NUTRITION AND IMMUNE

Diah Krisnansari

IMMUNE SYSTEM Immune = ‘immunis’ (Latin) = exempt from

duties or taxes Immune system = comprised of cells and

proteins, and tissues that support them, that react with molecular structures that pose a threat to the integrity of the host

Immunity = a defense system Protects body from infectious agents and toxins Enables the body to repair damaged cells Rids the body of worn-out cells

IMMUNE SYSTEM

Humans: > 1560 genes (= 7% of the genome) contribute to the immune defense Barrier functions of the epithelia, innate andadaptive immune responses, ontological development of the immune system

Immune system is part of the host sensory capabilities = specialized in sensing noxious threats from foreign molecular structures

NUTRITION AND THE IMMUNESYSTEM • Malnutrition weakens immune system • First line of defense (skin, mucous, cells of

GItract) break-down allowing more antigens toinvade inside the body

• Insufficient protein intake decreases immune cell number

• When T-cell number decreases regulatory Tcells

Nutrition interact with animal immune system (Pring and Ahmed,1993)Micronutrients (Minerals and Vitamins)

Minerals Zn, Cu,Cr.Se,Mn, Fe,CoVitamins like E,beta carotene and vitamin A,Vitamin C

Stress conditionThe requirement of micronutrient for optimal immune response is greater than the amount required for growth and reproduction (Harmon,1994; Scaletti,1992)

Nutrition and the Immune System

IMMUNITY

Immunity refers to,reactions by an animal body to foreign substances such as microbes and various macro molecules ( Abbas et al.,1991)

Immune system

A collection of cells and molecules that protect the body against infection, malignancy and damaged cells ( Abbas et al., 1991)

IMMUNITY

INNATE•Physical and chemical barriers•Phagocytes (Neutrophils & Macrophages) -Inflammatory process.Non spesific

ACQUIRED

Specific towards particular antigen and enhanced with repeated exposure

ACQUIRED IMMUNNE RESPONSE

•Mediated by

B lymphocytes.•Mediated by T lymphocytes

HUMORAL CELL MEDIATED

(Galyean et al.,1999)

B lymphocytes

• Mature in bone marrow

•Antigen binding receptor in their membrane

B cells

Memory cells Plasma cells

(Chew,1996)

T lymphocytes

•Mature in thymus gland

•Function to;

Killing infected cells.

Stimulate microbial and cytotoxic activity of immune effecter cells

•T cell membrane receptor.

• Membrane protein Major Histo Compatibility (MHC) molecule.

•Three types of subpopulation

T helper cells (Th cells)

T cyto toxic cells (Tc)

T suppressor cells (Ts)

•T helper cells

Secrete growth factor –cytokines.

Having membrane glycoprotein CD4 (Chew, 1996)

CENTRAL ORGANS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Skin • Physical barrier • Glands secrete chemicals that can destroy microbes Mucous Membranes • Mucous contains chemicals and enzymes that

destroy invading organisms • Traps microbes GI Tract • Stomach acid destroys microbes • Villi along lining keep invaders out Lymph Tissue (bone marrow, thymus, lymph

nodes, spleen, tonsils, adenoids, appendix) • Houses lymphocytes (cells of immune system)

• B cells

• T cells

• NK cells

• Monocytes/macrophages

• Neutrophils

• Eosinophils

• Basophils

Cells of the immune system

(Chew,1996)

FUNGSI IMUN

1. Pertahanan infeksi 2. Homeostasis dead cells 3. Monitoring mutagenic cells

PARAMETER IMUNOLOGI

1. Serum albumin 2. Serum transferin 3. Nitrogen balance

DISFUNGSI SISTEM IMUN

1. Re Infeksi 2. Autoimun, penyakit degeneratif 3. Keganasan 4. Alergi

IMUNOSUPRESAN 1. Steroid 2. Cyclosporin 3. Azathioprine 4. Globulin antilimfosit 5. Biological imuno supp 6. Other imun suppresant

Nutrisi (makro & mikro nutrien) merupakan faktor utama sistem imun

KARBOHIDRAT CHO : jika berlebih akan mempengaruhi

kemotaksis, phagositosis, gangguan komplemen

LEMAK PUFA : phagositosis, survival bakteri gram

negatif MCT : antioksidan Omega 3, omega 6

PROTEIN

- Imuni competent - Integritas organ - Penyembuhan luka

MODULASI IMUN 1. Arginin :

- T Helper > (CD 4)- T Lymphocyte activation- Nitrogen balance- 1,5 – 6 gr/hr- Lysisne defisiensi, diare- Azotermia (renal dysfunction)- Wound healing

ARGININ Selama stress, arginin dapat menekan

metabolisme protein dan pelepasan hormon Norepinefrin dan Epinefrin

Kontra indikasi :- Hipoperfusi spchlanicus- Sepsis- Systemic Inflamatory sistem

GLUTAMIN Macrofage & mukosa 12 – 18 gr/hr, ICU : 18 – 24 gr/hr Meningkatkan glutathione synthesis Antioksidan Bersama Se dan Cystein

PURINES & PYRIMIDINE 1. Sintesis DNA & RNA (limfosit, makrofage

dll) 2. Mediator cyclic adenosine mono

phosphate (cAMP) 3. Coenzim sintesis glikogen dan glikoprotein

(NAD, FAD, Coenzym A

MINERAL 1. Zinc

Zinc is component of numerous enzymes- Super oxide dismutase (SOD)- RNA Polymerase- DNA polymerase - Ribonulease- Thymidine kinase

- Meningkatkan penggunaan asam amino dan jumlah sel imun- Replikasi sel- Aktivasi limfosit- Antioksidan- 220 mg ZnSO4

Zinc influences host defence mechanisam via:

• Phagocytic activity

• Cell mediated immunity

• Humoral immunityPhagocytic activityZinc enhances phagocytic activity of macrophages and neutrophils (Babior, 1978)

Phagocytic activity through respiratory burst ( McCord & Fridovich,1969 ; Chew, 1996)

Increase release of vasoactive amines by basophils

Zinc..

Cell mediated immunity;Enhances T cell mediated immunity

Zinc is a cofactor for thymic hormone thymulin

Thymulin deficiency

Impaired T lymphocyte proliferation

Impaired T lymphocyte function

Zinc..

(Bach,1983)

Humoral immunity:Increases antibody production

Copper immune mechanism

Phagocytic activity NeutrophilsMonocyte

Copper..

Copper is component of

•Superoxide dismutase (SOD)

•Ceruloplasmin.

•Modulate inflammatory response by phagocytosis

Cell mediated immunity

•Mainly through T-lymphocytes (Th,Tc) by cytokine production

• inhibit viral replication

•Interlukin productionB cell maturationNK cell activityChemo tactic attraction

Tumour necrosis factor

•Act on tumor cell-kill it.

Copper..

CHROMIUM

Component of Glucose Tolerance Factor (GTF).

* Potenciate the insulin activity (Cheng and Mowat,1999)

* Facilitate interaction between insulin and insulin receptor in

target tissue.

* Reduces cortisol level in stress.

Increased cortisol in blood

Antagonist theinsulin action

Prevents glucose uptake by insulin receptor

Prevent entry of glucose to vital tissue

Immune system under stress.

In stress

(Orth,1992)

Cont..

SELENIUM

AntioksidanMembunuh mikroba respiratoryModulasi limfosit, sel K, metabolisme eicosapentanoid

CUPRUM

Maturasi kolagen

Humoral Response:

•Increases antibody production

•Ab production decreased in Cu deficient diet (Gengelbech and spears, 1998)

IRON

NKDef : menurunkan fungsi sel T, sel B.

monosit.macrofageneutropil

Vitamins

•Act as natural antioxidant

•Includes Beta carotene and vitamin A, Vitamin E, Vitamin C

•Protect tissue against damage caused by free radicals.

•Free radicals are,

- Generated in normal cellular metabolism

- React with enzymes, DNA and damage the tissue

- Common free radicals are super oxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, fatty acid radical

Component location Nutrient involved

function

Superoxide dismutase

cytosol Cu,Zn,Mn An enzyme that converts super oxide to hydrogen peroxide

Glutathione peroxidase

cytosol Se An enzyme that converts hydrogen peroxide to water

Catalase cytosol Fe An enzyme that converts Hydrogen peroxide to water

Alpha tocopherol membrane Vitamin E Break fatty acid peroxidation chain reaction

Carotene membrane Carotene Prevents initiation of fatty acid peroxidation chain reactions

Antioxidant system of mammalian cells

Smith et al.,1984

Role of antioxidant on immunity

Miller and Slebodzinska,1993

VITAMIN 1. Vit A, B6, C dan E imun sistem

Vit A : NK cells, Neutropils, mucosal imunity, T limfosit, monosit, macrofage, B limfosit, haemopesis

2. Thiamin, pyridoksin, asam folat, B12 dan C sintesis protein & penyembuhan luka

Beta carotene

•Act as an antioxidant

Beta carotene:

•Enhances phagocytic activity of neutrophils- myloperoxidase enzyme

•Enhances phagocytic activity of macrophages – peroxidase.

•Increases lymphocyte toxicity

• Vit E reduces harmful lipid free radicals.• Enhances phagocytic activity of neutrophils, macrophages and NK cells. (Miller,1993)

• It is major antioxidant in the blood.

Vitamin E

Vitamin E and Selenium

Selenium•Biochemical role through glutathione peroxide

•Enhance neutrophil function

CONCLITIONImunitas

reaksi tubuh thd masuknya substansi asingRespon imun

kumpulan respon thd substansi asing yg terkoordinasiSistem imun

sel & molekul yg bertanggung jawab dlm imunitasImunologi : ( modern )

experimental science

Vitamin E and Selenium

• Both vitamin E and Se influences the function of immune cells especially in mammary gland immunity

•Cows are immuno suppressed when plasma concentration of vitamin E and Se is low (Grasso et al., 1990)

Cont…

CONCLUSION

•Zinc and copper enhances cell & humoral mediated immunity

•Chromium stimulate immune response in stress conditions

•Vitamin E and Se stimulate immunity against intra mammary infection

•Beta carotene enhances both cell mediated and humoral response

CONCLUTION Nutrients • Vitamin A – needed to make healthy skin, mucous &

lymphocytes; deficiency can alter response of antibodies to antigens and cytokine responses

• Vitamin E – needed for phagocytosis, antibody production, lymphocyte responses

• Vitamin C – may decrease duration of virus symptoms • Vitamin B6 – antibody production, lymphocyte responses • Zinc – T-cell production, lymphocyte responses,

resistance to infection