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1. Using Google text (466453) 1. Using Google text (466453) 2. Text “define reform”2. Text “define reform” 3. Write down the definition in your 3. Write down the definition in your

journaljournal 4. What would you reform? How 4. What would you reform? How

would you accomplish the task?would you accomplish the task?

Reform Era: Reform Era: Temperance, Temperance, Education, Education, Women’s Suffrage, Women’s Suffrage, Prisons and Care Prisons and Care

for the Mentally Ill, for the Mentally Ill, AbolitionismAbolitionism

Annual Consumption of Alcohol 1720-1930


The temperance movement The temperance movement organized because consumption organized because consumption of alcohol significantly increased of alcohol significantly increased & caused social problems& caused social problems

Goal: To encourage moderation in the Goal: To encourage moderation in the consumption of intoxicating liquors or consumption of intoxicating liquors or press for complete abstinence press for complete abstinence

Heavy drinking led to many Heavy drinking led to many social problems including:social problems including:

Decreased efficiency of workDecreased efficiency of work On the job accidentsOn the job accidents Breakdown of the familyBreakdown of the family Poor healthPoor health PovertyPoverty

Movement was led by churches Movement was led by churches and religious groupsand religious groups

Propaganda focused on the Propaganda focused on the sufferings of innocent mothers sufferings of innocent mothers and their childrenand their children

Demon Rum: The “Old Deluder”

Temperance UnionsTemperance Unions Groups such as these Groups such as these

pushed for total prohibitionpushed for total prohibition Considered liquor Considered liquor

consumption to be morally consumption to be morally wrong and believed it wrong and believed it should be prohibited by lawshould be prohibited by law

Their demands led to Their demands led to experiments with more experiments with more strict laws strict laws

After a few years, these laws After a few years, these laws disappeared from everywhere disappeared from everywhere but New Englandbut New England

Still, the movement drastically Still, the movement drastically reduced alcohol consumption reduced alcohol consumption from 1830-1860from 1830-1860

The Civil War stalled efforts The Civil War stalled efforts by reformers but it was by reformers but it was later revisited during the later revisited during the Progressive Era (1890-Progressive Era (1890-1920)1920)

Woman's Christian Temperance Union Woman's Christian Temperance Union (1874)(1874)



Lowest point in 130 years!

Education ReformEducation Reform Early SchoolsEarly Schools

Short-term schools from the Short-term schools from the colonial era colonial era

10-12 weeks per year10-12 weeks per year Provided basic instructionProvided basic instruction Charged a fee along with Charged a fee along with

community fundingcommunity funding Preferred teaching white Preferred teaching white

boys.boys.

Schooling, costly and Schooling, costly and religious, was designed religious, was designed for the privileged few.for the privileged few.

Parents were considered Parents were considered the primary educatorsthe primary educators

Families relied on each Families relied on each other and churches for other and churches for additional learningadditional learning

““it takes a village to raise a it takes a village to raise a child…”child…”

Horace Mann and “Common Horace Mann and “Common Schools”Schools”

Reformers argued that Reformers argued that INFORMED CITIZENS INFORMED CITIZENS were were needed for our republican needed for our republican GOVERNMENT TO THRIVEGOVERNMENT TO THRIVE

Workers wanted their children to have a chance to Workers wanted their children to have a chance to pursue the “American dream”pursue the “American dream”

Horace Mann promoted Horace Mann promoted PUBLIC SCHOOLS PUBLIC SCHOOLS as the only as the only way to way to EQUALIZE SOCIETYEQUALIZE SOCIETY

He argued that it was impossible that educated people could remain He argued that it was impossible that educated people could remain permanently poorpermanently poor

Mann worked for Mann worked for many reforms in many reforms in public education:public education:

Paid for and run Paid for and run by the publicby the public

Inclusive of Inclusive of children from children from different different backgroundsbackgrounds

Taught by well-Taught by well-trained trained professional professional teachersteachers

Early Public SchoolsEarly Public Schools Despite reformers Despite reformers

efforts, public school efforts, public school conditions were poor:conditions were poor: Lacked funding, books, Lacked funding, books,

and equipmentand equipment Teachers were poorly paid Teachers were poorly paid

and often poorly preparedand often poorly prepared Kids that went beyond Kids that went beyond

the elementary grades the elementary grades went to private went to private academiesacademies

Public schools did not Public schools did not become well established become well established until after the Civil Waruntil after the Civil War

1800’s Georgia school house

Prison ReformPrison Reform During the late 1700’s to During the late 1700’s to

early 1800’s the general early 1800’s the general belief about human belief about human nature was that people nature was that people were generally good and were generally good and capable of improvementcapable of improvement

This new belief was a big This new belief was a big shift from the earlier shift from the earlier Puritan belief of humans Puritan belief of humans as naturally sinfulas naturally sinful

This idea brought many This idea brought many changes for prisoners and changes for prisoners and the disabledthe disabled

From Prison to PenitentiaryFrom Prison to Penitentiary Colonial prisons were used as Colonial prisons were used as

holding places before holding places before punishments or as places for punishments or as places for debtorsdebtors

Reformers argued that Reformers argued that society would benefit more society would benefit more from rehabilitating prisoners from rehabilitating prisoners than punishing themthan punishing them Would also help our economy Would also help our economy

because prisons could double because prisons could double as workshops for profitas workshops for profit

By 1850, most states had By 1850, most states had adopted the penitentiary adopted the penitentiary systemsystem Penitentiary: Penitentiary: prisons used prisons used

for housing prisoners as for housing prisoners as punishment and punishment and rehabilitationrehabilitation

Prisons and the Mentally IllPrisons and the Mentally Ill Before the 1800’s, the Before the 1800’s, the

mentally ill were kept at mentally ill were kept at home or imprisonedhome or imprisoned

By 1815, asylums By 1815, asylums appeared that separated appeared that separated the mentally ill from the mentally ill from prisonersprisoners

Dorothea Dix led the Dorothea Dix led the reform movement for the reform movement for the mentally illmentally ill Boston school teacher who Boston school teacher who

was asked to teach Sunday was asked to teach Sunday school at the East Cambridge school at the East Cambridge House of Correction in 1841House of Correction in 1841

Found a room full of mentally Found a room full of mentally ill women neglected and left ill women neglected and left without heat during the New without heat during the New England winterEngland winter

Tranquilizing Chair

Dorothea Dix and ReformDorothea Dix and Reform After her experience, Dix After her experience, Dix

spent two years spent two years investigating jails and investigating jails and asylums in Massachusettsasylums in Massachusetts

Keepers of the institutions Keepers of the institutions called her charges called her charges “slanderous lies” but she “slanderous lies” but she won the support of leading won the support of leading reformersreformers

20 states adopted laws to 20 states adopted laws to improve conditionsimprove conditions 32 new hospitals were built 32 new hospitals were built

due to her effortsdue to her efforts

“the present state of insane persons confined within the Commonwealth, in cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens! Chained naked beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience!”

Women’s RightsWomen’s Rights ““Cult of Domesticity”: popular Cult of Domesticity”: popular

1800’s view of the woman’s 1800’s view of the woman’s spheresphere

Women were to be “perfect” in all Women were to be “perfect” in all sensessenses PietyPiety – believed to be more religious – believed to be more religious

and spiritual than menand spiritual than men PurityPurity – pure in heart, mind, and – pure in heart, mind, and

bodybody SubmissionSubmission – held in "perpetual – held in "perpetual

childhood" where men dictated all childhood" where men dictated all actions and decisionsactions and decisions

DomesticityDomesticity – a division between – a division between work and home, encouraged by the work and home, encouraged by the Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution

men went out in the world to earn a men went out in the world to earn a living, home became the woman's living, home became the woman's domain domain

a wife created a "haven in a heartless a wife created a "haven in a heartless world" for her husband and childrenworld" for her husband and children

Changes in Economy and Changes in Economy and LifeLife

The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution changed the economychanged the economy More separated from homeMore separated from home Home became a refugeHome became a refuge Different roles for men and womenDifferent roles for men and women

Status of women remained Status of women remained similar to what it had been similar to what it had been during the colonial eraduring the colonial era Could not go to college, vote or Could not go to college, vote or

hold most professional jobshold most professional jobs Had no control over their children Had no control over their children

or propertyor property Needed husband’s permission to Needed husband’s permission to

make a will, sign a contract, or file make a will, sign a contract, or file a lawsuita lawsuit

BUT they were able to work BUT they were able to work out of the homeout of the home

Organizing the MovementOrganizing the Movement Many northern women were Many northern women were

involved in the abolitionist involved in the abolitionist movement movement

Their involvement in Their involvement in suffrage reform increased suffrage reform increased after the World Anti-Slavery after the World Anti-Slavery Convention of 1840Convention of 1840 Women were excluded from Women were excluded from

speaking at the convention and speaking at the convention and were forced to listen from were forced to listen from behind a curtainbehind a curtain

Two female reformers, Two female reformers, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, decided it was Cady Stanton, decided it was time to stand up for women’s time to stand up for women’s rightsrights They planned to hold their own They planned to hold their own

convention when they returned convention when they returned homehome

Admission ticket to the Convention

The Seneca Falls Women’s Rights Convention, 1848

The first signatures on the Declaration of

Sentiments.

“. . . The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. . . . He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise. He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she has no voice. . .”

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, The Declaration of Sentiments

Convention and DeclarationConvention and Declaration The women wrote a document modeled after the The women wrote a document modeled after the

Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence It went over a list of complaints and ended with a It went over a list of complaints and ended with a

demand for rights...demand for rights... The movement was ridiculed and the demand for The movement was ridiculed and the demand for

suffrage remained until 1920 but women did gain suffrage remained until 1920 but women did gain more rights when it came to property and rights more rights when it came to property and rights and wagesand wages

Legacy of the MovementLegacy of the Movement Seneca Falls helped create Seneca Falls helped create

an organized campaign for an organized campaign for women’s rightswomen’s rights

Reformers made slow Reformers made slow progressprogress New York gave women control New York gave women control

over property and wagesover property and wages Massachusetts and Indiana Massachusetts and Indiana

passed more liberal divorce passed more liberal divorce lawslaws

Some women began their own Some women began their own businessesbusinesses

However, women’s suffrage However, women’s suffrage took decadestook decades 1919thth Amendment passed in Amendment passed in

19201920 Only one woman present at the Only one woman present at the

convention lived to voteconvention lived to vote

OROR

??

Abolitionist MovementAbolitionist Movement By the 1830’s people began By the 1830’s people began

asking “how can America, ‘the asking “how can America, ‘the land of the free’, land of the free’, stillstill allow allow slavery” slavery” Some people opposed it even before Some people opposed it even before

the American Revolutionthe American Revolution QuakersQuakers

The Atlantic Slave The Atlantic Slave tradetrade was was outlawed in 1808 BUT the Industrial outlawed in 1808 BUT the Industrial Revolution and the invention of the Revolution and the invention of the cotton gin made both the North and cotton gin made both the North and the South dependent on slaverythe South dependent on slavery

Abolitionists Abolitionists were people who were people who wanted to end slavery regardless wanted to end slavery regardless of this economic dependenceof this economic dependence Both whites and African Americans were Both whites and African Americans were

abolitionistsabolitionists

Famous AbolitionistsFamous Abolitionists Although the North profited Although the North profited

from plantation systems from plantation systems and slavery, some white and slavery, some white Northerners joined the Northerners joined the Abolitionist MovementAbolitionist Movement William Lloyd Garrison: William Lloyd Garrison: began began

to publish an abolitionist to publish an abolitionist newspaper, newspaper, The LiberatorThe Liberator

Even more rare were Even more rare were Southern abolitionistsSouthern abolitionists Grimke Sisters (Sarah and Grimke Sisters (Sarah and

Angelina): Angelina): Grew up on a Grew up on a plantation but believed slavery plantation but believed slavery was morally wrongwas morally wrong

Moved north and joined the Moved north and joined the movement movement

Spoke out against slavery publically Spoke out against slavery publically even at a time when women were not even at a time when women were not supposed to speak in publicsupposed to speak in public

Famous AbolitionistsFamous Abolitionists Some escaped slaves also joined the Some escaped slaves also joined the

movement and spoke from their past movement and spoke from their past experiencesexperiences Frederick Douglass:Frederick Douglass: became a lecturer became a lecturer

for the Mass. Anti-Slavery Societyfor the Mass. Anti-Slavery Society People who heard him considered him to be too People who heard him considered him to be too

educated and well-spoken to have ever been a educated and well-spoken to have ever been a slaveslave

We wrote an autobiography that was an instant best-We wrote an autobiography that was an instant best-sellerseller

Started his own newspaper Started his own newspaper North StarNorth Star Waged a strong campaign against slaveryWaged a strong campaign against slavery

Sojourner Truth:Sojourner Truth: fled her owners and fled her owners and lived with Quakers who set her freelived with Quakers who set her free

Drew huge crowds throughout the North as Drew huge crowds throughout the North as she spoke for abolitionshe spoke for abolition

Both were able to change the way Both were able to change the way Northerners viewed slaveryNortherners viewed slavery

Slavery continued for another 30 yearsSlavery continued for another 30 years

Some abolitionists wanted to do Some abolitionists wanted to do more than just campaign for lawsmore than just campaign for laws

Some brave abolitionists helped Some brave abolitionists helped slaves escape to freedomslaves escape to freedom Harriet Tubman-Harriet Tubman- one of the one of the

most famous conductors on the most famous conductors on the Underground RailroadUnderground Railroad

an an aboveabove ground series of escape ground series of escape routes from the South to the Northroutes from the South to the North

Travel by foot, wagon, boats, and Travel by foot, wagon, boats, and trainstrains

Traveled by night and hid all day in Traveled by night and hid all day in “stations”“stations”

Tubman was also an escaped Tubman was also an escaped slaveslave

Made 19 dangerous journeys to Made 19 dangerous journeys to free enslaved peoplefree enslaved people

Slave owners offered $40,000 for Slave owners offered $40,000 for her capture, but she was never her capture, but she was never captured, nor did she lose a captured, nor did she lose a “passenger”“passenger”

Famous AbolitionistsFamous Abolitionists

Important People & Important People & Achievements in the Achievements in the

Temperance MovementTemperance Movement Some of the most notable Some of the most notable

figures associated with the figures associated with the U.S. temperance movement U.S. temperance movement were Susan B. Anthony, were Susan B. Anthony, Frances E. Willard and Carry Frances E. Willard and Carry A. NationA. Nation

The effects of their efforts The effects of their efforts included:included: Government regulationGovernment regulation Instruction on alcoholism in Instruction on alcoholism in

schoolsschools Energized study of Energized study of

alcoholismalcoholism 1818thth Amendment (1919- Amendment (1919-

1933) which led to 1933) which led to Prohibition: (ban on Prohibition: (ban on manufacture, consumption, manufacture, consumption, distribution & sale of alcohol)distribution & sale of alcohol)

Inside Look: Carrie A. Nation (1846-Inside Look: Carrie A. Nation (1846-1911) 1911) In 1880, Kansas residents had voted In 1880, Kansas residents had voted

for prohibition, but the law was for prohibition, but the law was largely ignored by saloonkeepers.largely ignored by saloonkeepers. Saloons operated openly, but Nation Saloons operated openly, but Nation

would change all that. would change all that. First she prayed in front of an First she prayed in front of an

establishment in 1890.establishment in 1890. She struck at her first saloon on June 1, She struck at her first saloon on June 1,

1900. 1900. Initially, she used rocks, bricks and Initially, she used rocks, bricks and

other objects for these attacks, then other objects for these attacks, then turned to the hatchet. turned to the hatchet.

"I felt invincible. My strength was that of a giant. God was certainly standing by me. I smashed five saloons with rocks before I ever took a hatchet." – Carrie Nation

"I felt invincible. My strength was that of a giant. God was certainly standing by me. I smashed five saloons with rocks before I ever took a hatchet." – Carrie Nation

Propaganda: Then and NowPropaganda: Then and Now Your goal is to examine pieces of propaganda Your goal is to examine pieces of propaganda

from both eras to determine the message being from both eras to determine the message being sent. For each piece you need to answer the sent. For each piece you need to answer the following questions:following questions: Is this piece an example of temperance propaganda Is this piece an example of temperance propaganda

or current day propaganda? How do you know?or current day propaganda? How do you know? What is the main idea of the piece?What is the main idea of the piece? How does the artist use the people and objects to How does the artist use the people and objects to

create the main idea?create the main idea? How does the artist use emotion to accomplish their How does the artist use emotion to accomplish their

goal? What emotions does this piece make you feel?goal? What emotions does this piece make you feel?

Piece #1Piece #1

1. Is this piece an example of 1. Is this piece an example of temperance propaganda or temperance propaganda or current day propaganda? How current day propaganda? How do you know?do you know?

2. What is the main idea of 2. What is the main idea of the piece?the piece?

3. How does the artist use the 3. How does the artist use the people and objects to create people and objects to create the main idea?the main idea?

4. How does the artist use 4. How does the artist use emotion to accomplish their emotion to accomplish their goal? What emotions does goal? What emotions does this piece make you feel?this piece make you feel?

Among the many evils of Among the many evils of alcohol, reformers fulminated alcohol, reformers fulminated especially against its corrupting especially against its corrupting effects on family life. effects on family life.

Here a young man is torn Here a young man is torn between a drink-bearing between a drink-bearing temptress & a maiden who temptress & a maiden who exemplifies the virtues of exemplifies the virtues of womanly purity. womanly purity.

Temperance Banner Lithograph

by Kellogg & Comstock, c. 1848-1850

Piece #2Piece #2





Grand Charge on the Enemy's Works Grand Charge on the Enemy's Works (1874)(1874)

The "Holy War" was the 19th-century The "Holy War" was the 19th-century crusade for temperance and prohibition, crusade for temperance and prohibition, whose advocates were predominantly whose advocates were predominantly clergymen and women. clergymen and women.

Here a young woman in armor on a black Here a young woman in armor on a black horse leads a group of similarly garbed horse leads a group of similarly garbed women on foot and on horseback. With women on foot and on horseback. With large battle-axes they shatter barrels of large battle-axes they shatter barrels of beer, whiskey, gin, rum and "Wine & beer, whiskey, gin, rum and "Wine & Liquors.“Liquors.“

The leg of a fleeing man is just visible at The leg of a fleeing man is just visible at lower right. lower right.

In the background are two banners: "In the In the background are two banners: "In the Name of God and Humanity" and Name of God and Humanity" and "Temperance League.""Temperance League."

Piece #3Piece #3





Piece #4Piece #4

1. Is this piece an example 1. Is this piece an example of temperance propaganda of temperance propaganda or current day propaganda? or current day propaganda? How do you know?How do you know?


3. How does the artist use 3. How does the artist use the people and objects to the people and objects to create the main idea?create the main idea?


Demon Rum: The “Old Demon Rum: The “Old Deluder”Deluder” The temperance movement The temperance movement

organized because consumption organized because consumption of alcohol significantly increased of alcohol significantly increased & caused social problems& caused social problems

Goal: To encourage moderation in the Goal: To encourage moderation in the consumption of intoxicating liquors or consumption of intoxicating liquors or press for complete abstinence press for complete abstinence

Heavy drinking led to many Heavy drinking led to many social problems including:social problems including:

Decreased efficiency of workDecreased efficiency of work On the job accidentsOn the job accidents Breakdown of the familyBreakdown of the family Poor healthPoor health PovertyPoverty

Movement was led by churches Movement was led by churches and religious groupsand religious groups

Propaganda focused on the Propaganda focused on the sufferings of innocent mothers sufferings of innocent mothers and their childrenand their children

Prisons and the Mentally IllPrisons and the Mentally Ill Before the 1800’s, the Before the 1800’s, the

mentally ill were kept at mentally ill were kept at home or imprisonedhome or imprisoned

By 1815, asylums By 1815, asylums appeared that separated appeared that separated the mentally ill from the mentally ill from prisonersprisoners

Dorothea Dix led the Dorothea Dix led the reform movement for the reform movement for the mentally illmentally ill Boston school teacher who Boston school teacher who

was asked to teach Sunday was asked to teach Sunday school at the East Cambridge school at the East Cambridge House of Correction in 1841House of Correction in 1841

Found a room full of mentally Found a room full of mentally ill women neglected and left ill women neglected and left without heat during the New without heat during the New England winterEngland winter

Tranquilizing Chair

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