

dielectric losses at

higher frequencies.

Direct current oil-

filled capacitors

Paper or Paper-

polyester film

combination

Primarily designed for DC

applications such as filtering,

bypassing, coupling, arc

suppression, voltage doubling, etc...

Operating voltage rating

must be derated as per

the curve supplied by the

manufacturer if the DC

contains ripple.

Physically larger than

polymer dielectric

counterparts.

Energy StorageKraft capacitor

paper impregnated

Designed specifically for intermittent

duty, high current discharge

Physically large and

heavy. Significantly


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Capacitors with electrical

grade castor oil or

similar high

dielectric constant

fluid, with

extended foilplates

applications. More tolerant of

voltage reversal than many polymer

dielectrics. Typical applications

include pulsed power,

electromagnetic forming, pulsed

lasers, Marx generators, and pulsedwelders.

lower energy density

than polymer dielectric

systems. Not self-

healing. Device may fail

catastrophically due to

high stored energy.

Vacuum

Capacitors

Vacuum capacitors

use highly

evacuated glass or

ceramic chamber

with concentric

cylindrical

electrodes.

Extremely low loss. Used for high

voltage high power RF applications,

such as transmitters and induction

heating where even a small amount

of dielectric loss would cause

excessive heating. Can be self-

healing if arc-over current is limited.

Very high cost, fragile,

physically large, and

relatively low

capacitance.

A 12 pF, 20 kV fixed vacuum capacitor

Two 8 F, 525 V paper electrolytic capacitors in a 1930s radio.


17/18

Colour coding

ColorSignifica

nt digits

Multipli

er

Capacitan

ce

tolerance

Characteris

tic

DC

workin

g

voltag

e

Operating

temperatu

re

EIA/vibrati

on

Black 0 1 20% 55 C to

+70 C10 to 55 Hz

Brow

n1 10 1% B 100

Red 2 100 2% C 55 C to

+85C

Orang

e3 1,000 D 300

Yello

w 4 10,000 E

55 C to

+125C

10 to

2000 Hz

Green 5 5% F 500

Blue 6 55 C to

+150 C

Violet 7

Grey 8


18/18

White 9 EIA

Gold 0.5%* 1000

Silver 10%

*Or 0.5 pF, whichever is greater.

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